Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.



“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”



“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.



Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.



Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.



The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.



Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.



The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. 



"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.



"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."



"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.



The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.



"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. 



The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.



Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. 



This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.



The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.



Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.



In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. 



"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”



Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.



One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;



In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.



A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;



"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. 



These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;



“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;



“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”



The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.



This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. 



This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;



While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;



The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.



The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.



The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;



We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;



These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.



Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.



The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.



The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;



Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.



Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said NASA.



"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020. 



Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.



"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."



When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;



"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. "This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.



Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.



“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. This glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.



A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. 



This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe. 



Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.



The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. 



The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Corbassière glacier: Earth's climate archives are melting away

This diagram gives a comprehensive guide to Perseverance’s many scientific instruments. And the impressive array of gadgets includes the Mastcam-Z – a camera that can take both stereoscopic and panoramic photos. There’s also the SuperCam, which is an instrument capable of chemical analysis and image-making. It can even remotely detect signs of possible ancient organic remains on the planet’s surface. But, sadly, it hasn’t yet spotted aliens.

19. The instruments

As our climate warms, the UK and Ireland are witnessing an alarming increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> events, characterized by severe wind and heavy rainfall occurring simultaneously. Recent research reveals that these compound extremes are set to become more frequent and severe, posing new challenges to both infrastructure and emergency responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emerging-threats-from-a-warmer-climate">Emerging threats from a warmer climate</h2>



Researchers from <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a> have documented significant changes through climate simulations spanning historical periods (1981-2000) to projected future scenarios (2060-2081). 



The findings highlight a stark increase in the severity of extreme weather events as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a> continue to rise. This intensification is primarily due to increased rainfall, a direct thermodynamic response to the warming climate. 



Additionally, alterations in the jet stream - with its southward movement - are anticipated to steer storms through warmer regions, which will further amplify rainfall. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalation-in-compound-weather-extremes">Escalation in compound weather extremes</h2>



The UK and Ireland are expected to face more frequent and severe windstorms paired with extreme rainfall, increasing the risk of catastrophic flooding. 



This escalation in compound weather extremes presents a significant threat to coastal areas prone to flooding and could severely impact emergency services and infrastructure, including power and transportation networks.



Dr. Colin Manning, who led the study, noted the dire implications if current trends persist. "Our work shows that such compound extremes will occur more frequently as our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate warms</a> and likely bring more severe impacts."



The aggregation of damage from both wind and flooding is expected to significantly strain emergency response capabilities. 



In response, Dr. Manning recommends a dual strategy to lessen these impacts: reducing greenhouse gas emissions and bolstering the resilience of essential infrastructure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-dynamics-of-compound-weather-extremes">Decoding the dynamics of compound weather extremes </h2>



To better understand and predict these compound weather extremes, the researchers implemented a comprehensive analytical approach. They linked severe wind and rainfall events to the occurrence of extra-tropical cyclones (ETCs) in the region. 



Using indices like the Wind Severity Index (WSI) and Rainfall Severity Index (RSI), the researchers measured the intensity of extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-makes-it-difficult-to-understand-extreme-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather</a> events. They also calculated the return periods for both individual and combined extremes to determine their likelihood and characterized the events by their specific wind and rainfall traits. This approach was key in identifying changes in the intensities of wind and rainfall.



Professor Lizzie Kendon, a key contributor to the research, emphasizes the significance of the advanced climate projections that were utilized. These projections, based on high-resolution models, provide an in-depth view of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/local-weather-climate-change-beliefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local weather</a> extremes are expected to develop over the next decades. 



"This is highlighting the importance of considering compounding effects, including co-occurrences of different hazards, as well as the clustering of extreme events, in fully capturing the potential impacts of climate change," noted Kendon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-to-enhance-climate-resilience">Research to enhance climate resilience</h2>



The insights garnered from this study set a crucial groundwork for further investigation into the mechanisms driving these compound weather extremes. Future research will expand to include a broader array of climate models to confirm the robustness of the results. 



Understanding the direct link between these compound events and their resultant impacts is vital. As the evidence mounts, it becomes increasingly clear that a proactive and informed approach is essential for managing and mitigating the effects of climate change on weather patterns. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-compound-weather-extremes">More about compound weather extremes</h2>



Compound weather extremes refer to scenarios where multiple adverse weather events occur simultaneously or sequentially, often exacerbating the impacts compared to what would be expected from any single event. 



