Acaena exigua NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S.<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-surface-slicks-create-superhighway-for-fish/"> Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Acaena exigua is an extinct species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common name liliwai. It was endemic to Hawaii, where it was known from Kauaʻi and west Maui. It had not been seen or collected since 1957 and was feared extinct until 1997, when one plant was discovered in a remote montane bog on <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=maui&amp;cvid=11f593b142284a109c4b71b63cd85874&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Maui</a>. The plant died in 2000, and the species is now considered extinct.Acaena exigua A. Gray var. subtusstrigulosa Bitter: Classification. Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report. Rank Scientific Name and Common Name; Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Acaena exigua

Acaena exigua NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation...

Erysimum teretifolium NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Erysimum teretifolium ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.This species is found only within a strip of land measuring 9 miles long by 5 miles wide. The plant is mainly threatened by coastal and inland development in the area and mining of the sand it lives in. About 75% of the remaining plants grow on land belonging to a <a title="Sand mining" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_mining">sand mining company</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fire suppression" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_suppression">Fire suppression</a> has also altered the habitat to the detriment of the plant; leaf and needle litter builds up while the plant requires stretches of open sand. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Urban development" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_development">Urban development</a> is another threat, destroying habitat and leading to <a title="Habitat fragmentation" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>

Erysimum teretifolium

Erysimum teretifolium NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Photo by Phil Delphey

Erythronium propullans NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Erythronium propullans ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Erythronium propullans, the Minnesota dwarf trout lily, Minnesota adder's tongue or Minnesota fawnlily, is a rare plant <a title="Endemism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism">endemic</a> to the <a title="Cannon River (Minnesota)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_River_(Minnesota)">Cannon River</a> and North Fork <a title="Zumbro River" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbro_River">Zumbro River</a> watersheds in <a title="Rice County, Minnesota" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_County,_Minnesota">Rice County</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Goodhue County" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhue_County">Goodhue County</a> and the extreme northern edge of <a title="Steele County, Minnesota" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele_County,_Minnesota">Steele County</a>, <a title="Minnesota" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, in the United States. The plants are believed to be a mutation or sport of the white trout lily (<a title="Erythronium albidum" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythronium_albidum">Erythronium albidum</a>) and evolved following the most recent <a title="Ice age" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age">ice age</a>.

The plants' flower in the spring at the same time as <a title="Hepatica" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatica">Hepaticas</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Dutchman's breeches" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchman%27s_breeches">Dutchman's breeches</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodroot" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodroot">bloodroot</a>, and other spring <a title="Wildflower" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildflower">wildflowers</a>. <a title="Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerstrand-Big_Woods_State_Park">Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park</a>, <a title="River Bend Nature Center" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Bend_Nature_Center">River Bend Nature Center</a>, and several tracts owned by <a title="The Nature Conservancy" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> protect portions of its habitat.

Erythronium propullans

Erythronium propullans NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Eugenia bryanii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports --  ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world. Therefore this plant with stay on the endangered list for now and possibly forever.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.\är en myrtenväxtart som beskrevs av <a class="new" title="Ryozo Kanehira [inte skriven än]" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryozo_Kanehira&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Ryozo Kanehira</a>. Eugenia bryanii ingår i <a title="Släkte" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A4kte">släktet</a> och <a title="Familj (biologi)" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familj_(biologi)">familjen</a> <a title="Myrtenväxter" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtenv%C3%A4xter">myrtenväxter</a>. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of LifeFamily: Myrtaceae Form: Short, low laying shrub reaching 1m Stem: Stems are cylindrical and taper off Leaves: Leaves are elliptical with rolled margins. Appear to be fleshy. Flowers: Flowers are small, white, and 4 petaled. Fruit: 2 x 2cm in size, bright red. Propagation: Seed Habitat: Limestone cliff edges.

Eugenia bryanii

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Eugenia haematocarpa NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Eugenia haematocarpa ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=fungi&amp;cvid=7ff9722c6d40412e8fc200c802a1b87b&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">fungi</a>, and microbes of North America and the world.Eugenia haematocarpa is a rare species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Puerto Rico. It is classified as an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and there has been a plan for its recovery in place for some years. Its common names include uvillo and Luquillo Mountain stopper.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Luquillo Mountain stopper Subordinate Taxa. This plant has no children Legal Status. Threatened and Endangered Information: This plant is listed by the U.S. federal government or a state. Common names are from state and federal lists.

Eugenia haematocarpa

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Eugenia koolauensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/fungi-characteristics-and-function/">fungi</a>, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Eugenia koolauensis, commonly known as Koʻolau eugenia or nioi, is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it could previously be found on the islands of Molokaʻi and Oʻahu; today populations only exist on the latter. This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Eugenia koolauensis is one of only two species of Eugenia native to Hawaii. The other is E. reinwardtiana, which occurs naturally in Hawaii as well as through much of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Eugenia reinwardtiana is a rare plant in Hawaii, except for parts ofthe northern Waianae Mountains where it can be fairly common.

Eugenia koolauensis

Eugenia koolauensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Eugenia woodburyana NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=fish&amp;cvid=8336f12baaec4097aaafbabc6a0f9150&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Eugenia woodburyana is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Puerto Rico. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. It is threatened by habitat loss.Eugenia woodburyana is found in the deciduous and semi-evergreen seasonal forests of the subtropical dry forest life zone of southwestern Puerto Rico at elevations of less than 100 meters. Extensive areas of this life zone overlie limestone, including the area where this species is found. This plant is listed by the U.S. federal government or a state. Common names are from state and federal lists. Click on a place name to get a complete protected plant list for that location.

Eugenia woodburyana

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Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and<a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/"> Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia celastroides grows as a medium-sized <a title="Shrub" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub">shrub</a> or small tree reaching 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height. To grow properly, this species requires temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) and light shade.This plant develops in a fashion similar to a <a title="Shrub" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub">shrub</a>. In the summer, it assumes a red-violet colouring. It does not lose its leaves in the winter, due to the warm climate of its range. Female flowers have a three-part <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil">pistil</a> over a three-part <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(plants)">ovary</a>, usually producing three (or sometimes more) seeds. This species is tolerant of heat and drought. They are susceptible to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal diseases" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_diseases">fungal diseases</a>. Its <a class="mw-redirect" title="Cyathia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathia">cyathia</a> may be located in short or open-branched <a title="Inflorescence" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence#Determinate_or_cymose">cymes</a>, or remain ungrouped in leaf <a class="mw-redirect" title="Axil" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axil">axils</a>. The leaves are distichous (grow in two vertical rows) and may have a <a title="Glaucous" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous">glaucous</a> coating. This plant produces a green or brown, rounded fruit 2 to 4 mm long, containing grey-brown seeds 0.5 to 2.5 mm long

Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana

Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Euphorbia deppeana NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia deppeana ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia deppeana is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae known by the common names Deppe's broomspurge and Oahu sandmat. It is endemic to Oʻahu, Hawaii, where it is known from only one population in moist shrublands on Nuʻuanu Pali. Like other native Hawaiian euphorbs it is called ʻakoko locally.Very rare subshrub on windward cliffs near Oahu's Nu'uanu Pali Lookout. Thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1986. Leaves lack hairs, with rounded apex &amp; finely serrate margins. Flowers 1.5 - 3mm wide, nearly sessile in leaf axil. Similar to Euphorbia multiformis var. microphylla. Formerly known as Chamaesyce deppeana.

Euphorbia deppeana

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Euphorbia eleanoriae NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia eleanoriae ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia eleanoriae is a rare species of flowering plant in the euphorb family known by the common name Nā Pali sandmat. It is endemic to Kauaʻi, Hawaii. Like other native Hawaiian euphorbs it is called ʻakoko locally. This plant was only discovered in 1992 and described to science in 1996 as Chamaesyce eleanoriae. At that time there were fewer than 500 plants known, all occurring in small populations scattered across the sheer cliffs along the Nā Pali Coast of Kauaʻi. By 2001 the total population had already dropped; only three populations were found, for a total of fewer than 50 plants. The plant was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 2010.

Euphorbia eleanoriae

Euphorbia eleanoriae NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Euphorbia haeleeleana NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia haeleeleana ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Euphorbia haeleeleana, the Kauaʻi spurge, is a species of <a title="Flowering plant" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant">flowering plant</a> in the <a title="Croton (plant)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_(plant)">croton</a> family, <a title="Euphorbiaceae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>, that is <a title="Endemism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism">endemic</a> to the islands of <a title="Kauai" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauai">Kauaʻi</a> and <a title="Oahu" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu">Oaʻhu</a> in <a title="Hawaii" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. Like other Hawaiian spurges it is known as `akoko.

It inhabits <a title="Hawaiian tropical dry forests" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_tropical_dry_forests">dry</a>, <a title="Hawaiian tropical rainforests" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_tropical_rainforests#Coastal_mesic_forests">coastal mesic</a>, and mixed mesic forests from 205–670 m (673–2,198 ft). Associated plants include ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), koa (Acacia koa), lama (Diospyros sandwicensis), kukui (Aleurites moluccanus), ʻaʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa), <a title="Wiliwili" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiliwili">wiliwili</a> (Erythrina sandwicensis), hala pepe (Pleomele spp.), ʻohe kukuluāeʻo (Reynoldsia sandwicensis), and āulu (Sapindus oahuensis). Kauaʻi Spurge is a small <a title="Tree" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree">tree</a>, reaching a height of 3–14 metres (9.8–45.9 ft).

