<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Montgomery Reef in Western Australia, where one of the world's most significant tidal ranges is displayed. </p>



<p>Montgomery Reef is a remarkable natural formation located in the Kimberley region. This unique reef system covers an area of more than 300 square kilometers, making it one of the largest inshore reefs in Australia.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-montgomery-reef-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Montgomery Reef&nbsp;</h2>



<p>What makes Montgomery Reef especially fascinating is its dynamic nature; during low tide, the reef dramatically emerges from the ocean, revealing a vast expanse of sandstone islets, seaweed-covered coral, and tidal lagoons.</p>



<p>As the tide falls, water cascades down the sides of the emerging reef, creating temporary waterfalls and exposing a rich ecosystem that includes marine life like turtles, reef sharks, and various species of fish and birds, which can be seen feeding in the shallow pools left by the receding water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This dynamic interaction between the sea and the reef makes Montgomery Reef a popular destination for tourists, particularly those interested in nature and photography.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-montgomery-reef-nbsp">Structure of Montgomery Reef&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Montgomery Reef's current structure is layered over a flat-topped mesa of dolomite and sandstone formed around 1.8 billion years ago, now covered with marine life, including the coralline algae rhodolith. The reef is adorned with both hard and soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a>, resilient to the extreme tidal temperature fluctuations and prolonged exposure during low tide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-montgomery-reef-wildlife">Montgomery Reef wildlife</h2>



<p>The wildlife on and around Montgomery Reef is incredibly diverse and includes a wide variety of marine and bird species. The reef is home to an array of marine life such as sea turtles, including the hawksbill and green turtles, which use the reef as a feeding ground. Dugongs can often be seen grazing on sea grasses, while various species of sharks and rays patrol the waters.</p>



<p>Additionally, the reef supports a vibrant population of fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, making it a vital habitat in the marine ecosystem. The intertidal zones provide breeding grounds for numerous bird species, including the white-bellied sea eagle and various species of herons and waders.</p>



<p>Montgomery Reef is also significant for its cultural heritage, being part of the traditional sea country of the Dambimangari people, who have a deep spiritual connection to the area. This adds an important cultural dimension to the natural biodiversity of the reef.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-coral-bleaching-event-nbsp">Global coral bleaching event&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite their resilience, these corals faced significant stress in 2016 during a global bleaching event that followed a marine heat wave. More recently, in April 2024, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed the fourth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global coral bleaching event</a> on record. </p>



<p>While Montgomery Reef has yet to show signs of bleaching, NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch suggests that corals in southwestern Western Australia and near the equator are currently more susceptible to bleaching risks.</p>



<p>The mass bleaching event has been confirmed in numerous regions, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a>, the Caribbean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.</p>



<p>Coral bleaching occurs when corals, stressed by elevated sea temperatures, expel the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) that give them color and provide most of their energy. This can lead to coral death if the stress continues for a prolonged period, though recovery is possible if conditions improve relatively quickly.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-to-address-climate-change-nbsp">Urgent need to address climate change&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The widespread nature of this bleaching event has been attributed to unusually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-hit-a-record-high-this-week-with-the-worst-heat-still-to-come/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high sea temperatures</a> and is exacerbated by ongoing climate change.</p>



<p>The impact of such extensive bleaching is profound, affecting not only the biodiversity of coral ecosystems but also the economic and social structures of human communities dependent on these ecosystems for food, tourism, and coastline protection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>NOAA and other scientific bodies are emphasizing the urgent need for global efforts to address climate change and improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-corals-more-resilient-to-climate-change-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral resilience</a> through conservation and restoration initiatives​.</p>



<p>The image was captured on April 29, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Montgomery Reef: A uniquely dynamic ecosystem

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."</p>



<p>"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. </p>



<p>One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Shasta Lake, which has reached near-full capacity for the second consecutive year in 2024. Following similarly high levels in spring 2023, this marks a significant recovery from the severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadrought-in-the-western-u-s-is-the-worst-in-at-least-1200-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and reduced water levels experienced from 2019 to 2022.</p>



<p>The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite captured this image of Shasta Lake on May 7, 2024, showing the reservoir at 96 percent of its total capacity, which is 114 percent of the average for that date. By contrast, an image from Landsat 9 in April of 2022 showed the lake at only 39 percent capacity, with the year's maximum reaching just 40 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-shasta-lake-nbsp">Transformation of Shasta Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The turnaround began in early 2023, driven by heavy rains and substantial runoff from an above-average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> in the mountains. By May 29, 2023, the reservoir had filled to 98 percent of its capacity, erasing the visible "bathtub ring" that had marked its perimeter in previous years.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water levels</a> at Shasta Lake began to rise significantly again by mid-January 2024 due to persistent storms, leading to higher levels at the start of 2024 than in the previous year. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abundance-of-rainfall">Abundance of rainfall</h2>



<p>By mid-February 2024, the reservoir was considered excessively full for the season. In an effort to accommodate more inflow and reduce flood risks, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation increased water discharges to up to seven times the winter baseline rate.</p>



<p>The abundance of rainfall in early 2024 also benefited other state reservoirs like Lake Oroville, which reached full capacity for a second year. Despite ongoing water releases, it held 128 percent of its average capacity in early May 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-gains-nbsp">Groundwater gains&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater</a>, which typically makes up 40 percent of California's water supply and up to 60 percent in dry years, also saw improvements. The California Department of Water Resources reported a net gain of 4.1 million acre-feet in managed groundwater recharge during the last water year (October 2022 through September 2023), marking the first annual increase since 2019.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the department estimates it would require five consecutive above-average water years to recover from the deficits of the past two decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-shasta-lake">More about Shasta Lake</h2>



