Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today.



Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-intelligence-did-not-evolve-due-to-natural-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a> acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two.



Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as beetleweed (Galax urceolata) shows just how powerful - and complicated - this mechanism can be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-mistake-sparks-new-species">DNA mistake sparks new species</h2>



Most organisms, humans included, are diploid: they carry two complete sets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-animals-balance-their-sex-chromosomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chromosomes</a>, one from each parent.



In autopolyploidy, something unusual happens during the production of sperm or egg cells. Instead of halving the chromosome count, the cell leaves the full complement intact. When such a gamete meets another, the resulting embryo inherits double - or even triple - the usual DNA.



The newcomer may still manage to reproduce with its diploid relatives, but the hybrid offspring generally fare poorly. That mismatch in fertility often pushes the polyploid lineage to mate among its own kind, launching an instant reproductive barrier and, effectively, a new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-types-one-plant">Three types, one plant</h2>



For decades botanists assumed these chromosome copycats were evolutionary curiosities - unlikely to survive, let alone thrive, alongside their diploid parents.



Field surveys later overturned that view: autopolyploids are widespread and resilient. 



The lingering mystery was whether several cytotypes - diploids, triploids, tetraploids - could share the same patch of ground without one eventually eliminating the others through sheer competition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-herb-with-three-identities">Mountain herb with three identities</h2>



Beetleweed, a low evergreen that carpets portions of the Appalachian Mountains, provided the perfect natural experiment. Earlier surveys revealed that some stands contain plants with two, three, or four chromosome sets.



“Through my fieldwork, I discovered that a single population could have a mishmash of cytotypes, which fascinated me,” remarked Shelly Gaynor, lead author of the new study that she&nbsp;completed at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>.



“With this study, I set out to understand if these populations could persist over time. Would one cytotype eventually outcompete the others, or could all three cytotypes persist?”



Answering that required tools beyond the transect tape and microscope. Gaynor and colleagues designed a mathematical framework that treats population change as inherently noisy - subject to random swings in birth, death, climate, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-transforming-pollen-science-and-health-planning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> flow.



Their model tracks how diploids, triploids, and autotetraploids form, spread, and interact when gene flow keeps tossing new genetic combinations into the mix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosomes-coexist-in-plants">Chromosomes coexist in plants</h2>



Two ingredients emerged as critical for long-term coexistence. First, self-fertilization rates matter. 



The more often a plant can pollinate itself, the easier it becomes for an odd-ploidy seedling to find a genetically compatible mate - sometimes its own flowers - without relying on scarce partners.



Second, partial reproductive isolation improves balance. If crosses between cytotypes rarely succeed, each form can maintain its numbers without being swamped by unfit hybrids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-favors-the-strongest">Stress favors the strongest</h2>



Environmental hardship then tilts the playing field. Under harsh conditions and intense competition, the model predicts that autotetraploids gain an edge over their diploid ancestors.



Extra chromosome copies may buffer them against stress, confer broader ecological tolerance or fuel faster adaptation. Triploids, by contrast, often act as a genetic bridge, forming when diploids and tetraploids interbreed but typically suffer lower fertility.



Because Gaynor’s simulations embed both demographic randomness and shifting weather, they reveal outcomes conventional equations might miss.



Sometimes all three cytotypes coexist for centuries; other times one prevails after a long stalemate. The key lesson is that stochasticity - the roll of the “evolutionary dice” - cannot be ignored when forecasting which lineages persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-beyond-one-plant">Impacts beyond one plant</h2>



Although the work focuses on a single Appalachia endemic plant, its reach extends far. Crop breeders deliberately create autopolyploids to enlarge fruit, boost resilience, or break <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-disease-experts-discover-how-bacteria-hijack-plant-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> cycles.



Understanding how mixed-ploidy fields behave over time could help manage gene flow between improved varieties and their wild relatives.



Conservationists, meanwhile, wrestle with how best to protect rare plants that harbor multiple chromosome races within the same reserve; the new model offers a scaffold for predicting viability under climate stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-evolutionary-assumptions">Challenging evolutionary assumptions</h2>



The research also nudges evolutionary theory. Instant speciation via autopolyploidy sits at one extreme of the continuum of reproductive isolation. 



By showing that such sudden splits can persist even when parents and offspring rub shoulders, the beetleweed study challenges the tidy notion that new species must always occupy distinct niches or territories to survive.



Gaynor’s findings do not close the book on polyploid dynamics; rather, they open new chapters. 



Field experiments that monitor marked plants through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a>, fires, and pathogen outbreaks could test whether tetraploids really weather adversity better.



Genetic analyses might uncover which genes, duplicated in extra copies, underpin that resilience. And satellite imagery paired with ecological modelling may reveal whether mixed-cytotype populations correlate with particular microclimates across the Appalachian ridges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-evolutionary-pathways">New evolutionary pathways </h2>



For now, the humble beetleweed stands as living proof that life need not wait for continental drift or glacial cycles to carve new evolutionary pathways.



Sometimes a single cellular hiccup - one missed step in plant chromosome division - is enough to spin off an enduring lineage. 



In the grand narrative that began with rogue molecules self-assembling eons ago, autopolyploidy writes its own rapid-fire chapter, reminding us that the processes that generate biodiversity can be as swift as they are surprising.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/734411" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The American Naturalist</a>.



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Plant chromosome glitch fast-tracks evolution

Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today. Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - natural selection acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two. Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as...

International,Space,Station,And,Spacecraft,In,The,Background,Of,Rising

Did you know that the very space station orbiting miles above our heads is helping us better understand how our planet's climate is changing? It might sound surprising, but the International Space Station (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS</a>) isn't just about exploring the cosmos – it's about protecting our home planet too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iss-climate-data-collection">ISS climate data collection</h2>



Climate change is a pressing issue impacting every corner of the globe. From experiencing increasingly scorching summers to witnessing unpredictable and often destructive weather patterns, the consequences are undeniable. To effectively prepare communities for these ongoing shifts, scientists require a wealth of accurate data. 



The International Space Station, with its unique vantage point, plays a critical role in climate data collection. Orbiting Earth at high speeds, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-iss-is-contaminated-with-a-disturbing-amount-of-harmful-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS</a> effectively performs regular flybys of nearly the entire planet. 



This exceptional position allows its suite of instruments to continuously gather information from various locations, both day and night. The data collected by the ISS is proving invaluable in furthering our understanding of climate change and its effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iss-climate-toolkit">ISS climate toolkit</h2>



Let's explore some of ISS's instruments – it's like a space toolbox made to measure our changing planet:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecostress-the-plant-stress-detector-nbsp">ECOSTRESS: The plant stress-detector&nbsp;</h3>



The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (<a href="https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ECOSTRESS</a>) operates similarly to a giant thermometer, but instead of measuring air temperature, it measures the temperature of plants themselves. 



This allows scientists to identify areas where vegetation is facing stress due to excessive heat or insufficient water. This information is crucial for understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-initiates-ambitious-plan-to-bring-iss-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change impacts vital ecosystems like rainforests.



Climate change presents a complex global challenge. ECOSTRESS enables scientists to directly observe how ecosystems are responding to these ongoing changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tsis-keeping-an-eye-on-the-sun-nbsp">TSIS: Keeping an eye on the sun&nbsp;</h2>



The Sun acts as Earth's primary energy source, constantly bathing our planet in radiation. Even minor fluctuations in this energy output can have significant consequences for our climate. The Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (<a href="https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/total-and-spectral-solar-irradiance-sensor-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TSIS</a>) meticulously tracks the Sun's energy emissions. 



This instrument functions like a highly precise monitor, continuously measuring the total amount of solar energy reaching Earth (Total Solar Irradiance) and the distribution of that energy across various wavelengths (Spectral Solar Irradiance). 



By meticulously monitoring these values, scientists can gain valuable insights into how changes in solar activity might influence Earth's climate system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gedi-forests-in-focus-nbsp">GEDI: Forests in focus&nbsp;</h3>



Forests play a critical role in maintaining a healthy climate for our planet. They act as massive carbon sinks, absorbing significant quantities of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. 



