<p>Coreobagrus ichikawai NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-populations-dropped/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.</p>
<p>ITIS Reports &#8212; Coreobagrus ichikawai ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=atlantic&amp;cvid=095a68ca08314ca9972b2a0906b44c97&amp;aqs=edge.0.0l5j69i59j0.1940j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.<i><b>Nekogigi</b></i> (<i>Coreobagrus ichikawai</i>) is a <a title="Species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species">species</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrid catfish" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrid_catfish">bagrid catfish</a> <a title="Endemism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism">endemic</a> to <a title="Japan" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan">Japan</a> where it is only found in <a title="Mie Prefecture" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a> on <a title="Honshu" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu">Honshu</a>. It occurs in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Streams" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streams">streams</a> and can grow to a length of 10.8 cm.</p>
<p>FWS Digital Media Library &#8212; The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service&#8217;s National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Core NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is restricted to a region around Ise and Mikawa Bays in Honshu, Japan. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 12,100 km2 and the population is severely fragmented  ITIS taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. However, it is not a legal authority</p>


Coreobagrus ichikawai

<p>A team of researchers led by the Institute for <a href="https://cmcm.ibs.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Basic Science Center for Multidimensional Carbon Material</a> (CMCM) in Korea has recently developed a method to produce lab-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diamonds-may-hold-the-key-to-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diamonds</a> in just 150 minutes, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to natural diamonds. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diamonds-at-a-fraction-of-the-cost">Diamonds at a fraction of the cost</h2>



<p>The lab-created diamonds are indistinguishable to the naked eye from their natural counterparts, but they exhibit significant differences under a microscope, which contributes to their substantially lower price.</p>



<p>While natural diamonds take billions of years to form, lab-grown diamonds can be produced quickly and at a fraction of the cost. For example, in the US, a one-carat princess-cut diamond costs an average of $2,500, whereas a comparable lab-grown diamond is priced at just $500.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-lab-grown-diamonds-nbsp">Structure of lab-grown diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The process involves mixing silicon with liquid metals such as gallium, iron, and nickel in a crucible and heating it to 1,877 degrees Fahrenheit. The mixture is then exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-emissions-are-higher-than-previously-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> and hydrogen gasses, which dissolve into carbon gas that combines with the silicon, prompting the carbon atoms to bond together and form small diamond crystals.</p>



<p>Senior author Rodney Ruoff emphasized the crucial role of silicon in this synthetic process. “If we don't add some silicon, we don't get diamonds,” he explained. Moreover, the researchers found that diamond formation continues to progress over time, with the full structure forming at 150 minutes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-lab-grown-diamond-industry">Expanding lab-grown diamond industry</h2>



<p>Despite this breakthrough, the diamonds produced are still only about 100 nanometers across, roughly the size of a typical virus. However, Ruoff is optimistic about the future of this technology. “A lot of labs around the world are going to start cooking things up,” he said, predicting that this could revolutionize the already expanding lab-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-process-turns-carbon-emissions-into-diamonds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diamond industry</a>.</p>



<p>The lab-grown diamond market has experienced rapid growth, increasing from less than one percent of global diamond sales in 2015 to approximately 20 percent by the end of last year.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lower-cost-of-lab-grown-diamonds-nbsp">Lower cost of lab-grown diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This surge is primarily due to their lower cost. For example, a two-carat lab-grown diamond costs about $1,000, much less than the $13,000 to $14,000 price range for a similar natural diamond.</p>



<p>“Prices of lab-grown diamonds are falling. The reason is because of simple supply and demand. So many manufacturers are coming out and flooding the market with them, which is causing prices to dive,” said Mehul Sompura, CEO of <a href="https://www.diamondhedge.com/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diamond Hedge</a>. “For the most part, it's difficult to distinguish between the two, but it has to do with impurities, and with a microscope you can see growth patterns. You won't get your money back, that's the main problem.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-alternative-to-blood-diamonds">Sustainable alternative to blood diamonds</h2>



<p>Lab-grown diamonds also offer a sustainable alternative to blood diamonds - diamonds mined in war zones and sold to finance an invading army's war efforts, an insurgency, terrorism, or a warlord's activity -  and can reduce the environmental impact associated with traditional diamond mining. For every carat of diamond mined, nearly 100 square feet of land is affected and 5,798 pounds of mineral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-can-be-used-to-store-carbon-and-reuse-mining-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste</a> is created.</p>



<p>“Diamonds are very ingrained in our culture. I think, as humans, we just desire these rare, precious gemstones and metals. It's not practical, but it makes us feel good,” concluded Paul Zimnisky, a leading diamond industry analyst.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-diamonds-nbsp">More about diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Diamonds, often celebrated for their brilliance and durability, are one of the hardest natural substances found on Earth, making them highly sought after for jewelry and industrial applications. They form under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions existing deep within the Earth's mantle, from where they are brought closer to the surface through volcanic eruptions. The process can take between 1 to 3.3 billion years.</p>



<p>The allure of diamonds is not just in their sparkle but also in their rarity, which makes them symbols of wealth and status. Each diamond is unique, with characteristics such as cut, color, clarity, and carat weight determining its value.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The cut of a diamond affects its ability to reflect light, enhancing its visual properties, while the clarity refers to the presence of internal inclusions or external blemishes. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pink-diamonds-were-formed-when-supercontinent-nuna-broke-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color</a> can range from colorless to light yellow and brown, with truly colorless diamonds being the rarest and most valuable.</p>



<p>The mining and distribution of diamonds have been associated with conflict and ethical concerns, leading to initiatives like the Kimberley Process, which aims to prevent "conflict diamonds" from entering the market.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07339-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

Diamonds can be grown in a lab in less than 3 hours

A team of researchers led by the Institute for Basic...

The,Wood,Frog,,Lithobates,Sylvaticus,Or,Rana,Sylvatica.,Adult,Wood

<p>We all know evolution is a slow and steady process, unfolding over ages. But, some species could evolve in a few decades…thanks to something as simple as road salt. That's precisely what the fascinating research of Rick Relyea, Ph.D., and his team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (<a href="https://www.rpi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RPI</a>) has uncovered, specifically in the case of wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-makes-wood-frogs-more-vulnerable-to-salt-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amphibians-salt-pollution-and-the-need-for-speed">Amphibians, salt pollution, and the need for speed</h2>



<p>Amphibians, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/help-frogs-cutting-toes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>, are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment because they have porous skin. Road salt (the stuff dumped on roads to melt ice) might seem harmless, but it dramatically alters the chemistry of water – especially in wetlands where amphibians hang out. </p>



<p>"When salt drains into fresh water, it can kill animals, stunt the growth of fish, cause sex changes in frogs, and make animals more prone to diseases," Relyea said.</p>



<p>Amphibians are like environmental alarm bells. They are indicators of an ecosystem's health, and when they're struggling, it usually means bad news for everyone else, including us humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-evolution-of-wood-frogs">Rapid evolution of wood frogs</h2>



<p>The research team sought to determine if wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-frog-day-addressing-environmental-threats-to-frogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> (<em>Rana sylvatica</em>) were exhibiting evolutionary adaptations in response to rising salt pollution. To investigate this, they collected wood frog eggs from wetlands with varying environmental conditions. </p>



<p>These included wetlands adjacent to roadways with differing levels of salt contamination, as well as wetlands in pristine, undisturbed areas.</p>



<p>The findings were striking. Tadpoles originating from wetlands near roadways with high salt levels demonstrated a significantly elevated tolerance for salt exposure when compared to tadpoles from pristine wetlands. </p>



<p>This suggests that, in a remarkably short timeframe of approximately 25 years (about 10 frog generations), these wood frogs have undergone evolutionary adaptations in response to the human-induced increase in environmental salinity.</p>



<p>"We've been applying de-icing salts to reduce car accidents in snowy and icy conditions in the United States for 80 years, and we currently apply four times more road salt than in the 1970s." explained Relyea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Wood frogs are masters of survival</h2>



<p>This resilient frog species inhabits a wide range of forests across North America, from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forests</a> of Alaska and Canada to the deciduous woodlands of the eastern United States. These adaptable amphibians thrive in moist environments near vernal pools, bogs, and streams.</p>



<p>Wood frogs possess an extraordinary ability to survive harsh winter conditions. As temperatures drop, they produce high levels of glucose and urea in their tissues, which act as natural antifreeze. </p>



<p>This adaptation allows them to endure freezing up to 65% of their body water, enabling them to hibernate under leaf litter and emerge unscathed in the spring.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Life cycle and ecological importance</h3>



