<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the European Space Agency features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission. "Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA. "The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source...

The enchanting auroras, with their vibrant displays of green, red, and purple curtains, have long captivated observers of the night sky. However, the recent emergence of peculiar aurora-like phenomena -- the mauve and white streaks known as "Steve" and their often accompanying <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/aurora_Steve_green_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glowing green</a> "picket fence" -- has intrigued scientists and sky-watchers alike. 



First identified in 2018 as distinct from the more familiar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aurora-borealis-seen-as-far-south-as-the-equator-after-largest-known-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroras</a>, Steve, named after a character in a 2006 children's movie, and the picket fence phenomenon were initially believed to be products of the same physical processes as the auroras. However, this assumption left many questions unanswered about the origins of their unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/aurora_Steve_green_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glowing emissions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-mechanism-is-generating-sky-glows">New mechanism is generating sky glows</h2>



Enter Claire Gasque, a promising graduate student in physics at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Gasque has proposed an intriguing explanation for these phenomena, suggesting a physical mechanism vastly different from those responsible for the traditional auroras.



"This would upend our modeling of what creates light and the energy in the aurora in some cases," Gasque said. "It's really cool, one of the biggest mysteries in space physics right now."



Collaborating with the Space Sciences Laboratory (<a href="https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SSL</a>) at Berkeley, Gasque advocates for a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> mission to launch a rocket into an aurora to validate her hypothesis. This research coincides with the sun entering a more active phase of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">11-year cycle</a>, making this an opportune moment for studying rare events like Steve and the picket fence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinguishing-steve-from-a-common-aurora">Distinguishing "Steve" from a common aurora</h2>



Gasque's research focuses on the peculiar behavior of electric fields in the upper atmosphere. She suggests that these fields, parallel to <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetic field</a>, might produce the color spectrum observed in the picket fence phenomenon.



This hypothesis challenges existing models of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-captivated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroral light</a> and energy generation and has significant implications for our understanding of the interaction between Earth's magnetosphere and the ionosphere.



Common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathtaking-red-auroras-ignited-northern-hemisphere-skies-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroras</a> result from solar wind energizing particles in Earth's magnetosphere, causing oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the upper atmosphere to emit specific frequencies of light. 



Steve, however, exhibits a broad range of frequencies centered around purple or mauve, without the blue light typical of the most energetic particle interactions in auroras. Interestingly, Steve and the picket fence occur at lower latitudes than typical auroras, potentially even near the equator.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parallel-electric-fields-at-play">Parallel electric fields at play</h2>



Gasque's research posits that the emissions from the "picket fence" are generated by low-altitude electric fields parallel to Earth's magnetic field. Employing a widely accepted physical model of the ionosphere, she demonstrated that a parallel electric field of approximately 100 millivolts per meter at an altitude of about 110 km could accelerate electrons. 



This acceleration is sufficient to energize oxygen and nitrogen atoms, resulting in the emission of the <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12865" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spectrum of light</a> observed in the "picket fence" and "Steve" aurora. She also identified unique conditions in this region, such as a reduced plasma density and an increased presence of neutral oxygen and nitrogen atoms. These could serve as an insulator, preventing the electric field from short-circuiting.



"If you look at the spectrum of the picket fence, it's much more green than you would expect. And there's none of the blue that's coming from the ionization of nitrogen," Gasque said. "What that's telling us is that there's only a specific energy range of electrons that can create those colors, and they can't be coming from way out in space down into the atmosphere, because those particles have too much energy."



Instead, she said, "the light from the picket fence is being created by particles that have to be energized right there in space by a parallel electric field, which is a completely different mechanism than any of the aurora that we've studied or known before."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-steve-with-rockets">Searching for Steve with rockets</h2>



<a href="https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/full-directory/name/brian-harding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brian Harding</a>, an assistant research physicist at SSL and co-author of Gasque's paper, highlights the significance of this discovery. 



"The really interesting thing about Claire's paper is that we've known for a couple of years now that the Steve spectrum is telling us there's some very strange physics going on. We just didn't know what it was," said&nbsp;Brian. "Claire's paper showed that parallel electric fields are capable of explaining this strange spectrum."



The team proposes launching rockets from Alaska to measure electric and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-wind-collides-magnetic-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic fields</a> within these phenomena, aiming to validate their hypotheses. This endeavor aligns with NASA's Low Cost Access to Space (<a href="https://www.science.gov/topicpages/l/low-cost+space+access" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LCAS</a>) program and is expected to deepen our comprehension of the upper atmosphere's chemistry and physics. Initially, the target would be what's known as an enhanced aurora, which is a normal aurora with "Steve" and "picket fence"-like emissions embedded in it.



"The enhanced aurora is basically this bright layer that's embedded in the normal aurora. The colors are similar to the picket fence in that there's not as much blue in them, and there's more green from oxygen and red from nitrogen. The hypothesis is that these are also created by parallel electric fields, but they are a lot more common than the picket fence," Gasque said.