The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (<a href="https://gedi.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEDI</a>) utilizes cutting-edge laser technology to create incredibly detailed three-dimensional maps of Earth's forests. 



This advanced technology allows scientists to precisely measure various forest characteristics, including the total volume of vegetation and the overall distribution of trees across a landscape. 



This information is invaluable for tracking the amount of carbon stored within forests. This helps scientists understand how these vital ecosystems are changing in response to climate pressures. 



By monitoring these changes, we can develop more effective strategies for protecting and managing our precious forests.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emit-unmasking-methane-nbsp">EMIT: Unmasking methane&nbsp;</h3>



Methane, while less abundant than carbon dioxide, is a far more potent greenhouse gas, significantly contributing to global warming. The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (<a href="https://earth.jpl.nasa.gov/emit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EMIT</a>) instrument possesses the remarkable ability to detect and pinpoint methane leaks from space. 



This technological breakthrough is revolutionizing how we track and identify methane emission sources. The pinpoint accuracy that EMIT provides allows us to locate the sources of methane release, enabling targeted efforts to limit the impact of these emissions. 



EMIT's technology represents a significant leap forward in our ability to locate methane sources and take the necessary steps to mitigate these emissions worldwide.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oco-3-carbon-dioxide-detective-nbsp">OCO-3: Carbon dioxide detective&nbsp;</h3>



ISS's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (<a href="https://ocov3.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OCO-3</a>) instrument is specifically designed to track carbon dioxide, a major driver of climate change. OCO-3 operates with exceptional precision, continuously monitoring and measuring the global distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 



This detailed information functions like a powerful magnifying glass, allowing scientists to pinpoint areas with particularly high concentrations of carbon dioxide. 



This newfound ability to visualize and track these "hotspots" of carbon dioxide emissions is proving invaluable in supporting international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 



By identifying specific emission sources, OCO-3 data empowers nations to develop more targeted strategies for curbing carbon dioxide pollution.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sage-iii-iss-monitoring-the-atmosphere-s-layers-nbsp">SAGE III-ISS: Monitoring the atmosphere's layers&nbsp;</h3>



Our planet's atmosphere acts as a protective shield, safeguarding us from harmful solar radiation and regulating Earth's temperature. 



To better understand how human activities and natural phenomena affect this vital shield, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III-ISS (<a href="https://sage.nasa.gov/">S</a><a href="https://sage.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A</a><a href="https://sage.nasa.gov/">GE III-ISS</a>) meticulously analyzes the intricate layers of Earth's atmosphere. 



This instrument measures the concentration and distribution of various gases and tiny particles, known as aerosols, within each atmospheric layer. By monitoring these components, scientists gain valuable insights into how factors like pollutants impact the composition of the atmosphere. 



The data collected by SAGE III-ISS plays a crucial role in improving the accuracy of climate models. These models rely on precise information about atmospheric composition and behavior to effectively simulate future climate scenarios. 



With the data provided by SAGE III-ISS, scientists can refine these models, leading to more accurate predictions and a deeper understanding of the complex interactions within our planet's climate system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-iss-is-essential-in-the-fight-against-climate-change">The ISS is essential in the fight against climate change </h2>



As evident, the ISS plays a far more active role than simply observing Earth from afar. It serves as a vital platform for gathering the comprehensive climate data that scientists urgently need to address climate change. 



By analyzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-initiates-ambitious-plan-to-bring-iss-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS's</a> rich data set, scientists are equipped to develop innovative solutions for mitigating the effects of our warming planet.



-----



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How NASA monitors climate change on Earth from the ISS

Did you know that the very space station orbiting miles...

Wildfires in Siberia are a global concern, as their increasing frequency is predicted to impact the climate, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, health, and economies far beyond their immediate vicinity. A new study highlights the far-reaching consequences of these natural disasters.



Researchers from <a href="https://www.hokudai.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a>, the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, and <a href="https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyushu University</a> used advanced global climate models to analyze the potential impacts of wildfires in Siberia, and the results paint a striking picture. 



The experts utilized the MIROC5 - a sophisticated modeling system - along with other predictive tools to actively simulate the broader effects of Siberian fires under current and future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-s-unexpected-response">Climate's unexpected response</h2>



The simulations revealed that the increased intensity of wildfires in Siberia could lead to significant atmospheric changes, notably a cooling effect across the northern hemisphere. This phenomenon is largely due to the aerosols, or tiny air pollution particles, emitted by the fires which can reflect sunlight away from the earth's surface. 



Professor Teppei Yasunari, a key member of the research team, explained: "Our modeling reveals a cooling effect broadly across the northern hemisphere and worsened air quality in extensive downwind regions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-of-wildfires-in-siberia">Health implications of wildfires in Siberia </h2>



The aerosols released during these wildfires not only affect the climate but also degrade air quality, leading to serious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> implications.



The researchers predict a dramatic increase in air pollution, especially under the most extreme wildfire scenarios. This pollution impacts not only Siberia but also vast areas of East Asia, which lie downwind from these fires.



The degraded air quality may cause an increase in premature deaths, respiratory problems, and other health issues. This could translate into health-related costs that potentially reach up to 10 billion US dollars annually.



"Our results suggest that increased efforts are needed to limit the effects of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-in-siberia-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Siberian wildfires</a> somehow to prevent excess deaths, respiratory and other illnesses, and economic losses because it is hard to prevent the occurrence of Siberian wildfires in such large areas," said Professor Yasunari.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-costs-of-siberia-wildfires">Economic costs of Siberia wildfires</h2>



Beyond health, the economic impacts are also profound. The study suggests that the direct costs associated with increased mortality due to air pollution are substantial. 



Additionally, the indirect costs, such as loss of productivity due to illness and reduced educational opportunities, could significantly amplify these figures.



The findings underscore the necessity for more refined models to better quantify and mitigate these impacts. 



"Our findings send a critical message about the broad effect of increased particulate matter due to massive wildfires in the atmosphere on climate and air quality, which will become ever more significant as the worldwide changes due to global warming proceed," said Professor Yasunari.



The research not only sheds light on the urgent need for global attention to Siberian wildfires but also calls for international cooperation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fire-suppression-methods-increase-the-severity-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire management</a> and mitigation strategies to safeguard public health and protect the global economy from the potentially devastating effects of these increasing natural disasters. 



To better understand and address the extensive consequences of wildfires on a global scale, the time to act is now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about wildfires in Siberia&nbsp;</h2>



Siberian wildfires typically occur during the region's dry and warm summer months. Siberia, known for its vast and remote forested areas, is particularly vulnerable to wildfires due to a combination of factors, including rising temperatures and dry conditions, which are often linked to climate change.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Far-reaching impacts&nbsp;</h3>



The impact of Siberian wildfires is extensive, affecting not only local flora and fauna but also contributing to air quality issues over a wide area, including neighboring countries.&nbsp;



The smoke from these fires can travel thousands of kilometers, affecting atmospheric conditions and climate patterns on a global scale. For instance, the dense smoke can reduce visibility and impact air quality, posing health risks to populations even in distant areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-management">Fire management</h3>



Efforts to combat and manage these fires are challenged by the sheer scale and remoteness of the affected areas. The Russian government and local authorities often struggle with limited resources and logistical difficulties in accessing these regions.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental threat</h3>



Moreover, the frequency and intensity of these fires have been increasing, prompting concerns about long-term environmental damage, including the release of stored carbon from Siberian peatlands, which exacerbates global warming.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF004129" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a>.



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Wildfires in Siberia are a growing global threat

Wildfires in Siberia are a global concern, as their increasing...

The,Human,Eye,With,The,Image,Of,The,Brain,In

Working memory plays a pivotal role in our day-to-day functions. It's an essential brain skill that helps us manage and process information while engaging in activities, without losing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-focus-with-so-many-distractions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">focus</a>. 



For instance, working memory allows us to remember to buy more dishwasher soap while we're busy loading the dishwasher and to keep track of other future necessities.



Researchers have long understood the significant variability in working memory across individuals but have struggled to pinpoint the reasons behind these differences. 



