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Water rarely behaves the way casual observers expect. Chill a pond on a still night and it hardens from the top down, but zoom in far enough and the story grows far more intricate. 



Scientists have cataloged more than 20 distinct kinds of ice, each forming under its own mix of temperature and pressure. The familiar hexagonal variety that turns into snowflakes is only one chapter in a much thicker book.



That complexity matters. How and where ice first appears shapes the way clouds brighten the sky, how food keeps its texture in the freezer, and even how frost creeps across a windshield. 



Until now, the earliest moments of freezing - especially in tiny droplets - have remained hazy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beneath-the-surface-of-ice-0">Beneath the surface of "Ice 0"</h2>



New simulations point to an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/superionic-ice-found-inside-ice-giant-planets-only-melts-at-very-high-temperatures/">elusive form of ice</a>, nicknamed ice 0, as the spark that starts the freeze. Instead of blooming deep inside a droplet, nuclei with an ice 0-like structure gather a few billionths of an inch under the water-air boundary. 



Those clusters act as staging grounds: once they grow large enough, the surrounding molecules quickly rearrange into ordinary ice.



The work appears in Nature Communications and comes from a team at the <a href="https://www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Industrial Science</a> at The University of Tokyo. Their calculations settle a long debate about whether a bare water surface encourages or suppresses crystallization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-ice-0-special">What makes ice 0 special</h2>



Ice 0 looks halfway between liquid water and the rigid lattice that glistens on a skating rink. Its network mixes five-, six-, and seven-membered rings, so the energy penalty for shifting from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-matter-solid-liquid/">liquid to solid</a> shrinks. 



That easy entry explains why water prefers to “test the waters” with ice 0 before locking into its more orderly cousins.



Because the surface stretches the top layers just enough to create a slight negative pressure, those mixed-ring motifs pop up more often near the boundary than in the bulk. The discovery underlines the subtle ways surface tension steers molecular choreography.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-computer-experiments-probe-freezing">Computer experiments probe freezing</h2>



Tracking single molecules in a lab is nearly impossible, so the group turned to molecular dynamics simulations. 



They used the fast yet realistic mW water model, which preserves the tetrahedral bonding shape while stripping away explicit charges. 



That shortcut let the team run hundreds of independent trials and watch rare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-beauty-revealed-in-ice-formation/">nucleation events</a> without waiting months of real time.



To spot ice 0, they needed a new yardstick. Earlier studies relied on a sixfold symmetry metric that misses the odd-sized rings. 



The researchers instead chose an order parameter sensitive to twelvefold correlations, giving equal weight to the messy motifs that mark ice 0 and to the tidy hexagons of common ice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-close-to-air-not-glass">Close to air, not glass</h2>



The simulations show that droplets rarely freeze at the container wall. Instead, crystallization begins just under the free surface, confirming that the air–water interface, not the glass, often calls the shots. 



“Simulations have shown that a water droplet is more likely to crystallize near the free surface under isothermal conditions,” says lead author Gang Sun. 



“This resolves a longstanding debate about whether crystallization occurs more readily on the surface or internally.”



Once an ice 0 nucleus reaches a critical radius, it converts almost instantly into the familiar hexagonal or cubic ice. 



That <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-sheet-fracture-sets-a-speed-record-in-antarctica/">lightning-fast flip</a> explains why direct experiments, which usually detect only the final lattice, long overlooked the prelude.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-ice-0-to-frost">From ice 0 to frost</h2>



Ice 0 never lasts long. After serving as the starter, it morphs into ice I - the variety that piles up in kitchen freezers. 



The transformation preserves the nucleus’s location, so the finished crystal still hugs the subsurface zone. 



That layout may influence how quickly droplets shed latent heat, a key factor in cloud glaciation and aircraft icing.



Because the mechanism depends on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-piracy-antarctic-glacier-discovered-stealing-ice-from-its-neighbor-and-thats-not-a-good-thing/">surface tension</a>, curved droplets and thin films feel its effects more strongly than large pools. 



The finding helps interpret puzzling data from atmospheric studies where tiny particles often freeze sooner than bulk water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-cloud-droplets-care">Why cloud droplets care</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clouds-have-become-less-reflective-making-global-warming-worse/">Cloud microphysics</a> hinges on who gets cold first. A shift of only a few tenths of a degree can decide whether supercooled mist stays liquid or seeds snowflakes. 



Ice 0’s role means that models must treat the outer shell of each droplet as a privileged zone, not just another layer. 



That adjustment could refine predictions of cloud brightness and precipitation, improving climate projections.



In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fire-and-ice-volcanic-ash-plays-a-surprising-role-in-cloud-formation/">cirrus clouds</a> high above, where temperatures plunge below –22 °F, even slight changes in nucleation timing alter how much sunlight bounces back to space. Small droplets dominate those altitudes, so surface-focused freezing grows even more important.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Food engineers wrestle with similar physics when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_freezing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flash-freezing</a> berries or ice cream. Faster, surface-initiated crystallization can trap cells in shapes that preserve crunch and flavor. 



Insights from ice 0 may guide new protocols that cut energy bills while keeping taste intact.



The refrigeration industry, keen to stop frost from clogging heat exchangers, might also lean on the findings. Coatings that disrupt ice 0 formation could delay the first crystals and extend maintenance intervals.



Senior author <a href="https://www.softmatter.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Members_E.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hajime Tanaka</a> captures the broad potential: “The findings regarding the mechanism of surface crystallization of water are expected to contribute significantly to various fields, including climate studies and food sciences, where water crystallization plays a critical role.” 



