Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.



"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." 



"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.



"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.



James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.



“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. 



The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. 



Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. 



Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.



This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. 



With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.



The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.



"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.



"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;



These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.



Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;



Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;



Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;



The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;



Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;



The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;



The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.



The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.



The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.



Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).



The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. 



Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;



Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. 



This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.



The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;



The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. 



The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. 



This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.



The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.



Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.



Image Credit: ESA Space Agency 



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.



As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.



The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. 



Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;



However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.



The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.



The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.



Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;



Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.



South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. 



Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.



The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. 



A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;



The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.



The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;



The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.



A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.



The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;



However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;



"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.



The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.



The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;



Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.



Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.



This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.



“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;



More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;



In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.



Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;



For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.



The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.



The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.



The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;



The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Zion National Park in southwestern Utah. The photograph was captured on June 30, 2022 by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station (ISS).&nbsp;



"Note the predominantly south-up orientation of the image," says NASA. "While opposite of many maps, the rotated image depicts the terrain more clearly by minimizing an optical illusion known as relief inversion."



More than four million people visit Zion National Park each year. The region is known for its sharp peaks and deep canyons.&nbsp;



The park is home to more than 1,000 plant species, a number of endangered animals, and tens of thousands of acres of protected wilderness.&nbsp;



"Zion provides a sanctuary to endangered animals, such as the California condor, Mexican spotted owl, and the Southwestern willow flycatcher," notes NASA.



There are also archeological sites throughout Zion National Park.



"Zion shares geologic history with the Grand Canyon. Both sites include the Kaibab Formation, which is a limestone and siltstone deposit formed in an ancient inland sea," says NASA.



"The significantly younger Navajo Sandstone exposed at Zion forms most of the prominent cliffs throughout the park. Evidence of human life in the Zion National Park area dates to the Ancestral Puebloan people, who inhabited the region between 2,000 and 8,000 years ago."



"Deep, narrow slot canyons branch off the North Fork of the Virgin River. Zion is prone to flash floods during monsoon season, between July and September, posing a threat to hikers in the slot canyons."



In he summer heat, cyanobacteria blooms in the rivers of Zion pose an additional threat to hikers and wildlife, according to NASA.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Zion National Park in southwestern Utah

Ko Mochizuki, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, has made a significant discovery challenging the common belief about the pollination of the genus Angelica, traditionally seen as having a broad range of pollinators. The findings reveal that two species within this genus, Angelica decursiva and Angelica hakonensis, are primarily pollinated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-hornets-so-successful-as-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hornets</a>, a rarity in the plant world where hornets are seldom seen as main pollinators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-of-the-apiaceae-family">Flowers of the Apiaceae family</h2>



The typical flowers of the Apiaceae family, to which Angelica belongs, are white, small, open, and produce nectar and pollen that attract diverse insect species. It's not uncommon for over 100 different insect species to visit the flowers of some plants in this family, categorizing them as generalists.&nbsp;



However, Mochizuki's observations in Nagano Prefecture in 2015 and later in 2018 at the Nikko Botanical Garden showed a different story for these two specific Angelica species.&nbsp;



“I observed a fierce visitation by hornets for the first time in 2015 in Nagano Prefecture and then again in 2018 in the Nikko Botanical Garden where they were feeding on the nectar of the inflorescences of A. decursiva and A. hakonensis," he reported.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apiaceae-species-and-hornet-pollinators-nbsp">Apiaceae species and hornet pollinators&nbsp;</h2>



Mochizuki embarked on a detailed study. He was motivated to investigate whether these species are predominantly pollinated by hornets, a belief contrary to the established view that Apiaceae species are generalists.



The research method involved quantifying the number and type of "visitors" to the flowers, capturing some to check the amount of pollen on their bodies, and conducting experiments with different mesh covers to isolate the influence of hornets and other insects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wasps-are-undervalued-as-predators-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-hornets-as-pollinators-nbsp">Importance of hornets as pollinators&nbsp;</h2>



The results from all three approaches confirmed that hornets were the most frequent visitors. Interestingly, Mochizuki found that excluding hornets from the flowers resulted in higher than expected seed production.&nbsp;



“Excluding the hornets allowed other visitors to gather on the flowers. Especially considering that I had previously observed hornets hunting and killing other insect visitors when they encountered each other on the inflorescence,” he said.