Taking an innovative approach to studying this dilemma, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a>, including Matthew Robinson and Lauren Garner, conducted an experiment that examined whether pupil dilation could be a reliable indicator of working memory capacity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pupil-dilation-and-working-memory">Understanding pupil dilation and working memory</h2>



In a recent study, it was discovered that pupil size could tell us more than just how much light is entering the eye. 



Typically, pupils dilate in low-light conditions to improve vision. However, this study revealed that pupils also dilate in response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cognitive-stimulation-at-work-helps-prevent-memory-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> tasks requiring concentration.



The study involved 179 undergraduate students who underwent a series of working memory tests. While they attempted these tasks, an eye-tracker, similar to devices used during routine eye exams, continuously measured their pupil dilation. The findings were quite revealing. 



"We found that people who more intensely and consistently paid attention, as evidenced by greater <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traumatic-experiences-can-be-detected-in-the-eyes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pupil dilation</a>, performed better on memory tasks," explained Robinson.



"The highest-performing participants not only had larger overall pupil dilations but were also more discerning about the information they needed to remember," he added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-pupil-dilation-correlates-to-performance">How pupil dilation correlates to performance</h2>



The correlation between pupil size and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-students-learn-is-key-to-helping-them-succeed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">task performance</a> could have broader implications. 



For instance, Matthew Robison noted that, "The lowest performers on the tasks showed less pupil dilation. For the highest-performing participants, their pupil dilations were both larger overall and the individuals were more discerning about the information they were asked to recall."



This research highlights a fascinating aspect of how our bodies respond to mental exertion and could lead to more personalized approaches in educational and professional settings to enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-smaller-brain-size/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive performance</a>.



The study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Attention, Perception &amp; Psychophysics, provides valuable insights into the physiological underpinnings of working memory. 



"This is exciting research because it adds another valuable piece of the puzzle to our understanding of why working <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-multivitamins-slow-cognitive-aging-and-improve-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory</a> varies between individuals," Robison concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Exploring the intricacies of working memory</h2>



Working memory enables us to hold and manipulate information in our minds for short periods, allowing us to perform complex tasks, solve problems, and make decisions. Without working memory, we would struggle to navigate the world around us effectively.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Components</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-phonological-loop">The phonological loop</h4>



This component handles auditory information, such as speech and sound.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-visuospatial-sketchpad">The visuospatial sketchpad</h4>



This component processes visual and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial information</a>, such as images and locations.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-central-executive">The central executive</h4>



This component acts as a control center, allocating attention and coordinating the activities of the other components.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-episodic-buffer">The episodic buffer</h4>



This component integrates information from the other components and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wasabi-linked-to-substantial-boost-in-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term memory</a>, creating a unified representation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Capacity</h3>



Working memory has a limited capacity, typically allowing us to hold and manipulate between three and seven items at a time. This capacity varies among individuals and can be influenced by factors such as age, training, and cognitive impairments. 



Researchers have developed various tests and tasks to measure working memory capacity, such as the n-back task and the complex span task.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Importance in everyday life</h3>



Working memory plays a vital role in numerous everyday activities, such as:



<ul>
<li>Following instructions and directions </li>



<li>Engaging in conversations and maintaining the flow of dialogue </li>



<li>Reading comprehension and language processing </li>



<li>Performing mental calculations and problem-solving </li>



<li>Multitasking and switching between different tasks</li>
</ul>



Deficits in working memory can lead to difficulties in these areas, impacting an individual's academic performance, work efficiency, and social interactions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhancement strategies</h3>



While working memory capacity is largely determined by genetic factors, research suggests that certain strategies and interventions can help improve its efficiency:



<ul>
<li>Chunking: Grouping information into meaningful units to reduce the number of items to be remembered.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Rehearsal: Repeating information mentally or aloud to maintain it in working memory.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Visualization: Creating mental images or diagrams to represent information visually.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Mindfulness and meditation: Practicing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-protects-against-work-stress-burnout/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mindfulness</a> and meditation techniques to improve focus and attention.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Cognitive training: Engaging in targeted exercises and activities designed to challenge and strengthen working memory</li>
</ul>



By understanding the intricacies of working memory and employing these strategies, individuals can optimize their cognitive performance and enhance their ability to navigate the demands of daily life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pupil-dilation-working-memory-and-future-implications">Pupil dilation, working memory, and future implications</h2>



In summary, this study has revealed a fascinating connection between pupil dilation and working memory performance. By measuring participants' pupils during cognitive tasks, the researchers discovered that individuals with greater pupil dilation and sensitivity consistently outperformed those with less dilation. 



This finding enhances our understanding of the factors influencing working memory variation and paves the way for future research into the neural mechanisms underlying this critical cognitive skill. 



As scientists continue to explore the complexities of the brain's executive functions, studies like this one bring us closer to developing targeted interventions and strategies to support individuals struggling with working memory, ultimately unlocking the full potential of the human mind.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13414-024-02853-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Attention Perception &amp; Psychophysics</a>



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Pupils enlarge when the brain's working memory is focused on a task

Working memory plays a pivotal role in our day-to-day functions....

Researchers at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> have recently reported that both public parks and private backyards play a vital role in supporting bird diversity in urban environments. 



"Greenspaces are increasingly valued for supporting biodiversity in urbanized landscapes. Previous research efforts have emphasized the importance of public land such as parks and nature preserves for biodiversity, yet private yards in residential neighborhoods also have great potential for species conservation," wrote the researchers. 



By studying two closely situated cities in Illinois with contrasting development histories and green space management, the experts discovered that these spaces are crucial for different bird species during varying seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-bird-populations">Urban bird populations</h2>



The researchers monitored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-populations-are-declining-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird populations</a> across 39 public parks and 41 private yards in Urbana and Champaign - cities with distinct urban characteristics and historical development. 



Urbana, with a history dating back to 1822, boasts extensive green spaces nurtured within an ancient hardwood forest. By contrast, Champaign was developed in the mid-1800s along a railway - with a focus on human recreation in its smaller parks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-variations-in-urban-bird-diversity">Seasonal variations in urban bird diversity </h2>



The analysis revealed significant seasonal shifts in bird <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-bird-diversity-puzzling-geographical-differences-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> between the two cities. During summer, Urbana's richer vegetation and cooler green spaces attracted a broader variety of birds, including species like the belted kingfisher and scarlet tanager. 



Conversely, in winter, Urbana's parks and yards continued to support diverse communities, including the winter wren and yellow-bellied sapsucker.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-urban-management-on-bird-diversity">Impact of urban management on bird diversity</h2>



Pollock pointed out the significant effects of active management in urban green spaces. "In places where there’s been active management to try to increase plant diversity and get some native plant cover back, it has had a big impact on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/as-urban-heat-continues-to-rise-birds-are-moving-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> communities," he explained. 



Urbana's parks, with their focus on conservation and habitat restoration, were especially beneficial for rare and specialist bird species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-actions-for-residents">Practical actions for residents</h2>



The study also suggests practical ways for residents to enhance bird diversity in their own backyards. Carena Van Riper, a collaborator on the project, encouraged simple yet effective actions. 



"Perhaps this will allow people to see that there are small but important behaviors that will influence birds and increase bird diversity," noted Van Riper. 



Among the recommendations were installing bird feeders (especially during winter), planting native vegetation, and setting up bird baths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-greenery-a-blueprint-for-biodiversity">Urban greenery: A blueprint for biodiversity </h2>



This comprehensive study underscores the interconnectedness of urban management and biodiversity. It offers a fresh perspective on how both public and private green spaces play integral roles in supporting urban wildlife. 



As cities continue to grow, understanding and implementing strategies that facilitate coexistence with nature becomes even more crucial. 