It is threatened by habitat loss and disturbance. Feral pigs and goats damage the habitat and <a title="Introduced species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species">non-native plant species</a> take hold there and <a title="Competition (biology)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)">compete</a> for resources

Euphorbia haeleeleana

Euphorbia haeleeleana NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Euphorbia halemanui NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia halemanui ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-surface-slicks-create-superhighway-for-fish/">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia halemanui is a rare species of flowering plant in the euphorb family known by the common name Kauai sandmat. It is endemic to Kauaʻi, Hawaii, where there are no more than 400 plants remaining. There are four populations at last count. It is a federally listed endangered species.Euphorbia halemanui is a rare species of flowering plant in the euphorb family known by the common name Kauai sandmat. It is endemic to Kauaʻi, Hawaii, where there are no more than 400 plants remaining. There are four populations at last count. It is a federally listed endangered species.

Euphorbia halemanui

Euphorbia halemanui NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Euphorbia herbstii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and<a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/"> Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=plants&amp;cvid=99a815be3ac142c48dd010ce93051524&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports --  ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia herbstii is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae known by the common name Herbst's sandmat. It is endemic to Oʻahu, Hawaii, where it is rapidly disappearing. Like other Hawaiian euphorbs, this plant is known locally as ʻakoko. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.Euphorbia species Also its Name Synonyms Chamaesyce forbesii var. grandifolia Hillebr. Chamaesyce herbstii W.L.Wagner Homonyms  (Wagner) Oudejans Common names Herbst's sandmat in English ‘akoko in language. Therefore this plant will remain on the endangered list.

Euphorbia herbstii

Euphorbia herbstii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/faking-death-is-a-good-way-for-animals-to-stay-alive/">animals</a> and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia kuwaleana is a rare species of flowering plant in the euphorb family known by the common name kokomalei. It is endemic to Oahu, Hawaii, where it is known only from a four-kilometer stretch of the Waianae Range. Like other Hawaiian euphorbs, this plant is known locally as `akoko. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.Euphorbia kuwaleana : Source: Malpighiales of North America Update, database (version 2011) Acquired: 2011 : Notes: Updated for ITIS by the Flora of North America Expertise Network, in connection with an update for USDA PLANTS (2007-2010) Reference for: Euphorbia kuwaleana : Source: NODC Taxonomic Code, database (version 8.0) Acquired: 1996 Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Jul 14. Reference page. Tropicos.org 2020. Euphorbia kuwaleana. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Euphorbia kuwaleana

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source...

Euphorbia remyi var. kauaiensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=canada&amp;cvid=30f15bb405a840f58de0f71448f2640d&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia remyi var. kauaiensis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia remyi is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is known by the common name Remy's sandmat locally as ʻakoko. It is endemic to the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaii, where it grows in mixed mesic forests, wet forests and bogs from 150 to 900 m.Biosecurity early detection and rapid response Continue and expand inspection and clearance of domestic and interisland pathways. Ongoing Current: Hawaii Department of Agriculture, U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (formerly Animal Damage Control) Work type not yet selected

Euphorbia remyi var. kauaiensis

Euphorbia remyi var. kauaiensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Euphorbia remyi var. remyi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/">animals</a> and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.

NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.Euphorbia remyi is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is known by the common name Remy's sandmat locally as ʻakoko. It is endemic to the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaii, where it grows in mixed mesic forests, wet forests and bogs from 150 to 900 m.Show All Show Tabs Remy's sandmat General Information; Symbol: CHRER Group: Dicot Family: Euphorbiaceae Duration: Perennial: Growth Habit: Shrub Vine:

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=42bf721fd5b0405d9c4fdf0744f43875&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The USFWS Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office works closely with our partners in Hawaii, American Samoa, the Marianas, and Remote Pacific Islands.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Euphorbia remyi var. remyi

Euphorbia remyi var. remyi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Euphorbia rockii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia rockii ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Euphorbia rockii (<a title="Synonym (taxonomy)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)">syn.</a> Chamaesyce rockii)  is a rare species of flowering plant in the <a title="Euphorbiaceae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceae">euphorb family</a> known by the common names Koolau Range sandmat and Rock's broomspurge. It is <a title="Endemism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism">endemic</a> to <a title="Oahu" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu">Oʻahu</a>, <a title="Hawaii" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where it is known only from the Koʻolau Mountains. There are 200 to 300 plants remaining.  Like other Hawaiian euphorbs, this plant is known locally as ʻakoko.

The remaining plants exist in fewer than 10 subpopulations on the peaks of the Koʻolau Mountains, where they often grow in wet forests and shrublands. The plant is threatened by the destruction and degradation of its habitat. The main agents of damage to the habitat are <a title="Feral pig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_pig">feral pigs</a> and non-native plant species such as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Psidium littorale" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psidium_littorale">strawberry guava</a> (Psidium littorale) and <a title="Clidemia hirta" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clidemia_hirta">Koster's curse</a> (Clidemia hirta

Euphorbia rockii

Euphorbia rockii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification">taxonomy</a> of this plant is still being studied; the name and number of varieties have changed over the years and are still in flux. In 1982 the rare variety kalaeloana was added to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act">endangered species list</a> of the United States. This plant was and still is known only from Oʻahu's ʻEwa Plains between <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaeloa, Hawai'i" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaeloa,_Hawai%27i">Kalaeloa</a> (Barber's Point) and <a title="Pearl Harbor" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>. It had been reduced in population by a number of factors, including <a title="United States Navy" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy">Navy</a> activity, <a title="Pollution" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution">pollution</a>, destruction by <a title="Bulldozer" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer">bulldozer</a> on private property, <a title="Quarry" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry">quarrying</a>, <a title="Agriculture" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a title="Fire" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire">fire</a>, development and construction of housing, roads, an <a title="Oil refinery" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery">oil refinery</a>, and resort property, and expansion of the <a title="Harbor" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor">harbor</a>.The plant's human-caused decline probably started with the arrival of the <a title="Polynesians" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesians">Polynesians</a>. Other threats include <a title="Introduced species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species">non-native plant species</a>, especially <a title="Cassytha filiformis" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassytha_filiformis">kaunaoa pehu</a> (Cassytha filiformis), <a title="Prosopis pallida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_pallida">kiawe</a> (Prosopis pallida), <a title="Asystasia gangetica" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asystasia_gangetica">Chinese violet</a> (Asystasia gangetica), and <a title="Cenchrus ciliaris" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenchrus_ciliaris">buffel grass</a> (Cenchrus ciliaris).Potentially damaging <a title="Insect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect">insects</a> that visit the plant include <a class="new" title="Aechaea janata (page does not exist)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aechaea_janata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">croton moth</a> (Aechaea janata) and <a title="Aleurodicus dispersus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleurodicus_dispersus">spiraling whitefly</a> (Aleurodicus dispersus).

Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii

Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Euphorbia telephioides NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Euphorbia telephioides ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-surface-slicks-create-superhighway-for-fish/">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Euphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States.

Euphorbia telephioides Chapman (telephus spurge), which is restricted to the Florida panhandle, is a south-eastern endemic with endangered world status in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998). It was also designated as threatened in the Federal Register, May 8, 1992 (designation effective June 8, 1992;

Euphorbia telephioides

Euphorbia telephioides NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Plants turn air into leaves, roots, and fruit, yet every molecule of the carbon they store has to squeeze through microscopic pores first. These pores, called stomata, dot the surface of nearly every leaf and set the pace for both growth and water loss.



The latest study from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> shows that each new stoma is the product of a lively conversation among neighboring cells and a hard look in the mirror. 



Dominique Bergmann and her team traced those talks in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/35048692" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arabidopsis</a> (Arabidopsis thaliana), the small mustard plant whose genome was first decoded in 2000.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plants-form-and-adjust-pores">How plants form and adjust pores</h2>



Stomata behave like adjustable valves, opening when light and water are plentiful and closing when drought or darkness loom. Their numbers are not fixed; plants can make more or fewer during development, tweaking their gas exchange to match the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-future-climate-conditions-will-transform-plant-growth/">environment</a>.



For that plasticity to work, precursor cells must decide whether to divide again or settle down as part of the pavement around a stoma. 



The new research focuses on these larger daughters, called stomatal lineage ground cells, which had been thought to be passive passengers in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-use-sugar-in-ways-we-never-imagined/">leaf</a> development.



The Stanford team captured day‑long movies of living leaves and tracked every fate choice. They discovered that the future of each cell depends on its own size and on the crowd of neighbors encircling it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-use-nearby-cells-to-control-pores">Plants use nearby cells to control pores</h2>



Signals drift through the leaf in the form of tiny peptides such as <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010603/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epidermal patterning factor 1</a> (EPF1) and its sibling EPF2, which tell nearby cells to slow down or stop forming new stomata. 



Because these messages travel only a short distance, the number of stomatal precursors touching a cell sets the strength of the “slow down” order.



Cells bordered by two or more precursors received a louder signal and dismantled an internal protein called <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982218302392" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SPEECHLESS</a> before it could trigger another split. Those with just one signaling neighbor heard only a whisper and often went on to divide again.



The researchers measured how fast SPEECHLESS disappeared and found that the rate jumped with every extra neighbor. By evening, many well‑connected cells had emptied their nuclei of the division‑promoting factor and settled into a quiet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-finally-learn-what-makes-plants-roots-grow-faster-and-stronger-autophagy/">life</a> as pavement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-cell-size">The role of cell size </h2>



Size turned out to be the second half of the script. When two sister cells emerged from a split, one was noticeably larger and carried a larger nucleus.