The findings highlight the need to reconsider the ecological roles of hornets, often viewed only as pests or invasive species.&nbsp;



“Hornets are generally considered pests in their native range and problematic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tweets-provide-insights-on-how-invasive-insects-spread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> in some areas such as North America. Nevertheless, this study underscores the importance of hornets as pollinators, opening new avenues for research and conservation,” Mochizuki concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hornets-as-pollinators">Hornets as pollinators</h2>



Hornets, though often associated with their stinging ability and predatory habits, also play a role in pollination. Unlike bees, which are primary pollinators, hornets are considered secondary pollinators. Here's how they contribute to pollination:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incidental-pollination">Incidental pollination</h3>



While hornets primarily feed on other insects, they also visit flowers for nectar. In the process of feeding on nectar, pollen can stick to their bodies and get transferred from one flower to another, facilitating pollination.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flower-visits">Flower visits</h3>



Certain species of hornets are more likely to visit flowers than others. For instance, the Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) has been observed visiting flowers, though it is less common compared to smaller species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-role">Limited role</h3>



Compared to bees, butterflies, and other dedicated pollinators, hornets' overall contribution to pollination is relatively minor. Their body structure is not as well adapted for carrying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carrying-pollen-increases-bumblebees-body-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> as that of bees, and they do not have behaviors specifically aimed at pollination.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impact">Ecological impact</h3>



Hornets can impact ecosystems through their predatory behavior on other insects, including some pollinators. This can indirectly affect pollination dynamics, especially if they reduce the numbers of primary pollinators in an area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-apiaceae-species">More about Apiaceae species</h2>



The Apiaceae family, commonly known as the carrot or parsley family, is a diverse and significant group of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-are-not-just-attracted-to-plants-by-scent-but-also-by-humidity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>, primarily recognized for its aromatic members that are often used in cooking and traditional medicine.&nbsp;



The Apiaceae family contains about 3,700 species spread across 434 genera. These plants are widely distributed across the globe, particularly in temperate regions. They thrive in a variety of habitats, from mountainous areas to flat plains.



Plants in this family are usually aromatic herbs with hollow stems. The leaves are often compound and the flowers are typically small, clustered in umbels, which is a defining characteristic of the family. These umbels present as a series of short flower stalks spreading from a common point, somewhat like the ribs of an umbrella, hence the name.



Many Apiaceae species are cultivated for their edible roots, seeds, or leaves. Familiar examples include carrots (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and dill (Anethum graveolens). Several species also have medicinal properties and have been used in traditional remedies for a variety of ailments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4311" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a>.



Image Credit: Mochizuki 2024



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Hornets are the most important pollinators for some plants

Ko Mochizuki, a researcher from the University of Tokyo, has...

Measles, a once-declining infectious disease, is experiencing a worrying resurgence. New data from the World Health Organization (<a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHO</a>) reveals a dramatic increase in measles cases worldwide, raising concerns about the potential for a major public health crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measles-cases">Measles cases</h2>



Global measles cases nearly doubled in 2023 compared to 2022:&nbsp;This startling increase in cases indicates that measles is spreading at an alarming rate. It underscores the urgency of addressing factors contributing to the decline in vaccination coverage.



The number of countries experiencing large, disruptive measles outbreaks has tripled in the past year:&nbsp;This means more countries are struggling to contain measles outbreaks, which significantly strains their healthcare systems and puts countless lives at risk. The increasing geographical spread makes global containment much more difficult.



In 2024, nearly half of all reported cases originated in the WHO European Region:&nbsp;This surprising statistic reveals that even regions previously making progress towards measles elimination are now experiencing major setbacks. It highlights the need to strengthen immunization programs and address vaccine hesitancy across all regions.



Overall, these figures paint a grim picture of the global measles situation. If unchecked, this trend has the potential to undo decades of progress and trigger a devastating global health crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-measles-virus">The measles virus</h2>



Measles is a highly contagious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/virus-lifespan-and-transmission-boosted-by-high-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral</a> illness that primarily affects the respiratory system. It presents with symptoms such as:



<ul>
<li>High fever:&nbsp;A significant increase in body temperature, often reaching 104°F (40°C) or higher.</li>



<li>Characteristic rash:&nbsp;A widespread, red, or reddish-brown rash that usually starts on the face and head before spreading to the rest of the body. Individual spots may join together, giving the skin a blotchy appearance.</li>



<li>Runny nose:&nbsp;A persistent discharge from the nose, indicating inflammation in the nasal passages.</li>



<li>Red, watery eyes:&nbsp;Eyes may become bloodshot and produce excessive tears due to irritation and inflammation.</li>
</ul>



In some cases, measles can progress into severe and potentially life-threatening complications. These can include:



<ul>
<li>Pneumonia:&nbsp;An infection of the lungs that causes inflammation and difficulty breathing. This is a common complication of measles, especially in young children.</li>



<li>Blindness:&nbsp;Measles can cause permanent vision loss due to damage to the eyes or optic nerves.</li>



<li>Encephalitis:&nbsp;Inflammation of the brain, which can result in seizures, neurological problems, and even death.</li>



<li>Death&nbsp;In rare cases, measles can be fatal, particularly in young children with weakened immune systems.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measles-vulnerability-in-children">Measles vulnerability in children</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/india-avoid-child-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Children</a> under five years of age are particularly susceptible to measles and its complications. Their immune systems are still developing, making them more likely to experience severe illness, hospitalization, and long-term health problems.