<p>Male wood frogs gather in vernal pools and wetlands during early spring, forming large choruses to attract females. After mating, females lay clusters of eggs, which hatch into tadpoles within a few weeks. The tadpoles metamorphose into froglets by summer, leaving the water to explore their terrestrial habitat.</p>



<p>Wood frogs play a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">forest e</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">osystems</a>, serving as both predators and prey. They consume a variety of insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates, helping to control pest populations. </p>



<p>In turn, they provide a food source for various predators, such as snakes, birds, and mammals, contributing to the overall balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-threats">Conservation and threats</h3>



<p>Although wood frogs are currently not considered endangered, they face several threats, including habitat loss, climate change, and pollution. </p>



<p>The preservation of vernal pools and surrounding forests is essential for the long-term survival of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amphibians</a>, ensuring that future generations can witness their incredible adaptations and ecological importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-problem-behind-wood-frog-evolution">Problem behind wood frog evolution</h2>



<p>While this particular observed adaptation in wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-frogs-live-in-trees-but-lay-eggs-on-the-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> offers a degree of optimism in the face of human-caused environmental change, it's crucial to acknowledge the inherent limitations of evolutionary processes. </p>



<p>Evolutionary adaptation takes time and relies on existing genetic variation within a population. Rapid environmental changes can outpace the speed of natural selection.</p>



<p>The frogs' ability to adapt does not mean that we should expect them to survive if salt levels increase even more. If the pace and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salt pollution</a> continues to escalate, it could overwhelm the wood frogs' adaptive capacity, ultimately leading to population decline or even extinction. </p>



<p>This underscores the importance of recognizing the boundaries of adaptation and the crucial need to take proactive steps in mitigating the sources of environmental stress.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-just-about-wood-frogs">It's not just about wood frogs</h2>



<p>This unexpected, rapid evolution of wood frogs serves as a potent reminder that our actions often trigger a cascade of unintended consequences within the natural world. </p>



<p>Seemingly minor interventions can disrupt the intricate balance of ecosystems, leading to far-reaching and potentially unforeseen repercussions.</p>



<p>"The effects of human activity on our environment must be understood and mitigated," Relyea emphasizes. We have a responsibility to recognize the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems, and to minimize the negative impact of our activities on the delicate equilibrium that sustains life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-solutions">Potential solutions</h2>



<p>The good news is that solutions exist. "Fortunately, cities and towns around the country are learning how they can apply less salt with the same level of safety, by applying it in smarter ways," Relyea asserts. </p>



<p>"Everyone across the political spectrum can agree to this win-win proposition: we can apply less salt and protect the environment, while maintaining safe roads and saving money for governments and taxpayers," she concluded.</p>



<p>The observation highlights that finding a balance between human needs and environmental protection is achievable. Proactive adoption of more sustainable practices offers a path toward positive change.</p>



<p>Wood frogs have surprisingly adapted to high salt levels. This adaptation is a powerful example of evolution in action. It also reminds us of the significant impact humans have on the environment. </p>



<p>This rapid change is promising but emphasizes the need for smarter, eco-friendly solutions. We must consider how we interact with our planet more carefully.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11069" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Wood frogs achieved significant biological evolution in just 25 years

We all know evolution is a slow and steady process,...

<p>Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-humans-react-to-coexisting-with-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> that can walk or run with the ease of animals. </p>



<p>Despite these efforts, today's robots still cannot match the natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-determines-the-maximum-running-speed-of-animals/">abilities</a> of many animals in terms of endurance, agility, and robustness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazing-movement-of-animals">Amazing movement of animals</h2>



<p>“A wildebeest can migrate for thousands of kilometers over rough terrain, a mountain goat can climb up a literal cliff, finding footholds that don't even seem to be there, and cockroaches can lose a leg and not slow down,” said study senior author Max Donelan from <a href="https://www.sfu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Fraser University</a>'s Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology. “We have no robots capable of anything like this endurance, agility, and robustness.”</p>



<p>Seeking to understand and quantify this disparity, an interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers from top research institutions conducted a comprehensive study to compare various aspects of robotic systems designed for running with their biological counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-versus-machine">Animal versus machine</h2>



<p>Surprisingly, the researchers found that biological components generally underperformed compared to engineered parts on specific metrics. However, where animals significantly outshine robots is in the seamless integration and control of these components.</p>



<p>The study was a collaborative effort involving Sam Burden from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>, Tom Libby from <a href="https://www.sri.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SRI International</a>, Kaushik Jayaram from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, and Simon Sponberg from the <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. </p>



<p>Each researcher focused on different "subsystems" critical to running robots - Power, Frame, Actuation, Sensing, and Control - and assessed them against their natural equivalents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-are-still-no-match-for-animals">Robots are still no match for animals</h2>



<p>Contrary to prior assumptions that biological superiority explained animals' edge over robots, the findings revealed that, with few exceptions, the engineered subsystems frequently outperformed their biological counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The way things turned out is that, with only minor exceptions, the engineering subsystems outperform the biological equivalents – and sometimes radically outperformed them,” Libby said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But also what's very, very clear is that, if you compare animals to robots at the whole system level, in terms of movement, animals are amazing. And robots have yet to catch up.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-evolve-faster-than-animals">Robots evolve faster than animals</h2>



<p>The research team remains optimistic about the future of robotics, noting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid progress</a> made in a relatively short time compared to the millions of years over which animals have evolved. </p>



<p>Dr. Burden highlights the advantage of directed design in robotics over natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>: “It will move faster, because evolution is undirected,” he says. “Whereas we can very much correct how we design robots and learn something in one robot and download it into every other robot, biology doesn't have that option.”</p>



<p>“So there are ways that we can move much more quickly when we engineer robots than we can through evolution – but evolution has a massive head start.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-applications-for-running-robots-nbsp">Potential applications for running robots&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The potential applications for efficient running <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> are vast, ranging from solving “last mile” delivery challenges to performing tasks in hazardous environments.</p>



<p>Looking forward, the researchers aim to focus not merely on developing better hardware but on improving how existing hardware is integrated and controlled.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As engineering learns integration principles from biology, running robots will become as efficient, agile, and robust as their biological counterparts,” Donelan concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-that-have-inspired-robots">Animals that have inspired robots</h2>



<p>Many animals have inspired the design and function of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crab-robot-is-smaller-than-a-flea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a>, thanks to their unique abilities and adaptations. Here are a few notable examples:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects">Insects</h3>



<p>Swarm robots are small robots that collaborate in large numbers to accomplish tasks, much like how insects work together in colonies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiders">Spiders</h3>



<p>The movements and mechanics of spiders have inspired the creation of multi-legged robots, which are useful in navigating rough terrain or in performing complex, coordinated tasks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snakes-nbsp">Snakes&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Snake robots can maneuver through tightly confined spaces and are used in rescue operations, medical procedures, and inspection tasks in complex environments like collapsed buildings or inside machinery.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geckos-nbsp">Geckos&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Robots that mimic the ability of geckos to climb smooth surfaces have been developed using synthetic adhesives that replicate gecko footpads.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-nbsp">Birds&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The flight of birds has influenced the design of aerial robots or drones, which mimic the flapping and soaring of wings to improve maneuverability and energy efficiency.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-nbsp">Fish&nbsp;</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robotic fish</a> are designed to swim efficiently through water, used for underwater exploration, surveillance, and studying aquatic life without disturbing natural habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-nbsp">Dogs&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Quadruped robots, such as Boston Dynamics' Spot, mimic the movement of animals like dogs and are used for tasks ranging from industrial inspection to search and rescue operations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cheetahs-nbsp">Cheetahs&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The high-speed running of cheetahs has inspired the development of robots that can move quickly over land, potentially for military use or emergency response.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi9754" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science Robotics</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

Robots cannot outrun animals, but they're evolving faster

Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to...