The insights from Urbana and Champaign can serve as a guide for other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-shape-bird-characteristics-in-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban areas</a> aiming to enhance biodiversity and sustainability within their confines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What influences urban bird diversity?</h2>



Urban bird diversity is influenced by a variety of factors, each playing a role in how well birds can adapt and thrive in city environments. Key factors include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Green spaces</h3>



The presence and quality of green spaces such as parks, gardens, and green roofs are crucial. These areas provide essential resources like food, nesting sites, and safe havens from urban threats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Water bodies</h3>



Rivers, lakes, and ponds in urban settings attract waterfowl and other species that rely on aquatic habitats for feeding and breeding.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Food availability</h3>



The accessibility of natural food sources, supplemented by bird feeders, significantly impacts which species are able to sustain populations in urban areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Building designs</h3>



The architecture of a city influences bird diversity. Features like reflective glass can cause bird collisions, whereas features like ledges and nooks might offer nesting spots.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pollution</h3>



Air and noise pollution can deter birds from settling in urban areas. Pollution can also affect the health of the habitats birds rely on.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Human interaction</h3>



The level and nature of human activity and disturbance - ranging from benign presence to active conservation efforts - play a big role. Quieter, less disturbed areas tend to support more diverse bird populations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate</h3>



Urban microclimates, influenced by the heat island effect where cities are warmer than surrounding areas, can affect which species are likely to thrive or decline in urban settings.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204624000598?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landscape and Urban Planning</a>.



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How urban spaces support bird diversity

Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have recently reported...

Water evaporation is a fundamental process that occurs all around us, from the surfaces of oceans and lakes to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-fog-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">burning off of fog</a> in the morning light from the sun. 



For centuries, humans have observed and utilized this phenomenon, assuming that heat was the sole cause of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-technology-can-purify-water-as-it-is-collected-from-fog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evaporation</a>. However, a truly groundbreaking discovery by a team of scientists has revealed that there is more to evaporation than meets the eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photomolecular-effect-how-light-breaks-water-molecules">Photomolecular effect: How light breaks water molecules</h2>



In a series of meticulous experiments, a team led by Gang Chen, the Carl Richard Soderberg Professor of Power Engineering at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, along with postdocs Guangxin Lv and Yaodong Tu, and graduate student James Zhang, has demonstrated that light can also cause water to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transforming-drinking-bird-toy-into-power-generator-electricity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evaporate</a>, even in the absence of heat. 



Their findings, published in the journal PNAS, suggest that this effect, which they have named the photomolecular effect, could have far-reaching implications in various fields, from climate science to industrial applications.



The researchers have named this phenomenon the photomolecular effect, drawing an analogy with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-ping-pong-game-played-by-two-atoms-controlling-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photoelectric effect</a> discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and later explained by Albert Einstein in 1905. 



Just as the photoelectric effect demonstrates that photons of light can liberate electrons from atoms in a material, the photomolecular effect shows that photons can also liberate entire molecules from a liquid surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Solving an 80-year-old mystery in climate science</h2>



This discovery may hold the key to solving an 80-year-old mystery in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate science</a>, which has puzzled scientists for decades. Measurements of cloud absorption of sunlight have often shown discrepancies, with clouds absorbing more sunlight than conventional physics dictates possible.



"Those experiments are based on satellite data and flight data. They fly an airplane on top of and below the clouds, and there are also data based on the ocean temperature and radiation balance. And they all conclude that there is more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sci-fi-inspired-scenarios-illustrate-our-impact-on-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">absorption by clouds</a> than theory could calculate," Gang Chen explains. 



"However, due to the complexity of clouds and the difficulties of making such measurements, researchers have been debating whether such discrepancies are real or not. And what we discovered suggests that hey, there's another mechanism for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-clouds-may-be-affecting-the-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud absorption</a>, which was not accounted for, and this mechanism might explain the discrepancies," Chen continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rigorous-testing-and-evidence">Rigorous testing and evidence</h2>



Due to the unexpected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-can-drive-water-evaporation-without-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of the effect</a>, the research team conducted 14 different kinds of tests and measurements to establish that water was indeed evaporating due to light alone, not heat. 



One key indicator, consistently observed in four different experiments under varying conditions, was the cooling and leveling off of air temperature above the water's surface as evaporation began under visible light. This finding suggests that thermal energy was not the driving force behind the effect.



Lv, one of the postdocs involved in the study, highlights that among the many lines of evidence, "the flat region in the air-side temperature distribution above hot water will be the easiest for people to reproduce." This temperature profile "is a signature" that demonstrates the effect clearly, he says.



Zhang, the graduate student on the team, adds: "It is quite hard to explain how this kind of flat temperature profile comes about without invoking some other mechanism" beyond the accepted theories of thermal evaporation. 



According to Zhang, "It ties together what a whole lot of people are reporting in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheap-and-drinkable-water-from-desalination-is-finally-a-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar desalination</a> devices," which again show evaporation rates that cannot be explained by the thermal input.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substantial-impact-four-times-the-thermal-limit">Substantial impact: Four times the thermal limit</h2>



The photomolecular effect can have a substantial impact on evaporation rates. Under the optimum conditions of color, angle, and polarization, Lv says, "the evaporation rate is four times the thermal limit."



"I think this has a lot of applications," Chen says. "We're exploring all these different directions. And of course, it also affects the basic science, like the effects of clouds on climate, because clouds are the most uncertain aspect of climate models."



Since the publication of the <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/surprising-finding-light-makes-water-evaporate-without-heat-1031" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first paper</a> on this topic, the team has been approached by companies hoping to harness the effect for various applications, including evaporating syrup and drying paper in a paper mill. 



Chen believes that the likeliest first applications will come in the areas of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/converting-seawater-into-drinkable-water-is-now-more-sustainable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar desalinization</a> systems or other industrial drying processes. "Drying consumes 20 percent of all industrial energy usage," he points out.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-frontier-in-light-water-interactions-and-evaporation">New frontier in light-water interactions and evaporation</h2>



As the photomolecular effect is a new and unexpected phenomenon, Chen emphasizes that "this phenomenon should be very general, and our experiment is really just the beginning." 



The experiments needed to demonstrate and quantify the effect are very time-consuming, and there are many variables to explore, from understanding water itself to extending the research to other materials, liquids, and even solids.



"The finding of evaporation caused by light instead of heat provides new disruptive knowledge of light-water interaction. It could help us gain new understanding of how sunlight interacts with cloud, fog, oceans, and other natural water bodies to affect weather and climate," enthused Xiulin Ruan, professor of mechanical engineering at <a href="https://www.purdue.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue University</a>, who was not involved in the study.



"It has significant potential practical applications such as high-performance water desalination driven by solar energy. This research is among the rare group of truly revolutionary discoveries which are not widely accepted by the community right away but take time, sometimes a long time, to be confirmed," Ruan concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-photomolecular-effect-could-transform-our-world">How the photomolecular effect could transform our world</h2>



In summary, the photomolecular effect represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of water evaporation and light-water interaction. 



This truly groundbreaking discovery by Gang Chen and his team at MIT challenges long-held assumptions and opens up a wealth of possibilities for future research and applications. 



As scientists continue to explore the variables and implications of this phenomenon, we can anticipate a new era of innovation in fields ranging from climate science to industrial processes. 



The photomolecular effect reminds us that even the most fundamental and seemingly well-understood processes in nature can still hold surprises, and that the pursuit of scientific knowledge is an ongoing journey of discovery and wonder.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2320844121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Paradigm shift: Light causes water evaporation without the need for heat

Water evaporation is a fundamental process that occurs all around...

3d,Illustration,Of,A,Robotic,Or,Machine,Hand,With,A

By focusing on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-change-their-roots-to-survive-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">root systems</a>, researchers aim to create new plants, using an artificial intelligence (AI) tool called SLEAP, that can store more carbon for extended periods.



For this intriguing new study, scientists are leveraging AI to optimize plants' natural ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">draw carbon dioxide</a> out of the atmosphere, a crucial step in combating climate change and limiting global temperature rise. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleap-game-changing-ai-tool-that-creates-plants">SLEAP: Game-changing AI tool that creates plants</h2>



Talmo Pereira and Professor <a href="https://www.salk.edu/scientist/wolfgang-busch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wolfgang Busch</a> from Salk’s <a href="https://www.salk.edu/harnessing-plants-initiative/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harnessing Plants Initiative</a> have joined forces to apply SLEAP, a sophisticated AI software initially designed for tracking animal movement, to the study of plants. 



Their research introduces a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-022-01426-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new protocol</a> for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes, such as depth, width, and mass.