Bigger nuclei diluted the amount of SPEECHLESS even before degradation kicked in, pushing the concentration below the threshold needed to spark another round of division. Smaller sisters packed the protein more tightly and were free to keep the lineage going.



To confirm the link, the team boosted SPEECHLESS levels across the board. Large cells that normally would have retired instead re‑entered the cell cycle, proving that concentration, not mere presence, calls the shots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-use-internal-guides-to-shape-pores">Plants use internal guides to shape pores</h2>



“Compasses have dual roles,” said Bergmann. The study builds on earlier work showing that internal “compasses” guide each split so that one daughter remains small and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-roots-could-be-key-to-fighting-climate-change/">stem</a>‑like while the other grows large.&nbsp;



Bergmann explained that the same molecular north arrow orients the division plane and then reorganizes the contents of the newborn cells to cement their different futures. 



Computational models confirmed that size, neighbor count, and SPEECHLESS levels together predict a cell’s fate better than any factor alone.



Warm nights add another twist: higher temperatures activate a photoreceptor called PIF4 that limits SPEECHLESS production, cutting back the formation of new stomata. 



The Stanford data suggest that heat might tilt the balance further by shrinking protein levels just enough to keep big cells out of the cell cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-crops-and-farming">Improving crops and farming</h2>



Why should anyone without a microscope care how many times a leaf cell divides? Because every stoma trades water for carbon, the final stomatal count shapes a crop’s thirst and yield.



Breeders are already lowering <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37923396/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stomatal density</a> in wheat, barley, and rice to save water without hurting photosynthesis. Knowing that cell size and neighbor signals tune those numbers could make such tweaks more precise and less likely to backfire.



The work also hints at strategies for future‑proofing plants against heat waves. If larger precursor cells naturally avoid dividing under high temperature, selecting varieties with slightly bigger epidermal cells could be a subtle way to reduce water loss.



There is an evolutionary angle as well. Fossil leaves show that ancient plants reduced their stomatal density when atmospheric CO₂ climbed, mirroring the choices Bergmann’s cells make on a microscopic scale.



Understanding the cell‑level logic may help scientists read the rock record more accurately and model how modern forests will respond to rising greenhouse gases. It could even inform designs for synthetic leaves or bio‑inspired materials that need self‑regulating pores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-on-plants-and-their-pores">Research on plants and their pores</h2>



The Bergmann lab now wants to trace the still‑mysterious signals that link cell size to peptide output. They suspect a size‑sensing pathway unrelated to SPEECHLESS that may give big cells an extra nudge toward differentiation.



If that circuit can be mapped, it might be possible to rewire it, allowing crops to adjust their stomata on demand without penalties in growth. Such control would be a powerful tool in regions where water scarcity and heat routinely threaten harvests.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-57730-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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How plants decide where to put their breathing pores

Plants turn air into leaves, roots, and fruit, yet every...

Tropical trees are dying at faster rates than ever before. While deforestation continues to be a major issue, even untouched forests are seeing increased rates of tree death. 



Scientists have long pointed to drought, extreme heat, and wildfires as key contributing factors to tropical tree mortality. But now, they are highlighting another powerful and often-overlooked force: thunderstorms.



Unlike the more familiar hurricanes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-bomb-cyclones-increasing-due-to-climate-change/">cyclones</a>, these storms are short but intense. Their high winds and lightning can be devastating to trees.



According to a recent study from researchers at the <a href="https://www.caryinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies</a>, these storms are becoming more frequent due to climate change - and they’re causing serious harm to tropical forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-climate-cost-of-tropical-tree-death">The climate cost of tropical tree death</h2>



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-forests-are-struggling-to-keep-pace-with-climate-change/">Tropical forests</a> have massive effects on global climate. They're like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-rainforest-and-the-looming-threat-of-drought/">lungs of the Earth</a>, and we're seeing trees in them dying at higher rates than in the past, and the composition of forests is changing, too,” said Evan Gora, a forest ecologist at&nbsp;Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. 



“That could be really problematic for the future of not just tropical forests, but for the planet.”



While storms might seem like fleeting events, their impact on tropical forests can be lasting. These powerful bursts of wind and lightning can injure or topple even the largest trees, disrupting forest structure and biodiversity in seconds.



“Being in the forest during a tropical storm is unforgettable,” said study co-author Vanessa Rubio. “As the storm quickly builds, the sky darkens, humidity changes drastically, and strong winds shake the trees. 



"Then, thunder and lightning come. Leaves and branches fall to the ground, rain pours down, and your instinct is to get back to the field station as quickly as possible.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-silent-driver-of-tree-death">A silent driver of tree death</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/">Thunderstorms</a> haven’t been given the same attention as other climate-related threats. But that’s starting to change. The team re-examined data from earlier studies on tropical tree death and forest carbon levels. They found that storms are just as significant - if not more so - than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/">drought</a> or heat.



“We were surprised to find that storms may be the largest single factor causing tree death in these forests, and they’re largely overlooked by research into carbon storage in the tropics,” said Gora. 



“Our estimates suggest that storms are responsible for 30 to 60% of tree mortality in the past, and that number must be increasing as storm activity increases by 5 to 25% each decade.”



When the researchers added storms to the largest plot-based study on tropical forest carbon, the picture changed dramatically. The previous data showed a sharp drop in carbon when temperatures rose above a certain point. But adding storms made that link disappear.



“But when you add storms, that relationship goes away,” Gora said. “It basically shows that you have to include storms, or you might not get the answers right.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-double-trouble-for-tropical-trees">Double trouble for tropical trees</h2>



The team found that storms and drought often hit the same forests. The southern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-show-amazon-rainfall-is-getting-more-extreme/">Amazon</a>, for instance, experiences both frequent storms and severe water stress. These combined threats are reshaping the region’s ecology.



“During my studies on threats to tropical forests, my professors, our textbooks, and even overall climate policy never mentioned small, convective storms as a potential source of forest mortality,” said study co-author Ian McGregor.



“I don't remember seeing them in global climate models used to inform climate policy. Given our findings, however, it's clear we need a more thorough understanding of these storms to have more accurate climate models, and thus more effective policy,” he added.



So why have storms flown under the radar until now? Part of the reason is that heat and drought are easier to measure. Tools like weather stations and long-term satellite tracking make it simpler to monitor those threats. 



But storms are different. They strike quickly and cause scattered damage. Satellites often miss the evidence of tropical tree deaths, and it’s nearly impossible for researchers to check vast forests manually after every storm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-trees-from-sky-to-soil">Tracking trees from sky to soil</h2>



To address these challenges, the team launched the Gigante project, co-led by the University of Birmingham. It uses a combination of lightning-tracking systems, drones, and field experts to monitor large areas of tropical forest. 



This enables scientists to pinpoint the location and extent of tree death, when the damage occurs, and which species are most at risk.



“If we make decisions about which species to plant or conserve based on an incorrect understanding of what's actually killing these trees and which species are most vulnerable, those forests won’t reach their full potential,” said Gora. 



Mature trees are especially vulnerable to storm damage. Without clearer insight, we might not realize our reforestation choices were flawed until decades later.



“However, if we can build a more holistic picture of what’s driving forest change, we can be a lot more confident in guiding forest management practices for long-term sustainability," noted Gora.



Understanding why tropical trees are dying isn’t just a scientific concern - it’s a climate priority with global consequences.



The study is to be <a href="https://www.caryinstitute.org/news-insights/press-release/thunderstorms-are-major-driver-tree-death-tropical-forests">published</a> in a perspective article in the journal Ecology Letters.



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Tropical tree deaths are increasing, even in untouched forests

Tropical trees are dying at faster rates than ever before....

For many years, scientists believed that plants sensed heat using proteins active mostly at night. But recent findings reveal something far more complex. 



A new study led by Professor Meng Chen from the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a>, shows that during the day, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-roots-could-be-key-to-fighting-climate-change/">plants</a> rely on sugar and a combination of thermal signals to detect warmth and adjust their growth.



The research reshapes long-standing views. The results uncover how plants integrate sunlight, sugar, and internal signals to regulate daytime thermomorphogenesis, the growth response triggered by warmth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-sense-heat-differently-by-day">Plants sense heat differently by day</h2>



“Our textbooks say that proteins like phytochrome B and early flowering 3 (ELF3) are the main thermosensors in plants,” Chen said. “But those models are based on nighttime data." 



"We wanted to know what’s happening during the day, when light and temperature are both high because these are the conditions most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-pressure-has-a-hidden-impact-on-plant-diversity/">plants</a> actually experience.”



Previous models focused on phytochrome B (phyB) and ELF3, both of which are responsive at night. But in strong sunlight, phyB becomes constantly activated, shutting down its heat-sensing role. 



The research team tested Arabidopsis plants under a range of temperatures and red-light intensities, including conditions mimicking midday sun.



The paper shows two clear heat responses. One operates between 12 and 21 °C and depends on phyB. The other, active between 21 and 27 °C, does not rely on phyB. This second, sugar-driven response remains active even under intense light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-helps-plants-detect-daytime-heat">Sugar helps plants detect daytime heat</h2>



The study reveals that sugar is more than just a fuel. It is a heat signal during daylight. “That’s when we realized sugar wasn’t just fueling growth,” Chen said. “It was acting like a signal, telling the plant that it’s warm.”



Under high temperatures, chloroplasts break down stored starch into sucrose. This sugar then stabilizes PIF4, a protein that drives growth. 