Plastic,Boxes,With,Pre-packaged,Vegetable,Salads,,Put,Up,For,Sale

<p>We use plastic wrap, containers, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-responsible-for-the-burden-of-plastic-packaging-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">packaging</a> all the time. It's convenient, affordable, and seemingly everywhere. Recent research by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>) reveals a shocking truth: our plastic food packaging harbors thousands of different chemicals that may pose significant health risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemicals-in-plastic-food-packaging">Chemicals in plastic food packaging</h2>



<p>Scientists uncovered a staggering 9,936 different chemicals within a single plastic product used to package food. This finding underscores the vast gaps in our understanding of the precise chemical makeup of everyday plastic items and their potential impacts on our well-being.</p>



<p>"Plastic is a very complex material that can contain many different chemicals, some of which can be harmful. This is also true for plastic food packaging,"&nbsp;says Martin Wagner, an NTNU professor who specializes in plastic chemicals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-plastic-food-packaging">Consequences of plastic food packaging</h2>



<p>Many of the chemicals identified in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-containers-may-release-forever-chemicals-into-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> food packaging are not just passive elements; they actively disrupt crucial bodily functions. These disruptions can have profound and potentially long-term health effects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Messing with the metabolism</h3>



<p>Metabolism is essentially your body's engine. It converts the food you eat into energy, fuels cellular processes, and regulates how nutrients are stored and used. </p>



<p>This complex system is finely tuned, ensuring that your body functions efficiently. However, chemicals leached from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-packaging-food-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> food packaging can interfere with this system. </p>



<p>For example, certain chemicals can mimic or block natural hormonal signals that control metabolism. This interference can lead to a decrease in metabolic efficiency, impacting energy levels, weight management, and overall health. </p>



<p>The disruption can also affect how your body processes vitamins and minerals, potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Hormonal havoc</h3>



<p>Hormones play a pivotal role in regulating virtually every bodily function, including growth, development, metabolism, and mood. They act as messengers, sending signals throughout the body to sustain balance and respond to environmental changes. </p>



<p>The chemicals found in plastic packaging, however, can disrupt this delicate balance. Some chemicals act as endocrine disruptors, which means they can mimic or inhibit natural hormones. </p>



<p>When these chemicals enter the body, they can bind to hormone receptors, block natural hormonal messages, or alter the normal production of hormones. </p>



<p>This disruption can lead to a multitude of health issues, ranging from developmental problems and reproductive issues to immune system dysfunctions and behavioral changes.</p>



<p>"In most of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/edible-biodegradable-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> products, we found chemicals that can affect the secretion of hormones and metabolism," says Wagner.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-but-isn-t-plastic-inert">But isn't plastic inert?</h2>



<p>You might think that plastic is harmless – it's just a chemically neutral substance. However, as shown in another recent NTNU study, scientists found that several combinations of plastic chemicals can affect how your body sends and receives signals.</p>



<p>This finding suggests that plastic's impact goes beyond simple containment of goods. Instead, it actively engages with biological processes, potentially leading to a cascade of unwanted effects. </p>



<p>The implication here is stark: plastic, far from being chemically neutral, carries a variety of active compounds that can interfere with our body's most fundamental operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do">What can we do?</h2>



<p>While the discovery of harmful chemicals in plastic food packaging is indeed concerning, it's important to remember that you have the power to make choices that reduce your exposure and improve your overall health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Choosing safer alternatives</h3>



<p>Glass or steel containers are considered to be the safest bet. These materials are inert, meaning they do not react with the foods stored inside them. </p>



<p>Glass and steel are durable, reusable, and free from the chemicals typically found in plastics. Using glass or stainless steel containers for everyday food storage and meal prep can significantly decrease your exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Avoid heating food in plastic</h3>



<p>When plastic is heated, whether in a microwave or by other means, it increases the likelihood of chemical leaching. To avoid this risk, never use plastic containers for heating food in the microwave. Instead, transfer food to glass or ceramic containers that are designed to withstand high temperatures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Be informed and vigilant</h3>



<p>Start by familiarizing yourself with the materials used in the products you buy. Look specifically for products labeled "BPA-free". </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-plastic-items-pose-a-hidden-risk-to-childrens-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bisphenol A (BPA)</a> is one of the better-known chemicals that can leach from plastics and has been linked to various health issues, including hormonal disruptions and increased risk of cancer. </p>



<p>While BPA-free products are a safer choice, they may still contain other harmful chemicals, so continued caution and a push for broader safety testing and transparency in labeling are essential.</p>



<p>Taking these steps can significantly reduce your personal and family's exposure to harmful chemicals found in plastic products. </p>



<p>While broader change in how plastics are manufactured must come from industry and legislation, individual actions can collectively lead to greater demand for safer products and ultimately drive change in production practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-safer-plastics">A call for safer plastics</h2>



<p>Martin Wagner and his team believe the problem isn't plastic itself, but the chemicals added to it. With more research on exactly which chemicals pose the biggest threats, we may one day have plastic packaging that's completely safe – a win for both our health and the environment.</p>



<p>While we still don't know the long-term effects of constant exposure to these chemicals, scientists at NTNU believe that now is the time to overhaul our plastic manufacturing.</p>



<p>"These and previous findings show that plastic exposes us to toxic chemicals. They support the theory that we need to redesign plastic to make it safer," states Wagner.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c08250" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

9936 chemicals found in plastic products used for food packaging

We use plastic wrap, containers, and packaging all the time....

<p>Spring invites us to witness the spectacle of bird migrations. But have you ever wondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flocks-social-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> manage such precise, collective movement? A recent study from New York University (<a href="https://www.nyu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU</a>) offers fascinating insights into bird flocking and their aerodynamic mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-flocking-aerodynamics">Bird flocking aerodynamics</h2>



<p>A team of mathematicians has recently illuminated the dynamics behind large, swirling flocks of birds. The research reveals that birds heavily depend on aerodynamics - the science of air movement around objects - to coordinate their seemingly effortless flight. </p>



<p>Each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-lead-flock-strongest-flyers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> functions as a compact, feathery powerhouse. Its wings do more than propel it forward; they also generate swirling air currents. These currents are crucial, as they enable birds to manipulate the airspace around them. This manipulation forms the intricate patterns and synchronized movements observed in flocks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-springs">Invisible springs</h2>



<p>The scientists found that the air currents generated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-birds-brains-evolved-to-enable-them-to-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> are not random. They interact with each other in a highly organized manner. These interactions, which resemble the behavior of springs, create a network of unseen forces that link neighboring birds. </p>



<p>The network helps maintain the positions of birds within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-species-foraging-flocks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flock</a>. If birds drift from their spots, the interactive forces pull them back into place. This contributes to the overall stability and structure of the formation.</p>



<p>"If a flyer is displaced from its position, the vortices or swirls of flow left by the leading neighbor helps to push the follower back into place and hold it there," explained Leif Ristroph, a co-author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-bird-flocks">Small bird flocks</h2>



<p>While these helpful air currents create a beautiful order in small groups of birds, the system breaks down as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-blend-in-to-adapt-to-diverse-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flock</a> size increases. In larger flocks, the individual air currents from many birds start to clash and interfere with one another. This disruption weakens the stabilizing "spring" forces. </p>



<p>As a result, the formation becomes chaotic. Imagine lots of swirling forces bumping into each other. This leads to a loss of the organized structure seen in smaller flocks.</p>



<p>"The very long groups seen in some types of birds are not at all easy to form, and the later members likely have to constantly work to hold their positions and avoid crashing into their neighbors," explained Ristroph.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flonons">Flonons</h2>



<p>When a large flock is overwhelmed by these clashing air currents, the disruption doesn't hit all the birds at once. Instead, the scientists observed a ripple effect – the disorganized movement started with certain birds and then spread throughout the rest of the flock in a wave-like pattern. </p>



<p>This chain reaction of jostling within the flock is a unique scientific phenomenon, and the researchers have given it a catchy name: "flonons." This term might become a new addition to our science vocabulary, especially as we learn more about the fascinating world of animal movement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-significance">Broader significance</h2>



<p>The discovery of how birds flock reveals more than just the remarkable abilities of these creatures; it has significant potential implications for human-designed systems and technologies. </p>



<p>The insights from studying aerodynamic interactions in bird flocks can enhance machine design. These insights could lead to more efficient, aerodynamically optimized machines. Possible improvements include better vehicle formation dynamics. </p>



<p>This would reduce drag and lower energy consumption. There could also be advancements in deploying autonomous drones that need to operate effectively in swarms.</p>



<p>Additionally, the principles of bird flocking could enhance the design of wind turbines, optimizing them for better energy capture based on how air flows naturally around objects in motion. This research bridges the gap between natural phenomena and engineered solutions, offering a blueprint for innovation across various fields.</p>



<p>“This area of research is important since animals are known to take advantage of the flows, such as of air or water, left by other members of a group to save on the energy needed to move or to reduce drag or resistance,” explained Ristroph.</p>



<p>The next time you see a flock of birds painting the sky with their organized chaos, remember: you're witnessing some seriously complex engineering by Mother Nature. It's a symphony of aerodynamics, invisible springs, and perhaps some squawky arguments over who gets the best drafting position.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47525-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Bird flocking dynamics inspire advancements in technology

Spring invites us to witness the spectacle of bird migrations....