In severe cases, complications like pneumonia, blindness, and even death can occur. Children under five are especially vulnerable to these complications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-contributing-to-the-resurgence">Factors contributing to the resurgence</h2>



Several factors have likely played a role in the rising measles cases:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-vaccination-rates">Declining vaccination rates</h3>



<ul>
<li>Misinformation and vaccine hesitancy:&nbsp;The spread of inaccurate or misleading information about the safety and effectiveness of measles vaccines has eroded public trust and reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaccines-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> acceptance in some communities.</li>



<li>Impact on herd immunity:&nbsp;When a large portion of a population is immune to a disease (through vaccination), it becomes very difficult for the virus to spread, protecting even those who are unvaccinated. Falling vaccination rates undermine this 'herd immunity', increasing the risk of significant outbreaks.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-19-pandemic-disruptions">COVID-19 pandemic disruptions</h3>



<ul>
<li>Focus on COVID-19 mitigation:&nbsp;Public health resources and attention were understandably diverted to combating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/measles-outbreaks-are-back-and-covid-19-will-make-them-worse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, leading to temporary disruptions in routine healthcare services, including childhood immunization programs.</li>



<li>Missed vaccinations and immunity gaps:&nbsp;Children who missed their scheduled measles vaccinations during the pandemic have developed gaps in their immunity, leaving them susceptible to infection and creating a larger pool of potential carriers of the virus.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-instability">Global instability</h3>



<ul>
<li>Disruptions to healthcare systems:&nbsp;Conflicts, natural disasters, and other humanitarian crises often cause severe disruptions to essential healthcare services. Immunization programs frequently become casualties in these situations, as resources are diverted and access to care becomes challenging.</li>



<li>Vulnerability of displaced populations:&nbsp;People who have been displaced due to conflict or crises are often living in crowded, unsanitary conditions with limited access to healthcare. These conditions are ripe for the rapid transmission of measles and other infectious diseases.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-to-elimination-under-threat">The path to elimination under threat</h2>



"Significant progress was made toward measles elimination in recent years. However, the current surge in cases jeopardizes these gains," noted Dr. Patrick O'Connor of the WHO. He emphasized the importance of maintaining high, consistent, and equitable vaccination coverage to prevent future outbreaks.



While there are challenges, Professor Hanna Nohynek from the <a href="https://thl.fi/en/main-page" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare</a> highlighted the success of the Americas region, which achieved measles elimination in 2016. Their strategy focused on intensive vaccination campaigns, strengthening routine immunization, and robust surveillance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommendations-for-action">Recommendations for action</h2>



To reverse the measles resurgence, experts emphasize the following interventions:



<ul>
<li>Prioritize vaccination:&nbsp;Ensure you and your family are fully vaccinated against measles according to recommended immunization schedules.</li>



<li>Promote reliable information:&nbsp;Share accurate, science-based information about the safety and efficacy of measles vaccines. Counter misinformation that fuels vaccine hesitancy.</li>



<li>Support global vaccination efforts:&nbsp;Donate to or advocate for organizations working to improve access to vaccines in low- and middle-income countries.</li>
</ul>



Measles is a preventable disease. By working together and prioritizing vaccination, we can protect ourselves and communities worldwide from this potentially devastating illness.



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Global measles crisis: Cases nearly doubled in 2023

Measles, a once-declining infectious disease, is experiencing a worrying resurgence....

The captivating image of dinosaurs – especially apex predators like Tyrannosaurus rex – as cunning, highly intelligent creatures has long been a staple of both scientific inquiry and popular imagination. 



But a new study led by the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> is shaking the foundations of this long-held belief, suggesting that these prehistoric giants might not have been the intellectual powerhouses we envisioned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-previous-claims-on-intelligent-dinosaurs">Previous claims on intelligent dinosaurs</h2>



The study has shed light on the cognitive abilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megaraptor-species-named-fujianipus-yingliangi-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>. Previous research hinted at exceptionally high neuron densities in the brains of certain species. These findings led to compelling hypotheses suggesting that dinosaurs might possess intelligence levels similar to primates. 



This revelation opened the possibility of remarkably complex behaviors, previously considered unique to mammals. Scientists began to envision dinosaurs engaging in behaviors such as tool use, passing down knowledge within their groups, and even demonstrating rudimentary problem-solving skills. 



These implications have the potential to significantly transform our understanding of dinosaur behavior and evolution as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurons-determine-dinosaur-intelligence">Neurons determine dinosaur intelligence</h2>



An international team of experts, including paleontologists, behavioral scientists, and neurologists, conducted a thorough analysis of the techniques used to estimate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-dinosaur-fossils-discovered-from-the-end-of-cretaceous-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> brain size and the number of neurons within those brains. 