"This collaboration is truly a testament to what makes Salk science so special and impactful," says Pereira. "We're not just 'borrowing' from different disciplines -- we're really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-streamlining-plant-analysis-with-ai">Streamlining plant analysis with AI</h2>



Prior to SLEAP, analyzing plant and animal characteristics was a labor-intensive process that slowed scientific progress. 



Researchers had to manually flag parts of images frame-by-frame, part-by-part, and pixel-by-pixel before older AI models could process the data.



SLEAP's unique combination of computer vision and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a> allows researchers to skip this intermediary step, jumping straight from image input to defined plant features. 



This approach significantly reduces analysis time and human error while emphasizing accessibility and ease of use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleap-roots-digging-deep-into-plant-biology">sleap-roots: Digging deep into plant biology</h2>



The Salk team developed sleap-roots, a downloadable toolkit for SLEAP that enables the software to process biological traits of root systems, such as depth, mass, and angle of growth. 



The toolkit, available as open-source software, was tested on various plants, including soybeans, rice, canola, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arabidopsis thaliana</a>.



"We created a robust protocol validated in multiple plant types that cuts down on analysis time and human error, while emphasizing accessibility and ease-of-use -- and it required no changes to the actual SLEAP software," says Elizabeth Berrigan, a bioinformatics analyst in Busch's lab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deciphering-the-secrets-of-climate-saving-plants">Deciphering the secrets of climate-saving plants</h2>



By connecting phenotypic data, such as a plant's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/measuring-plant-root-health-scanning-leaves-xray-device/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep root system</a>, with genotype data obtained through genome sequencing efforts, researchers can identify the genes responsible for creating desirable traits. 



This step is crucial in Salk's mission to create plants with AI that hold on to more carbon for longer periods, as these plants will require root systems designed to be deeper and more robust.



"We have already been able to create the most extensive catalogue of plant root system phenotypes to date, which is really accelerating our research to create carbon-capturing plants that fight climate change," says Busch, the Hess Chair in <a href="https://pbio.salk.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Science at Salk</a>. 



"SLEAP has been so easy to apply and use, thanks to Talmo's professional software design, and it's going to be an indispensable tool in my lab moving forward," Busch concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-hidden-world-of-plant-root-systems">Understanding the hidden world of plant root systems</h2>



To further clarify, plant root systems are intricate networks of roots that play a crucial role in anchoring plants to the soil, absorbing water and nutrients, and storing essential compounds. 



There are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maize-plant-genetics-shape-root-health-and-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two main types of root systems</a> exist in plants: taproot systems and fibrous root systems. 



<ul>
<li>Taproot systems feature a single, dominant root that grows vertically downward, with smaller lateral roots branching off from it. </li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Fibrous root systems, on the other hand, consist of numerous small roots that grow outward from the base of the plant, forming a dense network.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Functions of root systems</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-roots-follow-gravity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Root systems</a> perform several critical functions for plants:



<ul>
<li>Anchoring: Roots secure plants to the soil, providing stability and preventing them from toppling over.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Absorption: Fine root hairs absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil, which are then transported to the rest of the plant.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Storage: Some plants, such as carrots and beets, use their roots to store carbohydrates and other essential compounds.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Factors influencing root growth</h3>



Several factors influence the growth and development of plant root systems:



<ul>
<li>Soil type: Different soil types, such as sandy, loamy, or clay soils, affect root growth and distribution.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Water availability: Plants adapt their root systems in response to water availability, with some species growing deeper roots to access water in times of drought.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Nutrient availability: The presence or absence of essential nutrients in the soil can impact root growth and architecture.</li>
</ul>



Healthy root systems are essential for overall plant health and productivity. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-rooted-crops-can-significantly-improve-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Well-developed roots</a> enable plants to efficiently absorb water and nutrients, leading to stronger growth and increased resilience to stresses such as drought or disease. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-the-future-of-climate-saving-plants">AI and the future of climate-saving plants</h2>



The accessibility and reproducibility of SLEAP and sleap-roots have the potential to revolutionize plant research worldwide. The Salk team has already begun discussions with NASA scientists hoping to utilize the tool to guide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon-sequestering plants</a> on Earth and to study plants in space.



In summary, the Salk Institute's pioneering research in plant-based carbon capture, powered by the innovative SLEAP software and sleap-roots toolkit, paves the way for a greener future. 



As scientists continue to refine and expand these tools, they accelerate the development of climate-saving plants with optimized root systems capable of storing more carbon for longer periods. 



The accessibility and reproducibility of SLEAP and sleap-roots invite researchers worldwide to join the fight against climate change, fostering global collaboration and innovation. 



With the Harnessing Plants Initiative at the forefront, Salk scientists are rooting for change, digging deep into plant biology, and branching out to make a lasting impact on our planet's future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/plantphenomics.0175" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Phenomics</a>.



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AI is creating new plants that can help fight climate change

By focusing on root systems, researchers aim to create new...

Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least one slice of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physics-perfect-pizza/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza</a>, contributing an impressive $47 billion annually to the U.S. economy. A significant portion of these pizzas arrives in corrugated cardboard boxes, posing a notable challenge for waste management due to their contamination with fats, oils, and greases (FOGs). Therefore, recycling pizza boxes is essential.



Unfortunately, the contaminants make pizza boxes a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a> nightmare. Delicious, cheesy slices leave a greasy residue that renders the pizza boxes unsuitable for traditional recycling processes.



Compounds like peanut butter and pizza box grease are also incredibly difficult to clean off, essentially relegating many of these boxes to landfills.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recycling-pizza-boxes">Recycling pizza boxes</h2>



Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory (<a href="https://inl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INL</a>) have embarked on a mission to change this. Consequently, they've developed a new method to decontaminate cardboard, which could revolutionize recycling practices for food containers. 



Their latest publication in the Journal of Cleaner Production details this breakthrough, highlighting a process that uses material separation capabilities to address the issue.



"To make specific separations possible, we need to first prove the overall concept of material separations, which is what this study accomplished," explained Aaron Wilson, the principal investigator for this project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dimethyl-ether-for-pizza-box-recycling">Dimethyl ether for pizza box recycling</h2>



The heart of their experiment lies in the use of dimethyl ether (DME), a green solvent known for its use in refrigeration. The team designed a system with two vertical stainless-steel reactors to facilitate the extraction and separation of FOGs from contaminated cardboard. 



The process begins by mixing broken-down cardboard pieces with DME, which pulls the contaminants out of the cardboard. The system then <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-recycle-know-new-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycles</a> this solvent, allowing for continuous operation without creating waste.



"The reactor process allowed us to extract the contaminants into separate fractions," Wilson shared, noting the successful separation of oils, water, and dryer solids into distinct components.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pizza-box-recycling-on-the-front-lines">Pizza box recycling on the front lines</h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond just cleaner recycling. Originally part of a research initiative linked to the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/program/resource" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ReSource Program</a>, the technology developed could significantly reduce the logistical footprint of military operations by transforming waste into useful resources. 



This has potential benefits for operational security and efficiency, particularly in hostile environments where supply lines are vulnerable.



"Knowing that this works for the highly contaminated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza boxes</a> has helped validate the system for use in the battlefield," stated Jeff Lacey, another leading researcher on the project. 



Lacey's team is now focused on refining the technology to enhance its portability and efficiency, critical factors for deployment in military contexts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-future">Sustainable future</h2>



The successful application of this technology to pizza box waste not only promotes environmental sustainability but also opens doors to myriad other applications. From converting military waste to enabling more efficient battery recycling, the potential is vast.



"In essence, this research has many possible applications for national security and a net-zero future," Lacey concluded.



This initiative represents a significant step forward in tackling the recycling challenges posed by everyday waste and could pave the way for innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-zero-waste-a-global-commitment-to-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste management</a> solutions across various sectors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-recycling-pizza-boxes">Benefits of recycling pizza boxes</h2>



Recycling pizza boxes offers substantial environmental and economic benefits that contribute to sustainability efforts. Here’s a detailed look at these advantages:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduces-waste-in-landfills">Reduces waste in landfills</h3>



One of the immediate benefits of recycling pizza boxes is the reduction of waste sent to landfills. Pizza boxes are made from corrugated cardboard, which is biodegradable but can still take a considerable amount of time to decompose in landfill conditions. 