The plan is not only "to fly a rocket through that enhanced layer to actually measure those parallel electric fields for the first time," she said, but also send a second rocket up to measure the particles at higher altitudes, "to distinguish the conditions from those that cause the auroras." Eventually, she hopes for a rocket that will fly directly through "Steve and the "picket fence."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curiosity-drives-this-steve-aurora-research">Curiosity drives this "Steve" aurora research</h2>



Gasque credits her success to collaborations with experts studying various atmospheric layers, including the mesosphere and stratosphere. This interdisciplinary approach enabled significant progress in understanding the difference between an aurora and Steve. 



Harding, Gasque, and their colleagues submitted a proposal to NASA for a sounding rocket campaign this fall, anticipating a response about its selection in the first half of 2024. Gasque and Harding view the experiment as a crucial step towards comprehending the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s magnetosphere</a>. 



"It's fair to say that there's going to be a lot of study in the future about how those electric fields got there, what waves they are or aren't associated with, and what that means for the larger energy transfer between Earth's atmosphere and space," Harding said. "We really don't know. Claire's paper is the first step in the chain of that understanding."



The team eagerly awaits NASA's decision on their proposed rocket campaign, anticipated in the first half of 2024.



In summary, the research led by Claire Gasque marks a pivotal advancement in space physics. Gasque has shed light on the elusive nature of "Steve" and the "picket fence" as being something other than an aurora. As the solar cycle progresses, these findings promise not only to unravel the mysteries of these phenomena but also to enhance our broader understanding of the dynamic interplay between Earth and space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-auroras">More about auroras</h2>



Auroras, commonly known as the Northern and Southern Lights, stand as a mesmerizing natural light show in the Earth's polar skies. They occur due to the fascinating interplay between the Earth's atmosphere and solar winds.



As discussed in detail above, scientists believed that the "Steve" and the "picket fence" phenomenon resulted from the same physical processes as an aurora. However, this belief left many questions unanswered about the origins of their unique glowing emissions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origin: The solar connection</h3>



The Sun, a powerhouse of energy and particles, constantly emits solar winds, streams of charged particles. These particles, on their journey towards Earth, encounter the Earth's magnetic field, which plays a crucial role in the formation of auroras.



Upon reaching Earth, the solar winds get influenced by its magnetic field. The Earth's magnetic field, extending into space, acts as a shield and directs these particles towards the poles. Here, the magnetic field lines funnel these charged particles into the Earth's upper atmosphere.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Science of "Steve" and aurora displays</h3>



The core phenomenon of auroras occurs when these charged particles, primarily electrons, collide with gases like oxygen and nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere. This collision transfers energy to the gas molecules, exciting them and causing them to emit light - the essence of auroral displays. 



The specific colors of the aurora and of Steve, ranging from greens and reds to blues and purples, depend on the type of gas involved and the altitude of these interactions.



Solar activity significantly impacts the intensity and frequency of auroras. During the solar maximum, increased solar flares and coronal mass ejections result in more intense and frequent auroras. Conversely, the solar minimum leads to reduced auroral activity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural and historical significance</h3>



Beyond their visual splendor, auroras offer valuable insights into the Earth's magnetosphere dynamics and its interaction with solar radiation. The study of auroras contributes to our understanding of how the Earth's magnetic field protects us from harmful solar emissions.



Auroras have held a special place in various cultures, inspiring myths and folklore. From being seen as the Valkyries' shields in Norse mythology to representing ancestral spirits in indigenous beliefs, auroras have been a source of wonder and inspiration throughout history.



In summary, auroras, with their breathtaking beauty, are more than just a visual spectacle. They are a dynamic interaction between solar winds and our planet's magnetic field, offering insights into Earth's protective shield and continuing to captivate people across cultures and generations.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106073" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

"Steve" phenomena looks like an aurora, acts like an aurora, but it's not an aurora

The enchanting auroras, with their vibrant displays of green, red,...

Closeup,Orion,Constellation,On,Night,Starry,Sky,Above,Forest,Silhouette,

Next week, the night sky will witness an extraordinary astronomical event, as Betelgeuse, one of the most luminous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-six-planet-star-system-moves-in-strange-perfect-synchrony/">stars</a> in the constellation Orion, temporarily vanishes from view.&nbsp;



This unusual occurrence, set to happen on Monday night, December 11, is due to an asteroid, 319 Leona, passing directly in front of the star, causing it to disappear for approximately 12 seconds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-occlusion-nbsp">Rare occlusion&nbsp;</h2>



Astronomical phenomena like this are not uncommon, but the upcoming event involving Betelgeuse is unique due to the specific alignment that will create a striking ‘ring of fire’ effect.&nbsp;



Observers in Florida, parts of eastern Mexico, southern Europe, and northern Asia will be ideally positioned to witness this rare ‘occlusion.’ For those not in these regions, the <a href="https://www.virtualtelescope.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virtual Telescope Project</a> in Italy will be streaming the event live from 8 PM Eastern on Monday.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-once-in-a-lifetime-opportunity-nbsp">Once-in-a-lifetime opportunity&nbsp;</h2>



This brief occlusion is more than just a spectacular sight; it presents a valuable scientific opportunity. Astronomers are eager to use this time to study the surface of Betelgeuse, a red supergiant sun, which has shown unusual dimming patterns over the past four years.&nbsp;



Miguel Montargès, an astrophysicist at the <a href="https://www.observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/-observatoire-de-paris-.html?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Observatory</a>, expressed excitement about this event, calling it a “once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.” The occlusion will enable scientists to examine the star’s outer region, which is normally overwhelmed by its bright core.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights">Critical new insights</h2>



This research is expected to provide insights into the ‘convective cells’ of Betelgeuse, which are the pathways for heated gas movement across the star. Montargès anticipates that the data gathered might also enhance understanding of how planetary systems, like our own solar system, form.