Without sugar, PIF4 degrades. With sugar, PIF4 sticks around, so long as another protein, ELF3, also lifts its repressive control.



The&nbsp;study&nbsp;confirms that adding sucrose to mutant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-finally-learn-what-makes-plants-roots-grow-faster-and-stronger-autophagy/">plants</a> restores growth, even in darkness. This shows sugar acts independently from light and provides a thermal cue during the day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-growth-needs-both-sugar-and-heat">Plant growth needs both sugar and heat</h2>



“PIF4 needs two things,” Chen explained. “Sugar to stick around, and freedom from repression. Temperature helps provide both.”



This dual system operates like an "AND" gate in electronics. Both sucrose and the release from ELF3 inhibition are required for full thermoresponsive growth. Sucrose promotes PIF4 stability, while high temperature relieves ELF3's suppression.



When either cue is missing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-for-biological-diversity-2025-bonding-with-nature/">plants</a> fail to elongate properly. But when both are present, like sugar and warmth, PIF4 can trigger auxin-related genes that stretch the plant upwards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-blocks-growth-until-it-s-warm">Protein blocks growth until it’s warm</h2>



Interestingly, ELF3 inhibits PIF4 in two ways. It blocks its production and its activity. High temperatures disable ELF3, freeing PIF4 to act. This insight flips older beliefs that ELF3 only worked at night.



The&nbsp;microscopy images and data on page 8&nbsp;reveal that even without ELF3, plants can respond to sugar and still grow taller. But only with both sugar and heat do PIF4 targets like IAA19 and YUC9 become active.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engineering-stronger-crops">Engineering stronger crops</h2>



“This changes how we think about thermosensing in plants,” Chen said. “It’s not just about proteins flipping on or off. It’s about energy, light, sugar, as well.”



Understanding these systems has practical value. As global temperatures rise, crops need to grow reliably. Knowing that starch breakdown and sugar signaling help regulate growth can help scientists design better, more heat-resilient plants.



Researchers also&nbsp;illustrate how the three thermosensors, phyB, ELF3, and chloroplast-sucrose, work together. This multisensor setup allows plants to fine-tune growth, even under extreme conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-use-sugar-smartly-to-grow">Plants use sugar smartly to grow </h2>



Plants live silent lives, but their internal machinery buzzes with complex decisions. In the heat of the day, they don't just react, they calculate. 



By using sugars to sense their environment, they respond with a quiet precision that helps them grow exactly when conditions are right. This study doesn't just add to our knowledge. It rewrites it.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-60498-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Plants use sugar in ways we never imagined

For many years, scientists believed that plants sensed heat using...

Flour,Chickpeas,In,Spoonful,,Chick-peas,In,A,Sack,And,Fresh

For decades, studies on mice, monkeys, and even roundworms have pointed to calorie restriction as a ticket to longevity. Trouble is, perpetual hunger does not rank high on most bucket lists, and adherence to such strict diets tends to plummet once real life barges in with birthdays and barbecues.



By the time researchers at the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin</a> put calorie-cutting under the microscope, they noticed a pattern: eating less helped animals live longer, but the menu’s makeup mattered just as much. 



That discovery widened the spotlight to proteins, the nutrients stitched together from 20 common <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/amino-acids" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amino acids</a>. Nine of those are “essential,” meaning the body cannot manufacture them.



Early work hinted that dialing down total protein might mirror the benefits of calorie restriction without the gnawing hunger. 



Mice fed modest protein saw improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-this-amount-of-water-per-day-helps-control-blood-sugar-levels-in-people-with-diabetes/">blood sugar</a> control and trimmer waistlines, yet blanket reductions risked muscle loss, especially in older animals. Something more surgical was needed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-quality-over-quantity">Protein quality over quantity</h2>



Metabolism researcher <a href="https://www.medicine.wisc.edu/directory/lamming_dudley" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dudley Lamming</a> stepped into that gap with a question few had asked: what if the magic hides in specific amino acids rather than protein as a whole? 



“We like to say a calorie is not just a calorie,” he says. “Different components of your diet have value and impact beyond their function as a calorie, and we’ve been digging in on one component that many people may be eating too much of.”



His team homed in on the branched-chain amino acids - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-too-much-protein-greatly-increases-heart-disease-risk/">leucine</a>, isoleucine, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-use-dna-duplication-to-increase-their-resilience/">valine</a> - popular in sports supplements for their muscle-building buzz. Instead of treating them as a block, the researchers isolated each one. Isoleucine quickly took center stage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cutting-back-on-isoleucine">Cutting back on isoleucine</h2>



When mice at the equivalent of 30 human years were fed chow that cut isoleucine by about two-thirds, their bodies shed fat quickly. 



“Very quickly, we saw the mice on the reduced-isoleucine diet lose adiposity - their bodies got leaner, they lost fat,” says Lamming. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spicy-foods-can-slow-down-eating-and-cut-calorie-intake/">Calorie intake</a> actually climbed; the animals nibbled more in an apparent effort to find the missing amino acid, yet their metabolisms revved high enough to keep weight off.



Over time, male mice lived about 33 percent longer, and females about 7 percent. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/isoleucine_amino-acid_diet-restriction_lifespan-increase_credit-Cell-Metabolism_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/isoleucine_amino-acid_diet-restriction_lifespan-increase_credit-Cell-Metabolism_1s.webp" alt="This graphic illustration shows the impact that reduced isoleucine diet had on mice longevity. Credit: Cell Metabolism" class="wp-image-1975852"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This graphic illustration shows the impact that reduced isoleucine diet had on mice longevity. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Cell Metabolism</figcaption></figure>



That extra runway arrived with smoother blood sugar curves, sturdier muscles, and fewer signs of frailty across 26 health checks - from grip strength to coat condition. 



Cancer, the usual culprit in an aging mouse colony, struck less often in males on the low-isoleucine diet, and prostate enlargement eased.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-isoleucine-shapes-lifespan">How isoleucine shapes lifespan</h2>



Most roads in the aging field eventually intersect with <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01608-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mTOR</a>, a cellular sensor finely tuned to amino acid levels. 



Drop isoleucine, and mTOR quiets down, dialing back growth signals that drive both tumor formation and the wear-and-tear of aging. 



The diet also boosts a hormone that helps the body cope with cold and is being studied as a potential diabetes therapy. 



The interplay of these pathways - not yet fully mapped - likely explains why trimming one nutrient outperforms broader protein cuts in middle-aged mice.



“Previous research has shown lifespan increase with low-calorie and low-protein or low-amino-acid diets starting in very young mice,” Lamming explains.



“We started with mice that were already getting older. It’s interesting and encouraging to think a dietary change could still make such a big difference in lifespan and what we call ‘healthspan,’ even when it started closer to mid-life.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isoleucine-and-human-health">Isoleucine and human health</h2>



Humans need isoleucine for everything from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tibetan-women-have-quickly-evolved-to-thrive-in-low-oxygen-and-high-altitudes/">hemoglobin production</a> to immune defense, so eliminating it is off the table. 



The wrinkle is that many Western diets supply far more than the daily requirement, thanks to eggs, cheese, soy isolates, chicken, and beef featuring heavily on menus. 



Surveys from Wisconsin echo national data: people with higher body-mass indexes often report higher isoleucine intake.



“We can’t just switch everyone to a low-isoleucine diet,” Lamming continued. “But narrowing these benefits down to a single amino acid gets us closer to understanding the biological processes and maybe potential interventions for humans, like an isoleucine-blocking drug.”



The team’s nutritional modeling suggests that choosing more fruits, vegetables, and modest portions of animal protein can shave isoleucine totals without complicated meal plans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-trials-come-next">Human trials come next</h2>



Because the study relied on a genetically diverse strain of mice - much closer to human variety than lab inbreds - confidence is higher that the findings translate. 



Yet controlled human trials are still required. Researchers are now exploring whether temporary isoleucine dips, similar to the popular five-day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alternate-day-fasting-might-be-worth-trying-for-weight-loss/">fasting-mimicking diet</a>, can trigger the same metabolic perks without long-term restriction.



“It could be that by choosing healthier foods and healthier eating in general, we might be able to lower isoleucine enough to make a difference,” Lamming surmised.



While clinicians wait for definitive guidance, nutritionists already recommend leaning on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-cover-crops-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-farming/">legumes, whole grains, and vegetables</a>, which naturally carry less isoleucine than dairy or red meat. That shift dovetails with broader public-health advice to curb chronic disease risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eat-right-feel-good-live-longer">Eat right, feel good, live longer</h2>



To sum it all up, living longer has always hinged on a balance between what bodies need and what wears them out. 



The latest evidence suggests that tipping the scales away from a single amino acid might buy extra years without sacrificing satisfaction at the table. 



Turning lab findings into dinner-plate habits won’t happen overnight, but the path is far clearer now than when the conversation started with simply “eat less.”



These full studies were published in the journals <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(23)00374-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Metabolism</a> and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00744-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a>.



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Removing this one thing from your diet could dramatically increase lifespan

For decades, studies on mice, monkeys, and even roundworms have...

Warsaw isn’t short on parks or tree-lined boulevards, but a trio of Polish universities wondered whether smaller, resident-run gardens could add something crucial to the capital’s climate resilience.



To find out, researchers from <a href="https://english.swps.pl/">SWPS University</a>, <a href="https://eng.pw.edu.pl/">Warsaw University of Technology</a>, and the <a href="https://www.sggw.edu.pl/en/">Warsaw University of Life Sciences</a> mapped every vacant meadow, former orchard, and post-industrial lot within easy walking distance of apartment blocks.