<p>Arbor Day originated in the United States during the early 1870s. The idea was conceived by J. Sterling Morton, a journalist and politician who moved from Detroit to the Nebraska Territory.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Morton was an agricultural enthusiast who recognized the environmental and economic value of trees. In the largely treeless plains of Nebraska, trees were needed for building materials, shade from the hot sun, and windbreaks to keep soil in place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-arbor-day">Origins of Arbor Day</h2>



<p>Morton first proposed a tree-planting holiday called "Arbor Day" at a meeting of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture on January 4, 1872. The proposal was well received, and the first Arbor Day was celebrated in Nebraska on April 10, 1872. It was a huge success, with an estimated one million trees planted on that day.</p>



<p>The idea of an annual day specifically for planting trees quickly spread beyond Nebraska. Today, Arbor Day is observed in many countries around the world, each adapting the celebration to its own climate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the United States, it is typically celebrated on the last Friday in April, but many states observe the holiday on different dates that coincide with their local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-forests-with-diverse-tree-species-increases-likelihood-of-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree planting</a> season. For example, Hawaii celebrates on the first Friday of November.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-trees-so-important">Why are trees so important?</h2>



<p>Trees are not just essential components of our natural landscape but vital guardians of our environment. These perennial plants do more than beautify our surroundings; they are fundamental to life on Earth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-benefits-of-trees">Ecological benefits of trees</h3>



<p>The ecological significance of trees cannot be overstated. Primarily, they play a crucial role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Trees absorb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-reveal-the-carbon-storage-capacity-of-a-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a>, a predominant greenhouse gas, converting it into biomass through the process of photosynthesis. </p>



<p>This not only reduces the amount of harmful gases in the atmosphere but also provides us with oxygen, essential for life. A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year.</p>



<p>Furthermore, trees contribute to increased biodiversity. They serve as habitats for countless species. Birds, insects, fungi, and moss are just a few examples of the life forms that depend on trees for survival.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The variety of life supported by trees enhances genetic diversity, which is vital for adaptation and resilience in the face of environmental changes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits-of-trees">Economic benefits of trees</h3>



<p>Economically, trees offer significant advantages. In urban areas, they improve home values by up to 15% or more due to their aesthetic appeal and their role in creating a pleasant microclimate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Beyond aesthetics, trees provide raw materials for industries such as furniture, paper, and construction. Fruit and nut trees contribute to food resources, providing both nourishment and economic gains through agriculture.</p>



<p>Trees also have a profound impact on energy consumption. By providing shade and releasing moisture into the air through their leaves, trees can reduce the need for air conditioning in nearby buildings by 30%. This not only cuts down energy costs but also reduces the strain on power grids during peak summer months, thereby decreasing the likelihood of power outages.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits">Health benefits</h3>



<p>The health benefits of trees extend beyond their environmental and economic contributions. They play a significant role in improving air quality by filtering pollutants such as dust, microplastics, and gases through their leaves and bark. Urban vegetation can reduce pollutants in the air by up to 25%, contributing to healthier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/non-native-trees-have-enormous-value-in-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environments</a>.</p>



<p>Moreover, trees have been shown to have a positive impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-forest-bathing-fresh-breath-for-teen-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a>. The presence of green spaces in urban areas can lower rates of psychological stress and illness. People living near trees often have lower levels of stress, and children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show fewer symptoms when they have access to nature.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges</h3>



<p>Despite their immense benefits, trees face numerous threats, including deforestation, land development, and climate change. These challenges underscore the need for concerted conservation efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Planting trees is a simple yet powerful act that can lead to significant environmental improvements. Arbor Day and similar celebrations can serve as vital reminders of our responsibilities toward forest conservation and management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-arbor-day">Significance of Arbor Day</h2>



<p>Arbor Day is significant for several reasons, primarily centered around environmental awareness and conservation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-awareness">Education and awareness</h3>



<p>Arbor Day serves as an opportunity to educate the public about the benefits that trees and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> provide to communities and the global environment. It encourages people to learn about tree care and forest management.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-involvement">Community involvement</h3>



<p>The day promotes community spirit as people come together to beautify their neighborhoods and public spaces. It is a chance for community engagement through collective action, which can strengthen community bonds and foster civic pride.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-and-sustainability">Legacy and sustainability</h3>



<p>Planting trees on Arbor Day is also about investing in the future. Trees planted today will grow to provide benefits for many years, making it a gesture of hope and sustainability for future generations.</p>



<p>Arbor Day serves as an important reminder that trees are more than just part of our natural landscape; they are essential for sustaining ecological balance, supporting economic development, and promoting health. By understanding and promoting the importance of trees, we can all contribute to a healthier, more sustainable world.&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Arbor Day: Honoring the guardians of our environment

Arbor Day originated in the United States during the early...

<p>Dog aggression is a serious concern for pet owners, as it can be unsettling, stressful, and even dangerous, not only for the dog but also for other pets, family members, and strangers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Given the complexities and varying degrees of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understand-dogs-language-aggression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aggressive</a> behaviors, Dr. Lori Teller, a clinical professor at the <a href="https://vetmed.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences</a>, provides expert guidance on recognizing and addressing these behaviors effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-aggression-with-no-apparent-trigger-nbsp">Dog aggression with no apparent trigger&nbsp;</h2>



<p>One particularly severe and complex form of aggression is rage syndrome, which causes dogs to exhibit extreme aggression without any apparent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-appear-to-get-jealous-over-their-owners-affection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">triggers</a>. </p>



<p>“Dogs with rage syndrome have episodes of extreme aggression toward a person or other animals that occur seemingly out-of-the-blue and without provocation, yet they otherwise appear friendly and happy,” explained Dr. Teller.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This condition is notoriously challenging to diagnose and treat, since the causes, which may include genetic and neurological factors, remain unclear.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“No identifiable trigger leading up to the attack is one clear sign of rage syndrome. Additional signs include confusion or seeming dazedness during or immediately after an episode, glazed eyes, dramatic escalation of aggression without any warning, and unpredictability of episodes,” noted Dr. Teller.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflict-and-fear-based-dog-aggression">Conflict- and fear-based dog aggression</h2>



<p>It is crucial not to confuse rage syndrome with conflict- or fear-based aggression, which are more common and natural responses to perceived threats or conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Dr. Teller, there is usually a clearly identifiable trigger for other types of aggression, unlike with rage syndrome. Yet, some owners have difficulties reading a dog's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-and-humans-process-social-information-in-surprisingly-similar-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body language</a> or recognizing the trigger. </p>



<p>In cases of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aggressive-behavior-in-dogs-is-most-often-caused-by-fear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fear-based</a> or conflict aggression, dogs often display warning signs before an attack, including a hunched body posture, lip-licking, trembling, baring teeth, growling, or snapping. </p>



<p>These forms of aggression are often defensive in nature, but dogs may also exhibit predatory behaviors that appear aggressive but are actually offensive and driven by the dog’s instinct to pursue prey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effectively-managing-aggression-nbsp">Effectively managing aggression&nbsp;</h2>



<p>When a dog exhibits aggressive behavior, owners should avoid intervening physically during an episode to prevent injuries. After the episode has subsided, it's crucial to consult a veterinarian.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The veterinarian will obtain a complete behavioral history and probably perform some diagnostic tests to rule out a medical problem that has led to the aggressive behaviors,” said Dr. Teller. “An example of a medical problem that may trigger an aggressive response is when someone touches a painful area, such as with osteoarthritis or an ear infection.”</p>



<p>By contrast, “rage syndrome can be caused by seizure-like activity in the brain, so veterinarians may recommend an electroencephalogram, a test that measures electrical activity in the brain, or an advanced imaging modality such as an MRI or CT scan, which takes detailed images of the brain to identify any abnormalities in its structure,” she added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-management-of-dog-aggression-nbsp">Long-term management of dog aggression&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Long-term management of aggression requires a comprehensive approach that includes both medical and behavioral interventions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Depending on the underlying cause of aggression, dogs may be given an anxiolytic medication to relieve anxiety, an anticonvulsant to control the risk of seizures, or a combination of such medications. A behavioral modification plan is also essential and may involve referral to a veterinary behaviorist.</p>



<p>Understanding the different forms of aggression and seeking professional assistance when necessary can help dog owners provide the necessary care and support for their pets.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By addressing aggression effectively, the impact on the dog’s life and the broader household can be minimized, leading to a safer and more harmonious living environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-aggressiveness-in-dogs">More about aggressiveness in dogs</h2>



<p>Dog aggression is a significant behavioral issue that can manifest in various forms, ranging from growling and snapping to biting. It often arises due to multiple factors including genetics, lack of socialization, poor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-training-is-more-effective-when-nice-voice-tone-is-used/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">training</a>, fear, or a previous negative experience. </p>



<p>Dogs may also exhibit aggressive behaviors when they're trying to assert dominance or protect their territory, owners, or resources such as food, toys, or other objects.</p>



<p>Understanding the triggers of aggression is crucial for managing it effectively. This involves observing when the aggression occurs, such as in the presence of other dogs or strangers, during meals, or in specific locations like their resting area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Can you control your dog’s aggression?