Gianluca Masi, director of the Virtual Telescope Project, pointed out that the event will also aid in studying asteroid 319 Leona.&nbsp;



“These kinds of occultations,” Masi stated, "are very useful to constrain the shape of the asteroid involved.” He also noted that this occlusion is not only rare but symbolic of Betelgeuse’s eventual fate. “For a very short time, we will see the legendary Orion constellation without its famous, orange shoulder,” referencing the eventual supernova explosion of Betelgeuse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-the-betelgeuse-event">Viewing the Betelgeuse event</h2>



Astronomers are meticulously tracking the trajectory of asteroid 319 Leona, with the occultation anticipated to occur around 8:17 PM Eastern Time. Those within the correct viewing line will have the chance to see Betelgeuse, typically the 10th-brightest star, fade from sight, an experience that can be enhanced with binoculars or a telescope.



Even for observers outside the optimal viewing areas, there’s still a chance to witness Betelgeuse dimming in an unusual manner. Residents of the Northern Hemisphere can find Betelgeuse in December by looking east about two hours after sunset, near Orion’s Belt.



For those seeking more information, the <a href="https://occultations.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Occultation Timing Association</a> has dedicated a <a href="https://www.iota-es.de/betelgeuse2023.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">page</a> to the event, complete with a downloadable Google Earth file to assist in tracking the visibility of the event globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-betelgeuse">More about Betelgeuse</h2>



Betelgeuse, often pronounced "Beetlejuice," is a red supergiant star that has captivated astronomers and stargazers alike with its distinctive red hue and immense size. Located in the constellation of Orion, it's one of the most easily recognizable stars in the night sky and has been a subject of fascination and study for centuries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astronomical-significance">Astronomical significance</h3>



As discussed above, Betelgeuse holds a special place in astronomy due to its enormous size and relatively close proximity to Earth. It's one of the largest stars visible to the naked eye, with a radius over 1,000 times that of the Sun. If placed at the center of our solar system, Betelgeuse would engulf the inner planets, reaching out nearly to the orbit of Jupiter.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellar-characteristics">Stellar characteristics</h3>



This celestial giant is a red supergiant, a stage in the lifecycle of a star that occurs after it has exhausted the hydrogen in its core. During this phase, the star expands significantly and cools down, giving it a distinctive red color. Betelgeuse's surface temperature is around 3,500 Kelvin, much cooler than the Sun’s 5,778 Kelvin.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variability-and-brightness">Variability and brightness</h3>



Betelgeuse is a variable star, meaning its brightness changes over time. These fluctuations in brightness are due to complex processes happening in its vast, bubbling surface. The star’s light can vary in a somewhat irregular pattern, making it a subject of interest for those studying stellar behavior.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distance-and-visibility">Distance and visibility</h3>



Located approximately 642 light-years from Earth, Betelgeuse is relatively close in astronomical terms, allowing for detailed observation. Its brightness usually ranks it among the top ten brightest stars in the night sky, making it easy to spot even in areas with moderate light pollution.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-supernova">Future supernova</h3>



One of the most intriguing aspects of Betelgeuse is its potential future as a supernova. Astronomers predict that within the next million years, Betelgeuse will exhaust its nuclear fuel and undergo a spectacular supernova explosion. This event will be so bright that it will be visible from Earth even during the day and will mark the end of this star’s life cycle.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-historical-impact">Cultural and historical impact</h3>



Betelgeuse has also played a significant role in various cultures and mythologies. Its position in the constellation of Orion, a prominent figure in Greek mythology, and its visibility across the globe have made it a point of interest and storytelling for many civilizations.



In summary, Betelgeuse stands as a magnificent example of the wonders of the universe. Its immense size, changing brightness, and inevitable fate as a supernova continue to make it a subject of both scientific study and popular fascination. As we gaze upon this red supergiant, we are reminded of the vastness and beauty of the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-orion-constellation">More about the Orion constellation</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://universe.nasa.gov/news/147/discovering-the-universe-through-the-constellation-orion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Orion constellation</a>, one of the most recognizable and prominent constellations in the night sky, captivates observers across the globe. Named after the Greek mythological hunter, Orion, this constellation not only boasts significant astronomical importance but also holds a rich cultural and mythological heritage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astronomical-features-of-orion">Astronomical features of Orion</h3>



Orion is home to some of the brightest stars in the night sky. Betelgeuse, the protagonist of this article, marks Orion's right shoulder. Bellatrix serves as his left shoulder. Rigel, a brilliant blue-white star, represents Orion's left foot, and Saiph constitutes his right knee. These stars form the distinct hourglass shape of the constellation.