They came up with a staggering 1,864 hectares (4,600 acres) - more than enough space, they say, for a citywide network of community gardens that soak up stormwater, cool overheated streets, and capture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-diverse-crops-traps-carbon-and-boosts-soil-health/">carbon</a>.



The investigation combined that spatial analysis with more than 250 in-depth interviews. The goal was to see who is already gardening, what motivates them, and how much social capital - trust, shared norms, cooperative spirit - might be harvested alongside tomatoes and herbs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-uses-the-urban-gardens">Who uses the urban gardens</h2>



It turns out the movement is surprisingly broad. Urban gardening brings together all social groups, the team reports, from school children planting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-are-disappearing-and-its-bad-news-for-plants/">pollinator</a> patches to cultural institutions converting courtyards into micro-farms.



Still, two cohorts dominate the regular volunteer lists: retirees - often women with higher education - and young middle class families. 



Most gardens revolve around a core group of 10 to 15 steady hands, supplemented by casual helpers and passers-by who stop to chat, water, or simply lounge among the raised beds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-motivation-of-urban-gardeners">Motivation of urban gardeners </h2>



Why do they show up week after week? According to study co-author Piotr Majewski of SWPS University, the motivations of urban gardeners vary. 



"The most important ones are: reconnection to nature, positive contribution to the environment, social relations, and mutual learning between gardeners," said Majewski.



Food, interestingly, is not the primary driver. Leaders said harvests help, but real value comes from biodiversity, composting, and public workshops on sustainable living.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-plots-big-impact">Tiny plots, big impact</h2>



Those activities tally with an expanding body of international research linking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-carbon-footprint-urban-farms-and-agriculture/">urban agriculture</a> to climate adaptation. 



Even pocket-size plots act as carbon sinks, trap particulate pollution, and soften the urban heat island. Raised beds can be engineered to hold back flash-flood water, while compost heaps divert organic waste from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landfills-emit-exorbitant-amount-methane-into-atmosphere/">landfills</a>.



For Warsaw, the numbers are compelling. Nearly all of the identified 1,864 hectares (4,600 acres) lie within a quarter mile of housing, meaning a potential garden is no farther than a ten-minute stroll for most residents - and often half that.



Such proximity, the experts argue, makes it easier to harness gardens as a distributed green-infrastructure network in a warming metropolis of nearly two million people.



Yet the real strength may be social. Garden groups knit neighbors together, boosting the informal networks that cities rely on during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-heatwaves-more-deadly/">heatwaves</a>, floods, or other climate-related shocks.



Many interviewees said they joined to cultivate community first, vegetables second. Regular workdays double as impromptu skill‐shares: retirees pass on horticultural know-how, children learn ecological stewardship, and newcomers forge local friendships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-gardens-in-city-plans">Urban gardens in city plans</h2>



Majewski and his colleagues believe Warsaw’s planners should take that social-ecological synergy seriously.



“The system of community gardens should also be considered as a tool to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-power-of-imagination-in-climate-change-adaptation/">climate change adaptation</a> solutions in urban policies in spatial planning - provided that they are considered an important link in the urban green infrastructure system,” he explained.



To get there, the researchers lay out a handful of recommendations. First, city hall could weave gardens into official zoning strategies rather than treating them as informal afterthoughts. 



That might mean leasing public land at peppercorn rents, streamlining permits, or integrating gardens into new housing estates from the design phase.



Second, municipal agencies could supply starter kits - soil, timber, rain barrels - while leaving day-to-day management to residents. Third, wider publicity would help spread the idea beyond the usual eco-activist circles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-gardens-citywide">Scaling gardens citywide</h2>



The study also flags areas for further research. At what point does a collection of isolated plots start delivering measurable cooling or flood mitigation benefits? 



How can Warsaw ensure that garden networks thrive in all districts, not just affluent ones with vocal community groups? And what responsibilities will fall on municipal departments when gardens become part of critical infrastructure rather than hobby spaces?



Those unknowns aside, the evidence is clear: Warsaw already hosts a vibrant cohort of “hero activists” who coax life from overlooked corners.



With modest institutional backing, their trowels and compost bins could double as climate-adaptation tools - cooling concrete and absorbing rainfall. 



Perhaps most importantly, they help draw neighbors together in a city that will need every ounce of solidarity as temperatures rise.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/mgrsd-2025-0005">Miscellanea Geographic</a>.



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Urban gardens help cities fight climate change

Warsaw isn’t short on parks or tree-lined boulevards, but a...

Virginia faces a stubborn enemy: the spotted lanternfly (SLF). These invasive insects damage trees, crops, and gardens by feeding on plant sap and leaving behind sticky honeydew. A research team led by Assistant Professor Scotty Yang at Virginia Tech has discovered an unexpected helper in the battle against this pest: ants.



Yang and his team found that ants, drawn to honeydew, can carry traces of lanternfly DNA in their bodies. By analyzing the ants, scientists can now detect whether the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-swim-in-schools-by-stacking-like-ladder-rungs/">pest</a> has reached an area, even without spotting the insect directly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ants-collect-lanternfly-dna">Ants collect lanternfly DNA</h2>



The research is based on environmental DNA, or eDNA. This approach collects genetic material that organisms leave behind in their surroundings. 



Spotted lanternflies leave DNA in their sugary waste, which ants readily consume. Scientists then apply a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, to identify SLF DNA inside the ants.



“Ants are nature’s sugar seekers,” Yang said. “If there’s even a tiny drop of honeydew left behind by a spotted lanternfly, ants are likely to find it.”



Yang’s team named the method “antDNA.” Even a single meal of honeydew lets <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/swarm-intelligence-ants-can-anticipate-obstacles-and-plan-ahead/">ants</a> retain the lanternfly's DNA for up to five days. Because ants roam widely, this method can detect SLF activity from as far as 100 meters from the infestation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-tests-across-virginia">Field tests across Virginia</h2>



Researchers tested the method at three Virginia sites: Salem, Lynchburg Site 1, and Lynchburg Site 2. These locations represented low, medium, and high lanternfly densities. 



At each site, they placed honey-baited lure stations along transects, attracting ants with cotton balls soaked in honey.



The Salem site showed a 46.7 percent positive rate for SLF DNA. Lynchburg Site 1 and Site 2 showed 62.1 percent and 62.5 percent, respectively. Most stations attracted ants within 30 minutes, proving the method’s ease of use.



The study also tested ants from nine species. SLF DNA was found even in ants that had not directly fed on honeydew, likely due to food sharing within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/selfish-dna-in-a-few-ants-can-change-the-behavior-of-the-entire-colony/">colonies</a>. This behavior, known as trophallaxis, helps spread the DNA signal among nestmates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ants-outperform-other-lanternfly-detectors">Ants outperform other lanternfly detectors</h2>



The antDNA technique works across landscapes and does not depend on the pest being visible. Unlike other methods, it does not require water, filtration, or special storage. Ants can be preserved in ethanol without refrigeration, reducing the burden on field teams.



Ants are present in nearly every habitat, from forests to cities. The collection setup is simple and inexpensive. The ants’ ability to hold liquid in their crop allows the DNA to stay detectable longer than in typical surface samples. 



The study confirmed that DNA from honeydew lasts longer than DNA from insect tissue, making honeydew a more stable source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-early-detection">Importance of early detection</h2>



Spotted lanternflies harm many plants, including grapevines, hardwoods, and hops. As they feed, they weaken plants and coat them in honeydew. This sticky substance promotes sooty mold, which further harms plant health. 



Early detection is critical because removing the pest becomes harder once it spreads. Current surveillance efforts rely on human sightings of the insect or its egg masses. These sightings often occur only when the population has already grown. 



The ant surveillance method allows early detection of lanternfly species even in low-density zones and inaccessible areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-up-and-looking-forward">Scaling up and looking forward</h2>



Yang and his team are now working on a portable test kit for use in the field. This will allow real-time molecular testing without needing a full lab. Faster results mean quicker action against the pest.



“One of the biggest advantages of using ants is that they live almost everywhere, such as forests, farms, cities - you name it,” Yang said. “Their constant search for food makes them ideal frontline samplers for spotted lanternfly DNA.”



This approach offers a new way to watch for invasive species like lanternflies using ants, without depending on visual surveys. It opens up possibilities for surveillance that is fast, flexible, and low-cost.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ants-may-detect-other-pests-like-lanternflies">Ants may detect other pests like lanternflies</h2>



The method could be expanded to track other pests. Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-many-ants-live-on-earth-at-any-point-in-time-total-number-is-astounding/">insects</a> excrete honeydew, and ants can pick up their DNA too. This opens the door for broader pest detection strategies using the same principle.



Ants, in their natural role as sugar hunters, may become an essential part of protecting crops, forests, and native ecosystems. With antDNA, researchers are tapping into nature’s own behaviors to find smarter ways of monitoring invasive threats.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.8814" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a>.



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How ants could help stop the tree-killing lanternfly

Virginia faces a stubborn enemy: the spotted lanternfly (SLF). These...

When you look at a forest, the variety of trees you see above ground is only part of the story. Beneath the soil, vast networks of fungi influence which trees thrive, which coexist, and how forests respond to the challenges of climate and geography.



A new study led by researchers from <a href="https://www.purdue.edu/">Purdue University</a> and <a href="https://english.pku.edu.cn/">Peking University</a> has revealed how these underground fungal allies shape tree diversity across the globe. Their influence varies depending on latitude, moisture, and environmental stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-hidden-beneath-forests">Fungi hidden beneath forests</h2>



Jingjing Liang, an associate professor of quantitative forest ecology at Purdue, co-led the study with Zhiheng Wang from Peking University.