Dog aggression is a serious concern for pet owners, as...

<p>Let's face it: resisting that extra slice of chocolate cake or those tempting cookies can be a real struggle. We've all been there. But have you ever wondered why some people seem to have an easier time making healthy choices than others? New research suggests that our body mass index (BMI) might play a role in our snacking battles. Being <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-now-affects-more-than-a-billion-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overweight</a> changes brain activity and makes it harder to resist unhealthy foods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-dilemma-of-overweight-individuals">Brain dilemma of overweight individuals </h2>



<p>Canadian scientists from <a href="https://www.queensu.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen's University</a> conducted a study to understand how the brain influences our food choices. They used MRI scans to monitor the brain activity of 123 individuals. Participants were presented with different food choices and asked to make decisions.</p>



<p>The researchers discovered that individuals with a higher BMI experienced significantly more mental effort when choosing healthy foods over preferred snacks.</p>



<p>"We examined how brain states change when making natural and regulated dietary choices in an established food task. Individuals with lower weight status could successfully modify their eating behaviours while maintaining similar modes of brain activity. Individuals with higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-can-be-passed-down-from-parents-to-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight</a> status could not rely on this mechanism," noted the study authors.</p>



<p>The research highlights a concerning prediction: over 18% of the world's adult population will likely be obese by 2025. This statistic emphasizes that many people find it challenging to maintain a healthy diet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-activity-of-overweight-individuals">Brain activity of overweight individuals</h2>



<p>The Canadian study's key takeaway lies in how the brain orchestrates food choices in individuals with varying BMIs. Here's a deeper dive into what the researchers may have observed in the brain scans:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lower-bmi">Lower BMI</h3>



<p>People with lower BMIs likely exhibited a steadier pattern of brain activity during food selection. This stability suggests their brains didn't require a significant shift in function to prioritize healthy options. </p>



<p>Over time, individuals with lower BMIs might have developed well-defined neural pathways associated with healthy eating behaviors. These pathways act like established highways within the brain, making healthy choices more automatic and requiring less conscious effort. </p>



<p>Another possibility is that the brains of individuals with lower BMIs might show less activation in areas linked to reward processing when presented with tempting, unhealthy options. Basically, these options might not trigger the same intense pleasure response in the brain, making it easier to resist them. </p>



<p>For example, for someone with a lower BMI, the brain's reward system might not light up as intensely when presented with a dessert compared to someone with a higher BMI. This dampened pleasure response could translate to a weaker craving and less difficulty in resisting the unhealthy option.  </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-higher-bmi">Higher BMI</h3>



<p>The study suggests that people with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-weight-in-middle-age-shortens-life-expectancy-by-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">higher BMI</a> exhibited a more significant shift in brain activity during food choices. This heightened activity indicates their brains had to work considerably harder to overcome the allure of unhealthy options and prioritize healthy ones. </p>



<p>Individuals with a higher BMI might experience a surge in activity in brain regions associated with cravings and reward seeking when presented with unhealthy foods. This heightened response could be likened to a stronger signal on the brain's reward network, making it much more challenging to resist temptation. <br><br>To counteract the strong pull of unhealthy options, people with a higher BMI might need to activate areas of the brain responsible for cognitive control and decision-making to a greater degree. This increased mental effort might explain why some people find it so difficult to make healthy choices consistently. </p>



<p>Think of it like applying the brakes on a speeding car. The greater the temptation (speeding car), the harder the brain (driver) has to press the brakes (cognitive control) to resist the unhealthy option and choose the healthy one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cause-and-effect-mystery">Cause and effect mystery</h2>



<p>It's crucial to remember that this research is correlational, meaning it shows an association but doesn't prove that one causes the other. The researchers can't definitively say whether difficulty with healthy choices leads to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obese-higher-taste-satisfaction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight gain</a>, or whether weight gain changes the brain and makes healthy choices harder. More research is needed to untangle this cause-and-effect mystery.</p>



<p>The study offers a fascinating glimpse into the complex interplay between brain activity and food choices. It opens doors for future research to explore potential interventions that could help people, regardless of their BMI, make healthier choices with less internal struggle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-activity-from-being-overweight">Brain activity from being overweight</h2>



<p>The study proves several key points:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-just-about-willpower">It's not just about willpower</h3>



<p>For years, we've often been told that healthy eating is a simple matter of willpower. However, this study highlights that our biology plays a much larger role than previously understood. The brain's response to food cues, reward signaling, and the effort required for decision-making can significantly impact our choices.</p>



<p>This knowledge is essential because it can help remove the stigma and self-blame that often surrounds difficulty in maintaining a healthy diet. Understanding that there's a strong biological component can encourage a more compassionate approach toward oneself and others.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-component">Biological component</h3>



<p>The research doesn't imply that people with high BMIs lack willpower. Rather, it suggests there may be underlying differences in brain wiring affecting how their brains process food choices. This difference makes resisting unhealthy options require significantly greater mental effort.</p>



<p>This understanding removes judgment from the equation. People struggling with their weight aren't "weak-willed" - their brains may simply be working differently. Acknowledging this biological component fosters empathy and moves the focus away from blame.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-solutions-for-brain-activity-in-overweight-individuals">Potential solutions for brain activity in overweight individuals</h3>



<p>This research paves the way for developing effective and personalized strategies to help people manage their weight. Traditional approaches centered purely on willpower often fall short because they ignore this complex biological aspect.</p>



<p>By understanding how the brain influences food choices, scientists and healthcare professionals can develop interventions that address the root causes of the struggle. These interventions might include things like cognitive training, behavioral therapy, or possibly even targeted medications to support brain processes involved in healthy decision-making.</p>



<p>The study offers a beacon of hope, highlighting the potential for science to revolutionize how we approach weight management and improve dietary habits. It's a shift towards a more supportive and solution-focused outlook.</p>



<p>If you find yourself struggling with cravings, don't beat yourself up. Your brain might be working against you. Don't underestimate the power of small changes. </p>



<p>Even minor shifts in your eating habits can make a long-term difference. Seek support from healthcare professionals and explore resources for healthier eating.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Being overweight makes it hard for the brain to resist unhealthy food

Let's face it: resisting that extra slice of chocolate cake...

<p>Emperor penguins, iconic symbols of Antarctica, are facing increasing survival challenges as Antarctica's ice is melting away. A recent study by the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a> reveals worrying trends for these charismatic birds due to declining sea-ice levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappearing-sea-ice">Disappearing sea ice</h2>



<p>Emperor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-emperor-penguins-need-better-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">penguins</a> rely on a specific type of sea ice called "fast ice." It's like a giant, frozen platform anchored to the Antarctic shoreline, which makes a perfect spot for the flightless birds to raise a family.</p>



<p>But this frozen haven is shrinking. Recent studies have identified a disturbing trend: sea ice levels are plummeting. This significant drop in sea ice is devastating emperor penguin breeding.</p>



<p>In 2023 alone, a fifth of known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-face-tragic-breeding-failures-due-to-sea-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emperor</a> penguin colonies suffered breeding failures due to early sea ice breakup. This means the penguin chicks were forced to enter the icy water before their feathers were waterproof. It's a heartbreaking loss, and the second worst year on record since scientists began tracking breeding failures in 2018.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emperor-penguins-and-melting-sea-ice">Emperor penguins and melting sea ice</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-emperor-penguin-officially-listed-as-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emperor penguins</a> are an icon of Antarctica – majestic yet surprisingly goofy with their signature waddle. Beyond their entertainment value, the penguins are an important part of their ecosystem. </p>



<p>Scientists warn that if greenhouse gas emissions continue unchecked, we could lose nearly all emperor penguins by the end of the century. That's virtual extinction for an entire species.</p>