A striking feature of Orion is his belt, comprised of three aligned stars: Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka. Below the belt, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jumbos-james-webb-reveals-free-floating-worlds-that-cant-be-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion Nebula </a>(M42), a vibrant, star-forming region, dazzles astronomers and astrophotographers alike. This nebula, visible to the naked eye under dark skies, is a popular target for telescopic observation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orion-in-culture-and-mythology">Orion in culture and mythology</h3>



In Greek mythology, Orion is depicted as a formidable hunter, often associated with tales of bravery and prowess. Various cultures have their own interpretations of this constellation, each adding to its rich narrative tapestry.



The stars of Orion have been significant in various ancient civilizations, from the Egyptians, who associated the constellation with Osiris, the god of the afterlife, to the Native American cultures, where it held various meanings and stories.



In summary, Orion continues to be a source of wonder and inspiration. Its prominent place in the night sky makes it a gateway for amateur astronomers and a subject of ongoing study for professionals. Whether it's through the lens of science, culture, or mythology, the Orion constellation remains an enduring and captivating presence in our night sky.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

"Betelgeuse" star in the Orion constellation will vanish from the skies tonight

Next week, the night sky will witness an extraordinary astronomical...

Yggdrasil,From,Norse,Mythology,Known,For,Being,The,Tree,Of

In an insightful analysis, a team of conservation biologists have highlighted a significant gap in the current emoji library's representation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> and the "Tree of Life". They argue that while animals are well depicted, other forms of life like plants, fungi, and microorganisms are glaringly underrepresented.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assessing-emoji-biodiversity">Assessing emoji biodiversity</h2>



The research team, consisting of Stefano Mammola, Mattia Falaschi, and Gentile Francesco Ficetola, categorized emojis from the emoji library related to nature and animals from <a href="https://emojipedia.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emojipedia</a> and mapped them onto the phylogenetic tree of life. 



Their findings, displayed in a fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/tree-of-life_Phylogenetic-trees-of-emojis_Credit-iScience-Mammola_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phylogenetic trees of emojis</a>, revealed a skewed representation favoring animals, particularly vertebrates, over other vital lifeforms in the "tree of life".



“While the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-time-machine-reveals-a-century-of-biological-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> crisis may seem distant from the online world, in our increasingly digitized society, we should not underestimate the potential of emojis to raise awareness and foster appreciation for the diversity of life on Earth,” the research team wrote.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-of-life-and-the-emoji-library">"Tree of Life" and the emoji library</h2>



Their analysis identified 112 distinct organisms in emoji form: 92 animals, 16 plants, 1 fungus (likely Amanita muscaria), and 1 microorganism (likely Escherichia coli). Vertebrates dominated the animal emojis at 76%, followed by arthropods (16%). This starkly contrasts with real-world <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-greening-projects-can-dramatically-boost-urban-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, where arthropods far outnumber vertebrates.



“Currently available emojis encompass a broad range of animal species, while plants, fungi, and microorganisms are underrepresented,” the researchers write. “Such strong taxonomic bias is in line with current societal awareness of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/historic-treaty-adopted-to-protect-biodiversity-in-the-high-seas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, which tends to prioritize animals over other taxa.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emoji-library-s-representation-of-animals">Emoji library's representation of animals</h2>



The researchers then took a deeper dive into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-risks-will-persist-long-after-temperatures-peak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> characteristics of animal emojis. They managed to identify some emojis as individual animal species, like the bald eagle and giant panda, while they could only classify others at the genus or family level, such as those representing ants or crocodilians.



In their findings, vertebrates accounted for 76% of the animal emojis, arthropods for 16%, mollusks for 4%, cnidarians for 2%, and annelids for 1%. Considering that over 1.3 million arthropod species exist compared to around 85,000 vertebrate species, the current emoji catalog significantly underrepresents arthropod <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-forest-biodiversity-has-massive-potential-for-carbon-capture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> while overrepresenting vertebrates.



Furthermore, the researchers pointed out the complete absence of emojis for platyhelminths (including flatworms and tapeworms) and nematodes, even though each of these groups includes more than 20,000 species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emoji-tree-of-life-diversity-is-evolving">Emoji "Tree of Life" diversity is evolving</h2>



Fortunately, the diversity of emojis seems to be on the rise. In 2015, emoji representation included only 45 animal taxa, but this number grew to 78 by 2019 and further to 92 by 2022. Not only did the number of animal emojis increase, but their representativeness of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-slow-down-biodiversity-loss-but-they-cant-reverse-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> also improved during this period. Initially, emojis only depicted vertebrates, arthropods, and mollusks. 



However, by 2020, annelids joined this group with the introduction of the "worm" emoji, likely symbolizing an earthworm, and cnidarians followed in 2021 with the addition of a red coral emoji.



“This increase in phylogenetic diversity driven by less-known taxa emphasizes a positive trend of enhanced opportunities for emojifying biodiversity communication, allowing users of digital platforms to discuss a range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-the-world-at-a-cost-food-production-and-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>-related topics and sentiments more effectively, beyond the icons depicting iconic species,” the researchers write.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-in-the-digitized-world">Biodiversity in the digitized world</h2>



The authors emphasize the role of emojis in today's digitized society for raising awareness about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>. 