“What we can see above ground is governed to a large extent by what is happening belowground,” said Liang.



The experts analyzed data from over 442,000 forest plots worldwide and focused on two main groups of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/">mycorrhizal fungi</a>: ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 



Both form partnerships with tree roots, trading nutrients for carbohydrates, but they do so in different ways that profoundly influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/">forest diversity</a>.



“The loss in tree species diversity may damage the ecosystem services provided by forests," Wang said. "Understanding the mechanisms driving the maintenance of tree species forest diversity is fundamental for the conservation of tree species diversity.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solving-a-forest-diversity-puzzle">Solving a forest diversity puzzle</h2>



For years, scientists have debated how fungal partnerships impact tree species diversity, proposing three competing hypotheses. This comprehensive global study found that all three are valid, depending on environmental context.



“Our findings reconcile inconsistencies regarding how mycorrhizal symbiosis influences tree species diversity,” Wang said.



Using precise forest inventory data collected worldwide, the team applied advanced statistical methods to filter noise from complex ecological data, revealing hidden patterns.



“With this data, we were able to very accurately capture this relationship between different types of mycorrhizal fungi and forest tree species diversity,” Liang explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungal-effects-shift-with-climate">Fungal effects shift with climate</h2>



<a href="https://umich.edu/">University of Michigan</a> ecologist Peter Reich, a senior co-author, highlighted the value of the study’s comprehensive approach. 



“This insight would have been impossible to detect without the comprehensiveness of this dataset, which allows us to test across large gradients of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-altering-the-temperature-in-66-of-tropical-forests/">temperature</a>, moisture, and latitude,” he said.



Reich explained that ectomycorrhizal fungi often dominate in cold, nutrient-poor regions that naturally have fewer tree species. Without a broad dataset, this dominance could obscure the fungi’s more nuanced effects.



“But by being able to tease apart temperature and moisture, we can see that when conditions are generally good," he said. "The more abundant the ectomycorrhizal are, the more they do to reduce tree richness.”



The process is complex. While dominant tree species naturally suppress less competitive species, root <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-pandemic-looms-as-pathogens-move-from-wild-plants-to-crops/">pathogens</a> usually check the dominance, allowing diversity. 



Ectomycorrhizal fungi suppress these pathogens, enabling dominant trees to thrive unchecked, which can reduce species diversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harder-climates-stronger-alliances">Harder climates, stronger alliances</h2>



The study also found that under stressful conditions - such as low moisture or cold climates - the combination of both fungal types fosters greater diversity.



In these environments, resource-sharing partnerships help more tree species survive, while pathogen suppression plays a smaller role.



“Both ways of influencing tree diversity are real, but their relative balance and magnitude of impacts vary with environmental context,” Reich said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healing-forests-from-below">Healing forests from below</h2>



Liang emphasized that understanding the hidden fungal networks in forests is akin to treating a patient holistically. 



“We should not just look at the surface symptoms. We should look deep down, literally to the roots of the problems, and that is belowground mutualism,” he said.



This work, supported by the <a href="https://www.gfbinitiative.org/">Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative</a> and its Science-i platform, demonstrates how global collaborations can untangle complex ecological questions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-conservation-and-fungal-networks">Forest conservation and fungal networks</h2>



The findings open pathways for further research: How do these underground alliances affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-forests-with-many-tree-species-are-more-effective-at-carbon-storage/">carbon storage</a> in forests? Can fostering specific fungal partnerships enhance forest resilience in a changing climate?



&nbsp;“And what can we do to enhance the health of our forest ecosystem by not just seeing what is on the surface, but what is belowground?” Liang asked.



By revealing the profound influence of underground fungal networks on forest diversity, this research underscores that the key to healthier forests - and perhaps a healthier planet - may lie hidden beneath our feet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt5743">Science Advances</a>.



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How an invisible fungal alliance helps forests thrive

When you look at a forest, the variety of trees...

The world’s appetite for avocados rests almost entirely on a single variety: the creamy Hass. That genetic sameness has streamlined production into a multibillion-dollar industry. 



But it also invites disaster, as uniform orchards can collapse quickly when faced with a new pest, pathogen, or heat wave.



To find a different path, experts from <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/">Texas A&amp;M University</a> have traveled far back in time - 11,000 years - to a Honduran rockshelter whose charred ancient avocado pits chronicle the birth of the crop and offer clues to a more resilient future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avocado-fossils-in-a-cave">Avocado fossils in a cave</h2>



El Gigante, perched high in the western Honduran highlands, is a natural vault. Its dry interior has preserved plant remains that would normally rot in the humid tropics.



“It’s a truly incredible preservation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-reveals-how-plants-use-winged-seeds-to-expand-their-habitats/">plant fossils</a> and an abundance of avocado remains in a tropical region where plants generally do not preserve well,” said co-author Heather B. Thakar, an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&amp;M.



Layer upon layer of seeds, rinds, and other botanical scraps lie undisturbed, creating a sequential record of human meals - and human influence on local plants - stretching back to the end of the last ice age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avocados-outlived-their-giants">Avocados outlived their giants</h2>



According to the scientists, avocados first evolved to entice gigantic browsers such as gomphotheres and mammoths.



“Avocados are an amazing food source for humans, rich in healthy fats and nutrients that are essential to us,” Thakar said.



“But they originally evolved as a food source for ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracing-the-disappearance-of-north-americas-megafauna/">megafauna</a> like giant sloths (gomphotheres) and mammoths that lived in the Americas during the last ice age.”



When those animals disappeared, humans stepped in to fill the ecological vacancy. Evidence at El Gigante shows early foragers selectively tending wild trees, nurturing seedlings with bigger seeds and fleshier fruit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farming-over-thousands-of-years">Farming over thousands of years</h2>



The team radiocarbon-dated hundreds of pits and rinds to build an exceptionally fine-grained timeline. Measurements revealed a steady upsizing: seeds grew larger and rinds thicker as the centuries passed.



“Through traditional forest management practices, people were selecting bigger and thicker-skinned avocados,” Thakar noted.



By 7,500 years ago, fruit size and durability hint that growers could harvest and transport avocados across larger distances. Full domestication appears roughly 2,000 years ago. 



That makes avocado cultivation in Honduras older than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maize-plant-genetics-shape-root-health-and-growth/">maize</a>, beans, or squash - crops that would later dominate Mesoamerican farming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-lessons-for-future-crops">Past lessons for future crops</h2>



“Our work with El Gigante's avocado remains offers valuable information about resilience and adaptation in the face of climate change,” Thakar said.



Unlike modern orchardists who propagate identical Hass cuttings through grafting, ancient farmers planted seeds, preserving genetic variety.



“Much of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-trees-protect-their-genetic-diversity-for-millions-of-years/">genetic diversity</a> of ancient avocados still exists in wild populations in Mexico and Central America,” Thakar added.



“By developing new avocado varieties through seed selection from both modern domesticated plants and wild populations, we may have a better chance of adapting to these changing conditions than relying on cloning alone.”



Broadening commercial stock with traits such as drought tolerance or disease resistance could buffer future harvests against environmental shocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-avocado-cave-earns-global-notice">Ancient avocado cave earns global notice</h2>



Scientists and local communities alike recognize El Gigante not just for its cultural importance, but for its scientific value as well. 



Honduras has proposed the shelter for <a href="https://www.wmf.org/videos/content-world-monuments-fund-and-unesco-world-heritage-sites?gad_source=1&amp;gad_campaignid=22461168217&amp;gbraid=0AAAAAD4zJBFj8U_yyOJyxKFquaCnnbg_W&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjw64jDBhDXARIsABkk8J4mTznkcgn5ncX37Yk-yEugipmynhK175QfaNBsiUamSXP-bxWKUXQaAi-cEALw_wcB">UNESCO World Heritage</a> status, and Thakar’s team supplies documentation to bolster the case.



“All of the research that we have undertaken is used in support of El Gigante's recent nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage site,” she said.



Although the site’s awkward three-meter climb has deterred looters, occasional campers and hunters do stray inside - making formal protection urgent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cave-full-of-agriculture">A cave full of agriculture</h2>



El Gigante also stores early evidence for squash and maize domestication. Thakar is actively working on a publication that details the arrival of maize and the 4,500 years of diversification and improvement of this globally important crop.



Thakar's methods - radiocarbon dating, stable-isotope chemistry, and 3-D morphometrics - merge hard science with cultural anthropology. 



She applies this toolkit across Mexico, Belize, and Nicaragua to map humanity’s long partnership with plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-farming-modern-lessons">Ancient farming, modern lessons</h2>



“The vast majority of food consumed today is a product of domestication,” Thakar said.



Understanding that protracted process can guide modern breeders. Ancient cultivators operated without greenhouses or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gene-modification-can-create-better-tomatoes-eggplants-but-should-we-do-it/">genetic engineering</a>, yet they produced crops - like avocadoes - exquisitely tuned to local soils and climates.



Unearthing those forgotten lineages may reveal alleles lost in today’s streamlined varieties. 



“By studying domestication, we can recover ancient varieties and cultural knowledge that has helped humans become the incredibly successful species that we are," said Thakar.



"It's information that can be used to improve our crops today and ensure our continued survival into the future."



From a Honduran cliffside to global orchards, the avocado’s story shows that agricultural resilience springs from diversity - and that sometimes the best way forward is to look back.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2417072122">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Cave discovery of ancient avocados could rescue a global crop

The world’s appetite for avocados rests almost entirely on a...