The study highlighted significant issues with previous assumptions. The team's findings suggest that earlier studies may have overstated both the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-explore-the-brain-of-a-160-million-year-old-dinosaur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> size and the density of neurons. This casts doubt on the previously assumed direct link between high neuron counts and advanced intellectual abilities.



“We present revised estimates of encephalization and telencephalic neuron counts in dinosaurs, which we derive from phylogenetically informed modeling and an amended dataset of endocranial measurements. For large-bodied theropods in particular, we recover significantly lower neuron counts than previously proposed,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Furthermore, we review the suitability of neurological variables such as neuron numbers and relative brain size to predict cognitive complexity, metabolic rate and life history traits in dinosaurs, coming to the conclusion that they are flawed proxies for these biological phenomena." 



"Instead of relying on such neurological estimates when reconstructing Mesozoic dinosaur biology, we argue that integrative studies are needed to approach this complex subject.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-capabilities-and-limitations">Dinosaur capabilities and limitations</h2>



How do we understand the minds of extinct creatures? The researchers emphasized the importance of a multi-faceted approach. 



“Determining the intelligence of dinosaurs and other extinct animals is best done using many lines of evidence ranging from gross anatomy to fossil footprints instead of relying on neuron number estimates alone,” explained study co-author Hady George.



Scientists can use multiple sources of information: skeletal anatomy, bone structure analysis, comparisons with the behavior of modern-day relatives, and even the trace fossils left behind by these ancient creatures. Together, these tools paint a more complete picture of dinosaur capabilities and potential limitations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-intelligent-reptiles">Highly intelligent reptiles</h2>



While it may seem less thrilling to imagine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossilized-dinosaur-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> without primate-level intellect, this study offers a compelling shift in perspective. “They were more likely akin to highly intelligent reptiles, which presents a different, but equally fascinating picture of their capabilities.” explained Dr. Darren Naish, co-author of the study.



Dinosaurs were not failures; they were incredibly successful within the context of their evolutionary journey. This means we should focus on their strengths as dinosaurs instead of comparing them to mammals who evolved along a different path millions of years later.



Importantly, dinosaurs were the apex lifeforms for a vast swath of Earth's history. They weren't competing with mammals but rather occupied the dominant ecological niches on the planet. Their success depended on the ability to evolve traits suited to their environment. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaurs-were-intelligent-for-their-time">Dinosaurs were intelligent for their time</h2>



Dinosaurs thrived for millions of years because they weren't merely surviving, but mastering their environments. This mastery was achieved through a stunning array of adaptations. Their physical adaptations, like immense size, protective armor, or specialized teeth, are easily visible in fossils. 



They also evolved complex behavioral adaptations such as herding for safety, migration to follow resources, and intricate nesting behaviors to care for their young. Additionally, their physiological adaptations, such as unique metabolic processes or highly specialized sensory systems, allowed them to exploit specific ecological niches.



Traditionally, judging dinosaurs as "failed mammals" implies a narrow view of evolution where our own intelligence is the only worthwhile endpoint. A more insightful approach recognizes that dinosaurs were incredibly successful, evolving within the distinct challenges and opportunities of their specific eras. 



Dinosaurs represent a unique evolutionary trajectory, demonstrating the remarkable ability of lifeforms to adapt and flourish within Earth's ever-changing environment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25459#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Anatomical Record</a>.



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Dinosaurs were less intelligent than modern day monkeys

The captivating image of dinosaurs – especially apex predators like Tyrannosaurus...

Ever spent ten minutes frantically searching for your phone, only to find it snug in your pocket? You're definitely not alone, and thankfully, it doesn't mean your brain is failing you. In their new book&nbsp;<a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003391166/psychology-memory-megan-sumeracki-althea-need-kaminske" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Psychology of Memory</a>, psychologists Dr. Megan Sumeracki and Dr. Althea Need Kaminske unveil the science behind forgetting, how to boost our memory, and why those amazing memory feats you see in movies are usually fiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forgetting-and-memory-working">Forgetting and memory working</h2>



Memory does not work by simply recording everything that happens to us. Instead, our brains actively reconstruct and re-shape <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forgetting-workplace-information-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memories</a>. This editing process is crucial because it allows us to focus on the larger meaning and important lessons from our experiences.



If we could remember every single detail of our lives, the truly important moments might be difficult to distinguish from the mundane. This has real-world implications. For example, if you witness a minor car accident, your memory of the event might be incomplete or have some small inaccuracies. This doesn't automatically mean you're unreliable. 



Dr. Kaminske points out that it's essential for juries to understand that some degree of imperfect recall is completely normal, especially in situations that are stressful or emotionally charged.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lost-your-keys-your-brain-may-be-doing-its-job">Lost your keys? Your brain may be doing its job</h2>



"I (Althea) spend an embarrassing amount of time looking for my phone, water bottle, and keys...our memory systems are not necessarily designed to remember where we put our phones. Or keys. Or water bottles," writes Dr. Kaminske.