These combinations can include heatwaves coinciding with droughts, heavy rainfall alongside storm surges, or simultaneous occurrences of extreme winds and precipitation. Such compound events often result in more severe consequences for ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health than the sum of their individual parts.



For example, when a heatwave and drought occur together, the strain on water resources intensifies, stressing agricultural systems and increasing the risk of wildfires. Another example is when heavy rainfall happens in conjunction with a storm surge; the resulting floods can be far more destructive than either event would be alone. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212094724000343" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weather and Climate Extremes</a>.



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Compound weather extremes are now more frequent and severe

As our climate warms, the UK and Ireland are witnessing...

3d,Illustration,Bacteriophage,Infecting,Bacterium

The fracking industry in the Permian Basin generates an overwhelming 168 billion gallons of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-wastewater-is-a-hidden-solution-to-the-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wastewater</a> annually. This "produced water" is notoriously difficult and expensive to treat due to its chemical complexity. 



Sadly, traditional methods often fall short, leaving the industry grappling with the financial and environmental costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteriophages">Bacteriophages</h2>



Researchers have recently made a significant breakthrough in the quest for a more efficient and cost-effective treatment method. 



Their study, which brings to light the potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-virus-discovered-in-the-deepest-part-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> -- viruses known for their ability to target and eliminate specific bacteria -- is paving the way for innovative solutions in water treatment.



Ramón Antonio Sánchez, a doctoral candidate at The University of Texas at El Paso (<a href="https://www.utep.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UTEP</a>), spearheads this research. He explains that bacteriophages are uniquely adept at infecting and destroying single species of bacteria without harming others. 



This specificity is particularly useful in tackling the problematic bacteria found in produced water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fracking industry and wastewater challenges</h2>



Produced water from fracking contains bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which corrodes metal infrastructure, and Bacillus megaterium, known for decomposing hydrocarbons. 



These bacteria present serious challenges for the durability of fracking pipelines and the cleanliness of the water. 



By targeting these bacteria, bacteriophages offer a rapid and targeted approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-water-treatment-method-is-eco-friendly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water treatment</a>, enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of oil and gas production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-access-and-effectiveness">Expanding access and effectiveness</h2>



Despite the significant potential of bacteriophages to revolutionize wastewater treatment, several challenges limit their current application. Firstly, these viruses are not widely available, restricting their immediate use in industrial settings. 



Moreover, the nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> is such that each type typically targets a specific strain of bacteria. This specificity, while beneficial for targeting harmful bacteria without disrupting beneficial ones, means that a wide variety of bacteriophages must be developed to address the different bacteria found in various environments.



To overcome these limitations, the research team is actively working to increase the diversity of bacteriophages that can be produced and used commercially. By broadening the range of bacteriophages, they aim to create a more flexible and adaptable treatment solution. 



This expansion would allow for the treatment of a broader array of bacterial contaminants, significantly enhancing the versatility and effectiveness of bacteriophage technology in cleaning up fracking wastewater and potentially other industrial applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-academic-research">Academic research</h2>



Sánchez's successful lab experiments with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eavesdropping-viruses-the-unseen-war-within-our-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> mark a significant breakthrough. He plans to extend these achievements to industry settings, aiming to replicate his results and expand the range of treatable microorganisms. 



UTEP's growing research reputation attracts talented researchers like Sánchez. His doctoral advisor, Ricardo Bernal, Ph.D., an associate professor at UTEP, commends this pioneering work for its potential to refine industrial practices and enhance environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fracking-wastewater-treatment-significance">Fracking wastewater treatment significance</h2>



In summary, the innovative application of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-develop-smart-food-packaging-show-contamination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> for treating fracking wastewater underscores a critical breakthrough in industrial water treatment technology. 



This approach not only demonstrates the direct benefits of cleaner, more sustainable wastewater management in the oil and gas industry but also serves as a powerful example of how scientific research can address real-world challenges. 



By harnessing the natural targeting capabilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> to selectively eliminate harmful bacteria, this method offers a potentially transformative solution to one of the significant environmental issues posed by fracking operations.



Moreover, the success of this research could inspire similar strategies across other sectors that face wastewater management challenges, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and municipal water treatment. 