Future lab experiments will chase the fleeting signature of ice 0 with ultrafast lasers and X-ray flashes. Success would turn the computer-generated picture into a confirmed piece of nature’s script.



For now, the study rewrites the opening scene of freezing. A narrow band beneath every droplet’s skin holds the key, and ice 0 is the quiet player that unlocks the chill.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50188-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communication</a>.



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Scientists discovered a new and unusual form of ice called 'Ice 0'

Water rarely behaves the way casual observers expect. Chill a...

Oceanographers have long used a simple rule of thumb: green water teems with microscopic life, while ultramarine blue usually signals relative scarcity.



A fresh analysis of two decades of satellite images suggests that the dividing line between those hues is on the move. 



Scientists have determined that open-ocean waters are steadily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-turning-green-thanks-to-climate-change-algae-blooms/">greening</a> at high latitudes and becoming bluer in the tropics and subtropics.



Because the tint of seawater tracks chlorophyll - the pigment that phytoplankton use for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/">photosynthesis</a> - the trend hints at a large-scale rearrangement of life at the base of marine food webs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-our-oceans-shifting-color-code">Our oceans' shifting color code</h2>



The research team, led by <a href="https://duke.edu/">Duke University</a> post-doctoral scholar Haipeng Zhao, sifted through global data captured from 2003 to 2022. The data came from <a href="https://aqua.nasa.gov/modis">NASA’s MODIS-Aqua</a> instrument, which scans the planet every two days.



Each pass measures subtle shifts in reflected light that reveal chlorophyll concentration right at the surface. To avoid the optical noise of sediment-rich coastlines, the researchers focused exclusively on the open ocean.



“In the ocean, what we see based on satellite measurements is that the tropics and the subtropics are generally losing chlorophyll, whereas the polar regions - the high-latitude regions - are greening,” Zhao said.



In practical terms, that means less plankton in warm, blue waters flanking the equator and a rising abundance in polar waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inventive-math-for-a-noisy-planet"><a></a>Inventive math for a noisy planet</h2>



Working with satellite imagery always involves gaps - patches of cloud, sensor dropouts, differences in daylight.



To tease out a coherent story, Zhao and colleagues borrowed a pair of statistical tools more often used to study household incomes: the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient.



Lead investigator Nicolas Cassar, a scientist at Duke, explained the leap from economics to oceanography: “We borrowed concepts from economics called the Lorenz curve and the Gini index, which together show how wealth is distributed in a society.



“We thought, let’s apply these to see whether the proportion of the ocean that holds the most chlorophyll has changed over time.”



The result? Over twenty years, the ‘chlorophyll rich’ zones - already green - grew greener, particularly in the northern hemisphere, while blue regions lost even more pigment. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-the-climate-connections"><a></a>Testing the climate connections</h2>



Greener poles and bluer tropics might sound like a straightforward fingerprint of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/">global warming</a>. However, the study stops short of that conclusion.



The authors compared chlorophyll shifts with four environmental variables: sea-surface water temperature, wind speed, light availability, and mixed-layer depth. 



Only warming tracked consistently with the observed color change; the others showed no strong association.



Even so, co-author Susan Lozier of <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia Tech</a> cautioned against a rush to label climate change the culprit. “The study period was too short to rule out the influence of recurring climate phenomena such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-climate-shifts-date-back-250-million-years/">El Niño</a>,” Lozier said.



“Having measurements for the next several decades will be important for determining influences beyond climate oscillations.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-plankton-big-impact">Changing plankton, big impact</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invisible-forest-of-phytoplankton-thrives-in-a-warming-climate/">Phytoplankton</a> do more than tint the waves. Through photosynthesis, they absorb carbon dioxide and convert it to organic matter, sequestering carbon when dead cells sink.



A poleward migration of productivity could rearrange that natural pump. Cassar notes that the geographic shift may decide how long that captured carbon remains out of circulation.



“If carbon sinks deeper or in places where water doesn’t resurface for a long time, it stays stored much longer. In contrast, shallow carbon can return to the atmosphere more quickly, reducing the effect of phytoplankton on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-storage-mystery-emerges-in-the-southern-ocean/">carbon storage</a>,” he said.



Food security is another concern. Many equatorial nations rely on rich fisheries sustained by plankton blooms. A steady drop in primary producers could disrupt the food web, reducing fish stocks vital to diets and economies.



“Phytoplankton are at the base of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-twilight-zone-stabilizes-the-marine-food-chain/">marine food chain</a>. If they are reduced, then the upper levels of the food chain could also be impacted, which could mean a potential redistribution of fisheries,” Cassar warned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-color-shift-continues">Ocean color shift continues</h2>



The study adds the open ocean to a list of Earth systems already showing poleward ecological drift. On land, satellite records have documented expanding forests in high latitudes and stressed vegetation in the subtropics. 



Now, with the ocean’s own chlorophyll belt shifting, researchers see a consistent planetary story unfolding.



Still, the authors emphasize that two decades are only an opening chapter. Longer records, deeper observations, and improved models of phytoplankton physiology are needed to predict the full ecological impact.



The ocean’s color shift signals change - green in high latitudes, blue near the equator - as ecosystems quietly reorganize. It silently tracks a significant re-ordering of marine life that could reshape climate feedbacks and global fisheries alike.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adr9715" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Ocean waters are changing colors and pushing marine life toward the poles

Oceanographers have long used a simple rule of thumb: green...

