<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. </p>



<p>“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



<p>Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.</p>



<p>Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.</p>



<p>The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.</p>



<p>Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.</p>



<p>Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc on cacao trees in Ghana, posing a serious threat to the world’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-eating-chocolate-feels-so-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> supply. Approximately half of the global chocolate production originates from West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana. </p>



<p>The spread of CSSVD, primarily transmitted by mealybugs that feed on the leaves, buds, and flowers of cacao <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cacao-trees-5000-year-odyssey-global-domestication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>, has resulted in substantial harvest losses, ranging from 15% to 50% in affected areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-cacao-trees-lost-to-the-virus">Millions of cacao trees lost to the virus</h2>



<p>“This virus is a real threat to the global supply of chocolate,” said Benito Chen-Charpentier, a professor of mathematics at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a>. “Pesticides don’t work well against mealybugs, leaving farmers to try to prevent the spread of the disease by cutting out infected trees and breeding resistant trees. But despite these efforts, Ghana has lost more than 254 million cacao trees in recent years.”</p>



<p>The economic impact is further compounded for farmers by the high cost of vaccines for the trees, which are not only expensive but also lead to a reduced yield of cacao, exacerbating the challenges posed by the virus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-strategy-against-chocolate-tree-virus">New strategy against chocolate tree virus</h2>



<p>In response to this crisis, Chen-Charpentier has collaborated with researchers from the <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>, the <a href="https://www.usf.edu/">University of South Florida</a>, and the<a href="https://www.crig.org.gh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Cocoa Research Institute</a> of Ghana to devise a novel strategy. </p>



<p>The team utilized mathematical modeling to determine optimal spacing for planting vaccinated cacao trees. This spacing is critical to prevent mealybugs from transferring the virus between vaccinated and unvaccinated trees.</p>



<p>“Mealybugs have several ways of movement, including moving from canopy to canopy, being carried by ants or blown by the wind,” Chen-Charpentier said. “What we needed to do was create a model for cacao growers so they could know how far away they could safely plant vaccinated trees from unvaccinated trees in order to prevent the spread of the virus while keeping costs manageable for these small farmers.”</p>



<p>The team developed two types of mathematical models that enable farmers to create a barrier of vaccinated trees around those that are unvaccinated, potentially offering a new way to manage the spread of CSSVD while maintaining crop yields.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While still experimental, these models are exciting because they would help farmers protect their crops while helping them achieve a better harvest. This is good for the farmers’ bottom line, as well as our global addiction to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-discovery-eating-chocolate-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a>,” Chan-Charlpetier concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cacao-trees">More about cacao trees</h2>



<p>Chocolate trees, scientifically known as Theobroma cacao, are the source of all the world's chocolate. These tropical trees are native to the deep tropical regions of Central and South America, where they thrive in the understory layer of forests, needing a mix of shade and humidity to prosper.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growth-of-cacao-trees-nbsp">Growth of cacao trees&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The trees are relatively small, usually not growing beyond 4 to 8 meters in height. They bear fruit called cacao pods, which are large, colorful, and contain the precious cacao beans used in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-chocolate-in-the-morning-may-help-you-lose-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> production. The pods themselves are directly attached to the trunk and larger branches of the tree, a growth pattern known as cauliflory.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle-and-challenges">Life cycle and challenges</h3>



<p>The life cycle of a cacao tree begins with its flowers, which are pollinated by tiny insects. After pollination, the pods take several months to mature, with each pod containing 20 to 60 beans surrounded by a sweet, pulpy matrix. The beans are harvested, fermented, dried, and then processed to make various chocolate products.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A key challenge for cacao farmers is the tree's sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-a-compound-that-protects-cacao-trees-from-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>, which can affect yield and quality of the chocolate products.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-and-cultural-significance-nbsp">Economic and cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Historically, cacao has been significant both culturally and economically in the regions where it is grown. It was used by ancient Mesoamerican civilizations like the Aztecs and the Maya not just as food, but also as currency and in religious rituals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Today, the global demand for chocolate keeps cacao cultivation economically relevant, though it also presents challenges including the need for sustainable and fair farming practices.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294579" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a>.</p>



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Deadly virus threatens global chocolate supply

The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc...