<p>"As the continent warms we are seeing the ice break out earlier, leading to higher chick mortality. With fewer chicks surviving at many colonies, it is likely that over time a number of current breeding sites will become untenable, and the overall population will decline. This is a future that our climate models predict.” said Dr. Peter Fretwell of the British Antarctic Survey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-emperor-penguins-adapt-to-sea-ice-loss">How emperor penguins adapt to sea ice loss</h2>



<p>The situation for emperor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-emperor-penguins-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">penguins</a> is serious – shrinking sea ice is wreaking havoc on their breeding grounds. But there's a flicker of hope. Penguins are incredibly resilient, and they're proving it.</p>



<p>In 2022, some colonies showed remarkable adaptation to potentially devastating levels of ice loss. They took bold steps to survive. Some moved to find more stable ice, while others totally changed their game by nesting on icebergs or ice shelves instead.</p>



<p>"The fact that we are seeing these adaptations in the worst affected colonies gives us some hope that the birds can react to their changing environment and move to find more stable ice,” noted Dr. Fretwell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-sea-ice-for-emperor-penguins">Saving sea ice for emperor penguins</h2>



<p>Addressing the plight of emperor penguins requires a multifaceted approach that tackles the root cause of their challenges: climate change. To effectively combat the broad environmental shifts affecting these birds, a major global initiative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is essential. </p>



<p>This overarching solution involves international cooperation to implement and adhere to stricter environmental policies and shift towards renewable energy sources. However, beyond the large-scale changes, there are practical steps that individuals and communities can take immediately to contribute to the solution:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Be informed</h3>



<p>Understanding climate change and its impacts is the first step toward making meaningful change. It is vital to stay informed about the latest scientific research and policy developments related to climate change and its effects on global ecosystems, particularly Antarctica. </p>



<p>Engaging with comprehensive, scientifically accurate sources can deepen our knowledge and sensitivity to how delicate systems like those supporting the emperor penguins are managed and protected. </p>



<p>This information serves as a tool for making informed decisions and for advocating for policies that protect the environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Spread the word</h3>



<p>Awareness and education are powerful catalysts for change. By sharing knowledge about the challenges faced by emperor penguins with your network, you can help raise the profile of climate issues. </p>



<p>Conversations can inspire others to learn more and act, whether it’s through social media campaigns, community talks, or simply discussions among friends and family. </p>



<p>The more people are aware of the impact of climate change on iconic species like the emperor penguin, the greater the public pressure on policymakers to act decisively in favor of sustainable practices and conservation efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Support conservation efforts</h3>



<p>Contributing to organizations that work directly on conserving Antarctica and its unique inhabitants can have an immediate impact. These organizations engage in a range of activities including direct action to protect wildlife, lobbying for policy changes, and conducting vital research that informs conservation strategies. </p>



<p>By donating, volunteering, or even engaging in advocacy campaigns organized by these groups, you can help provide them with the resources they need to carry out their important work. Look for reputable, transparent organizations with proven track records in conservation science and policy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Change personal habits</h3>



<p>Every individual can contribute to reducing the global carbon footprint through everyday actions. </p>



<p>Simple choices such as reducing reliance on fossil fuels by opting for public transport, biking, or walking when possible can significantly cut down one's carbon emissions. </p>



<p>Reducing energy consumption at home by using energy-efficient appliances, turning off lights when not in use, and moderating heating and cooling can also contribute to lower overall greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>Furthermore, making conscious consumer choices such as supporting sustainable products and reducing waste goes a long way in promoting a more sustainable economy.</p>



<p>By combining these personal actions with broader advocacy for policy change, individuals can play a crucial role in addressing the causes of climate change. Collectively, these efforts create a groundswell of support for a healthier planet, paving the way for more stable and secure habitats for emperor penguins and other wildlife. </p>



<p>Emperor penguins are battling for survival in a rapidly changing world. Every step taken, no matter how small, moves us closer to a sustainable future and helps to mitigate the impacts of climate change on vulnerable species around the world.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/6-year-assessment-of-low-seaice-impacts-on-emperor-penguins/D884062FC1FFC9CFB4EB45C563FA695B" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Antarctic Science&nbsp;</em>today</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Emperor penguins will not survive the current rate of sea ice decline

Emperor penguins, iconic symbols of Antarctica, are facing increasing survival...

Earth,Core,Structure.,Elements,Of,This,3d,Image,Furnished,By

<p>In a remarkable discovery that challenges our understanding of Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pumping-too-much-groundwater-affects-earths-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water distribution</a>, aided by a mineral called ringwoodite, researchers found evidence suggesting the presence of several oceans worth of water trapped deep beneath the United States. </p>



<p>The discovery, made by geophysicist Steve Jacobsen from <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> and seismologist Brandon Schmandt from the <a href="https://www.unm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New Mexico</a>, may represent the planet's largest water reservoir. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-earth-s-water-cycle">Rethinking Earth's water cycle</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Science</em>, their findings shed light on the Earth's formation, composition, and the amount of water trapped in mantle rock.</p>



<p>"Geological processes on the Earth's surface, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> or erupting volcanoes, are an expression of what is going on inside the Earth, out of our sight," explained Jacobsen, a co-author of the paper. </p>



<p>"I think we are finally seeing evidence for a whole-Earth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-fluctuations-have-reshaped-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycle</a>, which may help explain the vast amount of liquid water on the surface of our habitable planet. Scientists have been looking for this missing deep water for decades," Jacobsen continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-mantle-has-remarkable-secrets">Earth's mantle has remarkable secrets</h2>



<p>Scientists have long speculated about the existence of water trapped in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-mantle-may-contain-a-wealth-of-green-metals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's mantle</a>, located between the lower and upper mantle at depths of 250 to 410 miles. </p>



<p>Jacobsen and Schmandt are the first to provide direct evidence of water in this "transition zone" on a regional scale, extending across most of the interior of the United States.</p>



<p>"Melting of rock at this depth is remarkable because most melting in the mantle occurs much shallower, in the upper 50 miles," said Schmandt, a co-author of the paper. </p>



<p>"If there is a substantial amount of H2O in the transition zone, then some melting should take place in areas where there is flow into the lower mantle, and that is consistent with what we found."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liquid-ice-vapor-and-a-fourth-form-of-water">Liquid, ice, vapor and a fourth form of water</h2>



<p>The water discovered in the mantle is not in a form familiar to us – it is not liquid, ice, or vapor. Instead, it is trapped inside the molecular structure of the minerals in the mantle rock. </p>



<p>The immense pressure created by 250 miles of solid rock, along with temperatures above 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, causes water molecules to split and form hydroxyl radicals (OH) that can be bound into a mineral's crystal structure.</p>



<p>"Whether or not this unique sample is representative of the Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theia-ancient-planet-buried-inside-of-earth-may-be-the-origin-of-our-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interior composition</a> is not known, however," Jacobsen said. "Now we have found evidence for extensive melting beneath North America at the same depths corresponding to the dehydration of ringwoodite, which is exactly what has been happening in my experiments."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-following-the-ringwoodite">Following the ringwoodite</h2>



<p>Ringwoodite, a high-pressure mineral with a captivating blue hue, was named after the Australian geologist Alfred Ringwood, forms deep within the Earth's mantle at depths between 410 and 660 kilometers (250-410 miles). What makes ringwoodite truly remarkable is its ability to store water within its crystal structure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synthesizing-ringwoodite-in-the-lab">Synthesizing ringwoodite in the lab</h3>



<p>Jacobsen has been synthesizing ringwoodite, a sapphire-like blue mineral, in his Northwestern lab by reacting the green mineral olivine with water at high-pressure conditions. He found that more than one percent of the weight of ringwoodite's crystal structure can consist of water.</p>



<p>Under the immense pressures and temperatures found in the mantle's transition zone, water molecules split into hydroxyl radicals (OH), which can then be incorporated into ringwoodite's structure. This mineral acts like a sponge, soaking up water and storing it in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-ancient-ocean-floor-surrounds-the-earths-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep Earth</a>.</p>



<p>"The ringwoodite is like a sponge, soaking up water," Jacobsen said. "There is something very special about the crystal structure of ringwoodite that allows it to attract hydrogen and trap water. This mineral can contain a lot of water under conditions of the deep mantle."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ringwoodite-implications-for-earth-s-formation-and-habitability">Ringwoodite implications for Earth's formation and habitability</h3>



<p>The presence of water-rich ringwoodite in the Earth's mantle has implications for our understanding of the planet's formation and its potential for habitability.</p>



<p>As scientists continue to study this intriguing mineral, they may uncover new insights into the role of water in the Earth's deep interior and its influence on the geologic processes that shape our world.</p>