“The development and maintenance of diverse and inclusive emoji sets are crucial to ensure the equitable representation of the tree of life in digital communication tools and to effectively convey messages on the importance of all the organisms for the functioning of the biosphere," they state.



Creating a more diverse emoji catalog could greatly aid conversations around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-for-biological-diversity-from-agreement-to-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> and conservation. The authors argue for the need for inclusive emoji sets to ensure equitable representation of all organisms and to effectively convey the importance of biodiversity in digital communications.



The team suggests that further research is needed to understand how nature-related emojis are utilized in discussions about biodiversity and conservation. This could potentially open up new avenues for engaging the public in these critical topics.



In summary, this eye-opening analysis by Mammola, Falaschi, and Ficetola underscores a critical need for a more inclusive emoji library that accurately represents the rich diversity of life. As digital communication continues to be a dominant medium, ensuring that our digital tools reflect the full spectrum of biodiversity becomes increasingly important for fostering awareness and engagement in conservation efforts.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004223026469">iScience</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Current emoji library doesn’t accurately represent the Tree of Life

In an insightful analysis, a team of conservation biologists have...

The Geminid meteor shower is set to reach its peak activity this week with an extraordinary display of "shooting stars."&nbsp;



This particular event, known for its reliability and intensity, is one of the most anticipated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-weekends-perseid-meteor-shower-will-be-the-most-dazzling-of-2023/">meteor showers</a> of the year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimal-conditions">Optimal conditions</h2>



According to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, the Geminids have been gracing our skies since November 19 and will continue until December 24. However, the peak of this astronomical spectacle is expected to occur on Wednesday and Thursday night. 



Stargazers are in for a treat, as a thin crescent moon will set the stage for a dark sky and an ideal stargazing environment.&nbsp;



This moon phase, less than 4% visible, minimizes light pollution and enhances the visibility of the meteor shower.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectacular-event">Spectacular event</h2>



During the peak night on December 14, observers can expect to witness around 120 meteors per hour. This frequency makes the Geminid meteor shower one of the most spectacular astronomical events of the year.&nbsp;



The shower is visible all over the world, with the best views in areas far from city and street lights, particularly during the night and predawn hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-the-geminids">Origin of the Geminids</h2>



Contrary to the popular term "shooting stars," these meteors are actually fragments of asteroids and comet particles.&nbsp;



The Geminids originate from the disintegrating pieces of the 3200 Phaethon asteroid, which travels at a staggering speed of 79,000 miles per hour. The cosmic debris ignites upon entering Earth's atmosphere, resulting in the stunning meteor shower.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-year-of-astronomical-wonders">Year of astronomical wonders</h2>



The Geminids follow several other notable meteor showers this year, including the Leonids, Orionids, and Perseids - each offering its own unique features.&nbsp;



However, the Geminids are particularly special due to their intensity and the favorable viewing conditions this year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-gemini">The constellation Gemini</h2>



The name "Geminids" is derived from the constellation of Gemini, the Twins. The meteors appear to radiate from near the bright star Castor in this constellation.&nbsp;



The Earth's rapid movement through the meteor stream results in a broad, lopsided activity profile, with the peak offering the most brilliant display.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peak-visibility-nbsp">Peak visibility&nbsp;</h2>



For optimal viewing, stargazers should look to the skies after 10 p.m. local time, when the Gemini constellation rises above the horizon.&nbsp;



The most spectacular views are anticipated around 2 a.m., with the radiant point of the shower passing nearly overhead, maximizing the number of meteors visible across the sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-characteristics-nbsp">Unique characteristics&nbsp;</h2>



What sets the Geminids apart is their origin. While most meteor showers are spawned by comets, the Geminids are associated with the asteroid 3200 Phaëthon.&nbsp;



This asteroid, possibly a dead comet nucleus, orbits closer to the sun than any other named asteroid, adding a layer of intrigue to the Geminid meteor shower.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Geminid shower will peak this week with 120 meteors per hour

The Geminid meteor shower is set to reach its peak...

Young,Caucasian,Woman,Eating,Healthy,Vegan,Avocado,Toast,With,Great

Type 2 diabetes, a condition affecting millions worldwide, has been a major health concern for decades. Recent research, however, sheds new light on how this disease can be effectively combatted through dietary choices. 



Scientists have found that adopting a healthy lifestyle, particularly focusing on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-are-great-for-weight-loss-regardless-of-the-type/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>, can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-diet-in-diabetes-prevention">Role of diet in diabetes prevention</h2>



A cornerstone of this new approach is the emphasis on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>. The research underscores that not only is it important to reduce the consumption of animal-based foods, but also to limit industrially processed and highly sugary foods. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can lead to considerable health benefits, including a reduced risk of diabetes.



For the first time, scientists have identified improvements in metabolism and liver and kidney function as key reasons behind the positive effects of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>. These factors contribute significantly to the lowered likelihood of obesity, a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The study's findings mark a significant advancement in understanding diabetes prevention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantifying-the-benefits">Quantifying the benefits</h2>



Through their research, the team managed to quantify the impact of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-plant-based-diets-reduce-the-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy plant-based diet</a>. Their analyses indicate a 24% reduction in diabetes risk, even among individuals with a genetic predisposition or other risk factors like obesity, advanced age, or a lack of physical activity. This is a substantial finding, highlighting the power of diet in managing health risks.