Our brains are excellent at remembering information that directly helps us achieve our goals or needs. If finding water was a critical part of your daily survival, you would quickly become skilled at remembering the location of water sources. This is because your brain would prioritize that information as essential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-memory">Types of memory</h2>



Memory is far more complex than just remembering past events like what you ate for breakfast. Our brains use different types of memory systems, each with a specific purpose:



<ul>
<li>Short-term memory:&nbsp;This acts as a temporary holding space for information. It allows you to briefly retain things like a phone number you just looked up, just long enough to dial it.</li>



<li>Long-term memory:&nbsp;This is the vast storage system of your brain. It holds everything from facts you learned in school to significant life experiences.</li>



<li>Event-based memory:&nbsp;This specialized type of memory helps you plan and carry out future actions. It reminds you of tasks like picking up dry cleaning or going to a doctor's appointment.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-we-enhance-memory-to-forget-less">Can we enhance memory to forget less?</h2>



The Psychology of Memory&nbsp;dives into how our memories function, and offers real techniques to give them a boost. While turning into a memory champion with a photographic mind might be unrealistic, there's plenty we can do to get a little sharper.



Want to become a faster learner or make sure you never <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forgetting-may-actually-be-a-form-of-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forget</a> an anniversary again? Here are a few tips from the book:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retrieval-practice">Retrieval practice</h3>



This technique strengthens memory by forcing you to actively recall information. Repeatedly saying a new colleague's name reinforces the connection in your brain, making it easier to remember later. Think of it as directly strengthening the pathways to that specific bit of information.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-schema-power-nbsp">Schema power&nbsp;</h3>



This involves connecting new information to knowledge or patterns you already understand. This creates a richer network of associations in your brain, making the new information easier to store and retrieve. For example, if you're learning a new language, connect vocabulary words to similar words in your native tongue or another language you know.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-tricks">Visual tricks</h3>



Our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-forgets-clean-mind-clutter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains</a> are quite good at processing visual information. Creating a mental image for complex presentations, or drawing simple diagrams to summarize key points, capitalizes on this ability. Visual associations can provide "hooks" within your memory to make recall easier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forget-the-memory-feats">Forget the memory feats</h2>



We've all seen movies with characters boasting photographic memories or the uncanny ability to memorize a deck of cards at a glance. While these things aren't impossible, they're the result of specific techniques and lots of practice – not some inborn brain superpower.



"Anyone who has studied knows that regular practice is essential. But to become an expert in a field of learning, people need to employ deliberate practice. The difference is that deliberate practice involves purposeful and deliberate attention whereas regular practice just involves repetition,” noted Dr. Sumeracki and Dr. Kaminske. 



Forgetfulness is normal, and actually a sign your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-forget-distracting-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> is working efficiently. Understanding how your memory works is the first step toward improving it in ways that serve you day-to-day. So next time you lose your keys – take a deep breath, and maybe try one of those memory tricks.



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Forgetting things is a natural part of the memory process

Ever spent ten minutes frantically searching for your phone, only...

The warming associated with climate change manifests globally, yet its repercussions are distinctly local, affecting everything from air quality to public health, as well as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-exposure-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> levels. 



A new study from the <a href="https://seas.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</a> has uncovered an unexpected trend across various parts of the globe. 



The experts report that dust levels are consistently decreasing in several critical areas, including northern India, the Persian Gulf Coast, and the broader Middle East. 



These regions, where dust plays an integral role in the environment and human health, have seen notable declines in dust density. The reasons behind these reductions have been unclear to scientists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-dust-levels">Declining dust levels</h2>



“Dust loading in West and South Asia has been a major environmental issue due to its negative effects on air quality, food security, energy supply and public health, as well as on regional and global weather and climate. Yet a robust understanding of its recent changes and future projection remains unclear,” wrote the study authors.



“On the basis of several high-quality remote sensing products, we detect a consistently decreasing trend of dust loading in West and South Asia over the last two decades.”



The researchers peeled back the layers of complexity surrounding atmospheric changes, suggesting links between global climatic shifts and localized dust patterns. 



The study points to broader climatic factors influencing these changes, offering a clearer picture of the interconnections between global warming and regional conditions. This emerging understanding helps to address the previously unexplained decreases in dust levels and sets the stage for more targeted environmental management strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-warming-and-local-dust-levels">Arctic warming and local dust levels</h2>



The researchers have identified a link between the diminishing dust levels in certain global regions and the rapid increase in temperatures in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-impacts-glaciation-arctic-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a>, a phenomenon referred to as Arctic amplification. This pattern of warming in the Arctic is accelerating faster than climatic changes in other parts of the world, leading to significant atmospheric disturbances.



The pronounced warming in the Arctic region has a profound impact on the jet stream - the powerful air currents encircling the globe at high altitudes - which, in turn, affects weather patterns far beyond the poles. 