<p>Ringwoodite's ability to store and transport water within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ancient-breath-study-links-atmospheric-oxygen-and-mantle-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> could also have implications for the search for life on other planets, as the presence of water is considered a key factor in the development and sustainability of life as we know it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-magma-beneath-north-america">Detecting magma beneath North America</h2>



<p>Using seismic waves, Schmandt detected the presence of magma beneath North America, which aligned with Jacobsen's findings of partial melt when subjecting synthesized ringwoodite to conditions around 400 miles below the Earth's surface.</p>



<p>Additionally, seismic studies have detected regions of partial melting in the mantle's transition zone, which could be attributed to the release of water from ringwoodite as it transforms into other minerals at greater depths.</p>



<p>"Seismic data from the USArray are giving us a clearer picture than ever before of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-interior-is-cooling-faster-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's internal structure</a> beneath North America," Schmandt explained. "The melting we see appears to be driven by subduction -- the downwelling of mantle material from the surface."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-dehydration-melting">Process of dehydration melting</h2>



<p>The melting detected by the researchers is called dehydration melting. When ringwoodite in the transition zone moves deeper into the lower mantle, it forms a higher-pressure mineral called silicate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perovskite-crystals-appear-to-dance-when-they-get-excited/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perovskite</a>, which cannot absorb water. This causes the rock at the boundary between the transition zone and lower mantle to partially melt.</p>



<p>"When a rock with a lot of H2O moves from the transition zone to the lower mantle it needs to get rid of the H2O somehow, so it melts a little bit," Schmandt said. "This is called dehydration melting."</p>



<p>"Once the water is released, much of it may become trapped there in the transition zone," Jacobsen added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-ringwoodite-was-accidentally-discovered">How ringwoodite was accidentally discovered</h2>



<p>The international team of scientists responsible for this remarkable find was led by Graham Pearson, Canada Excellence Research Chair in Arctic Resources at the <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alberta</a>. </p>



<p>Analysis of the mineral sample revealed that it contains a significant amount of water -- 1.5 per cent of its weight -- a finding that proved to have far-reaching implications for our understanding of the Earth's interior and its dynamic nature.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Elusive ringwoodite</h3>



<p>Ringwoodite, a form of the mineral peridot, is believed to exist in large quantities under high pressures in the transition zone between the Earth's upper and lower mantle. </p>



<p>While ringwoodite has been found in meteorites, no terrestrial sample had ever been discovered before Graham Pearson came along. Due to the extreme depths at which it is formed, this elusive mineral is inaccessible for direct fieldwork.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contribution-of-artisan-miners-in-brazil">Contribution of artisan miners in Brazil</h3>



<p>The ringwoodite sample was found in 2008 in the Juina area of Mato Grosso, Brazil, where artisan miners unearthed a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-of-how-diamonds-reach-the-earths-surface-finally-solved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diamond</a> from shallow river gravels. </p>



<p>The diamond, which had been brought to the Earth's surface by a deeply derived volcanic rock known as kimberlite, contained the ringwoodite inclusion.</p>



<p>Pearson's team had been searching for another mineral when they purchased the three-millimeter-wide, dirty-looking, commercially worthless brown diamond. </p>



<p>The ringwoodite itself, invisible to the naked eye and buried beneath the surface, was fortunately discovered by Pearson's graduate student, John McNeill, in 2009.</p>



<p>"It's so small, this inclusion, it's extremely difficult to find, never mind work on," Pearson said, "so it was a bit of a piece of luck, this discovery, as are many scientific discoveries."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Confirming the Find</h3>



<p>The sample underwent years of rigorous analysis using Raman and infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction before it was officially confirmed as ringwoodite. </p>



<p>The critical water measurements were performed at Pearson's Arctic Resources Geochemistry Laboratory at the University of Alberta, which forms part of the world-renowned <a href="https://www.eas.ualberta.ca/ccim/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Centre for Isotopic Microanalysis</a>, also home to the world's largest academic diamond research group.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Implications for Earth's Dynamics</h2>



<p>For Pearson, one of the world's leading authorities in the study of deep Earth diamond host rocks, this discovery proved to be the most significant of his career. </p>



<p>It confirmed about 50 years of theoretical and experimental work by geophysicists, seismologists, and other scientists trying to understand the makeup of the Earth's interior.</p>



<p>"One of the reasons the Earth is such a dynamic planet is the presence of some water in its interior," Pearson said. "Water changes everything about the way a planet works."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ringwoodite-earth-s-water-cycle-and-the-future">Ringwoodite, Earth's water cycle, and the future</h2>



<p>In summary, the crucial discovery of a vast water reservoir deep within the Earth's mantle by Steve Jacobsen and Brandon Schmandt has revolutionized our understanding of the planet's formation, composition, and water cycle.</p>



<p>As researchers continued to explore the complex processes occurring far beneath the Earth's surface, their ringwoodite findings provided a new understanding of the delicate balance that makes our planet habitable. </p>



<p>The presence of this hidden ocean, trapped within the crystals of mantle rock, serves as a testament to the incredible forces at work within the Earth and the countless mysteries that still lie beneath our feet. </p>



<p>With each new revelation, we move closer to unraveling the secrets of our planet's past, present, and future, and to appreciating the remarkable world we call home.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a> </em>and the journal<em> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v507/n7491/full/nature13080.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth has a vast interior ocean, 400-miles under our feet, that creates 'ringwoodite' gems

In a remarkable discovery that challenges our understanding of Earth's...

<p>As we continue to explore the cosmos, we are discovering an increasing number of exoplanets that could potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harbor life</a>. One such world is K2-18 b, an exoplanet that has recently captured the attention of astronomers due to the presence of intriguing DMS gas molecules in its atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-footprints-found-on-k2-18-b">Carbon footprints found on K2-18 b</h2>



<p>In September 2023, Nikku Madhusudhan, an astronomer at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a>, announced a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-exoplanet-k2-18-have-the-right-conditions-to-support-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">very intriguing discovery</a>. </p>



<p>Using the powerful James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>), Madhusudhan and his team detected the presence of carbon-bearing molecules, including methane and carbon dioxide, on exoplanet K2-18 b. </p>



<p>This discovery was added to other <a href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2019/news-2019-50" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recent studies</a> suggesting that K2-18 b could be a Hycean exoplanet, characterized by a hydrogen-rich atmosphere and a water ocean-covered surface.</p>



<p>"Our findings underscore the importance of considering diverse habitable environments in the search for life elsewhere," explained Madhusudhan, the lead author of the paper announcing these results. </p>



<p>"Traditionally, the search for life on exoplanets has focused primarily on smaller rocky planets, but the larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hycean worlds</a> are significantly more conducive to atmospheric observations," he continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tantalizing-hint-of-dimethyl-sulfide-dms">Tantalizing hint of dimethyl sulfide (DMS)</h2>



<p>The initial Webb observations also provided a possible detection of a molecule called dimethyl sulfide (DMS). On Earth, this molecule is "only produced by life", primarily by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-tiny-ocean-creatures-overlooked-critical-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> in marine environments. </p>



<p>The abundance of methane and carbon dioxide, along with the shortage of ammonia, support the hypothesis that K2-18 b may have a water ocean underneath a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.</p>



<p>"It was a real shock, I had sleepless nights for a week," enthused Dr. Madhusudhan, recalling the moment when the analysis showed a possible hint of DMS in the planet's atmosphere. "That week, I didn't even muster the courage to break it to my own team."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-a-whiff-of-dms-made-astronomers-look-again">Why a whiff of DMS made astronomers look again</h2>



<p>Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2S. This colorless, flammable liquid possesses a characteristic odor often associated with the smell of the ocean. </p>



<p>DMS plays a crucial role in the Earth's sulfur cycle and has garnered significant attention due to its potential as a biomarker for extraterrestrial life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-significance-of-dms-on-earth">Biological significance of DMS on Earth</h3>



<p>On Earth, dimethyl sulfide is predominantly produced by marine organisms, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-plankton-hold-a-long-record-of-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a>. These tiny, photosynthetic organisms release DMS as a byproduct of their metabolic processes. </p>



<p>When DMS enters the atmosphere, it undergoes oxidation, contributing to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. This process influences cloud formation and, consequently, Earth's climate.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">DMS as a biomarker for extraterrestrial life</h3>



<p>Detecting DMS on distant exoplanets presents numerous challenges. The molecule's spectral signature is difficult to distinguish from other compounds, and its presence in an atmosphere may be masked by other gases. </p>



<p>The detection of DMS in the atmosphere of an exoplanet, such as K2-18 b, has significant implications for the search for extraterrestrial life. </p>