The move from hunting and gathering to farming changed human life forever. It shaped how we live, eat, work, and organize our communities. 



But how exactly this shift happened across regions like Anatolia and the Aegean has long been debated. Did early farmers move in and bring agriculture with them? Or did local hunter-gatherers adopt new ways on their own?



A recent study sheds light on this complex transition. Scientists from Middle East Technical University (METU) and Hacettepe University in Turkey, working with the <a href="https://www.unil.ch/unil/en/home.html">University of Lausanne</a> (UNIL) in Switzerland, used both archaeology and genetics to piece together the story. 



The research shows that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-neolithic-mountain-settlers-used-complex-farming-methods/">Neolithic</a> shift wasn’t a one-size-fits-all process. In some places, people moved in with new ideas. In others, the ideas moved faster than the people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farming-spread-without-people-moving">Farming spread without people moving</h2>



By analyzing DNA and artifacts together, the team uncovered a more nuanced picture of how early farming spread. 



“In some regions of West Anatolia, we see the first transitions to village life nearly 10,000 years ago. However, we also observe thousands of years of genetic continuity, which means that populations did not migrate or mix massively, even though <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preserving-your-cultural-traditions-drastically-improves-mental-health/">cultural transition</a> was definitely happening,” explained Dilek Koptekin, the study’s first author.



This means that, in parts of Anatolia, people were changing how they lived without being replaced by outsiders. The local communities stayed genetically stable for thousands of years - even as their tools, homes, and rituals evolved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-exchange-of-farming-ideas">Cultural exchange of farming ideas</h2>



We already knew that by around 6,000 BCE, farmers from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-sheds-new-light-on-the-origins-of-the-first-farmers/">Anatolia</a> were moving into Europe, replacing hunting and gathering with agriculture. But what happened before that moment wasn’t clear. 



“Our study allows us to go back in time - to events that were mainly a matter of speculation up to now,” said Koptekin.



One of the key breakthroughs came from sequencing the genome of a 9,000-year-old individual from West Anatolia - the oldest such genome recovered from the region. 



Alongside this, the researchers looked at 29 new paleogenomes and combined that with existing data. The results pointed to something unexpected: very little change in the population’s genetic makeup for over 7,000 years.



“Genetically speaking, these people were mainly locals, meaning that their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-discovery-anadoluvius-turkae-suggests-humans-originated-in-europe-not-africa/">ancestors</a> had not recently arrived from elsewhere. Yet their material culture evolved rapidly: they moved from caves to houses, and adopted new tools and rituals from afar," said Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas from UNIL.



"This suggests that these communities adopted Neolithic practices by cultural exchange rather than population replacement.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-on-the-move">Culture on the move</h2>



So how did new ideas reach these communities without large migrations? The answer might be in what the researchers call "background mobility." 



“This means a low but steady movement of individuals around different regions, perhaps linked to exchange, finding partners, or other motivations. These encounters then led to the sharing of material and ideas.” explained Mehmet Somel from METU.



Evidence of this kind of subtle movement shows up in trade goods like obsidian - volcanic glass used to make tools - found in West Anatolia but sourced from volcanoes in Central Anatolia, hundreds of kilometers away. 



It’s a clear sign that people were connected, even if they weren’t relocating in large numbers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-matching-genes-and-artifacts">Matching genes and artifacts</h2>



To get a deeper understanding of how movement and exchange worked, the team used a new approach. They matched ancient DNA data with archaeological findings by reviewing hundreds of studies and quantifying things like pottery styles, tools, and architectural remains. 



“By giving quantitative values to the archaeological data, we were able to directly compare large amounts of data across different sites for the first time,” said Çiğdem Atakuman from METU.



This allowed the researchers to see where people might have moved, and where ideas and practices like farming spread independently of population shifts.



The findings also support a long-standing saying among archaeologists: “Pots don’t equal people.” 



Just because a new style of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baltic-pottery-reveals-ancient-culinary-traditions/">pottery</a> appears in the archaeological record doesn’t mean a new group of people moved in. “Our study confirms this notion,” said Koptekin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-neolithic-was-a-mix-of-changes">The Neolithic was a mix of changes</h2>



Migration wasn’t completely off the table. In some parts of Anatolia, genetic data shows that around 7,000 BCE, new groups did arrive and mix with local populations. In the Aegean, too, another wave of movement brought new cultural elements that would later spread into Europe.



“These types of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeline-early-humans-great-migration-reached-america-challenged-again/">migration</a> events, which leave genetically visible shifts, probably comprised a small fraction of movement happening compared to background mobility,” said Füsun Özer from Hacettepe University. 



“The Neolithic, in this view, was not a single process, but a patchwork of transformations, combining cultural adoption, mobility, and at times, migration.”



Koptekin noted that humans have always been adaptive and inclined to change their way of living. "We don’t need crises or big migration events to bring about change."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-more-balanced-way-to-do-science">A more balanced way to do science</h2>



The study was primarily led by researchers based in Turkey, a point the team sees as crucial. For Malaspinas, this kind of collaboration helps science grow in a more balanced way. 



“Our collaboration shows how we, as a scientific community, should move forward to create a more inclusive and globally balanced research landscape,” she said.



By linking large-scale archaeological and genetic data, the researchers were able to move past overly simple models of how farming spread. The story is richer, more complex, and more human.



And that’s the real takeaway: change didn’t always come from conquest or collapse. Sometimes, people just tried something new - and stuck with it.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr3326">Science</a>.



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Ideas traveled farther than people in the early days of farming

The move from hunting and gathering to farming changed human...

The skin is our first protective barrier. With time, the outer layer, the epidermis, thins out. It loses its ability to block external harm. Keratinocytes form most of this layer, moving upward to create the skin’s shield. 



Vitamin C (VC), widely known for its antioxidant power, has also been studied many times in the past for its ability to repair skin. New research adds a deeper genetic angle to its importance.



A Japanese study, published in the&nbsp;Journal of Investigative Dermatology, shows how vitamin C thickens the skin by reactivating specific genes. It strengthens the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-skins-bacteria-could-be-a-natural-sunscreen/">skin</a> by encouraging cell renewal through epigenetic changes.



“VC seems to influence the structure and function of epidermis, especially by controlling the growth of epidermal cells," explains Dr. Akihito Ishigami, Vice President at Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (<a href="https://www.tmghig.jp/research/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TMGHIG</a>), who led the research.



"In this study, we investigated whether it promotes cell proliferation and differentiation via epigenetic changes."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-vitamin-c-the-basics">Understanding vitamin C - the basics</h2>



Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C plays a critical role in human biology as a powerful antioxidant and essential cofactor in various enzymatic reactions. 



The body uses it to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-a-protein-that-reverses-cellular-aging/">synthesize collagen</a>, a key structural protein found in skin, blood vessels, and connective tissues. 



It also assists in the production of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and aids in metabolizing certain amino acids. 



Unlike most animals, humans cannot synthesize vitamin C internally and must obtain it through diet - primarily from fruits and vegetables like oranges, kiwis, strawberries, bell peppers, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/broccoli-sprouts-have-more-nutritional-value-than-mature-broccoli/">broccoli</a>.



Beyond its structural and metabolic roles, vitamin C strengthens the immune system by supporting the function of white blood cells and enhancing skin’s barrier defenses. 



Its antioxidant properties help neutralize free radicals, potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-vitamin-c-thickens-skin">How vitamin C thickens skin</h2>



Researchers wanted to see how vitamin C affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-electronic-skin-gives-robots-the-human-touch/">skin</a> growth. But instead of testing on real human skin, they created lab-grown skin called&nbsp;human epidermal equivalents. These are 3D skin models that behave like real skin. 



In these models, the&nbsp;top layer is exposed to air, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hormones-may-slow-skin-aging-and-reduce-wrinkles/">human skin</a> facing the environment, while the&nbsp;bottom layer gets nutrients, just like how blood vessels nourish real skin from underneath.



They applied&nbsp;vitamin C in two doses: 0.1 and 1.0 millimolar. After 7 days, they noticed that the&nbsp;living part of the skin became thicker, meaning more skin cells had grown. 



The outermost dead <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-tech-will-track-emotions-through-changes-in-our-skin/">skin</a> layer didn’t change at this point. But by&nbsp;day 14, the&nbsp;living layer had thickened even more, and the&nbsp;outer dead layer had become thinner.



This suggested that vitamin C was&nbsp;making the skin produce more keratinocytes, which are the main cells that build the protective barrier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamin-c-speeds-up-cell-division">Vitamin C speeds up cell division</h2>



Samples treated with vitamin C had more Ki-67-positive cells, markers of active division and showed faster skin regeneration. The study then looked into how vitamin C enabled this increase.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/vitamin-c_skin-regeneration_epigenetic_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/vitamin-c_skin-regeneration_epigenetic_1s.webp" alt="Vitamin C promotes epidermal regeneration by activating enzymes that help in activating genes and driving DNA demethylation—a process that reactivates genes involved in cell proliferation, ultimately enhancing keratinocyte growth and leading to thicker, healthier skin. Credit: TMIG" class="wp-image-1975765"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Vitamin C promotes epidermal regeneration by activating enzymes that help in activating genes and driving DNA demethylation - a process that reactivates genes involved in cell proliferation, ultimately enhancing keratinocyte growth and leading to thicker, healthier skin. Click image to enlarge. Credit: TMIG</figcaption></figure>



They discovered that vitamin C reactivates key genes by removing methyl groups from DNA. These methyl groups silence genes. Their removal allows the genes to turn on, promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teen-skin-bacteria-could-hold-the-secret-to-acne-prevention/">skin</a> cell growth and repair.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-silenced-genes">Unlocking silenced genes</h2>



TET enzymes carry out DNA demethylation. They transform 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. 