<p>Shasta Lake, located in Northern California, is the largest reservoir in the state. It was created by the damming of the Sacramento River with the construction of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-strategy-fish-species-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shasta Dam</a> in the 1940s. This massive lake is a popular destination for a variety of recreational activities including fishing, boating, and water skiing.</p>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by scenic landscapes, including the Shasta-Trinity National Forest which is a popular destination for hiking, camping, and exploring diverse wildlife and natural beauty. The area is also known for its geological significance, featuring a variety of volcanic features and the nearby Mount Shasta, a prominent volcanic peak.</p>



<p>Additionally, Shasta Lake plays a crucial role in water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control in California. Its capacity and strategic location make it integral to the Central Valley Project, which manages the water resources of the region for agricultural, urban, and environmental uses.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Shasta Lake is full for the second consecutive year

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke from fires around the Canadian community of Fort Nelson and streaming east into Alberta on May 11, 2024.</p>



<p>Canada is currently facing an intense start to its wildland fire season, following a severe season last year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By mid-May, parts of British Columbia were already shrouded in smoke from early and aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, a phenomenon typically seen much later in the summer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-observations-of-canada-fires">Satellite observations of Canada fires</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional observations by NASA's Terra satellite and others showed the smoke plume rising several kilometers into the air and spreading into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, where it raised air quality concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-fueled-by-dry-conditions-and-high-winds">Fires fueled by dry conditions and high winds</h2>



<p>One particularly dangerous fire, which ignited on May 10, rapidly expanded southeast of Fort Nelson and a nearby First Nation community, threatening around 3,400 residents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dry conditions and high winds from a passing cold front fueled the blaze, prompting immediate evacuation orders for the area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cliff Chapman, British Columbia’s Wildfire Service Director of Provincial Operations, advised against travel near Fort Nelson due to the fire's severe intensity and rapid spread.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holdover-fires-in-canada">Holdover fires in Canada</h2>



<p>To the north, several other fires consumed tens of thousands of hectares. Some of these were "holdover" fires, which persisted under the snow throughout the winter and rekindled in the spring, fed by vegetation dried from ongoing severe drought conditions as per the North American Drought Monitor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-emissions">Carbon emissions</h2>



<p>This year's fire intensity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> in British Columbia are notably high, with Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, reporting over 5 megatons of carbon emissions from the province's wildfires by mid-May - marking the highest May emissions in 22 years. </p>



<p>Parrington's assessments, part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, utilize data from the Global Fire Assimilation System, which incorporates MODIS fire observations from NASA's satellites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-fires-in-2023">Canada fires in 2023</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 wildfire season</a> in Canada was particularly intense and significant due to a combination of factors including climate conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts</a>. </p>



<p>Throughout the season, Canada experienced an unusually high number of wildfires, which affected vast areas across the country, particularly in regions like British Columbia and Alberta.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conditions-nbsp">Challenging conditions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These fires were fueled by a combination of dry weather, higher than average temperatures, and strong winds, creating challenging conditions for firefighting efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



<p>The smoke from the wildfires had a profound impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, not only in Canada but also in parts of the United States, leading to health advisories and concerns over air pollution. The fires prompted widespread evacuations and significant damage to properties and ecosystems. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The season highlighted the growing concerns over climate change as a driving force behind the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Canadian government and local authorities were actively engaged in firefighting and mitigation efforts, but the scale of the fires called for an increased focus on long-term strategies for fire prevention and forest management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wildfires-on-human-health">Impact of wildfires on human health</h2>



<p>Wildfires have a significant impact on human health, affecting both physical and mental well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p>The most immediate health issue is the inhalation of smoke, which contains a mix of harmful gases and fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and other chronic lung conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked to cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>Beyond physical health, wildfires can also have a profound effect on mental health. The stress and trauma of experiencing a wildfire, losing property, or being displaced can lead to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the recovery and rebuilding process can be lengthy and stressful, further impacting mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-challenges-nbsp">Additional challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>People in affected areas often face challenges with water and food safety due to contamination from fire-related chemicals and debris. The destruction of infrastructure can also limit access to medical care and health services, exacerbating all these health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Overall, the impact of wildfires on human health is complex and can be long-lasting, necessitating both immediate and long-term public health interventions to support affected communities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Canada's fire season is off to an intense start

Great Bear Lodge is situated on the coastline of British Columbia. The floating lodge is right on the inlet, which is fed by the North Pacific Sea.

The lodge’s location offers a unique opportunity to see wildlife up close. But Marg Leehane, co-owner of Great Bear Lodge, had never seen anything like this before. Photo Credit: Daily Mail

Great Bear Lodge

<p>In the world of science, it's not every day that a new "rule of biology" emerges. These rules, or biological laws, are like the fundamental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">truths</a> of the living world. They describe stability or instability patterns and behaviors that are consistently observed throughout life.</p>



<p>One such rule is Allen's rule,&nbsp;which explains why animals in colder climates have shorter limbs than their counterparts in warmer regions.&nbsp;Now,&nbsp;John Tower,&nbsp;a professor of biological sciences at <a href="https://dornsife.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC Dornsife</a>,&nbsp;is proposing a new rule that challenges our understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-may-be-the-biggest-roadblock-to-solving-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> works.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selectively-advantageous-instability-of-life">Selectively advantageous instability of life</h2>



<p>Tower's rule revolves around a concept called "selectively advantageous instability," or SAI.&nbsp;This concept suggests that a certain level of instability in biological components,&nbsp;such as proteins and genetic material,&nbsp;can actually be beneficial to cells.</p>



<p>This might seem counterintuitive.&nbsp;We often associate stability with health and well-being.&nbsp;After all,&nbsp;stable systems require less energy and resources to maintain.&nbsp;Hexagons,&nbsp;for example,&nbsp;are a common shape in nature because they are inherently stable and efficient.</p>