<p>For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process by which materials emit light after exposure -- has fascinated scientists. </p>



<p>Traditionally linked to semiconductors like silicon, luminescence aids scientists in understanding vital electronic processes, especially in devices like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-prove-valuable-for-making-solar-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cells</a>.</p>



<p>However, researchers recently achieved a breakthrough that has clarified the behavior of metals under luminescence, which had long remained a mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-code-to-gold-s-luminescence">Cracking the code to gold's luminescence</h2>



<p>Metals have been known to emit light since 1969, but understanding their luminescence has eluded scientists for decades. Consequently, this mystery persisted due to the complex quantum mechanical effects that govern luminescence at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-put-nanoscale-tattoos-onto-individual-cells-inside-your-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>.</p>



<p>The breakthrough came from Giulia Tagliabue's team at the Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LNET</a>), within a prestigious School of Engineering.</p>



<p>They developed high-quality monocrystalline gold films, ranging from 13 to 113 nanometers thick. These films were key to eliminating the confounding factors that had obscured earlier experiments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-laser-beams-reveal-gold-s-luminescence">Laser beams reveal gold's luminescence</h2>



<p>Using focused laser beams, the researchers observed a faint glow from these gold films. This unexpected and detailed data prompted collaboration with theoreticians from the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (<a href="https://bist.eu/">BIST</a>), the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a>, and the <a href="https://www.rpi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in the USA. </p>



<p>Together, they applied refined quantum mechanical models to interpret the results. Subsequently, this collaborative effort resulted in the first complete and quantitative model of photoluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-be-a-valuable-source-of-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold</a>.</p>



<p>This model defines how electrons and their counterparts, known as holes, respond to light in a specific way unique to photoluminescence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-quantum-effects">Surprising quantum effects</h2>



<p>As the team investigated further, they found unusual quantum effects in unexpectedly thick gold films.</p>



<p>“We observed certain quantum mechanical effects emerging in films of up to about 40 nanometers, which was unexpected. "Normally for a metal, you don’t see such effects until you go well below 10 nm,” Tagliabue clarified.</p>



<p>This finding is crucial because it pinpoints exactly where luminescence occurs in the gold, which is essential for using it as a probe in scientific research.</p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers discovered a new use for the gold's photoluminescent signal. It can measure surface temperatures at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-first-evidence-of-a-self-healing-metal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>, offering a significant benefit due to the difficulties associated with temperature measurements in such small scales.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-climate-change-with-new-technologies">Tackling climate change with new technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend far beyond basic science. “To combat climate change, we are going to need technologies to convert CO2 into other useful chemicals one way or another,” stated Alan Bowman, a postdoctoral researcher at LNET and the study’s first author.</p>



<p>Gold and copper, which the team will explore next, are vital for triggering chemical reactions that produce solar fuels. </p>



<p>These fuels convert solar energy into chemical bonds, offering a sustainable energy storage solution. Improved understanding of metal surfaces through luminescence could enhance the efficiency of these reactions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-gold-s-glow-and-metal-luminescence">Understanding gold's glow and metal luminescence</h2>



<p>In summary, the LNET team's fascinating research has settled the long-standing debate surrounding metal luminescence and gold's "glow" while unlocking new possibilities for nanoscale temperature mapping and energy research.</p>



<p>By developing high-quality metal gold films and applying innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bridging-quantum-classical-physics-nanoparticle-entanglement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanical</a> modeling methods, the researchers have unveiled unexpected quantum effects and demonstrated the potential of photoluminescence as a self-probing tool for surface temperature. </p>



<p>As the world faces the urgent challenge of climate change, these findings pave the way for more efficient and effective technologies to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals, offering hope for a more sustainable future. </p>



<p>The LNET team's work marks the beginning of a new era in understanding metal luminescence and its far-reaching implications for energy research and beyond.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-024-01408-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Light Science &amp; Applications</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Gold owes its 'glow' and luminescence to the quantum realm

For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process...

<p>Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least one slice of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physics-perfect-pizza/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza</a>, contributing an impressive $47 billion annually to the U.S. economy. A significant portion of these pizzas arrives in corrugated cardboard boxes, posing a notable challenge for waste management due to their contamination with fats, oils, and greases (FOGs). Therefore, recycling pizza boxes is essential.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the contaminants make pizza boxes a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a> nightmare. Delicious, cheesy slices leave a greasy residue that renders the pizza boxes unsuitable for traditional recycling processes.</p>



<p>Compounds like peanut butter and pizza box grease are also incredibly difficult to clean off, essentially relegating many of these boxes to landfills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recycling-pizza-boxes">Recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory (<a href="https://inl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INL</a>) have embarked on a mission to change this. Consequently, they've developed a new method to decontaminate cardboard, which could revolutionize recycling practices for food containers. </p>



<p>Their latest publication in the <em>Journal of Cleaner Production</em> details this breakthrough, highlighting a process that uses material separation capabilities to address the issue.</p>



<p>"To make specific separations possible, we need to first prove the overall concept of material separations, which is what this study accomplished," explained Aaron Wilson, the principal investigator for this project.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dimethyl-ether-for-pizza-box-recycling">Dimethyl ether for pizza box recycling</h2>



<p>The heart of their experiment lies in the use of dimethyl ether (DME), a green solvent known for its use in refrigeration. The team designed a system with two vertical stainless-steel reactors to facilitate the extraction and separation of FOGs from contaminated cardboard. </p>