As Arctic temperatures rise, the jet stream's flow becomes more erratic, leading to alterations in storm tracks and wind patterns that influence some of the largest dust-producing areas on the planet, such as the Arabian Peninsula and the Thar Desert, situated between India and Pakistan.



These changes to the jet stream and the associated wind and storm patterns can modify the distribution and frequency of dust storms, reducing overall dust levels in these historically dust-rich regions. Understanding how Arctic warming influences these far-reaching meteorological elements offers crucial insights into the interconnected nature of global climate systems and regional environmental phenomena.



“While local land management, urbanization, and industrialization do affect dust levels in West and South Asia, our research highlights the increasingly significant role of changes in atmospheric circulation patterns driven by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global climate</a> dynamics,” explained Professor McElroy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-dynamics-and-global-implications">Dust dynamics and global implications</h2>



What might the future hold for dust levels in these regions? According to the research, much depends on global efforts to manage emissions. 



Achieving carbon neutrality could increase dust levels by potentially restoring old jet stream and wind patterns. Professor McElroy emphasizes the necessity of pursuing carbon neutrality while local governments intensify their efforts in dust management.



“At the local level, we need robust anti-desertification measures like reforestation and irrigation management, coupled with improved monitoring of urban dust concentrations,” said McElroy. These efforts should align with broader climate mitigation to address both global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-has-been-masking-greenhouse-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> and local dust concerns effectively.



“While some previous studies demonstrated the influence of land management practices on dust loading reduction in West and South Asia, our research provides an additional dimension to this understanding by shedding light on the role of climate change-induced alterations in atmospheric circulation,” wrote the researchers.



“Undoubtedly local land management remains a vital contributor to dust loading dynamics, and our findings, by showing the indirect effect of circulation on local rainfall and soil moisture, corroborate the efficacy of sustained vegetation expansion in mitigating dust emissions.”&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2317444121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Arctic warming impacts dust levels on a global scale

The warming associated with climate change manifests globally, yet its...

For centuries, the vastness of the universe has captivated the minds of scientists and philosophers alike. One question that has long puzzled physicists is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">existence of dark matter</a>, an invisible substance that seemingly permeates the universe, exerting its gravitational influence on the visible stars and galaxies we observe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-lies-behind-the-dark-side-of-the-universe">What lies behind the dark side of the universe</h2>



<a href="https://cos.northeastern.edu/people/pran-nath/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pran Nath</a>, the Matthews Distinguished University Professor of physics at <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northeastern University</a>, shares his thoughts on this mysterious phenomenon. 



"95% of the universe is dark, is invisible to the eye. However, we know that the dark universe is there by [its] gravitational pull on stars," Nath explains.



Despite its elusive nature, dark matter's presence is undeniable, as evidenced by its gravitational effects on the visible universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationship-between-dark-and-visible-matter">Relationship between dark and visible matter</h2>



While the existence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a> has been widely accepted, the relationship between the visible and invisible domains, particularly in the early stages of the universe's formation, remains an open question. 



Traditionally, it was assumed that these two sectors evolved independently of each other. However, Nath and his team have challenged this notion, proposing that the visible and hidden sectors may have co-evolved in the aftermath of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Bang</a>, with significant implications for the universe's development.



To test this hypothesis, Nath and Ph.D. candidate Jinzheng Li conducted a series of computer simulations, introducing feeble interactions between the visible and hidden sectors in their models of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Bang</a>. 



While these interactions were not substantial enough to affect the outcomes of particle accelerator experiments, the researchers sought to understand their impact on the visible sector as a whole, from the moment of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Bang</a> to the present day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-enigma-of-the-hidden-sector">Temperature enigma of the hidden sector</h2>



The results of their simulations, published in a paper titled "Big Bang Initial Conditions and Self-Interacting Hidden Dark Matter" in Physical Review D, were nothing short of remarkable. 



Even with minimal interactions between the two sectors, Nath and Li discovered that dark matter's influence on visible matter could have a significant impact on observable phenomena, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble expansion</a>, which describes the expanding nature of the universe.



One crucial variable in their models was the temperature of the hidden sector during the Big Bang. While the visible sector is believed to have started out extremely hot at the moment of creation, the initial temperature of the hidden sector remained uncertain. 



Nath and his team modeled both scenarios -- a hot and a cold hidden sector -- and found that, despite significant differences between the models, both were consistent with the visible universe we observe today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pushing-the-boundaries-of-experimental-capabilities">Pushing the boundaries of experimental capabilities</h2>



Rather than viewing this finding as a limitation of their experiment, Nath emphasizes that it highlights the need for more precise experimental tools. 



He mentions the Webb Telescope as an example of the next generation of instruments that will enable researchers to make more accurate observations and shed light on the true nature of the hidden sector's initial conditions.