<p>But Tower argues that instability is just as fundamental to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> as stability.&nbsp;"Even the simplest cells contain proteases and nucleases and regularly degrade and replace their proteins and RNAs,&nbsp;indicating that SAI is essential for life," Tower explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-instability-and-life">Evolution, instability and life</h2>



<p>So,&nbsp;how does instability play a role in the scheme of life?&nbsp;Tower believes that SAI is a driving force in evolution.</p>



<p>As cells build and break down unstable components,&nbsp;they essentially exist in two states:&nbsp;one with the unstable component present and one without it.&nbsp;Natural selection can act differently on these two states.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can lead to a situation where both a normal gene and a mutated version of that gene are maintained in the same population,&nbsp;as each gene might be advantageous in a different state.</p>



<p>This genetic diversity,&nbsp;driven by instability,&nbsp;is what allows cells and organisms to adapt and evolve over time in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.&nbsp;It's like a constant dance between stability and instability,&nbsp;where the right balance can lead to incredible resilience and adaptability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-side-of-instability">Dark side of instability</h2>



<p>While SAI can enhance adaptability and evolution, it has a downside. The process of constantly creating and replacing unstable components within cells demands significant energy. This energetic cost can strain cellular resources, potentially leading to inefficiencies over time. </p>



<p>Tower suggests that SAI could be a key factor in aging.&nbsp;"Creating and then replacing the unstable components within cells comes at the cost of materials and energy.&nbsp;Breaking it down may also require additional energy," he says.</p>



<p>Additionally, SAI allows for the coexistence of normal and mutated genes within the same cell population. While this genetic diversity can be beneficial, it also poses risks. </p>



<p>If a harmful mutated gene persists alongside a normal gene, it can have detrimental effects. These harmful mutations might contribute to cellular damage and dysfunction, accelerating the aging process. </p>



<p>Over time, the accumulation of such harmful mutations can impair cell function, leading to age-related decline in tissue and organ systems. </p>



<p>Thus, while SAI promotes adaptability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quick-species-adaptability-shapes-long-term-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a> in changing environments, it also introduces vulnerabilities that can impact the aging process and overall cellular health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-evolution-and-aging">Beyond evolution and aging</h2>



<p>The implications of SAI extend far beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dinosaurs-influence-human-aging-65-million-years-after-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution and aging</a>. It has the potential to shed light on a wide range of biological phenomena, from chaos theory and criticality to Turing patterns and even "cellular consciousness."</p>



<p>"Science has been fascinated lately with concepts such as chaos theory,&nbsp;criticality,&nbsp;Turing patterns and 'cellular consciousness,'" says Tower.&nbsp;"Research in the field suggests that SAI plays an important role in producing each of these phenomena."</p>



<p>Tower believes that SAI is so widespread in biology and has such far-reaching consequences that it could be considered a new rule of biology.&nbsp;This rule challenges our traditional view of stability and highlights the importance of embracing instability in our understanding of life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-the-paradox">Embracing the paradox</h2>



<p>The idea that instability is essential for life might seem paradoxical,&nbsp;but it's a reminder that life is a dynamic and ever-changing process.&nbsp;It's a constant dance between order and chaos,&nbsp;stability and instability.&nbsp;And it's this delicate balance that allows life to thrive and evolve.</p>



<p>"Even the simplest cells contain proteases and nucleases and regularly degrade and replace their proteins and RNAs,&nbsp;indicating that SAI is essential for life," Tower notes. </p>



<p>So,&nbsp;while stability might seem like the ideal state,&nbsp;it's the instability that keeps life moving forward.&nbsp;It's the spark that ignites evolution,&nbsp;the engine that drives adaptation,&nbsp;and the force that shapes the diversity of life on Earth.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2024.1376060/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Aging</a></em>.</p>



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New rule of biology: Instability is key to evolution and life

In the world of science, it's not every day that...

Woman,Using,Smart,Phone,While,Standing,With,Electric,Push,Scooter

<p>Are we too busy scrolling on social media to save the planet from climate change? It's a question that might make you want to hurl your smartphone into the nearest recycling bin, but it's a pressing concern raised by Dr. Hamish van der Ven, a professor at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a>, and his colleagues.</p>



<p>Their assertion? Our beloved generative AI tools, like the ever-so-helpful ChatGPT, along with our social media habits, could be dousing the flames of our climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a> efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digital-impact">Digital impact</h2>



<p><a href="https://forestry.ubc.ca/faculty-profile/hamish-van-der-ven/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. van der Ven</a> argues that the typical view of technology's role in climate change is too narrow. "Most analysis that we've seen to date focuses on counting the direct emissions associated with the life cycle of tech products," he says. </p>



<p>We're all familiar with energy-guzzling server farms and the digital gold rush of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-and-destructive-environmental-impact-of-bitcoin-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitcoin mining</a>. However, the UBC professor points out another issue. There's a less obvious villain lurking in the shadows.</p>



<p>"There is very little examination of the adverse and indirect impacts of generative AI and social media on the climate," Dr. van der Ven warns. </p>



<p>He's referring to the way these technologies shape our behavior, our attitudes, and ultimately, our response to the looming crisis of climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/38-trillion-dollars-per-year-economic-losses-expected-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-distraction-from-climate-issues">Social media distraction from climate issues</h2>



<p>Ever found yourself mindlessly scrolling through social media, your eyes glazing over as you absorb an endless stream of news, memes, and targeted ads? That's the first part of the problem, according to Dr. van der Ven.</p>



<p>"In offering always new, ever-changing content, social media platforms can take attention away from slower-moving issues," he explains. Climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-increased-premature-birth-risk-by-60/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>, unfortunately, falls into the "slow-moving" category, and our short attention spans, honed by the digital age, might not be up to the task.</p>