Conversely, the research also points out the risks associated with unhealthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/is-a-plant-based-diet-healthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diets</a>. Diets high in sweets, refined grains, and sugary drinks are linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the importance of not just a plant-based diet, but a healthy one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-diet-and-diabetes">Studying diet and diabetes</h2>



Professor Tilman Kühn, a leading figure in Public Health Nutrition at <a href="https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MedUni Vienna</a> and the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>, played a pivotal role in this study. Collaborating with researchers from <a href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen's University Belfast</a>, Professor Kühn’s work has been instrumental in identifying biomarkers of central metabolic processes and organ functions as mediators of the health effects of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-are-healthier-than-animal-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>.



"Our study is the first to identify biomarkers of central metabolic processes and organ functions as mediators of the health effects of a plant-based diet," says Kühn.



Their research involved a comprehensive analysis of 113,097 participants in the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Biobank</a> study over twelve years. This large-scale study has provided invaluable insights into the long-term effects of diet on health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



The findings go beyond the commonly known benefits of reduced body fat percentage and waist circumference. It highlights the importance of considering central metabolic processes and organ functions in understanding the health impacts of diet.



One of the novel findings of this research is the emphasis on the full function of the liver and kidneys in diabetes prevention. These organs are crucial in individuals with diabetes, but the study reveals how a healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-helps-protect-against-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> can enhance their function, thereby reducing diabetes risk.



"However, our research has now shown that a healthy plant-based diet can improve liver and kidney function and thus reduce the risk of diabetes," says Kühn.



This research offers a new perspective on diabetes prevention. It underscores the importance of dietary choices, particularly the adoption of a healthy plant-based diet, in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. 



As noted by Professor Kühn, this study not only confirms known benefits but also reveals previously underestimated advantages of a plant-based diet, offering hope for millions at risk of this chronic condition.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1262363623000812?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diabetes and Metabolism</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Plant-based diets significantly reduce diabetes risk

Type 2 diabetes, a condition affecting millions worldwide, has been...

Researchers at <a href="https://liu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Linköping University</a> have made significant strides in understanding the lingering neurological effects of COVID-19. Using advanced MRI technology, the team has uncovered notable differences in brain tissue structure between patients who have had severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-associated-with-lower-covid-19-vaccine-responses/">COVID-19</a> and those who have not.



The study was focused on 16 patients who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 and continued to experience symptoms.&nbsp;



The research is a part of the larger Linköping COVID-19 Study (LinCos). It stands out from previous studies in its use of advanced diffusion MRI, a technique that is sensitive to the microstructural organization of the brain, particularly the white matter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-covid-19-brain-changes">Detecting COVID-19 brain changes</h2>



White matter, primarily composed of nerve axons, is crucial for signal transmission within the brain and to the body. Traditional MRI scans have not been specific enough to detect COVID-19 related changes in the brain, leading to frustration among clinicians.



Ida Blystad is a neuroradiologist in the Department of Radiology at Linköping University Hospital and researcher affiliated with the Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences at Linköping University and the Centre for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).



“It can be frustrating for me as a doctor when I understand that the patients have problems, but I can’t find an explanation because there’s nothing in the MRI scan to explain it," said Blystad. "To me, this underlines the importance of trying other examination technologies to understand what’s happening in the brain in patients with persisting symptoms after COVID-19."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-approach-nbsp">Novel approach&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers compared the advanced diffusion MRI technology used in this study to the flow of traffic in a city at night. Just as the movement of cars along roads reveals the presence of highways, tracking the movement of water molecules in the brain helps infer the structure of neural pathways.&nbsp;



This method has been instrumental in diagnosing strokes and planning brain surgery, but its application in understanding post-COVID conditions marks a novel approach.



“Diffusion MRI is a very sensitive technology that allows changes in how the nerve axons are organised to be detected. This is one of the reasons why we wanted to use diffusion MRI to study the effects of COVID-19 on the brain that other imaging technologies might not pick up,” explained doctoral student Deneb Boito.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-white-matter">Changes in white matter</h2>



The experts compared the brain scans of the 16 previously hospitalized men with those of a healthy control group. The findings indicated differences in the white matter structure of the two groups, suggesting a potential cause for the neurological issues faced by the COVID-19 survivors.&nbsp;



“The two groups differ when it comes to brain white matter structure. This can be one of the causes of the neurological problems experienced by the group that had suffered from severe COVID-19. It’s a result that’s in line with other studies that have shown changes to the brain’s white matter," said Blystad.



"However, having examined only a small group of patients, we are cautious about drawing any major conclusions. With this technology, we’re not measuring the function of the brain, but its microstructure. To me, these findings are a sign that we must investigate long-term effects of COVID-19 in the brain using more advanced MRI technology than conventional MRI."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-questions-remain">Many questions remain</h2>



Despite the breakthrough, several questions remain unanswered. The researchers are particularly interested in whether different brain regions are affected differently and how these changes correlate with brain function and inter-regional communication.&nbsp;



Furthermore, since the study provides only a snapshot in time, it's unclear whether the observed brain differences are permanent or if they will resolve over time.