The broader implications of this study suggest that integrating biological technologies into industrial processes could pave the way for more environmentally friendly practices globally. 



Thus, the application of bacteriophages in water treatment not only addresses specific industrial needs but also contributes to the larger dialogue on sustainable development and environmental stewardship.



As this technology develops, it may offer a blueprint for other industries seeking sustainable solutions to environmental challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/6/797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water</a>.



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Bacteriophages could revolutionize fracking wastewater treatment

The fracking industry in the Permian Basin generates an overwhelming...

You probably try to make the best choices you can when it comes to feeding yourself and your family – but is what you see in the grocery store or local market the healthiest or most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-diets-offer-health-benefits-and-lower-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable option</a>? A new study out of <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a> has some troubling findings that reveal most human diets, high in meat and sugar, pose health risks and harm the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-diets-then-and-now">Human diets, then and now</h2>



Just a few decades ago, modern human meals tended to be simpler, focused on home-cooked foods with less emphasis on year-round fresh produce. While fresh fruits and vegetables were enjoyed seasonally, variety was often more limited than today. 



Today, despite vastly expanded options and knowledge about nutrition, dietary habits have taken a turn for the worse. This begs the question: with supermarkets bursting with variety and nutritional information readily available, why haven't average human diets become healthier?



Researchers from McGill University and the <a href="https://www.ifpri.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Food Policy Research Institute</a> conducted a multi-year study to analyze the evolution of the Canadian food supply. 



Their goal was to understand how changes in food availability and consumption patterns impact human health and the environment. 



The findings indicate a troubling mismatch between what's available in the food system and what constitutes optimal nutrition for both individuals and the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappointing-reality-of-modern-human-food">Disappointing reality of modern human food</h2>



To assess how well the modern human food landscape supports healthy eating, researchers needed reliable benchmarks. They chose two highly respected sources:



<ul>
<li>Canada food guide:&nbsp;This government-issued resource provides Canadians with evidence-based recommendations about the types and quantities of foods needed to promote health and prevent chronic disease.</li>



<li>EAT-Lancet commission:&nbsp;This global commission of scientists convened to create a planetary health diet – one that emphasizes optimal nutrition for humans while ensuring long-term sustainability of food production and safeguarding the environment.</li>
</ul>



The researchers meticulously analyzed nearly 60 years of data from Canadian farms and food companies. They wanted to understand the complex relationship between what is produced, how it's processed, and what products end up readily available to consumers.



Unfortunately, this in-depth analysis revealed a disheartening trend: the food most easily accessible to the average modern human doesn't measure up to the standards of either the Canada Food Guide or the EAT-Lancet Commission's recommendations. 



This starkly shows that although we know about healthy, sustainable eating, our current food system does not consistently support those choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-supply">Food supply</h2>



"One of the study's most striking findings is the evident imbalance in the food supply. There's a conspicuous overabundance of red meat and sugar, products that have long been associated with various health issues when consumed in excess," says Vincent Abe-Inge, Ph.D. student in McGill's Department of Bioresource Engineering and lead author of the study.



Sadly, we just aren't seeing a matching increase in healthier options. "Conversely, there's a notable deficiency in healthier alternatives like nuts, legumes, and vegetables," Abe-Inge continues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-impact-on-environment">Diet impact on environment</h2>



We often overlook the environmental implications of what we eat. However, a meat-heavy diet has consequences far beyond individual health. 



Animal products, while representing a smaller portion of our overall food sources, leave a disproportionately large environmental footprint.



The study delved into the specific environmental costs associated with animal-based foods:



<ul>
<li>Greenhouse gas emissions:&nbsp;Livestock production is a significant contributor to greenhouse gases, which play a major role in climate change.</li>



<li>Water use:&nbsp;Raising animals for food requires substantial amounts of water for both the animals themselves and the crops grown to feed them. This high water demand puts a strain on water resources.</li>



<li>Land use:&nbsp;Animal agriculture requires vast areas of land, both for grazing and for growing feed crops. This land use often contributes to deforestation and loss of biodiversity.</li>
</ul>



In essence, the study highlights that our over-reliance on animal-based foods exacts a higher cost on the planet than is necessary to feed the population. A shift towards more plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> could significantly reduce these harmful environmental impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-diet-for-better-environment">Better diet for better environment</h2>



The study underscores that reducing meat and sugar consumption is beneficial, but there are broader steps humans in modern societies can take to enhance both their health and the environment:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substituting-plant-based-proteins">Substituting plant-based proteins</h3>



While adopting a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle is not necessary, incorporating plant-based proteins like beans or lentils instead of meat in several meals each week can make a significant difference. 