<p>But it gets worse. "The other side of that is constant exposure to negative news on social media may also erode optimism and increase feelings of hopelessness," Dr. van der Ven points out. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panic-driven-doom-gloom-climate-change-messages-do-not-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doom-scrolling</a> our way through the latest climate disasters can leave us feeling paralyzed and defeated, exactly the opposite of the mindset needed to tackle this global challenge.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generative-ai">Generative AI</h2>



<p>As for generative AI, it might be a double agent. Sure, it can help us craft eloquent emails and whip up creative content, but Dr. van der Ven cautions that our growing reliance on it could have unintended consequences.</p>



<p>"As people become more dependent on it, we could find our capacity for creativity and forward-thinking solutions decreasing," he observes. Could our digital assistants be dulling our own problem-solving skills? It's a disturbing thought.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misinformation-on-social-medial-and-climate-change">Misinformation on social medial and climate change</h2>



<p>The researchers also highlight another concern. Both social media and AI can amplify false or biased information. This makes climate change discussions more complicated. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-48-million-americans-deny-that-climate-change-is-real/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Misinformation</a> can disrupt public understanding and support for climate action. It can hinder effective policy-making and delay critical measures needed to address climate change. </p>



<p>By spreading incorrect information, these technologies can create confusion and skepticism, making it harder to mobilize collective efforts and implement effective solutions. </p>



<p>This amplification of misinformation poses a significant challenge to achieving meaningful progress in combating climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cautious-optimism-and-critical-thinking">Cautious optimism and critical thinking</h2>



<p>So, are we doomed to a future of digital distraction and AI-induced apathy? Not necessarily. But Dr. van der Ven and his colleagues urge us to take a more critical look at the role of technology and social media in the fight against climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>.</p>



<p>"We urge more skepticism about individuals and businesses that position digitalization as a solution to the climate crisis," he says. We need to ask tough questions and demand evidence-based answers, rather than simply accepting the promises of tech evangelists.</p>



<p>The researchers call for more research into the indirect effects of internet-enabled technologies. They urge us to move beyond the simple tally of emissions. We need to delve into the complex ways these tools shape our thoughts and actions.</p>



<p>"Only through fact-based analysis can we achieve a more holistic understanding of the internet's true impact on the climate," Dr. van der Ven concludes.</p>



<p>So, the next time you find yourself lost in a digital rabbit hole, remember that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> crisis demands our attention, our creativity, and our collective action. Don't let the glow of the screen blind you to the urgency of the moment.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article/doi/10.1162/glep_a_00747/120588/Generative-AI-and-Social-Media-May-Exacerbate-the" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Environmental Politics</a></em>.</p>



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Gen AI and social media divert people's attention from climate crisis

Are we too busy scrolling on social media to save...

Radio,Telescope,And,Milky,Way

<p>Have you ever looked up at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">night sky</a> and wondered about the vastness of the universe? What if some of the universe's oldest stars are right in our galactic backyard?</p>



<p>A team of MIT researchers, including undergraduate students, has discovered three stars right here in the Milky Way that date back 12 to 13 billion years. That's almost as old as the universe itself, which is estimated to be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">13.8 billion years old</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milky-way-s-past">Milky Way's past</h2>



<p>How did they find these ancient stellar relics? It all started in a classroom. Professor Anna Frebel, a physics professor at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, launched a new course in the fall of 2022 called "Observational Stellar Archaeology." </p>



<p>In this course, students learned how to analyze the light emitted by stars to determine their age and composition.</p>



<p>The students then applied their newfound knowledge to a treasure trove of star data that Professor Frebel had collected over the years using the <a href="https://www.lco.cl/magellan-telescopes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Magellan-Clay telescope</a>. They were particularly interested in finding stars that formed shortly after the Big Bang when the universe was still in its infancy.</p>



<p>These early stars would have a very different chemical composition than younger stars like our sun. They would contain lower amounts of heavier elements like strontium and barium because these elements were not yet abundant in the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sass-stars-in-the-universe">SASS stars in the universe </h2>



<p>The students' search paid off. They identified three stars with spectra indicating low abundances of heavier elements, suggesting they were indeed ancient. These stars have been dubbed "SASS" stars, which stands for "Small Accreted Stellar System" stars.</p>



<p>“These oldest stars should definitely be there, given what we know of galaxy formation,”&nbsp;says Professor Frebel.&nbsp;“They are part of our cosmic family tree. And we now have a new way to find them.”</p>



<p>Why "Small Accreted Stellar System"? The researchers believe these stars once belonged to their own small galaxies that were later absorbed by the Milky Way. In other words, they are cosmic immigrants that have found a new home in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clue-to-the-stars-origins-in-the-universe">Clue to the stars' origins in the universe</h2>



<p>But how did these stars end up in the Milky Way? The answer lies in their unusual motion. </p>



<p>Most stars in the Milky Way's disk orbit in the same direction, like cars on a racetrack. However, the SASS stars are moving in the opposite direction, a phenomenon known as "retrograde motion." This suggests they were captured from another galaxy that was moving in a different direction.</p>



<p>“The only way you can have stars going the wrong way from the rest of the gang is if you threw them in the wrong way,” Professor Frebel explains. </p>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/retrograde-motion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retrograde motion</a>, combined with their ancient chemical composition, provides strong evidence that the SASS stars are indeed cosmic relics from a time when the universe was much younger.</p>



<p>“Interestingly they’re all quite fast -- hundreds of kilometers per second, going the wrong way,” Frebel says. “They’re on the run! We don’t know why that’s the case, but it was the piece to the puzzle that we needed, and that I didn’t quite anticipate when we started.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-window-into-the-early-universe">New window into the early universe</h2>



<p>The discovery of the SASS stars opens up exciting possibilities for studying the early universe.</p>



<p>These stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remnants</a> from a period when galaxies were just beginning to form. By analyzing their composition and motion, we can gain insights into galaxy evolution. This research helps us understand how the universe has transformed over billions of years.</p>