When a bonobo wrinkles its nose or lifts its browridge, those expressions do more than pose for the camera. Those flashes of movement form a language that researchers have struggled to pin down.



Now an international team has sharpened that language map by adapting a human facial‑coding toolkit to <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pan_paniscus/">Pan paniscus</a> (bonobos), cataloging 28 distinct moves and <a href="https://peerj.com/articles/19484/">showing</a> that 22 stem from specific muscles.



Dr. Catia Correia‑Caeiro of <a href="https://www.lw.uni-leipzig.de/institut-fuer-biologie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leipzig University’s Institute of Biology</a> leads the project, which unites experts from Germany, Switzerland, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. 



The team borrowed the Facial Action Coding System, a 1978 catalog that labels every visible muscle shift with a numeric action unit, then upgraded the scheme for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobo-communication-shares-many-structural-similarities-with-human-language/">bonobos</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bonobos-use-expressions-to-communicate">Bonobos use expressions to communicate</h2>



“This adaptation of <a href="https://www.animalfacs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChimpFACS</a> for bonobos fills an important gap in our ability to study facial expressions across different primate species,” said Dr. Correia‑Caeiro, who is also affiliated with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 



The new manual lets scientists compare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bonobo-day-a-celebration-of-love-peace-and-conservation/">bonobo</a>, chimpanzee, and human faces move for move.



Humans can muster about 30 action units, yet bonobos rival their chimpanzee cousins with 22, demonstrating the social weight of facial cues rather than sheer anatomical range. 



The catalog even adds a rarely recorded brow‑lowering move, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7790396/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AU41</a>, that deepens the <a href="https://www.imaios.com/en/e-anatomy/anatomical-structures/glabella-1536895880#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glabella</a> without the human‑exclusive corrugation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bonobo-expressions-mirror-spoken-language">Bonobo expressions mirror spoken language </h2>



The team sifted through roughly 55 hours of high‑definition <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12169169/#supplemental-information" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">video</a> featuring 241 bonobos in zoos, sanctuaries, and the wild, coding each frame by hand.



The footage revealed three independent ear gestures, ears forward, ears elevated, ears flattened, expanding the expressive palette beyond eyes and mouth. 



The researchers also spotted brief lid‑tightening blinks that accompany nose wrinkles, hinting at graded intensity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-and-chimps-express-empathy-much-like-humans/">bonobo</a> signals.



The experts noticed that some action units, such as cheek‑raisers and glabella‑lowerers, often fire in rapid succession - suggesting combination rules that mirror syllables in spoken language.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-bonobos-needed-their-own-system">Why bonobos needed their own system</h2>



Despite their similarities to chimpanzees, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-are-more-endangered-than-previously-known/">bonobos</a> have distinct facial features that complicate direct comparison. 



Subtle traits, like lighter lip coloration, reduced brow-ridge prominence, and more flexible lower lips, affect how facial movements appear and are perceived. These differences can confuse coders if using chimpanzee references alone.



Without a dedicated coding system, earlier studies on bonobos varied wildly in the number of described expressions, from just 5 to as many as 46. 



That inconsistency made it hard to compare results or identify patterns. A tailored toolkit ensures more reliable tracking and opens the door to rigorous, reproducible analysis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-expressions-helps-bonobo-care">Decoding expressions helps bonobo care</h2>



“By better understanding their facial expressions, we can more accurately evaluate their emotional states and overall well‑being,” Correia‑Caeiro explained. Caretakers can now read those signals with new confidence.&nbsp;



Bonobos are endangered, with population estimates hovering between 29,000 and 50,000 individuals according to the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15932/102331567" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN Red List</a>.



Knowing when a captive ape is tense or relaxed helps zoos tweak enrichment schedules, separate clashing individuals sooner, and design habitats that cut social friction before it spirals into injury.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bonobo-expressions-and-social-units">Bonobo expressions and social units</h2>



Shared action units let scientists trace which facial abilities pre‑date the split between humans and the Pan lineage six million years ago. 



A 2020 multi‑species <a href="https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/files/19273293/Measuring_the_evolution.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review</a> argues that facial mobility scales with social complexity, placing bonobos near the top of the primate scale.



Bonobos live in female‑bonded, relatively tolerant groups, so extra facial nuance may diffuse conflicts without resorting to violence, offering a living model for hypotheses on early human cooperation.



The <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-021-01692-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NetFACS project</a> applies network analysis to thousands of coded faces, revealing that great‑ape expressions form dense interaction graphs where muscle combos shift with context. 



In bonobos, preliminary graphs show tighter clustering of play‑related units than threat units, hinting that relaxed social atmospheres encourage richer facial “vocabularies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facial-complexity-and-social-evolution">Facial complexity and social evolution</h2>



Computer‑vision engineers are training algorithms on the new bonobo library, aiming for real‑time welfare dashboards that flag stress before keepers can see it. 



The advanced systems could eventually watch forest camera traps, letting conservationists gauge mood across remote populations without intrusive tagging.



Comparative biologists plan to pit bonobo, chimpanzee, and human FACS data against group size, food‑sharing rates, and dominance styles. 



If facial complexity tracks tolerance as predicted, the findings could rewrite textbooks on primate social evolution.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://peerj.com/articles/19484/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PeerJ</a>.



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Facial expressions of bonobos offer a window into their lives

When a bonobo wrinkles its nose or lifts its browridge,...