Moreover, the presence of greases and residues can slow down this process and contribute to the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By recycling, these materials are reused rather than occupying landfill space.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserves-natural-resources">Conserves natural resources</h3>



Recycling cardboard, including pizza boxes, helps conserve valuable natural resources, particularly wood fibers. The fibers in cardboard can be recycled several times before they become too short for paper production. This means that fewer trees need to be cut down to produce new cardboard, helping to preserve forests and the biodiversity within them.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saves-energy">Saves energy</h3>



The process of recycling cardboard uses significantly less energy than producing new cardboard from virgin pulp. Energy savings arise from reduced demands in raw material extraction, transportation, and processing. By using less energy, recycling also lowers greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevents-pollution">Prevents pollution</h3>



By recycling pizza boxes, pollution generated from the production of new cardboard is also reduced. The manufacturing of cardboard from virgin materials involves various chemical processes that can release pollutants into the air and water. Recycling helps to minimize these pollutants, leading to cleaner air and water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits">Economic benefits </h3>



Recycling creates more jobs than landfilling or incineration. The process of collecting, sorting, and processing recyclable materials is more labor-intensive than using these materials as a fuel source or burying them. This means more employment opportunities in the recycling and manufacturing industries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encourages-sustainable-practices">Encourages sustainable practices</h3>



Recycling pizza boxes can foster a culture of recycling and sustainability within communities. When people engage in recycling, they become more aware of their waste habits and environmental impact. This awareness can lead to broader support for other sustainable practices, such as reducing plastic use, conserving water, and supporting renewable energy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improves-community-health-and-safety">Improves community health and safety</h3>



By reducing the amount of waste in landfills and decreasing pollution from new production processes, recycling helps to improve overall community health. Less landfill waste reduces potential soil and water contamination, and fewer emissions mean cleaner air and fewer respiratory issues for the community.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652623032389?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a>.



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New recycling solution tackles greasy pizza boxes

Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least...

Did you know that the gender of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-stressed-at-work-and-at-home-during-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a> could influence your health outcomes? That's right, a new study has uncovered some fascinating – and potentially life-altering – differences between how male and female physicians practice medicine.



This intriguing finding opens up a conversation about the subtle differences in how male and female doctors practice medicine and their impact on patient care



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-female-doctors-and-patient-health">Female doctors and patient health</h2>



Researchers at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a> meticulously analyzed a massive collection of medical records – over 770,000 in total. This extensive dataset allowed them to spot trends and patterns that might not be visible in a smaller study. They honed in specifically on patients who had been hospitalized, as that's a critical point in the healthcare journey.



The study revealed that patients of both genders had slightly better survival chances within the 30-day period following their hospital stay if their attending physician was a woman. Importantly, this positive effect was even stronger when the patient was female.



Another key finding was that patients, regardless of gender, were less likely to need readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge when treated by a female physician.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-this-mean-female-doctors-are-better">Does this mean female doctors are better?</h2>



The situation isn't as straightforward as simply saying one gender makes a better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-using-emoji-to-diagnose-patients-in-clinics-and-hospitals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>. It's tempting to jump to conclusions, but this research doesn't support the idea that male doctors are inherently less skilled. 



The research underscores a key insight: male and female physicians often differ subtly in their patient care approaches. These nuanced, perhaps subconscious, differences in doctor-patient interactions and decision-making can significantly affect a patient's health and recovery.



Studies suggest that biases might sometimes creep in. Male doctors, though well-intentioned, might underestimate the severity of symptoms reported by female patients. This misjudgment could lead to less aggressive or delayed treatment, impacting the patient's outcome.



Some experts observe that female physicians might have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-lying-doctor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> styles better suited to building trust and rapport with female patients. 



Stronger doctor-patient communication could lead to more complete information sharing, better diagnoses, and more effective treatment plans.



Female patients may feel more at ease discussing sensitive or potentially embarrassing health issues with a female doctor. This increased comfort level could make them more likely to share vital details, allowing for better-informed medical decisions and positively influencing their health journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-female-physicians">Critical role of female physicians</h2>



This study opens a fascinating door, but it doesn't give us all the answers. We need to dig deeper to pinpoint the exact reasons why patients, particularly female patients, seem to have slightly better outcomes when treated by female physicians. 



Is it communication style? Implicit bias? A mix of factors? More research is crucial to answer these questions fully.



Sadly, even with their proven skills and contributions, female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-doctors-and-nurses-need-more-training-in-disaster-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctors</a> often earn less than their male counterparts for the same work. This study is yet another reminder of the incredible value they bring to the healthcare system. 



Closing the pay gap isn't just about fairness; it's about recognizing the critical role female physicians play in improving health outcomes for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The deeper we understand the factors behind these findings, the better we can design training and systems to improve patient care across the board. This benefits everyone, regardless of the gender of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-work-cut-fake-news-online-misinformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>.



When everyone is compensated fairly, it attracts the best and brightest to the medical field. Ensuring pay equity could mean an even stronger healthcare system for everyone.



“What our findings indicate is that female and male physicians practice medicine differently, and these differences have a meaningful impact on patients' health outcomes,” said Dr. Yusuke Tsugawa. He is the associate professor-in-residence of medicine in the division of general internal medicine and health services research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study’s senior author. 



“Further research on the underlying mechanisms linking physician gender with patient outcomes, and why the benefit of receiving the treatment from female physicians is larger for female patients, has the potential to improve patient outcomes across the board," Tsugawa concluded.



While your doctor's gender shouldn't be the only factor in your decision-making, this study reminds us that it might carry more weight than we previously thought. If you're searching for a doctor, it's definitely worth considering whether a female physician might be a better fit based on your personal needs.



The study is published in the peer-reviewed journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3163" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Internal Medicine</a>.



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Female doctors show significantly better patient health outcomes

Did you know that the gender of your doctor could...

A recent comprehensive study has revealed alarming increases in copper, zinc, and sulfate levels in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-streams-are-not-as-clean-as-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain streams</a> of Colorado, influenced by acid rock drainage. Over the past three decades, these metal concentrations have roughly doubled in Colorado streams, endangering local ecosystems, water quality downstream, and complicating efforts in mining remediation.&nbsp;



These problems are primarily caused by the natural chemical weathering of bedrock, which been intensified by ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



“Heavy metals are a real challenge for ecosystems,” said lead Arthur Andrew Manning, geologist at the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey </a>in Denver. "Some are quite toxic. We are seeing regional, statistically significant trends in copper and zinc, two key metals that are commonly a problem in Colorado. It’s not ambiguous and it’s not small."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rusting-arctic-rivers-nbsp">Rusting Arctic rivers&nbsp;</h2>



This study is based on previous research on the management of Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-resources-are-becoming-increasingly-polluted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water resources</a>. The study further explores the complex relationship between rising temperatures and increased sulfide weathering, a topic that remains partially understood.&nbsp;



However, recent phenomena such as the emergence of “rusting Arctic rivers,” which have begun to flow from thawing permafrost areas, suggest a similar underlying process but on a magnified scale, according to Manning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metal-deposits-in-mountain-streams-nbsp">Metal deposits in mountain streams&nbsp;</h2>



Colorado's unique geology, rich in metal sulfides like the well-known iron sulfide (fool’s gold or pyrite), as well as copper and zinc sulfides, plays a crucial role in this scenario.&nbsp;



When these sulfides are exposed to air, they oxidize, a reaction that liberates metals into the groundwater. This contaminated water then surfaces in streams, leaving behind distinctive rusty red deposits indicative of iron sulfide oxidation.&nbsp;



Moreover, the oxidation process acidifies the water, potentially hastening further weathering and environmental degradation. Notably, some of the alpine streams sampled exhibited extremely low pH levels, ranging from 3 to 4.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isolating-the-effects-of-climate-change">Isolating the effects of climate change</h2>



Drawing on 40 years of water chemistry data, with the latest samples collected in 2021, the researchers analyzed conditions in 22 headwater streams across 17 high-altitude watersheds.&nbsp;



These areas, situated above 3,000 meters (approximately 10,000 feet) and characterized by their natural acidity and metal richness, have historically limited the presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-aquatic-plants-could-help-clean-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic plants</a> and animals.&nbsp;



Importantly, these watersheds have experienced no recent mining or remediation interventions. “The key point is no recent mining or remediation work has been done,” Manning explained. “These watersheds have just been sitting there responding to nothing other than the climate.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initial-spike-of-metals-in-streams">Initial spike of metals in streams</h2>



As these enriched streams descend into larger rivers, the metal concentrations are somewhat diluted, yet the initial spike remains a significant concern.&nbsp;



“I don’t think this is a big red flag for major metropolitan or agriculture users way downstream at lower elevations but some of our mountain communities get their water only a short distance down from these mineralized streams,” Manning said.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-study-implications-nbsp">Broader study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The data from this study are critical for water managers who need to anticipate which metals are entering the streams, and at what rate, to effectively mitigate risks and allocate resources for stream remediation and tourism development.