<p>The chemical makeup of these stars provides information about the conditions of the early universe. Their movements offer clues about the history of their host galaxies. This can shed light on the processes that shaped the Milky Way and other galaxies.</p>



<p>“Now we can look for more analogs in the Milky Way, that are much brighter, and study their chemical evolution without having to chase these extremely faint stars,”&nbsp;Professor Frebel says.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-stellar-archaeology">Future of stellar archaeology</h2>



<p>This discovery is just the beginning. The researchers plan to continue their search for more SASS stars, and they hope to inspire a new generation of scientists to explore the mysteries of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-butterfly-iras-23077-discovery-flips-planet-formation-understanding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmos</a>.</p>



<p>“It’s been awesome to work with three women undergrads. That’s a first for me… It’s really an example of the MIT way. We do. And whoever says, ‘I want to participate,’ they can do that, and good things happen," Professor Frebel notes,</p>



<p>So, the next time you look up at the night sky, remember that some of the universe's oldest stars are closer than you think. They are a testament to the vastness of time and the enduring mysteries of the cosmos.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/530/4/4712/7667655" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></em>.</p>



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Newly discovered stars in the Milky Way are as old as the universe

Have you ever looked up at the night sky and...

<p>Is music truly a universal language?&nbsp;Do the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-triggers-unique-prediction-zones-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melodies</a> we hum and the rhythms we tap our feet to resonate with a deeper connection that transcends cultural boundaries?</p>



<p>An ambitious new study aimed to unravel this mystery. It embarked on a global journey, uniting 75 researchers from 46 countries. Each researcher contributed their unique musical heritage. Together, they created a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-gives-rise-to-unique-physical-sensations-in-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmonious</a> pattern of human expression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-s-musical-traditions">World's musical traditions</h2>



<p>This unprecedented collaboration brought together experts from diverse fields, including ethnomusicology, music psychology, linguistics, and evolutionary biology. </p>



<p>Researchers from all over the world recorded themselves singing, playing instruments, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-evokes-stronger-emotions-than-streamed-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reciting</a> lyrics in their native languages. They created an impressive collection of 55 distinct musical traditions. </p>



<p>The study captured a rich and varied soundscape. It showcased the rhythmic drumming of Senegal's Latyr Sy and also highlighted the soulful melodies of Hindustani classical singer Dr. Shantala Hegde.</p>



<p>Overall, the researchers' musical repertoire included well-known tunes like "Scarborough Fair" and "Bella Ciao" as well as lesser-known gems such as the Japanese folk song "Ōmori Jinku" and the Māori love song "Pōkarekare Ana." </p>



<p>This diverse collection of musical expressions provided valuable insights into the universal nature of musical traditions and their role in human societies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-patterns-in-music-s-language">Patterns in music's language</h2>



<p>Through meticulous analysis of the audio recordings,&nbsp;the researchers discovered striking similarities across the diverse musical samples.&nbsp;In general,&nbsp;songs and instrumental melodies tended to have slower rhythms than speech,&nbsp;while their pitches were consistently higher and more stable.</p>



<p>These findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of cross-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-causes-similar-emotional-experiences-and-sensations-in-all-cultures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cultural</a> regularities in music,&nbsp;suggesting that certain musical patterns may be deeply ingrained in the human psyche.</p>



<p>Dr.&nbsp;Patrick Savage,&nbsp;a psychologist and musicologist at the <a href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Auckland</a> and senior author of the study,&nbsp;believes that these regularities could be linked to the social function of music.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Slow,&nbsp;regular,&nbsp;predictable melodies make it easier for us to sing together in large groups," Dr. Savage explains.&nbsp;"Music may have evolved as a way to strengthen social bonds and promote group cohesion."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-as-a-social-glue">Music as a social glue</h2>



<p>This hypothesis aligns with our understanding of music's ability to unite people. Throughout history, music has played a central role in fostering social connections and creating a sense of shared identity. </p>



<p>From ancient tribal rituals to modern-day concerts, music has always been a powerful tool for bringing people together.</p>



<p>The study's findings suggest that this power may partly stem from the predictable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-are-born-with-the-ability-to-recognize-the-beat-in-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patterns</a> in music, making it easy to synchronize with and participate in. These patterns facilitate collective activities like singing and dancing, which are crucial for social bonding. </p>



<p>When we engage in these musical activities, we tap into a fundamental instinct for connecting with others. This process helps reinforce our sense of belonging to a larger community, making music a vital element in social cohesion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-music-s-language">Future directions for music's language</h2>



<p>While the study's findings are undoubtedly significant, the researchers acknowledge that there is still much to learn about the universal language of music. They hope their work will inspire further research into the cultural and biological factors that shape our musical preferences and behaviors.</p>



<p>Future studies could explore the specific ways in which music facilitates social bonding in different cultures. Understanding these cultural practices could reveal how music strengthens community ties and fosters a sense of belonging. </p>



<p>Additionally, researchers could investigate the neural mechanisms underlying our ability to perceive and respond to musical patterns. This exploration could provide insights into how our brains process music and why certain patterns resonate with us universally. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-the-power-of-music">Celebrating the power of music</h2>



<p>The study's video showcases researchers singing, speaking, and playing instruments from their diverse cultures. This highlights the unifying power of music. It reminds us that music remains a vital source of cultural expression. Even in our interconnected world, music fosters social connection.</p>



<p>Whether singing along to a favorite pop song or swaying to a traditional dance, we engage in a global chorus. Even tapping our toes to a catchy beat unites us. This musical participation transcends borders. It brings us together in our shared humanity.</p>



<p>This research shows how music fosters a sense of community and belonging. It bridges cultural differences and brings people together through a shared love of musical expression. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4eNNrdcfDM" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The study and its visual representation</a> highlight music's enduring importance. Music helps maintain cultural identity and promotes social cohesion in our diverse and interconnected world.</p>



<p>"We're trying to shed light on the cultural and biological evolution of two systems that make us human: music and language,"  Dr. Savage notes. </p>



<p>The study's findings offer a tantalizing glimpse into the intricate relationship between these two fundamental aspects of human communication, paving the way for a deeper understanding of what it means to be human.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adm9797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Similar patterns in music and language found across all cultures

Is music truly a universal language?&nbsp;Do the melodies we hum...