This pioneering research was funded by several institutions, including the Analytic Imaging Diagnostic Arena (AIDA), the ITEA/Vinnova project ASSIST, and the Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine at Linköping University.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcad284" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brain Communications</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Long-COVID brain changes detected by advanced MRI technology

Researchers at Linköping University have made significant strides in understanding...

Millions of birds are negatively impacted by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fireworks-can-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-wildlife/">fireworks</a> on New Year's Eve, according to a new study from the <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a>. The research reveals a startling increase in the number of birds taking flight during these celebrations.



"We already knew that many water birds react strongly, but now we also see the effect on other birds throughout the Netherlands," explained study lead author Bart Hoekstra.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acute-flight-response-nbsp">Acute flight response&nbsp;</h2>



The research indicates that on New Year's Eve, the number of birds in the air near fireworks sites can be, on average, 1,000 times higher than on typical nights, with peaks reaching between 10,000 to 100,000 times the normal count.&nbsp;



The most substantial effects were observed within the first five kilometers of the fireworks, although impacts were still notable up to 10 kilometers away.



"Birds take off as a result of an acute flight response due to sudden noise and light. In a country like the Netherlands, with many wintering birds, we are talking about millions of birds being affected by the lighting of fireworks," said Hoekstra.



This phenomenon leads to a significant energy drain for these birds, especially during the harsh winter months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lasting-impacts">Lasting impacts</h2>



Last year, researchers at IBED discovered that geese are impacted by fireworks for more than a week. The study revealed that they spend an average of 10% longer looking for food for at least 11 days after the disturbance.&nbsp;



The researchers said the geese apparently need that time to replenish the lost energy or to compensate for the unknown foraging area in which they have ended up, after fleeing from the fireworks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radar-images">Radar images</h2>



For the current study, the team used a new approach, combining data from weather radars and bird counts. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute’s weather radars provided insights during both clear and normal New Year's Eves.&nbsp;



The data was combined with bird count information from Sovon – the Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, gathered by hundreds of volunteers. This dual approach allowed the researchers to accurately identify the species, number, and reaction distance of birds affected by fireworks.



"We already knew that many water birds react strongly, but it was still unclear how birds outside these water bodies react to fireworks. Through the counts we know exactly where which birds are and using the radar images we can see where they actually take off because of fireworks," said Hoekstra.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erratic-flight-behavior-nbsp">Erratic flight behavior&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that larger birds, such as geese, ducks, and gulls, not only take flight but also reach remarkable altitudes, flying around for hours.&nbsp;



"Larger birds such as geese, ducks and gulls fly to a height of hundreds of meters due to the large-scale discharge of fireworks and remain in the air for up to an hour. There is a risk that they will end up in bad winter weather, or that they will not know where they are flying due to panic and accidents could occur."



The researchers found that, in study areas around Den Helder and Herwijnen alone, almost 400,000 birds took flight immediately at the start of the New Year's Eve fireworks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Given that 62 percent of all birds in the Netherlands reside within 2.5 kilometers of inhabited areas, the implications of fireworks are far-reaching.&nbsp;



"Flying requires a lot of energy, so ideally birds should be disturbed as little as possible during the cold winter months. Measures to ensure this are especially important in open areas such as grasslands, where many larger birds spend the winter," said Hoekstra.



"The effects of fireworks on birds are less pronounced near forests and semi-open habitats. In addition, smaller birds such as tits and finches live there, which are less likely to fly away from disturbance."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buffer-zones">Buffer zones</h2>



The researchers advocate for the establishment of fireworks-free zones, particularly in areas populated by larger birds.&nbsp;



"These buffer zones could be smaller in areas where light and sound travel less far, such as near forests. Furthermore, fireworks should mainly be lit at central locations in built-up areas, as far away from birds as possible," said Hoekstra.



"It would be best for birds if we moved towards light shows without sound, such as drone shows or decorative fireworks without very loud bangs."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2694" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

New Year's fireworks send millions of birds on erratic flights

Millions of birds are negatively impacted by fireworks on New...

The rail industry is being urged to consider the safety risks posed by space weather, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-alert-strong-geomagnetic-storm-warning-issued-due-to-strong-solar-flare/">solar storms</a>. New research suggests that these events could cause train accidents by disrupting rail signaling systems.&nbsp;



A team from <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lancaster University</a>, including PhD researcher Cameron Patterson and Professor Jim Wild, has conducted a study focusing on the impact of solar storms.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-disturbances-nbsp">Powerful disturbances&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar storms</a> can create powerful magnetic disturbances on Earth, leading to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) which have the potential to interfere with electricity transmission and distribution grids.



“Our research shows that space weather poses a serious, if relatively rare, risk to the rail signaling system, which could cause delays or even have more critical, safety implications," said Patterson. "This natural hazard needs to be taken seriously. By their nature, high-impact, low-frequency events are hard to plan for, but ignoring them is rarely the best way forward."