<p>On Earth, DMS is exclusively produced by biological processes, making it a compelling biomarker. The presence of DMS in an exoplanet's atmosphere suggests the possibility of marine life similar to Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-may-flip-plankton-into-carbon-emitters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-k2-18-b-an-exoplanet-like-no-other">K2-18 b: An exoplanet like no other</h2>



<p>K2-18 b orbits the cool dwarf star K2-18 in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-expands-the-habitable-zone-where-we-may-find-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable zone</a>, approximately 120 light-years from Earth in the constellation Leo. With a radius 2.6 times that of Earth, K2-18 b is unlike anything in our solar system. </p>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neptune-like-exoplanets-atmospheres-interesting-earth-size-neighbors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sub-Neptune exoplanets</a> are poorly understood, and the nature of their atmospheres is a matter of active debate among astronomers.</p>



<p>"Although this kind of planet does not exist in our solar system, sub-Neptunes are the most common type of planet known so far in the galaxy," explained team member Subhajit Sarkar of <a href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cardiff University</a>. </p>



<p>"We have obtained the most detailed spectrum of a habitable-zone <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planetary-migration-model-explains-super-earths-and-sub-neptunes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sub-Neptune</a> to date, and this allowed us to work out the molecules that exist in its atmosphere," Sarkar concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-detective-story-continues">Cosmic detective story continues</h2>



<p>The team is now conducting follow-up research with the JWST's <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/miri.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIRI</a> (Mid-Infrared Instrument) spectrograph, hoping to further validate their findings and provide new insights into the environmental conditions on K2-18 b. </p>



<p>The inference of DMS on the exoplanet, though incredibly tantalizing, requires further validation. As Madhusudhan explained, "Upcoming Webb observations should be able to confirm if DMS is indeed present in the atmosphere of K2-18 b at significant levels."</p>



<p>"Our ultimate goal is the identification of life on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-earth-discovered-in-the-habitable-zone-of-its-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable exoplanet</a>, which would transform our understanding of our place in the universe," concluded Madhusudhan. "Our past findings and future studies are a promising step towards a deeper understanding of Hycean worlds in this quest."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-finding-life-on-k2-18-b">Implications of finding life on K2-18 b</h2>



<p>As we stand on the precipice of a potentially transformational discovery, the tantalizing hint of alien life on K2-18 b reminds us of the boundless possibilities that await us in the vast expanse of the universe. </p>



<p>The tireless efforts of astronomers like Nikku Madhusudhan and his team, coupled with the unparalleled capabilities of the Webb Telescope, bring us closer than ever to answering one of humanity's most profound questions: Are we alone? </p>



<p>As we eagerly anticipate the upcoming observations and the revelations they may bring, we find ourselves inspired by the relentless curiosity and unwavering dedication of those who seek to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos, pushing the boundaries of our understanding and redefining our place in the universe.</p>



<p>The full study was published in <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Webb studies planet K2-18 b again to confirm presence of gas ‘only produced by life’

As we continue to explore the cosmos, we are discovering...

<p>A team of biologists led by the <a href="https://uol.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oldenburg</a> in Germany has recently made significant strides in understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-have-new-strategy-to-cope-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a> navigate with remarkable accuracy. </p>



<p>The research, which also included experts from the <a href="https://ifv-vogelwarte.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Avian Research “Vogelwarte Helgoland”</a>, was focused on the role of a specific protein in birds’ eyes, believed to be a key magnetoreceptor enabling this navigation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-basis-of-how-birds-navigate-nbsp">Genetic basis of how birds navigate&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers compared the genomes of several hundred bird species and observed notable evolutionary changes in the gene encoding the protein cryptochrome 4. They found that certain groups of birds have completely lost this gene.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This suggests that the protein is important for adaptation to specific environmental conditions,” said senior author Miriam Liedvogel, the director of the Institute of Avian Research. “A similar pattern has been observed in other sensory proteins such as light-sensitive pigments in the eye.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetoreception-in-birds">Magnetoreception in birds</h2>



<p>Previous research revealed that magnetoreception in birds is linked to a complex quantum mechanical process in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-retinal-cells-explain-complex-color-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retina</a>. </p>



<p>For instance, a 2021 study suggested cryptochrome 4 as the probable magnetoreceptor, showing that it is present in the retina and responds to magnetic fields with a quantum effect, an ability more pronounced in robins than in non-migratory birds like chickens and pigeons.</p>



<p>“Consequently, the reason why cryptochrome 4 is more sensitive in robins than in chickens and pigeons must be found in the protein’s DNA sequence,” explained lead author Corinna Langebrake, a researcher at the Institute of Avian Research. “The sequence was probably optimized by evolutionary processes in these nocturnal migratory birds.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-cryptochrome-4">The role of cryptochrome 4</h2>



<p>In the current study, the team examined the cryptochrome 4 genes across 363 bird species, from the little spotted kiwi to the song sparrow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They compared the evolutionary rate of cryptochrome 4 with that of other related proteins and found that while other cryptochromes have changed little over time due to their crucial role in regulating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/internal-clock-living-human-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal clock</a>, cryptochrome 4 showed high variability. This variability suggests a specialized function, potentially as a magnetoreceptor. </p>



<p>“A similar pattern has been observed in other sensory proteins such as light-sensitive pigments in the eye,” Liedvogel said. Particularly among passerine birds, the protein appears to have undergone rapid selection, further supporting its specialized role in magnetoreception.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternative-mechanisms-of-magnetoreception">Alternative mechanisms of magnetoreception</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the study also found that three clades of tropical birds - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-parrots-in-the-illegal-wildlife-trade-with-dna-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrots</a>, hummingbirds, and Tyranni (suboscines), known as tyrants - have lost the gene for cryptochrome 4, indicating it may not be essential for their survival. </p>



<p>Since some tyrants are long-distance migrants, their lack of cryptochrome 4 presents an opportunity to explore alternative mechanisms of magnetoreception.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-do-some-birds-navigate-without-any-magnetic-sense">Do some birds navigate without any magnetic sense?</h2>



<p>“The fact that, unlike robins, they do not have cryptochrome 4 makes them an ideal system for investigating various hypotheses about magnetoreception,” Langebrake explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A key question is whether the Tyranni have evolved a magnetic sense that functions without the cryptochrome 4 protein, or if they can navigate without relying on any magnetic sense at all.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, it's possible that their magnetic sensing capabilities mirror those found in robins, which rely on light and can be influenced by external factors such as radio waves.</p>



<p>“The first two scenarios would strongly corroborate the cryptochrome 4 hypothesis, while the third would pose a problem for the theory,” she added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetoreception-and-bird-navigation-nbsp">Magnetoreception and bird navigation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moving forward, the research team plans to investigate magnetic orientation in Tyranni to better understand the function of cryptochrome 4 and its importance in magnetoreception among migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research not only deepens our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-magnetic-field-navigate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian navigation</a> but also opens new avenues for exploring evolutionary adaptations in sensory perception.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-how-birds-navigate-nbsp">More about how birds navigate&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Migratory birds have remarkable abilities to navigate across vast distances, often traveling thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds. Their navigation skills are attributed to a variety of mechanisms:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-compass">Sun compass</h3>



<p>Birds use the sun as a compass. They can gauge the time of day and adjust their flight direction based on the sun's position in the sky.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-compass">Star compass</h3>



<p>During night migration, many birds use the stars to navigate. They can identify constellations and use them to maintain their flight path.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-field">Geomagnetic field</h3>



<p>Birds are sensitive to Earth's geomagnetic field. They have magnetoreceptors that allow them to sense magnetic fields, which helps them determine their latitude and longitude for orientation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polarized-light-patterns">Polarized light patterns</h3>



<p>Birds can detect polarized light patterns in the sky, which are most prominent at sunrise and sunset. These patterns can help calibrate their internal compasses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landmarks">Landmarks</h3>



<p>For birds that fly at lower altitudes, physical landmarks like rivers, mountains, and coastlines can serve as guides.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-olfactory-cues">Olfactory cues</h3>



<p>Some research suggests that certain birds may also use olfactory cues - smelling their way along their migration routes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2308" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

How do migratory birds navigate with such accuracy?

A team of biologists led by the University of Oldenburg...

Date	Citation Page	Title
06/02/1970	35 FR 8491 8498	Part 17 - Conservation of Endangered Species and Other Fish or Wildlife (First List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife as Appendix A)
04/14/1970	35 FR 6069	Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (Endangered Species Conservation); 35 FR 6069