<p>Bees and other pollinators, such as butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds, are increasingly under threat due to human activities. Pollination is vital for the survival of ecosystems, with nearly 90% of wild flowering plant species and over 75% of food crops relying on animal pollination.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, pollinators are also crucial for food security and biodiversity conservation. To highlight their importance, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-highlights-urgent-need-to-protect-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN designated</a> May 20 as World Bee Day. The aim is to enhance measures to protect pollinators, thereby addressing global food supply issues and reducing hunger, especially in developing countries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-young-people-involved">Getting young people involved</h2>



<p>World Bee Day 2024 focuses on the theme “Bee engaged with Youth,” emphasizing the involvement of young people in beekeeping and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-pollinators-wild-bees-boosts-food-supply-income/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator conservation</a>. This year's campaign seeks to raise awareness among youth and other stakeholders about the critical role of pollinators in agriculture, ecological balance, and biodiversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Engaging young people in beekeeping activities, educational initiatives, and advocacy can inspire future environmental leaders and empower them to make a positive impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-severe-threats-to-bees-worldwide-nbsp">Severe threats to bees worldwide&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Immediate action is necessary as bees face severe threats, with species extinction rates 100 to 1,000 times higher than normal due to human impacts. Nearly 35% of invertebrate pollinators, like bees and butterflies, and 17% of vertebrate pollinators, such as bats, are at risk of extinction globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The continuation of this trend could lead to the replacement of nutritious crops with staple crops like rice, corn, and potatoes, resulting in an imbalanced diet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Intensive farming practices, land-use changes, monocropping, pesticides, and climate change-related higher temperatures all pose significant threats to bee populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-conservation-nbsp-on-world-bee-day-nbsp">Prioritizing conservation&nbsp;on World Bee Day&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Recognizing the pollination crisis, the <a href="https://www.cbd.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> has prioritized the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators. The <a href="https://www.pollinator.org/international" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Pollinator Initiative</a> (IPI), established in 2000, aims to monitor pollinator decline, address the lack of taxonomic information, assess the economic value of pollination, and protect pollinator diversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) coordinates the IPI and provides technical assistance on issues such as queen breeding, artificial insemination, and sustainable honey production and export marketing.</p>



<p>The decline of pollinators affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-production-is-one-of-the-biggest-drivers-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food production</a>, as their role in pollinating food crops is indispensable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By fostering diverse agricultural systems and reducing reliance on toxic chemicals, we can facilitate increased pollination, improving food quality and quantity. This benefits human populations and the ecosystem as a whole. Moreover, pollinators also play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ensuring the resilience of ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-our-pollinators">Protecting our pollinators </h2>



<p>There are numerous national and international initiatives dedicated to the protection of pollinators. These efforts are essential for safeguarding our food supply and maintaining healthy ecosystems. </p>



<p>By promoting sustainable agricultural practices and protecting pollinator habitats, we can help reverse the decline of these vital species and ensure their survival for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-can-we-help-improve-bee-conservation">How can we help improve bee conservation?</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individually">Individually:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Plant diverse native plants that flower throughout the year.</li>



<li>Purchase raw honey from local farmers.</li>



<li>Support sustainable agricultural products.</li>



<li>Avoid using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-have-become-increasingly-toxic-to-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>, fungicides, or herbicides in gardens.</li>



<li>Protect wild bee colonies when possible.</li>



<li>Sponsor a beehive.</li>



<li>Create a bee water fountain by placing a water bowl outside.</li>



<li>Help sustain forest ecosystems.</li>



<li>Raise awareness by sharing information within communities and networks.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-as-beekeepers-or-farmers">As beekeepers or farmers:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Reduce or modify pesticide use.</li>



<li>Diversify crops and plant attractive crops around fields.</li>



<li>Create hedgerows.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-as-governments-and-decision-makers">As governments and decision-makers:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Enhance local community participation in decision-making, especially indigenous peoples.</li>



<li>Implement strategic measures and provide financial incentives.</li>



<li>Foster collaboration among national and international organizations, and academic networks to monitor and evaluate pollination services.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-bees">Fascinating facts about bees</h2>



<p>Beyond the critical ecological roles they play in our world, bees are truly fascinating creatures. There are over 20,000 known species of bees, and they come in diverse sizes, colors, and behaviors. Not all bees live in hives; many are solitary and make their nests in the ground or in hollow stems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigation-nbsp">Navigation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Bees have an exceptional sense of direction which allows them to navigate and find their way back to their hive, even over long distances. They use landmarks, the position of the sun, and even magnetic fields to orient themselves.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermoregulation-nbsp">Thermoregulation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Honeybees can regulate the temperature of their hive. During the winter, they generate heat by shivering, and to cool the hive during hot conditions, they collect water and distribute it throughout the hive, fanning their wings to evaporate it and cool the air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-queen-bee">The Queen bee</h3>



<p>In many bee species, the queen can live for several years, whereas worker bees may only live for a few weeks. Queens are the only females in the hive to reproduce, spending their lives laying eggs, sometimes up to 2,000 a day in peak season.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



<p>Bees <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-communication-is-hindered-by-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> with each other using a "waggle dance" to convey information about the direction and distance to sources of food. This dance includes various movements that can inform other bees precisely where to find nectar and pollen.</p>



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World Bee Day 2024: Bee engaged with youth

Bees and other pollinators, such as butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds,...