Bee populations around the world have been slipping for decades, even in areas with meadows. Across the United States, managed hives have dropped from about five million in the 1940s to 2.7 million in <a href="https://www.pollinator.org/threats" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a>.



Pollination keeps the produce aisle stocked, and honey bees alone add roughly <a href="https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/general-information/initiatives-and-highlighted-programs/peoples-garden/importance-pollinators/honey-bees" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">$15 billion</a> to the value of U.S. crops every year. 



Kathrin Czechofsky of the University of Göttingen says the latest <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.70074" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fieldwork</a> shows there is still room for optimism when farms and conservation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-2025-protecting-the-pollinators-that-feed-the-world/">habitats</a> are planned together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bees-are-disappearing-despite-meadows">Bees are disappearing despite meadows</h2>



Habitat loss, pesticide exposure, and disease form a triple threat, yet land conversion remains the clearest driver of wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-dangers-threaten-the-survival-of-bees-and-pollinators/">bee</a> decline. 



Climate stress adds another layer, and recent work warns that many bumblebee broods fail when nest temperatures top 96 °F, a threshold that rising heat waves frequently exceed.



Fields blanketed in a single commodity crop create long floral dry spells that leave solitary bees hungry between brief bloom windows. 



Even well‑intended local actions, such as installing small flower strips, often struggle to reverse losses because bees forage across landscapes, not single fields.



Without a coordinated plan, conservation patches can cancel one another out or fail to meet nesting needs over an entire season.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-different-farm-types-were-tested">How different farm types were tested</h2>



To explore what really works, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/">University of Göttingen</a> mapped 32 German farm landscapes roughly 0.6 mile across.



Each circular site combined different shares of organic cropland, annual flower strips, and <a href="https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/publications/23-028_01_Creating-Perennial-Habitat-Using-Plugs-FS_web.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perennial habitat</a> dominated by long‑lived plants such as meadow knapweed.



Transects criss‑crossed wheat, clover, hedgerows, and the open lanes where <a href="https://www.bumblebeeconservation.org/learn-about-bumblebees/species-guide/red-tailed-bumblebee/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bombus lapidarius</a> and dozens of lesser‑known species feed. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overlapping-support-for-bees">Overlapping support for bees</h2>



Over three summer runs, the team recorded more than 4,500 individual bees, and then scaled those counts to the full landscape for a big‑picture view.



The design allowed the researchers to test whether habitats simply add, work together in a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/synergistic-effect" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">synergistic effect</a>, or cancel each other out.



The analysis leaned on the same statistical muscle used in crop‑yield forecasting, but here the harvest metric was buzz and diversity. 



Organic acreage, flower strips, and perennial pockets each lifted flower cover, yet the payoff for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-highly-concerned-that-so-many-bee-hives-have-disappeared/">bees</a> hinged on how those elements overlapped.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bees-thrive-when-farms-meet-meadows">Bees thrive when farms meet meadows</h2>



Organic fields, managed without synthetic pesticides, proved especially valuable when at least five percent of the surrounding land also held perennial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-sleep-like-humans-with-similar-brain-patterns/">habitat</a>. 



Densities of non‑bumblebee wild species climbed steeply under that mix, evidence of a synergy between pesticide‑free forage and nearby nesting ground.



“This study offers important guidance for shaping future measures for agriculture and the environment. It highlights the value of coordinated, landscape‑scale planning,” noted Dr. Annika Haß, a lead scientist on <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/646422.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the ComBee project</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stable-meadow-edges-support-bees">Stable meadow edges support bees </h2>



Organic plots alone boosted bumblebee numbers too, yet the gains were additive rather than synergistic. 



Many common Bombus species nest flexibly in grass margins or old rodent burrows, so they profit from pesticide‑free blossoms even without extra meadows. 



For orchard managers in the United States pondering organic transitions, the message is clear: pesticide reduction helps, but pairing it with stable meadow edges helps even more.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flower-strips-meadows-and-mixed-signals">Flower strips, meadows, and mixed signals</h2>



Annual flower fields, those bright strips tilled and reseeded every spring, sound perfect on paper but told a more tangled story in practice. 



When large flower strips were paired with broad organic acreage, overall bee numbers often plateaued rather than doubled because both habitats bloom at similar times. Redundancy in food, without added nesting sites, meant no bonus for pollinators.



Perennial meadows, by contrast, flower in staggered waves and offer bare or lightly vegetated soil where ground‑nesting bees dig. Their long-lived stems survive winter, protecting larvae and overwintering adults. 



That structural difference explains why meadows completed the resource puzzle alongside organic crops, while annual strips sometimes crowded it.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-spread-viruses-to-bumblebees-in-the-spring/">Bumblebees</a>, with their social colonies and bigger flight ranges, took advantage of annual strips only in simple landscapes that lacked meadows. For solitary bees with shorter foraging ranges, perennial patches again tipped the scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-diversified-landscapes">Benefits of diversified landscapes</h2>



The ComBee team calculated practical thresholds: organic farming starts to raise species richness when annual strips cover less than five acres inside a 500‑acre landscape. 



Synergy with perennial meadows kicks in once those meadows reach about 12 acres. These numbers translate neatly to many Midwestern farm sections or European parish blocks, giving planners concrete targets instead of guesswork.



Because budgets are limited, the authors argue for steering organic incentives toward places where annual flower strips are scarce, while investing separate funds to create long‑term meadows in regions already rich in organic acreage.