This step requires iron in its Fe2+ form. When iron becomes Fe3+, the process stops. Vitamin C donates electrons to turn Fe3+ back into Fe2+, keeping the process active.



The study identified more than 10,000 areas of DNA that became hypomethylated with vitamin C. Expression of 12 key genes rose between 1.6 to 75.2 times. 



When TET enzymes were blocked, the effects reversed. This confirmed the role of TET-mediated demethylation in skin thickening.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dna-structure-and-activity">Changing DNA structure and activity</h2>



The paper supports these results with additional experiments. It describes how vitamin C promotes transcriptional activation by increasing chromatin accessibility. 



Vitamin C-treated skin showed elevated <a href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Chromatin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chromatin</a> openness around growth-promoting genes.



The study shows enrichment of open chromatin regions near gene bodies related to cell proliferation. These genes are essential in epidermal development.



It further proves vitamin C’s action by displaying upregulation of genes such as&nbsp;DLX5,&nbsp;CXCL14, and&nbsp;EFNA1. These genes promote <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/keratinocyte" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">keratinocyte</a> growth and skin structure organization.



Moreover, the paper presents long-read sequencing data. This technique confirmed that vitamin C increases the expression of full-length, functional gene transcripts. 



This strengthens the idea that vitamin C not only activates genes but does so in a way that results in usable proteins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamin-c-and-skin-health">Vitamin C and skin health</h2>



To sum it all up, these findings suggest vitamin C can strengthen thin or aging skin. It works by restarting growth pathways that decline with age. It reactivates genes and supports cellular rebuilding at a molecular level.



Scientists added vitamin C directly to the skin cells, similar to how a cream or serum would deliver nutrients through the surface of the skin. When vitamin C was present, the skin cells grew more actively, leading to thicker, healthier skin layers.



“We found that VC helps thicken the skin by encouraging keratinocyte proliferation through DNA demethylation, making it a promising treatment for thinning skin, especially in older adults,” concludes Dr. Ishigami.



These changes boosted the activity of genes related to cell growth without interfering with normal skin development.



Although the researchers mentioned that vitamin C levels in the body can increase with supplements, they didn't actually study vitamin C taken by mouth. 



Instead, all the benefits observed - like stronger cell growth and healthier skin structure - came from applying vitamin C directly to the skin model in the lab. 



So, while eating fruits rich in vitamin C is still important for overall health, this study highlights how using it on the skin could help fight signs of aging and keep the skin functioning well.



Thanks to this new study and all of the research that preceded it, vitamin C may soon play a bigger role in daily skincare routines, not just as an antioxidant, but as a genetic rejuvenator.



-----



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(25)00416-6/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Investigative Dermatology</a>. 



Dr. Ishigami worked with <a href="https://iec.hokuriku-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokuriku University</a> and <a href="https://www.rohto.co.jp/global/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ROHTO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd</a>. Key contributors included Professors Ayami Sato, Yasunori Sato, and Toshiyuki Kimura.



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Scientists prove this common vitamin acts at the cellular level to reverse signs of facial skin aging

The skin is our first protective barrier. With time, the...

As the world grapples with climate change and resource depletion, our dinner plates are slowly evolving. A quiet revolution in meat alternatives is taking place in food science labs, kitchens, and even grocery stores. The quest for sustainable, plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meat-consumption-drove-an-evolutionary-leap-in-early-humans/">proteins</a> has never felt more urgent. 



While soy and pea proteins dominate shelves, scientists are exploring new, lesser-known crops. One such candidate for plant-based meat, sunflower seeds, is now under the spotlight thanks to a recent breakthrough from Brazil and Germany.



In a collaborative project between the Institute of Food Technology (<a href="https://www.abc.gov.br/training/informacoes/InstituicaoITAL_en.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ITAL</a>), the University of Campinas (<a href="https://unicamp.br" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNICAMP</a>), and the Fraunhofer IVV Institute in Germany, researchers have created a new plant-based food. 



The researchers are transforming sunflower flour into a promising meat substitute. This development not only expands choices for vegetarians and vegans but also offers an environmentally sound option for meat lovers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-sunflower-turns-into-meat">How sunflower turns into meat</h2>



Sunflower flour is made by first extracting oil from the plant’s seeds. Once the oil is removed, the leftover material is processed into flour. 



However, this byproduct contains husks and phenolic compounds. These give the flour a dark color and make it harder to digest. So, the research team began by removing these unwanted parts. This step proved essential for making the flour fit for human consumption.



Once refined, the flour became a viable base for two kinds of meat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lab-grown-chicken-just-got-a-flavor-and-texture-boost/">alternatives</a>. The first version used flour made from roasted grains. The second version used textured sunflower protein. 



Both recipes were boosted with tomato powder and spices. Oils such as sunflower, olive, and linseed were blended in to improve nutrition and taste. 



After shaping the mixture into mini-burgers, the patties were baked and examined through both sensory and lab-based tests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-baking-testing-and-analyzing">Baking, testing, and analyzing</h2>



The results of these tests showed something promising. The textured sunflower protein burgers stood out. They had better consistency, richer protein content, and a good dose of healthy fats. 



These included monounsaturated fatty acids, which are known for their heart health <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meat-protein-boosts-survival-but-plants-boost-longevity/">benefits</a>. Additionally, this version of the product was packed with key minerals.



The textured option delivered remarkable levels of nutrients. It offered 49% of the recommended daily intake (RDI) for iron, 68% for zinc, 95% for magnesium, and 89% for manganese. These figures suggest that sunflower protein can contribute meaningfully to daily nutritional needs. 



As the demand for plant-based proteins grows, this research points to a new option that supports both health and sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunflower-as-a-clean-meat-alternative">Sunflower as a clean meat alternative</h2>



The researchers chose sunflower seeds due to their rising popularity in both Brazil and Europe. Sunflower oil already holds a strong presence in European kitchens, and sunflower farming is expanding across Brazilian fields. 



Unlike many other plant protein sources, sunflowers are not genetically modified. This can be an important factor for consumers seeking clean-label foods.



Another driving factor is the increasing call for eco-friendly eating habits. Sunflower flour aligns with this trend by making use of existing agricultural outputs in new ways. 



What was once considered a byproduct is transformed into a protein-rich food <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-first-used-fire-to-preserve-meat-instead-of-cooking/">source</a>. That’s why this study could have a significant impact on both farming and food manufacturing industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taste-and-texture-of-sunflower-meat">Taste and texture of sunflower meat</h2>



For plant-based meat to succeed, taste and texture matter just as much as nutrition. Many plant proteins suffer from strong, sometimes bitter, flavors. Sunflower flour seems to avoid that issue. 



“It should also be noted that, after removing the husks and phenolic compounds, the flour has a very neutral taste and aroma, especially compared to the various vegetable proteins on the market,” said Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco, lead researcher at ITAL’s Center for Food Science and Quality.



Thanks to its neutral flavor, sunflower flour adapts easily to a wide range of recipes. It lets seasonings and textures take center stage without competing background notes, making it a versatile base for creative cooking. This subtle taste profile also makes it more appealing to selective eaters. 



For those cutting back on meat but not willing to compromise on flavor, sunflower-based alternatives could provide a smoother, more satisfying transition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-essential-acids-and-technological-needs">Essential acids and technological needs</h2>



Beyond taste, sunflower flour holds another secret weapon - essential amino acids. These are the building blocks of protein that the body cannot produce on its own. 



“Pacheco also points out that the product has a favorable composition of essential amino acids. This is another factor that could lead to its incorporation into the food industry as a meat product substitute from a nutritional point of view,” noted the researchers.



However, achieving the ideal meat-like texture remains a challenge. For this, specific production methods are required. 



“From a functional-technological standpoint, processes that build fibrous proteins, such as extrusion, are needed to deliver a product with a more meat-like appearance and texture,” said Pacheco. 



Extrusion technology helps create a chewy, meat-like structure that consumers expect from traditional meat products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-global-teamwork">Benefits of global teamwork </h2>



The study not only showcases scientific ingenuity but also reflects the benefits of international collaboration. 



The joint research between Brazilian and German teams marks a milestone in food innovation. Their combined expertise made it possible to refine techniques, share methods, and expand knowledge across borders.



“I think the study provided a lot of positive references, both for making full use of the cultivar and for encouraging the consumption and appreciation of the flour," said Pacheco. 



"The partnership with German researchers was also very important, thanks to the sharing of working techniques, the exchange of knowledge, and the exchange of students and researchers."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-forward-to-a-greener-plate">Looking forward to a greener plate</h2>



As plant-based eating becomes more than a passing trend, innovations like sunflower flour can change the game. By using a byproduct of oil extraction, this project turns waste into value. 



With its neutral taste, rich nutrition, and non-GMO status, sunflower flour is ready for more than just research labs. It could soon appear in supermarket aisles and home kitchens, shaped into familiar forms like burgers and sausages. 



Sunflower protein may also inspire other countries to explore local crops with untapped potential. In a world searching for healthy and planet-friendly solutions, this humble seed has much more to offer.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0963996925004958?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Research International</a>.



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Sunflower protein could change the future of sustainable meat

As the world grapples with climate change and resource depletion,...

Endangered plants

News coming your way