Ultimately, the goal of this modeling work is to better understand the universe and our place within it. As Nath eloquently puts it, "What's the significance of this? Human beings want to find their place in the universe. And more than that, they want to answer the question, why is there a universe? And we are exploring those issues. It is the ultimate quest of human beings."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-visible-and-dark-matter-shaped-the-universe">How visible and dark matter shaped the universe</h2>



In summary, this fascinating research highlights the complex relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-reveal-the-origin-of-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a> and visible matter in the universe. 



By challenging the assumption of independent evolution and introducing feeble interactions between the two sectors in their Big Bang models, the scientists have opened up new avenues for understanding the universe's origins and development. 



As experimental capabilities continue to advance, the questions posed by their models will find answers, bringing us closer to unraveling the ultimate mysteries of our cosmic existence. 



This pursuit of knowledge represents the fundamental human quest to comprehend our place in the universe and the very reason for its existence.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.115008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review D</a>.



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Visible and dark matter evolved together after the big bang, claims a new study

For centuries, the vastness of the universe has captivated the...

Symphysodon,Discus,In,An,Aquarium,On,A,Green,Background

The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define survival strategies and influence biodiversity. Among these, curiosity is a critical personality trait that impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/species-survival-adapt-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal adaptation</a> and survival. It compels animals such as cichlids to explore new areas within their habitats, diversifying their experiences and potentially their genetic makeup, although it also increases their vulnerability to predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-cichlids-and-biodiversity">Exploring cichlids and biodiversity </h2>



Nestled in the heart of Africa, Lake Tanganyika functions as an exceptional natural laboratory for exploring the complexities of biodiversity. This expansive lake hosts a myriad of cichlid species, each distinguished by its unique shape, diet, habitat, and coloration. 



The incredible range of these characteristics among cichlids enables them to adapt to different ecological roles within the lake’s ecosystem. By filling various niches, these fish effectively spread out across different environmental zones, which reduces direct competition for resources among them. 



This adaptation not only helps maintain ecological balance but also fosters a rich diversity within the lake, making it an ideal subject for scientific study.



Recent research led by Professor Walter Salzburger from the <a href="https://www.unibas.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Basel</a> focuses on these cichlids to understand how curiosity contributes to the emergence of new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cichlid-curiosity">Cichlid curiosity</h2>



Dr. Carolin Sommer-Trembo, the lead author of the study, dedicated nine months to closely observing 57 different cichlid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cichlid-fish-transform-their-shape-to-handle-environmental-changes/">species</a> along the southern shores of Lake Tanganyika. 



She utilized large experimental ponds to examine the exploratory behavior of these cichlids, all of which were initially captured from the lake and subsequently returned to their natural habitat.



Upon returning to Basel, Sommer-Trembo analyzed video recordings to assess how each species adapted to these new environments. She identified significant variations in exploratory behavior that remained consistent even in controlled laboratory settings.



"Large differences in exploratory behavior were observed between the cichlid species," Sommer-Trembo noted, emphasizing a strong connection between behavior, habitat preference, and physical traits. 



Notably, bulkier cichlids found closer to the shores exhibited greater curiosity compared to their more elongated counterparts in open waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-insights-into-cichlid-curiosity-and-biodiversity">Genetic insights into cichlid curiosity and biodiversity</h2>



The research team took an innovative approach to explore the genetic foundations of these behaviors, developed in collaboration with Dr. Milan Malinsky of the <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a>. 



They discovered a genetic variant strongly linked to curiosity, characterized by a specific "T" in the DNA sequence, which almost perfectly predicts increased exploratory behavior, while a "C" suggests less curiosity.



Using CRISPR-Cas9, a cutting-edge gene-editing technology, the researchers successfully induced mutations in this specific DNA region, thereby enhancing the cichlids' curiosity. 



Additionally, they employed artificial intelligence to provide predictive insights into the exploratory behaviors of cichlid species that had not previously been studied.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-from-fish-to-humans">Broader implications: From fish to humans</h2>



Interestingly, the genetic variant identified is located near the gene cacng5b, which is active in the brain and is also present in other vertebrates, including humans. 



This gene is associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.



"This puts the focus back on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-change-makes-animals-alter-their-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal behavior</a> as a driving force behind key evolutionary processes," says Sommer-Trembo.



The implications of this research extend beyond the aquatic borders of Lake Tanganyika, suggesting potential insights into the biological foundations of personality traits in humans.



As the study of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika continues to reveal the intricate connections between genetics, behavior, evolution and biodiversity, it may also offer a glimpse into the mechanisms of human behavioral traits, potentially linking our own evolutionary story to those of the curious cichlids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cichlid-fish-beyond-their-curiosity">More about cichlid fish beyond their curiosity</h2>



As discussed above, cichlid fish are a remarkably diverse group of freshwater fish, primarily found in tropical regions of Africa and Central and South America. 