Such mixing of functionally different habitats promises the biggest biological return per dollar. Beyond bees, diversified landscapes cushion farms against drought, improve soil structure, and harbor predators that curb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-assist-farmers-by-consuming-harmful-pests/">crop pests</a>.



Policies that reward cooperation among neighboring landowners, rather than isolated actions, could therefore yield multiple wins.



The study is published in the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.70074" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Applied Ecology</a>.



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Organic farms and meadows can help save wild bees

Bee populations around the world have been slipping for decades,...

The smell of toast drifts from the kitchen. Across the room, you notice a hand reach for a butter knife. Without thinking, you already sense the next move. 



Your brain predicts that a slice of bread will meet a dab of butter, and it usually gets the call right. That quiet, automatic guesswork keeps everyday scenes feeling smooth rather than jumbled.



Behind this split-second foresight is a set of brain regions known to researchers as the "<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.627983/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">action observation network (AON)</a>," a collection that fires up whenever we watch another person reach, grasp, or tinker with an object. 



Decades of lab tests - often showing only one- to two-second video snippets - mapped out the basics of that network. 



Yet real life rarely serves actions in single bites. It offers full recipes, packed with intention and order. That difference set the stage for a revealing new study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-action-observation-network-in-the-brain">Action observation network in the brain</h2>



The project came from a team at the <a href="https://nin.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience</a> led by Christian Keysers and Valeria Gazzola. 



Keysers puts it simply: “What we would do next becomes what our brain sees,” a reminder that prediction lies at the heart of perception. 



Earlier work suggested that information flows in one direction - visual regions pass details to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sitting-for-hours-daily-shrinks-your-brain-even-if-you-exercise/">parietal and premotor hubs</a>, which then plan a matching response. The new study asked whether that pipeline flips when a viewer can forecast the next step.



To probe the question, researchers created two versions of everyday scenes - say, building a sandwich or folding a shirt. 



In the natural cut, actions played out in their expected order; in the scrambled cut, the same clips were shuffled. Volunteers watched both while their brain activity was recorded. 



Because some participants were epilepsy patients already implanted with intracranial electrodes for medical monitoring, the team captured electrical signals deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-brain-pathways-identified-as-being-unique-to-humans/">inside the cortex</a> with millisecond precision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-you-and-your-brain-see">What you and your brain see</h2>



When the action order made sense, the brain worked differently than textbook diagrams predicted. Feedback signals ran from higher-level motor regions down to the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/sensory-cortex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory cortex</a>. 



That top-down push quieted visual areas, as if the brain decided it could lighten the workload because the next move was practically a foregone conclusion. 



In contrast, the jumbled cut forced the cortex to lean on incoming sight alone, reviving the classic feed-forward path from eye to hand.



The switch was clearest in the premotor cortex. This area, best known for preparing our own movements, pulsed first when scenes unfolded logically. Electrical rhythms then traveled backward toward regions that handle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/">touch and vision</a>. 



The result hints that motor memories - habits such as slicing a roll - prime the brain to handle what our eyes are about to see.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-uses-memory-to-see">Brain uses memory to 'see'</h2>



Valeria Gazzola puts the reversal in plain terms: “Now, information was actually flowing from the premotor regions, that know how we prepare breakfast ourselves, down to the parietal cortex, and suppressed activity in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/visual-cortex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">visual cortex</a>.” 



She adds, “It is as if they stopped to see with their eyes, and started to see what they would have done themselves.” 



The quotes capture a striking idea: in familiar settings, action perception may depend more on stored know-how than raw sight.



That idea slots neatly into the larger framework of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-nose-is-a-clever-smell-prediction-system/">predictive coding</a>, a theory proposing that the brain constantly compares expectations to incoming data, then sends error signals when reality misses the mark. 



By showing the mechanism in natural sequences, the study strengthens the view that prediction is not a special feature reserved for high-stakes moments. It is a default mode woven into everyday social life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficiency-through-feedback-loops">Efficiency through feedback loops</h2>



Suppressing the visual cortex during a well-known routine might sound risky, yet it saves energy and speeds comprehension. 



If the brain trusts its guess, it trims redundant sensory checks, freeing resources for surprises - such as an unexpected ingredient swap. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caffeine-at-night-disrupts-sleep-and-brain-activity-especially-in-young-adults/">Electroencephalography</a> and functional MRI data from the same study revealed lower metabolic demand when actions were predictable, backing the idea that foreknowledge cuts neural overhead.



These feedback loops also clarify how we keep track of other people in noisy or visually cluttered places. 



By leaning on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-human-brain-create-retrieve-memories-engram-cells-connections/">motor memories</a>, the brain can stitch together patchy views into a coherent scene, a skill vital for teamwork on a crowded street or communication across a dinner table.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-this-is-weird-why-does-it-matter">This is weird, why does it matter?</h2>



Understanding how the motor system shapes perception could help fine-tune rehabilitation after stroke. Therapies that train patients to anticipate movement sequences - rather than simply imitate single motions - might better rewire damaged circuits. 



The findings also inspire engineers working on assistive robots and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/augmented-reality-ar-glasses-bring-3d-holograms-closer-to-reality/">augmented-reality glasses</a>. Systems that predict human intent a fraction of a second early can choose safer paths, hand over tools at the right moment, or flag anomalies before accidents unfold.



Beyond medicine and machines, the work nudges us to appreciate the hidden labor our brains perform. Every time we pass the salt or catch a tossed set of keys, layers of neural forecasting keep the exchange seamless. 