<p>The process begins by mixing broken-down cardboard pieces with DME, which pulls the contaminants out of the cardboard. The system then <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-recycle-know-new-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycles</a> this solvent, allowing for continuous operation without creating waste.</p>



<p>"The reactor process allowed us to extract the contaminants into separate fractions," Wilson shared, noting the successful separation of oils, water, and dryer solids into distinct components.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pizza-box-recycling-on-the-front-lines">Pizza box recycling on the front lines</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond just cleaner recycling.  Originally part of a research initiative linked to the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/program/resource" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ReSource Program</a>, the technology developed could significantly reduce the logistical footprint of military operations by transforming waste into useful resources. </p>



<p>This has potential benefits for operational security and efficiency, particularly in hostile environments where supply lines are vulnerable.</p>



<p>"Knowing that this works for the highly contaminated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza boxes</a> has helped validate the system for use in the battlefield," stated Jeff Lacey, another leading researcher on the project. </p>



<p>Lacey's team is now focused on refining the technology to enhance its portability and efficiency, critical factors for deployment in military contexts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-future">Sustainable future</h2>



<p>The successful application of this technology to pizza box waste not only promotes environmental sustainability but also opens doors to myriad other applications. From converting military waste to enabling more efficient battery recycling, the potential is vast.</p>



<p>"In essence, this research has many possible applications for national security and a net-zero future," Lacey concluded.</p>



<p>This initiative represents a significant step forward in tackling the recycling challenges posed by everyday waste and could pave the way for innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-zero-waste-a-global-commitment-to-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste management</a> solutions across various sectors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-recycling-pizza-boxes">Benefits of recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes offers substantial environmental and economic benefits that contribute to sustainability efforts. Here’s a detailed look at these advantages:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduces-waste-in-landfills">Reduces waste in landfills</h3>



<p>One of the immediate benefits of recycling pizza boxes is the reduction of waste sent to landfills. Pizza boxes are made from corrugated cardboard, which is biodegradable but can still take a considerable amount of time to decompose in landfill conditions. </p>



<p>Moreover, the presence of greases and residues can slow down this process and contribute to the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By recycling, these materials are reused rather than occupying landfill space.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserves-natural-resources">Conserves natural resources</h3>



<p>Recycling cardboard, including pizza boxes, helps conserve valuable natural resources, particularly wood fibers. The fibers in cardboard can be recycled several times before they become too short for paper production. This means that fewer trees need to be cut down to produce new cardboard, helping to preserve forests and the biodiversity within them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saves-energy">Saves energy</h3>



<p>The process of recycling cardboard uses significantly less energy than producing new cardboard from virgin pulp. Energy savings arise from reduced demands in raw material extraction, transportation, and processing. By using less energy, recycling also lowers greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevents-pollution">Prevents pollution</h3>



<p>By recycling pizza boxes, pollution generated from the production of new cardboard is also reduced. The manufacturing of cardboard from virgin materials involves various chemical processes that can release pollutants into the air and water. Recycling helps to minimize these pollutants, leading to cleaner air and water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits">Economic benefits </h3>



<p>Recycling creates more jobs than landfilling or incineration. The process of collecting, sorting, and processing recyclable materials is more labor-intensive than using these materials as a fuel source or burying them. This means more employment opportunities in the recycling and manufacturing industries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encourages-sustainable-practices">Encourages sustainable practices</h3>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes can foster a culture of recycling and sustainability within communities. When people engage in recycling, they become more aware of their waste habits and environmental impact. This awareness can lead to broader support for other sustainable practices, such as reducing plastic use, conserving water, and supporting renewable energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improves-community-health-and-safety">Improves community health and safety</h3>



<p>By reducing the amount of waste in landfills and decreasing pollution from new production processes, recycling helps to improve overall community health. Less landfill waste reduces potential soil and water contamination, and fewer emissions mean cleaner air and fewer respiratory issues for the community.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652623032389?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a></em></em>.</p>



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New recycling solution tackles greasy pizza boxes

Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least...

<p></p>
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<p>                <br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Last week, </span><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-freshwater-supply/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">we reported</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on how scientists have been using 14 years of satellite data to study changes in Earth’s freshwater supplies. Information from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), which began in 2002, revealed that changes in Earth’s water supplies are impacted by climate change, human water management, and natural cycles.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Now, today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> comes from the </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and takes a closer look at regional changes in freshwater storage. For example, melting glaciers have led to decreased storage in Greenland, while severe drought in the southwestern United States caused heightened depletion of freshwater sources.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rory Arnold</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: </span></i><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">NASA&#8217;s Goddard Space Flight Center</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">/Katy Mersmann</span></i></p>

Big changes in freshwater storage seen over the past 14 years