Happy,Young,Woman,Choosing,Meat,From,Glass,Cabinet,In,Grocery

<p>In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors that influence our purchasing decisions are as diverse as they are complex. </p>



<p>Recent research dives into the intricate web of considerations that shape our selections when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">meat and d</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">iry products</a>, revealing a thought-provoking hierarchy of priorities.</p>



<p>The study was conducted across five countries -- Czechia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. It was led by Dr Andy Jin from the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a>. Jin, along with his colleagues, sought to identify the attributes that hold the most sway over consumers as they navigate the grocery aisles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hierarchy-of-importance">Hierarchy of importance</h2>



<p>In an online survey, 3,192 participants were asked to rate the importance of 18 different factors on a scale from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). </p>



<p>These factors encompassed a wide range of attributes, including freshness, quality/taste, healthy eating, nutrition, price, processing, special offers, convenience of use/preparation, and familiarity of brand.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study found that across all surveyed countries, consumers consistently prioritized freshness, quality/taste, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-concerns-more-people-than-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal welfare</a> as the most important attributes. </p>



<p>"Our study highlights the complex interplay of factors that influence consumer behavior when buying meat and dairy products," Dr. Jin explained. </p>



<p>"Consumers indicated that information related to animal welfare, food safety, and health and nutrition was considered more important than environmental sustainability when making food choices," he continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-choices-and-the-sustainability-conundrum">Food choices and the sustainability conundrum</h2>



<p>While environmental factors such as food miles, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-diets-offer-health-benefits-and-lower-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprint</a>, and organic production were deemed less important in influencing purchasing decisions, sustainability labels were still perceived as helpful among consumers. </p>



<p>This finding suggests that while consumers may not prioritize sustainability as highly as other factors, they still value the information provided by these labels.</p>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond the realm of consumer behavior. Policymakers, producers, and retailers in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food industry</a>, who are striving to meet evolving consumer demands for more sustainable products, can glean valuable insights from these findings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-environmental-sustainability">Importance of environmental sustainability</h2>



<p>When it comes to food, consumers play a crucial role in promoting sustainability through their purchasing decisions and eating habits. By making informed choices, individuals can support environmentally friendly practices, reduce waste, and contribute to a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-is-unsustainable-and-must-be-transformed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable food system</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Making eco-friendly food choices</h3>



<p>Consumers can opt for products that have a lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-meat-and-dairy-alternatives-will-dramatically-transform-the-global-food-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a>, such as:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Organic produce</strong>: Organic farming methods avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-pollution-from-food-production-could-be-halved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilizers</a>, promoting healthier soil and ecosystems.</li>



<li><strong>Sustainably sourced seafood</strong>: Choosing seafood from well-managed fisheries or responsible aquaculture farms helps prevent overfishing and protect marine habitats.</li>



<li><strong>Products with minimal packaging</strong>: Selecting items with reduced or eco-friendly packaging minimizes waste and reduces the demand for single-use plastics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Local and seasonal food choices</h3>



<p>Buying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/home-food-production-helped-combat-hunger-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local and seasonal</a> produce offers several sustainability benefits:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Reduced transportation emissions</strong>: Local food travels shorter distances, cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.</li>



<li><strong>Supporting local economies</strong>: Purchasing from local farmers and producers helps maintain a thriving local economy and preserves agricultural land.</li>



<li><strong>Minimizing food waste</strong>: Seasonal produce is more likely to be consumed before spoiling, reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-food-waste-greater-food-security-less-environmental-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food waste</a>.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adopting plant-based diets</h3>



<p>Shifting towards a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> can significantly reduce an individual's environmental footprint:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Lower greenhouse gas emissions</strong>: Plant-based foods generally require less land, water, and energy to produce compared to animal-based products.</li>



<li><strong>Reduced deforestation</strong>: Animal agriculture is a major driver of deforestation, habitat destruction, and biodiversity loss.</li>



<li><strong>Improved resource efficiency</strong>: Plant-based diets use resources more efficiently, as crops are directly consumed rather than being used as animal feed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Minimizing waste through food choices</h3>



<p>Consumers can adopt practices that minimize food waste, such as:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Proper meal planning</strong>: Planning meals in advance and buying only what is needed helps reduce food waste at home.</li>



<li><strong>Storing food correctly</strong>: Proper storage techniques extend the shelf life of food, reducing the likelihood of spoilage.</li>



<li><strong>Composting</strong>: Composting food scraps and other organic waste diverts waste from landfills and creates nutrient-rich soil for gardening.</li>
</ul>



<p>By making sustainable food choices, consumers send a powerful message to producers, retailers, and policymakers. As more people prioritize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> in their purchasing decisions, it creates a demand for more environmentally friendly products and practices, ultimately driving positive change throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-systems-will-play-a-key-role-in-future-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food system</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-gap-from-attitudes-to-behavior">Bridging the gap: From attitudes to behavior</h2>



<p>Dr Jin emphasizes that labels alone are not sufficient to change behavior, particularly for consumers who have low or no behavioral intention to buy sustainable meat or dairy products. </p>



<p>He suggests, "These results should be translated into additional policy measures, such as nudges or behavioral interventions, helping individuals translate their attitudes into behavior and facilitating the choice of sustainably produced products."</p>



<p>The study underscores the need for a multi-faceted approach to promoting sustainable food choices. </p>



<p>While labels play a crucial role in providing information, they must be accompanied by targeted marketing strategies and policy initiatives that address the complex interplay of factors influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumer decisions</a>.</p>



<p>As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of food choices, it is clear that the path to sustainability is not a straightforward one. </p>



<p>By understanding the hierarchy of priorities that guide consumer behavior, we can work towards developing more effective strategies to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices in the meat and dairy industry.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329324000818?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Quality and Preference</a></em>.</p>



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Animal welfare is the biggest concern for people when making food choices

In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors...