Their diversity is not just limited to their coloration and body shapes but extends to their behavior, reproductive strategies, and environmental adaptations, making them a favorite subject of study in evolutionary biology.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and distribution</h3>



Cichlids are most notably abundant in African lakes, with Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika being the most famous for their cichlid populations. 



Each of these lakes harbors hundreds of cichlid species, many of which are endemic - meaning they are found nowhere else on Earth. 



Lake Tanganyika, in particular, is considered one of the oldest lakes in the world and hosts some of the most ancient cichlid lineages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Morphological diversity</h3>



The physical diversity of cichlids is astounding. They vary greatly in size, from just a few centimeters to over 30 centimeters in length. 



Their bodies can be slim and elongated or short and stocky, adapted to different types of water flow and predation pressures. 



The coloration of cichlids is equally varied and often plays a role in mating rituals; bright colors can attract mates or intimidate rivals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Behavioral adaptations</h3>



Cichlids exhibit a wide range of behaviors that have adapted to their environments. Some species are known for their complex mating dances and elaborate breeding behaviors, including mouthbrooding, where the female or even the male carries fertilized eggs in their mouths to protect them until they hatch. Others have developed unique feeding strategies like filter feeding, scraping algae, or cracking open shells.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological roles</h3>



Cichlids fill a wide array of ecological niches within their environments. Some are predators, eating smaller fish or invertebrates, while others may graze on algae or detritus on the lakebed. 



This specialization helps to reduce direct competition for resources and is a driving force behind the speciation and high biodiversity observed in their habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation concerns</h3>



Despite their adaptability, many cichlid species are threatened by environmental changes, including pollution, habitat loss, and the introduction of non-native species. 



In Lake Victoria, for example, the introduction of the Nile perch in the 1950s led to the extinction or near-extinction of numerous cichlid species due to predation and competition.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Scientific importance beyond cichlid curiosity</h3>



Cichlids are a key model group in studies of evolutionary biology, especially in understanding speciation, the process by which new species evolve. Their rapid rates of speciation and diverse adaptations make them ideal for studying genetic, ecological, and behavioral evolution.



Overall, cichlids not only contribute significantly to the biodiversity of their native habitats but also offer valuable insights into the evolutionary processes that drive the diversity of life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9228" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Animal curiosity boosts biodiversity in global ecosystems

The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Today&#8217;s Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the coast of São Paulo in southeast Brazil, where heavy rainfall and flooding triggered deadly landslides. 



The beach communities of Jaqueí and Praia da Baleia in São Sebastião were among the hardest hit areas. The São Paulo state government said that more than 23.6 inches of rain had fallen in a single day.&nbsp;



Robert Emberson, a landslide expert with NASA’s Earth Applied Sciences Disasters program, said that areas with very dense concentrations of landsliding are quite unusual but not unprecedented.



“South Brazil is a bit of a landslide hotspot at this time of year; high seasonal rainfall, combined with steep slopes, lead to characteristically high landslide hazards,” said Emberson.&nbsp;



“This amount of rainfall will leave nearly all of the hillslopes saturated, destabilizing the soils and underlying bedrock. Unfortunately, these landslides have also impacted homes and infrastructure, leading to major loss of life.”



The image was captured on February 26, 2023 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ Allison Nussbaum/ USGS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Torrential rainfall triggers landslides in southeast Brazil

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Florida Keys, which are visited by several million tourists each year. The Keys have a population of more than 80,000 people across 30 populated islands.



"The chain of hundreds of low-lying islands, also called cays or keys, that extend from southern Florida are relics of a time when global sea levels were higher than today. About 125,000 years ago, during a warm interglacial period, water covered the area," explains NASA.



"However, the sea was shallow enough that big communities of coral flourished just below the surface and built up reefs. As time passed and an ice age took hold, sea levels dropped and the tops of some reefs—as well as some sand bars—began to poke above the water surface. Over time, material from these exposed reefs and sand bars hardened and fossilized, forming the sedimentary rocks that make up the modern Florida Keys."



Many of the Florida Keys are located within the boundaries of national parks, including the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Several of the northern keys are in Biscayne National Park, and most of the islands within Florida Bay are part of Everglades National Park.



"Still, some parts of Big Pine Key and several other islands retain patches of pine rockland, an unusual ecosystem found exclusively in southern Florida. In these areas, scattered slash pine soars over an understory of palms, palmettos, berries, grasses, and several types of herbaceous plants," says NASA.



"While falling sea levels brought the Florida Keys into existence, rising seas now pose a threat to their long-term existence. Sea level rise projections from the Interagency Sea Level Rise Scenario Tool (published by NASA’s Sea Level Change Team) indicate that Key West could experience between 0.45 and 2.16 meters (1 and 7 feet) of sea level rise by 2100."



The image was captured on March 30, 2022 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.