By mapping that choreography with intracranial precision, the researchers have shown that much of what we ‘see’ comes from inside, projected forward by experience rather than painted on solely by the eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-studies-on-how-the-brain-sees">Future studies on how the brain sees</h2>



Future studies will test whether the same feedback pattern appears in more complex social exchanges - playing music together, learning a new sport, or reading facial expressions in fast-moving conversations. 



If motor-based prediction proves central across those domains, training programs that expand a person’s movement repertoire could sharpen perceptual skills as well.



For now, the take-home message is clear. When an action unfolds in a familiar rhythm, the brain lets memory call many of the shots. That shortcut keeps life running smoothly, one well-timed guess at a time.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(23)01444-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports</a>.



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Human minds see what we "expect" to see, not what we actually see

The smell of toast drifts from the kitchen. Across the...

Tsunami warning sirens on Vancouver Island have never sounded for real, yet scientists know the lull is temporary. A new study says artificial intelligence could sharpen the split‑second calls that decide whether visitors and locals can reach higher ground.



The work zeroes in on Tofino, a surfing town whose beaches and hotels fill with travelers year‑round. Researchers tested different warning strategies and found that machine learning might save more people than the rules emergency crews use today.



Earth‑science professor <a href="https://www.uwo.ca/earth/people/faculty/goda.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Katsuichiro Goda</a> at <a href="https://www.uwo.ca/sci/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Western University</a>, the <a href="https://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=4507" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canada Research Chair in Multi‑Hazard Risk Assessment</a>, led the project. 



He and his team compared traditional statistical models with newer random forest algorithms and neural network tools, checking how long officials can wait before pressing the alert button.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-stakes-for-tofino">High stakes for tofino</h2>



Tofino sits a short drive from the <a href="https://www.pnsn.org/outreach/earthquakesources/csz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cascadia Subduction Zone</a>, the 600‑mile fault where the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/subduction-juan-de-fuca-plate-beneath-north-american-pla" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juan de Fuca plate</a> dives under North America. 



A magnitude‑9 rupture on that boundary could send a 65‑foot wall of water ashore in roughly 20 minutes.



<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261304047_Japan_Trench_earthquake_and_tsunami_monitoring_network_of_cable-linked_150_ocean_bottom_observatories_and_its_impact_to_earth_disaster_science" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Japan’s S‑net network</a> packs 150 ocean‑bottom sensors along deep‑sea cables, yet Vancouver Island relies on only four nodes for real‑time data.<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261304047_Japan_Trench_earthquake_and_tsunami_monitoring_network_of_cable-linked_150_ocean_bottom_observatories_and_its_impact_to_earth_disaster_science?utm_source=chatgpt.com"> </a>



That imbalance matters because Tofino’s hotels, marinas, and boardwalk shops represent more than 2 billion Canadian dollars in at‑risk assets during a severe inundation.<a href="https://cheknews.ca/new-study-shows-ai-could-help-sharpen-tsunami-warnings-for-b-c-s-coast-1259866/?utm_source=chatgpt.com"> </a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-minutes-matter">Why minutes matter</h2>



Evacuation drills show that even fit hikers need up to 17 minutes to climb from the waterfront to designated hills. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-geomagnetic-solar-storm-alert-issued-auroras-expected-farther-south/">Alerts</a> that come too late jam the single highway out of town, trapping beachgoers behind stalled traffic.



Canada lacks a local catalog of historic tsunamis, so the study fed the computer thousands of simulated waveforms instead of real past events. 



The team discovered that performance swings wildly when the training set omits certain rupture styles, an uncertainty coastal planners rarely see in public briefings.



Adding synthetic events from <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16344" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bayesian “digital twin” models</a> could close that gap, a method now being tested for the Cascadia coast.<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16344?utm_source=chatgpt.com">&nbsp;</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-random-forests-vs-human-judgment">Random forests vs human judgment</h2>



“When waiting times are too short, performances of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mega-tsunamis-triggered-by-earthquakes-could-wipe-part-of-us-off-the-map/">tsunami</a> early warning models vary significantly in terms of success,” said Goda. 



His favorite tool, the random forest, stacks dozens of mini decision trees, each weighing different seismic variables before voting on the safest moment to send a text <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-a-severe-solar-storm-alert-with-auroras-expected-across-most-of-us/">alert</a>.



In test runs the algorithm beat multiple‑linear regression by about 15 percent on successful evacuations, echoing results from international trials that link seafloor gauges with machine‑learning forecasts.<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098300423001279?utm_source=chatgpt.com">&nbsp;</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tsunami-warning-sirens">Tsunami warning sirens</h2>



Japan’s 150‑station array beams pressure and seismic data along 3,600 miles of fiber‑optic cable, giving residents clearer information on wave height and arrival time.



Vancouver Island’s four‑sensor network, run by Ocean Networks Canada, limits early detection accuracy near tourist beaches like Cox Bay. 



Goda argues that even a modest expansion - one extra sensor for each 25 miles of coastline, would feed the hungry algorithms and shorten the interval between quake and alert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourist-economies-in-the-crosshairs">Tourist economies in the crosshairs</h2>



Peak season pushes Tofino’s population from 2,500 to nearly 20,000, magnifying the challenge of moving people uphill before a wave arrives. 



Business owners note that a single false alarm can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars in canceled bookings, so accuracy and trust go hand in hand.



Locals say the success of any alert system depends on whether people trust it. That trust hinges on understanding how and why evacuation orders are made. 