<p>In an unprecedented feat of cosmic observation, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed the most distant black hole merger ever observed.</p>



<p>Astronomers utilized this advanced observatory to detect an ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-system-ZS7_black-hole-merger_closeup_JWST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">merger of two galaxies</a>, along with their central <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black holes</a>, dating back to when the universe was a mere 740 million years old.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectacular-black-hole-merger">Spectacular black hole merger</h2>



<p>Historically, supermassive black holes have been identified in the majority of the massive galaxies in the local universe, including our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<p>These astronomical phenomena are believed to have significantly influenced the development of their host galaxies. Despite our extensive knowledge, the rapid and early growth of these black holes remains a mystery. </p>



<p>The new findings, published in the <em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</em>, suggest that these growth processes began much earlier and progressed much faster than previously believed.</p>



<p>The recent observations by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Webb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a> provide a glimpse into the early universe, showcasing the merger of two galaxies identified as <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-system-ZS7_black-hole-merger_JWST_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">system ZS7</a>. </p>



<p>This event is critical because it supports the theory that black holes experienced significant growth very early in the history of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-precise-measurement-of-our-expanding-universe-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-depths-of-space">Insights from the depths of space</h2>



<p>The distinctive spectrographic features of massive, matter-accreting black holes have allowed astronomers to pinpoint them even in the distant universe. </p>



<p>"We found evidence for very dense gas with fast motions in the vicinity of the black hole, as well as hot and highly ionized gas illuminated by the energetic radiation typically produced by black holes in their accretion episodes," said lead author Hannah Übler of the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> in the UK. </p>



<p>She highlighted the role of Webb's sharp imaging capabilities, which enabled the team to spatially separate the two black holes involved in the merger.</p>



<p>Roberto Maiolino, another team member, noted the challenges in measuring the masses of these distant objects. He explained that while one of the black holes has a confirmed mass of 50 million times that of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the sun</a>, estimating the mass of the second, which is shrouded in dense gas, is more complex.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-of-early-black-hole-mergers">Broader impact of early black hole mergers</h2>



<p>These findings also hint at the role of mergers in the rapid growth of black holes during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-what-powered-the-reionization-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dawn</a>. "Our findings suggest that merging is an important route through which black holes can rapidly grow, even at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dawn</a>," Übler explained. </p>



<p>This observation is supported by other discoveries of active, massive black holes in the distant universe, underscoring the significant impact these entities have had on galaxy evolution from the beginning.</p>



<p>Pablo G. Pérez-González, another key researcher on the team, compared the stellar mass of the studied system to that of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/starburst-spikes-seen-exploding-from-nebula-n79-are-1630-light-years-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Large Magellanic Cloud</a>, offering a perspective on the potential evolutionary paths of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-hubble-image-captures-two-merging-galaxies-in-arp-107/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">merging galaxies</a> hosting supermassive black holes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-black-holes-with-lasers">Hunting black holes with lasers</h2>



<p>The study also anticipates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-cosmic-object-detected-gravitational-wave-signal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational waves</a> that will be produced once the black holes complete their merger. </p>



<p>Such events will be observable by future gravitational wave observatories, including the upcoming space-based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (<a href="https://lisa.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LISA</a>). </p>



<p>"Webb's results are telling us that lighter systems detectable by LISA should be far more frequent than previously assumed," shared LISA Lead Project Scientist Nora Luetzgendorf of the European Space Agency. "It will most likely make us adjust our models for LISA rates in this mass range. This is just the tip of the iceberg."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-cycle-3-program">Webb's Cycle 3 program</h2>



<p>The team has recently been awarded a new Large Programme in Webb's Cycle 3 of observations, to study in detail the relationship between massive black holes and their host galaxies in the first billion years. </p>



<p>An important component of this program will be to systematically search for and characterize black hole mergers. This effort will determine the rate at which black hole merging occurs at early cosmic epochs. </p>



<p>In addition, it will assess the role of merging in the early growth of black holes and the rate at which gravitational waves are produced from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visible-matter-dark-matter-evolved-together-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">big bang</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuing-the-quest-to-understand-black-hole-mergers">Continuing the quest to understand black hole mergers</h2>



<p>In summary, the discovery of the earliest known black hole merger, made possible by the Webb Telescope, marks a significant milestone in our understanding of the early Universe and the growth of supermassive black holes. </p>



<p>This fascinating find highlights the rapid evolution of these cosmic giants while paving the way for future research into the relationship between black holes and their host galaxies. </p>



<p>As astronomers continue to explore the mysteries of the cosmos, this discovery serves as a reminder of the incredible potential for new knowledge and the importance of pushing the boundaries of scientific inquiry. </p>



<p>With the promise of future gravitational wave observations and ongoing studies using cutting-edge technology like the JWST, we stand on the brink of a new era in our understanding of the Universe and its most enigmatic inhabitants.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/531/1/355/7671512?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Most distant black hole merger ever witnessed found by Webb

In an unprecedented feat of cosmic observation, the James Webb...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<p>The group of friends couldn’t believe the sight before their eyes. It was interesting to watch, to say the least. But then the water stopped bubbling and a stillness lingered in the inlet. They had gone.</p>
<p>Natasha looked at her friends and their expressions were as surprised as hers. She knew that what they had just witnessed was extremely rare! Photo Credit: YouTube/Bella Carmino</p>


What A Sight

<p>She whipped out her phone and started to google about whales and bubbles. And within a few minutes, she found the answer she had been looking for.</p>
<p>It turned out that these were humpback whales, and they were “bubble-net fishing” — something that not many people have been lucky enough to witness first hand. Photo Credit: YouTube/Bella Carmino</p>


<p></p>