The study specifically investigated how geomagnetically induced currents could affect the track circuits of AC electrified lines powered by overhead cables. The team modeled these effects on two key routes: the West Coast Main Line between Preston and Lancaster, and the Glasgow to Edinburgh line. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rail-signaling-and-space-weather">Rail signaling and space weather</h2>



"Crucially, our research suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a> is able to flip a signal in either direction, turning a red signal green or a green signal red. This is obviously very significant from a safety perspective," said Patterson.



“By building a computer model of the signaling track circuits using realistic specifications for the various components of the system, we found that space weather events capable of triggering faults in these track circuits are expected in the UK every few decades.”



This is particularly concerning given that there are more than 50,000 signaling track circuits in the UK. Patterson's earlier research explored "right side" failures, where signals switch from green to red, a fail-safe scenario. 



However, the more hazardous "wrong side" failures, where signals go from red to green, could occur at lower geoelectric field strengths, meaning weaker geomagnetic storms could more easily trigger these dangerous failures.



The latest study suggests that "wrong side" failures could happen once or twice every decade. For extreme events, which occur less frequently, the risk of widespread signaling malfunctions increases significantly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-space-weather-on-rail-safety">Implications of space weather on rail safety</h2>



The team also examined the effects of a solar storm similar to the massive 1859 eruption, predicting widespread signaling issues.&nbsp;



“When we experience severe space weather which happens every few decades or extreme space weather seen every century or two, then there is a potential for significant signaling misoperation, which has an obvious safety impact," said Patterson.&nbsp;



Severe space weather is recognized in the UK Government’s National Risk Register for Civil Emergencies as a significant threat. This research serves as a wake-up call for the rail industry to address the safety risks posed by space weather.



Professor Wild emphasized the importance of incorporating space weather forecasting into railway operations to mitigate risks.&nbsp;



"Other industries such as aviation, electricity generation and transmission, and the space sector are considering the risks to their operations, and exploring how these might be mitigated. It’s important that the rail sector is included in this planning," said Professor Wild.&nbsp;



“As our understanding of the space weather hazard improves, it’s possible to consider how to reduce the risks. In future, we could see space weather forecasting being used make decisions about limiting railway operations if an extreme event is expected, just as meteorological forecasts are used currently."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003625" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Weather</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Space weather poses significant risks to railway safety 

The rail industry is being urged to consider the safety...

A new study led by the <a href="https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ruhr University Bochum</a> has scrutinized the memory capabilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jackdaws-choose-food-over-friends-but-not-over-family/">jackdaws</a>. 



The experts found that, like humans, jackdaws have memories that become less precise and more biased as the workload gets heavier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The research involved training two birds to accurately remember colors, with varying amounts of food offered based on the precision of their responses.&nbsp;



The researchers introduced manipulations to assess working memory demands, such as altering the duration of color retention or requiring the birds to remember multiple colors simultaneously.&nbsp;



The reward structure was designed to incentivize the birds to respond with maximum accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-working-memory-nbsp">Working memory&nbsp;</h2>



“Working memory (WM) is a crucial element of the higher cognition of primates and corvid songbirds. Despite its importance, WM has a severely limited capacity and is vulnerable to noise," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"In primates, attractor dynamics mitigate the effect of noise by discretizing continuous information. Yet, it remains unclear whether similar dynamics are seen in avian brains."&nbsp;



"Here, we show jackdaws (Corvus monedula) have similar behavioral biases as humans; memories are less precise and more biased as memory demands increase."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-overload">Cognitive overload</h2>



The researchers found that there was a decline in the birds’ performance when subjected to higher demands on their working memory.&nbsp;



“The functioning of working memory can be seen, for example, in the challenges faced by service staff who have to remember large orders,” said lead author Aylin Apostel, a biologist at Bochum.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generalized-recollection-nbsp">Generalized recollection&nbsp;</h2>



Similar to humans, jackdaws exhibited reduced accuracy and a propensity for biased representations under increased working memory demands.&nbsp;



This translated into less precise and biased memories, analogous to a waiter delivering two lattes instead of a latte macchiato and a cappuccino, due to heightened working memory demands leading to a more generalized recollection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-attractor-dynamics-nbsp">Attractor dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers highlighted attractor dynamics as a fundamental biological principle governing this phenomenon.&nbsp;



“Attractor dynamics act as a fundamental principle in the brains of corvids and primates, which ultimately direct memories into specific categories,” explained senior author Jonas Rose.



This mechanism biases memory representations, enhancing overall memory performance despite a reduction in precision.&nbsp;



Significantly, this principle proved equally effective in the brains of both corvids and primates, despite their divergent evolutionary paths, suggesting a fundamental biological principle for efficient working memory utilization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



By comparing primates and jackdaws, the study offers insights into the evolution and adaptability of working memory.&nbsp;



“The discovery of common principles in different brains offers promising approaches for the further development of generally valid models that explain the cognitive functioning of animals and humans,” concluded Apostel.&nbsp;



The study not only deepens our understanding of avian cognition but also provides a foundation for developing comprehensive models to elucidate cognitive functioning across diverse species.



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05442-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications Biology</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Jackdaws have a human-like response to memory overload

A new study led by the Ruhr University Bochum has...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...