Workshops and school programs that explain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/650-foot-mega-tsunami-sends-seismic-waves-around-world-dickson-fjord-swot-mission/">tsunami</a> dynamics and how warnings work have helped raise awareness in Tofino. 



These efforts build a culture of readiness, making it more likely that people will act quickly when seconds count.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toward-smarter-evacuations">Toward smarter evacuations</h2>



“We need to start using more AI models to get better results, but they are more data‑hungry and only perform better with more data,” explained Goda. 



The Western study suggests a counter‑intuitive tactic: wait a handful of extra seconds before issuing an alert so that messages include firmer wave‑height estimates.



Past disasters show why precision matters: surveys after the 2011 <a href="https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2011-japan-earthquake-and-tsunami-facts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tohoku tsunami</a> found that repeated false alarms made some residents less likely to flee small waves later.<a href="https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2011-japan-earthquake-and-tsunami-facts?utm_source=chatgpt.com"> </a>



Next fall Goda's group will join residents during Tofino’s annual drill to test an AI‑assisted alert generator in real time. If the prototype works, the same code could guard resorts from Bali to Havana, shrinking the casualty gap between well‑monitored and overlooked coastlines.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21664250.2025.2516324" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coastal Engineering Journal</a>.



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New study proposes using AI to improve tsunami warnings in tourist areas

Tsunami warning sirens on Vancouver Island have never sounded for...

Since 2014, June 21 has been observed globally as World Giraffe Day. Chosen deliberately for its distinction as the longest day of the year, the date honors the world’s tallest land mammal. The symbolism is compelling, but the message is urgent. 



Giraffes are undergoing a rapid and largely unrecognized population decline. While often admired for their appearance, their ecological importance and conservation status remain overlooked by the global public.



The <a href="https://giraffeconservation.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Giraffe Conservation Foundation</a> emphasizes that celebrating giraffes must go hand-in-hand with acknowledging the threats they face. Current trends suggest that without widespread intervention, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giraffes-are-suffering-a-silent-extinction-and-need-more-protection/">animals</a> could disappear within our lifetime.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-roles-of-giraffes">Ecological roles of giraffes </h2>



Giraffes may be quiet and unassuming, but they play a vital role in nature. They perform key ecological functions that support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-world-giraffe-day-celebrate-the-worlds-tallest-animal-on-the-earths-longest-day/">biodiversity</a> in savanna ecosystems.



While feeding, giraffes naturally trim tree canopies, allowing more sunlight to reach the plants below. This promotes understory growth and enhances the structural diversity of the ecosystem.



As giraffes move across landscapes, they disperse seeds, contributing to forest regeneration.



Giraffes help many other animals by changing their surroundings. Birds, insects, and mammals all benefit. Yet, much like their silent presence, the decline of giraffes has largely gone unnoticed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-giraffe-day-a-quiet-decline">World Giraffe Day: A quiet decline</h2>



Over the past three decades, giraffe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giraffes-gained-their-long-necks-for-food-not-sex/">populations</a> have declined by nearly one third. They have been extirpated from at least seven African countries. Despite this, their situation has received minimal public attention. Conservationists have described this phenomenon as a “silent extinction,” noting the contrast between the giraffe’s visibility in tourism and media, and its invisibility in conservation policy.



In comparison to elephants and rhinos, which receive considerable international focus, giraffes rarely appear in global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giraffes-hate-slopes-and-its-threatening-their-survival/">conservation</a> discourse. Their quiet presence may be contributing to their neglect. Yet, the threats they face are no less severe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drivers-of-population-loss">Drivers of population loss</h2>



Habitat fragmentation is a primary driver of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giraffes-have-gut-bacteria-that-are-unaffected-by-their-diet/">population</a> decline. Human expansion through agriculture, infrastructure, and urban development has significantly reduced the land available to giraffes. 



Poaching also persists. Some giraffes are killed for meat; others for tails, which are used as charms or tools.



Climate change compounds these pressures. Droughts force giraffes to approach farmlands, leading to human-wildlife conflict. In these cases, crop protection often results in giraffe fatalities. 



The cumulative effect of these stressors is a gradual erosion of giraffe populations across the continent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emerging-scientific-urgency">Emerging scientific urgency</h2>



Recent genetic studies have shifted scientific understanding of giraffe taxonomy. What was once considered a single species with subspecies is now recognized as four distinct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-four-unique-giraffe-species-across-africa/">species</a>. 



This taxonomic clarification carries conservation implications. Protection strategies must now be tailored to individual species, as threats and habitat needs vary. 



With improved clarity comes a renewed obligation to act swiftly. Several giraffe species are critically endangered, with populations below 2,000 individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-active-conservation-efforts">Supporting active conservation efforts</h2>



The Giraffe Conservation Foundation leads key interventions across Africa. One major strategy involves tracking giraffes using GPS collars to map their movement patterns and identify ecological corridors. These insights inform landscape-level protection strategies.



Translocation efforts have also proven successful. In areas where populations are especially vulnerable, small herds have been moved to protected zones with favorable conditions. 



Though resource-intensive, this approach has led to successful breeding and the birth of new calves, offering cautious optimism.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-action-on-world-giraffe-day">Public action on World Giraffe Day </h2>



Public involvement remains essential. While direct participation in fieldwork is not feasible for most individuals, awareness-raising remains powerful. 



Sharing verified information, supporting conservation organizations, and advocating for sustainable tourism all contribute to broader efforts.