The broader implications of this study extend beyond local concerns, as it links similar increases in sulfate concentrations observed in mountain streams globally to climate change.&nbsp;



This groundbreaking research is the first to statistically connect accelerated sulfide weathering with rising temperatures across a broad geographical area.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-universal-signal-of-climate-change">A universal signal of climate change </h2>



Manning postulates that thawing underground ice at the highest, coldest mountain elevations is a major factor.&nbsp;



“Ice is like armor. Melt it and you create windows for groundwater to get into rock that has not seen water and oxygen for millennia, and it will begin to oxidize quite quickly,” explained Manning.



While the study did not find direct correlations with other potential factors such as falling water tables or melting rock glaciers, these could still influence other areas.&nbsp;



“There’s just no other logical explanation than this is a changing climate signal. Nothing else would reach all these watersheds universally,” concluded Manning.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036062" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water Resources Research.</a>



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Metals have doubled in streams due to climate change 

A recent comprehensive study has revealed alarming increases in copper,...

The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc on cacao trees in Ghana, posing a serious threat to the world’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-eating-chocolate-feels-so-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> supply. Approximately half of the global chocolate production originates from West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana. 



The spread of CSSVD, primarily transmitted by mealybugs that feed on the leaves, buds, and flowers of cacao <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cacao-trees-5000-year-odyssey-global-domestication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>, has resulted in substantial harvest losses, ranging from 15% to 50% in affected areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-cacao-trees-lost-to-the-virus">Millions of cacao trees lost to the virus</h2>



“This virus is a real threat to the global supply of chocolate,” said Benito Chen-Charpentier, a professor of mathematics at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a>. “Pesticides don’t work well against mealybugs, leaving farmers to try to prevent the spread of the disease by cutting out infected trees and breeding resistant trees. But despite these efforts, Ghana has lost more than 254 million cacao trees in recent years.”



The economic impact is further compounded for farmers by the high cost of vaccines for the trees, which are not only expensive but also lead to a reduced yield of cacao, exacerbating the challenges posed by the virus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-strategy-against-chocolate-tree-virus">New strategy against chocolate tree virus</h2>



In response to this crisis, Chen-Charpentier has collaborated with researchers from the <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>, the <a href="https://www.usf.edu/">University of South Florida</a>, and the<a href="https://www.crig.org.gh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Cocoa Research Institute</a> of Ghana to devise a novel strategy. 



The team utilized mathematical modeling to determine optimal spacing for planting vaccinated cacao trees. This spacing is critical to prevent mealybugs from transferring the virus between vaccinated and unvaccinated trees.



“Mealybugs have several ways of movement, including moving from canopy to canopy, being carried by ants or blown by the wind,” Chen-Charpentier said. “What we needed to do was create a model for cacao growers so they could know how far away they could safely plant vaccinated trees from unvaccinated trees in order to prevent the spread of the virus while keeping costs manageable for these small farmers.”



The team developed two types of mathematical models that enable farmers to create a barrier of vaccinated trees around those that are unvaccinated, potentially offering a new way to manage the spread of CSSVD while maintaining crop yields.&nbsp;



“While still experimental, these models are exciting because they would help farmers protect their crops while helping them achieve a better harvest. This is good for the farmers’ bottom line, as well as our global addiction to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-discovery-eating-chocolate-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a>,” Chan-Charlpetier concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cacao-trees">More about cacao trees</h2>



Chocolate trees, scientifically known as Theobroma cacao, are the source of all the world's chocolate. These tropical trees are native to the deep tropical regions of Central and South America, where they thrive in the understory layer of forests, needing a mix of shade and humidity to prosper.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growth-of-cacao-trees-nbsp">Growth of cacao trees&nbsp;</h3>



The trees are relatively small, usually not growing beyond 4 to 8 meters in height. They bear fruit called cacao pods, which are large, colorful, and contain the precious cacao beans used in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-chocolate-in-the-morning-may-help-you-lose-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> production. The pods themselves are directly attached to the trunk and larger branches of the tree, a growth pattern known as cauliflory.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle-and-challenges">Life cycle and challenges</h3>



The life cycle of a cacao tree begins with its flowers, which are pollinated by tiny insects. After pollination, the pods take several months to mature, with each pod containing 20 to 60 beans surrounded by a sweet, pulpy matrix. The beans are harvested, fermented, dried, and then processed to make various chocolate products.&nbsp;



A key challenge for cacao farmers is the tree's sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-a-compound-that-protects-cacao-trees-from-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>, which can affect yield and quality of the chocolate products.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-and-cultural-significance-nbsp">Economic and cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



Historically, cacao has been significant both culturally and economically in the regions where it is grown. It was used by ancient Mesoamerican civilizations like the Aztecs and the Maya not just as food, but also as currency and in religious rituals.&nbsp;



Today, the global demand for chocolate keeps cacao cultivation economically relevant, though it also presents challenges including the need for sustainable and fair farming practices.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294579" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Deadly virus threatens global chocolate supply

The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc...

For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process by which materials emit light after exposure -- has fascinated scientists. 



Traditionally linked to semiconductors like silicon, luminescence aids scientists in understanding vital electronic processes, especially in devices like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-prove-valuable-for-making-solar-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cells</a>.



However, researchers recently achieved a breakthrough that has clarified the behavior of metals under luminescence, which had long remained a mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-code-to-gold-s-luminescence">Cracking the code to gold's luminescence</h2>



Metals have been known to emit light since 1969, but understanding their luminescence has eluded scientists for decades. Consequently, this mystery persisted due to the complex quantum mechanical effects that govern luminescence at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-put-nanoscale-tattoos-onto-individual-cells-inside-your-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>.



The breakthrough came from Giulia Tagliabue's team at the Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LNET</a>), within a prestigious School of Engineering.



They developed high-quality monocrystalline gold films, ranging from 13 to 113 nanometers thick. These films were key to eliminating the confounding factors that had obscured earlier experiments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-laser-beams-reveal-gold-s-luminescence">Laser beams reveal gold's luminescence</h2>



Using focused laser beams, the researchers observed a faint glow from these gold films. This unexpected and detailed data prompted collaboration with theoreticians from the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (<a href="https://bist.eu/">BIST</a>), the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a>, and the <a href="https://www.rpi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in the USA. 



Together, they applied refined quantum mechanical models to interpret the results. Subsequently, this collaborative effort resulted in the first complete and quantitative model of photoluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-be-a-valuable-source-of-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold</a>.



This model defines how electrons and their counterparts, known as holes, respond to light in a specific way unique to photoluminescence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-quantum-effects">Surprising quantum effects</h2>



As the team investigated further, they found unusual quantum effects in unexpectedly thick gold films.



“We observed certain quantum mechanical effects emerging in films of up to about 40 nanometers, which was unexpected. "Normally for a metal, you don’t see such effects until you go well below 10 nm,” Tagliabue clarified.



This finding is crucial because it pinpoints exactly where luminescence occurs in the gold, which is essential for using it as a probe in scientific research.