Educators can also play a key role by integrating giraffe conservation into curricula. Artists, writers, and communicators can amplify messages that connect people emotionally and intellectually with the issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-giraffes">Cultural significance of giraffes</h2>



Beyond biology, giraffes hold symbolic importance in many African cultures. Their image appears in rock art, oral traditions, and modern storytelling. 



Often associated with grace, patience, and heightened vision, giraffes represent qualities that humans value deeply.



In this sense, their disappearance would constitute not only an ecological loss but also a cultural one. Preserving giraffes means preserving shared human heritage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-a-celebration">More than a celebration </h2>



This observance offers more than celebration. It invites reflection. Why has the decline of such an iconic animal gone largely unnoticed? What assumptions have shaped our collective inaction? And more importantly, how do we shift from admiration to responsibility?



The extra daylight on June 21 becomes a metaphor for awareness. The question is whether we will use it wisely. We already have the tools and science is catching up. 



Protecting giraffes isn’t just about saving a species - it’s about preserving the wild itself. We can’t afford to wait. What stands tall today could disappear tomorrow.



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World Giraffe Day 2025 calls for urgent action to save giraffes

Since 2014, June 21 has been observed globally as World...

Hope isn’t just a nice feeling - it is a lifeline. While happiness and gratitude often get the spotlight in discussions around well-being, new research shows that hope might be even more important. 



A recent study from researchers at the <a href="https://missouri.edu/">University of Missouri</a> challenges long-held assumptions about hope. It’s not about wishful thinking - hope gives life depth, purpose, and direction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-powerful-emotional-force">A powerful emotional force </h2>



For years, hope has been primarily linked to motivation and setting goals. But this latest research suggests that there’s something deeper going on. 



Hope is not just about achieving things. It’s a powerful emotional force that helps us feel like our lives matter.



Study lead author Megan Edwards earned a doctorate at Mizzou and is now a postdoctoral scholar at Duke University.



"Our research shifts the perspective on hope from merely a cognitive process related to goal attainment to recognizing it as a vital emotional experience that enriches life's meaning," said Edwards. "This insight opens new avenues for enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/houseplants-boosted-psychological-well-being-during-covid-19-lockdown/">psychological well-being</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-isn-t-a-luxury-it-s-essential">Hope isn’t a luxury - it’s essential</h2>



The study, conducted in the Department of Psychological Sciences, included six experiments and more than 2,300 participants from different backgrounds. 



The team looked at a wide range of positive emotions - amusement, excitement, contentment, happiness. But again and again, one emotion stood out.



Only hope consistently predicted a stronger sense of meaning in life. This isn’t just an abstract idea. Feeling like your life has meaning has real-world effects. It’s tied to better relationships, improved physical health, higher income, and greater emotional well-being.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-often-undervalue-the-most-meaningful-experiences-in-life/">Experiencing life as meaningful</a> is crucial for just about every good thing you can imagine in a person's life,” said study co-author Professor Laura King.



“This cornerstone of psychological functioning is not a rare experience - it is available to people in their everyday lives and hope is one of the things that make life feel meaningful.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-sets-hope-apart">What sets hope apart</h2>



So what sets hope apart from other positive emotions? It isn’t just about feeling good in the moment - it’s about feeling like tomorrow might be better than today.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-happiness-come-from-it-depends-on-who-you-are/">Happiness</a>, for example, is often tied to what’s happening right now. A fun event, a compliment, a good day. 



Gratitude reflects on what has already happened - what you’ve received or survived. But hope is forward-looking. It lives in possibility, and that’s what gives it power.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-through-the-tough-times">Getting through the tough times</h2>



Hope helps people move through hard times, not by pretending things are perfect, but by allowing them to imagine that things could improve. 



It’s that sense of potential - even when things are rough - that keeps people going. Hope is what helps someone apply for a job after a rejection, try again after a setback, or get out of bed when life feels heavy.



And unlike fleeting moments of happiness, hope can stick around. It can grow quietly, even in tough conditions, shaping how we see our lives and what we believe is possible.



This emotional staying power might explain why hope plays such a strong role in shaping how meaningful life feels. It’s not just a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/houseplants-improve-mood-and-productivity/">mood</a> - it’s a mindset. One that’s deeply connected to resilience, purpose, and mental health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-ways-to-build-hope-daily">Simple ways to build hope daily</h2>



You don’t need a big life overhaul to build hope. The researchers suggest simple, practical habits that can make a real difference. 



Start by noticing the good moments - even something as small as a peaceful morning or a kind gesture. These small wins remind us that things can go right.



In chaotic times, look for small chances to move forward. Even tiny steps can help you feel more in control. 



Recognize and celebrate progress - in yourself and others. Whether it’s healing, learning something new, or simply getting through a tough week, every step forward can fuel hope.



Taking care of something - a plant, a pet, or another person - reinforces the idea that the future matters.



And above all, remember that nothing stays the same forever. Hard times don’t last. Change is always possible, and hope begins with believing that.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-research-is-going">Where the research is going</h2>



This study opens up a lot of questions, and the researchers are already looking ahead. They plan to dig deeper into how hope works in the middle of serious challenges. 



Can it help people find meaning even when they’re going through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-mourn-the-loss-of-other-pets-similar-to-human-grief/">grief</a>, illness, or major setbacks? That’s what they want to find out next.



One thing is clear: hope isn’t just a feel-good emotion. It’s something we need to live well. And it’s something we can practice every day. 



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Femo0001513">Emotion</a>.



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Experts identify the simple emotion that gives life meaning - and it's not happiness

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Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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