Additionally, the researchers discovered a new use for the gold's photoluminescent signal. It can measure surface temperatures at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-first-evidence-of-a-self-healing-metal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>, offering a significant benefit due to the difficulties associated with temperature measurements in such small scales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-climate-change-with-new-technologies">Tackling climate change with new technologies</h2>



The implications of this research extend far beyond basic science. “To combat climate change, we are going to need technologies to convert CO2 into other useful chemicals one way or another,” stated Alan Bowman, a postdoctoral researcher at LNET and the study’s first author.



Gold and copper, which the team will explore next, are vital for triggering chemical reactions that produce solar fuels. 



These fuels convert solar energy into chemical bonds, offering a sustainable energy storage solution. Improved understanding of metal surfaces through luminescence could enhance the efficiency of these reactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-gold-s-glow-and-metal-luminescence">Understanding gold's glow and metal luminescence</h2>



In summary, the LNET team's fascinating research has settled the long-standing debate surrounding metal luminescence and gold's "glow" while unlocking new possibilities for nanoscale temperature mapping and energy research.



By developing high-quality metal gold films and applying innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bridging-quantum-classical-physics-nanoparticle-entanglement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanical</a> modeling methods, the researchers have unveiled unexpected quantum effects and demonstrated the potential of photoluminescence as a self-probing tool for surface temperature. 



As the world faces the urgent challenge of climate change, these findings pave the way for more efficient and effective technologies to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals, offering hope for a more sustainable future. 



The LNET team's work marks the beginning of a new era in understanding metal luminescence and its far-reaching implications for energy research and beyond.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-024-01408-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Light Science &amp; Applications</a>.



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Gold owes its 'glow' and luminescence to the quantum realm

For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process...

The tobacco industry may have found a new way to target our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-platforms-earned-11-billion-last-year-from-kids-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kids</a>, and it's hiding in plain sight. Disguised as cool vibes and social trends, a new study reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-posts-are-not-a-good-representation-of-our-true-selves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> is having a powerful influence on teen smoking initiation.



What seems like harmless digital content can have lasting, real-world consequences. A remarkable new study by Boston University School of Public Health (<a href="https://www.bu.edu/sph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BUSPH</a>) sheds light on this worrying connection, demonstrating how social media use heavily influences youth habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-use-and-smoking">Social media use and smoking</h2>



According to the study, teens who use social media every day face a 67% higher risk of starting to smoke compared to those who use these platforms less often. This demonstrates the powerful influence social media has on youth behavior.



Approximately 10% of middle and high school students – a staggering 2.8 million kids – are currently using at least one tobacco product. This shockingly high number shows how successful tobacco companies are in reaching young people.



Moreover, e-cigarettes and vaping are making the problem even worse. Many teens now use multiple tobacco products, increasing their exposure to harmful chemicals and long-term health risks.



"Our results add to a growing body of literature documenting the harms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> use for this age group, as well as how commercial interests such as the tobacco industry are targeting kids on these platforms," says study lead author Dr. Lynsie Ranker, assistant professor of community health sciences at BUSPH.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tobacco-industry-targeting-young-minds">Tobacco industry targeting young minds</h2>



The tobacco industry has a long history of targeting youth, and social media is their latest weapon. Their tactics are carefully designed to appeal to and manipulate young minds.



Flavors like cotton candy and bubblegum in e-cigarettes are deliberately aimed at teens and young adults. These flavors mask the harshness of nicotine and make the products seem fun and harmless.



Moreover, by partnering with celebrities and popular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-break-can-significantly-improve-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> influencers, they create an illusion of glamour and social acceptance around smoking and vaping. This makes these products seem desirable and trendy.



Images of happy groups using tobacco or vaping products create the false perception that "everyone's doing it." This taps into the natural teenage desire to feel included and can pressure teens to experiment to avoid feeling left out.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-social-media-scrolling-to-smoking">From social media scrolling to smoking</h2>



The Boston University study reveals critical details about the tactics social media uses to influence teens' tobacco use. Surprisingly, teens who use social media every day are at the highest risk. 



This underscores how repeated exposure to pro-tobacco messages and images gradually breaks down their resistance and makes smoking seem more normal.



Even seemingly small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-you-use-social-media-affects-your-sense-of-happiness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interactions</a>, like liking or following a tobacco brand's page, increases a teen's risk of trying tobacco. These actions make teens more receptive to the idea of smoking, slowly changing their perception of the product.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencers-and-social-norming">Influencers and "social norming"</h2>



As discussed, social media often presents a highly edited and unrealistic view of the world. When teens constantly see their peers or favorite influencers seemingly enjoying tobacco products without consequences, it has a dangerous impact.



This constant exposure normalizes tobacco use. It makes smoking and vaping seem like harmless everyday activities rather than a serious health risk.



Images of others seemingly having fun while using tobacco can trigger FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) in teens. This powerful emotion can push teens to experiment with tobacco just to feel like they belong to the perceived "in" crowd.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-responsible">Who is responsible?</h2>



"It is not surprising that tobacco manufacturers target youth through social media,” says study coauthor Dr. Traci Hong, professor of media science at Boston University College of Communication.



Currently, the burden of regulating tobacco promotion on social media is largely left up to the platforms themselves. This has resulted in a confusing patchwork of policies that tobacco companies are all too adept at exploiting.



"Based on our research, social media platforms lack self-regulation,” says study coauthor Dr. Jessica Fetterman, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University <a href="https://www.bumc.bu.edu/camed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine</a>. "The government must step forward to regulate tobacco marketing on social media, just as they have done for other forms of media such as TV and print ads.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-stop-teens-on-social-media-from-smoking">How to stop teens on social media from smoking?</h2>



We can't place the entire burden on legislation. Here's what parents, educators, and teens themselves can do:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talk-openly">Talk openly</h3>



Equipping our teens with the knowledge and tools to resist social media manipulation is crucial. Don't wait until you suspect a problem. Begin talking to teens about the dangers of tobacco use, including cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and vaping products, well before they enter their teenage years.



Provide teens with accurate information about the addictive nature of tobacco and the serious health risks associated with its use. Highlight the long-term consequences like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.



Practice how teens can politely decline social pressure to experiment with tobacco. Role-playing potential situations and responses can empower them to make healthy choices.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-media-literacy-nbsp">Media literacy&nbsp;</h3>



Help teens understand that not everything they see on social media is real, honest, or unbiased. Teach them to be savvy consumers of online content by asking themselves these key questions:



<ul>
<li>Who created this content? Is it an individual, a brand, an influencer, a news organization, etc.? Understanding the source helps evaluate potential motives.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>What is the purpose? Are they trying to sell something, promote an idea, entertain, or inform? Identifying the purpose reveals possible biases.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>How does this make me feel? Does the content make you feel insecure, excited, happy, or afraid? Strong emotions can be a sign of manipulation.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Does this seem realistic? Is the content portraying situations or lifestyles that seem overly perfect or dramatic? Perfection is often a sign of staging, not reality.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Where else can I find information? Encourage teens to cross-check facts on reputable news sites, government health websites (.gov), or educational organizations (.org) to see if the information aligns.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-find-alternative-connections">Find alternative connections</h3>



While social media can offer a form of connection, it cannot replace the value of genuine, face-to-face interactions. Sports teams, clubs, and activities provide a space for teens to meet others with shared interests. This fosters deeper friendships based on real connections, common experiences, and shared goals.



Focusing on in-person activities helps combat the feelings of loneliness and isolation that can result from excessive social media use.



Face-to-face interactions are essential for developing crucial communication skills like reading body language, resolving conflict, and having meaningful conversations – skills that don't always translate well online.



Feeling part of a team, contributing to a group project, or performing in front of an audience can all build confidence and self-worth – something that isn't as easily achieved through social media likes and comments.



Physical activity, creative pursuits, and shared hobbies offer healthy ways to manage stress and promote overall well-being.



Developing a healthy skepticism of online content takes time and practice. Encourage teens to have these conversations with friends, teachers, and parents as they navigate social media. Let's help our youth be smarter than the algorithms designed to manipulate them.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460324000492?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Addictive Behaviors</a>.



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Daily social media use makes teens more likely to start smoking

The tobacco industry may have found a new way to...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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