This shift not only supports personal health by reducing the intake of animal fats and cholesterol, but also lessens the environmental burden, as plant-based foods generally require fewer resources like water and land compared to meat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-fruits-and-vegetables">More fruits and vegetables</h3>



Consistently increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables is not only a healthful choice but also an environmentally favorable one. 



These foods are packed with essential nutrients that promote health and are more sustainable to produce than many animal-derived products. 



Their lower environmental impact is due to factors such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and less intensive land use.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demand-better-diet-and-environment">Demand better diet and environment</h3>



Individuals have the power to influence the market by demanding more healthful, sustainable food options. This can be done through purchasing decisions and by voicing the need for changes in food policy. 



Consumers can encourage businesses and policymakers to prioritize the availability of nutritious and environmentally friendly foods, leading to broader changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-changes-in-diet-can-greatly-reduce-your-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food</a> systems and policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-change-is-possible">Change is possible</h2>



This study isn't designed to make individuals feel guilty about their dietary choices. Instead, it aims to bring widespread attention to the systemic issues within our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> and their consequences on health and environment. 



Understanding these challenges is the first step towards positive change. By shedding light on the disconnect between the way we produce and consume food and its implications for health and the environment, the study empowers consumers, policymakers, and food industry leaders to take action.



The focus lies in advocating for solutions:



<ul>
<li>Informed consumer choices:&nbsp;Greater awareness of these issues can drive individuals to make small but impactful shifts in their own diets, creating a demand for healthier and more sustainable options.</li>



<li>Policy changes:&nbsp;The findings highlight the need for policy interventions that support a more balanced food supply, incentivizing the production and consumption of plant-based foods and potentially disincentivizing those foods with excessive environmental burdens.</li>



<li>Industry transformation:&nbsp;Food producers and retailers have a crucial role to play in evolving their offerings and practices to better align with the needs of both people and the planet.</li>
</ul>



"There's an urgent need to adopt a holistic approach that not only prioritizes public health but also the health of our planet. By aligning food supply more closely with recommended dietary guidelines, we can pave the way for a healthier, more sustainable future," concludes Vincent Abe-Inge.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211912423000664?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Food Security</a>.



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Modern human diets pose many risks to both health and the environment

You probably try to make the best choices you can...

The archaeological landscape is rarely static. Discoveries continuously shift our understanding of the past, forcing us to redraw the boundaries of what we thought was possible or likely. A recent find on ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">woodworkings</a> at Kalambo Falls, Zambia, is a prime example – it introduces us to early hominin builders with unexpected skills, operating long before the rise of Homo sapiens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kalambo-falls">Kalambo falls</h2>



The unique conditions at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambo_Falls" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kalambo Falls</a> were instrumental in the extraordinary preservation of ancient woodworking artifacts. 



The site's lush vegetation, sustained by a reliable water source, provided the necessities of life, making it a consistently appealing location for various hominin species across vast stretches of time. This long-term occupation increased the likelihood of artifacts being left behind. 



Periodic flooding events deposited layers of sediment that protected these precious remnants from decay and the ravages of time. The layered deposits act as a natural time capsule. They enable scientists to create a chronological framework and associate artifacts with specific periods in prehistory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-woodworking">Ancient woodworking</h2>



Two interlocking logs, each exceeding a meter in length, form the foundation of this study. These wooden artifacts offer a multitude of clues about our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-used-lava-tubes-for-homes-middle-east-saudi-arabia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient ancestors</a>.



The wood used in the logs has been identified as bushwillow, a species common to the African savannah. This provides valuable information about the types of plants and resources that were accessible to hominins in the region.



The logs exhibit clear signs of modification, including notching, tapered ends, scraping, and potential evidence of burning. These features suggest someone deliberately manipulated the wood using techniques rarely observed in artifacts from this early time period.



The intentional notches on the logs indicate designers made them to assemble into a larger structure. This structure could have served as a platform, shelter, or another type of construction that archaeologists are still trying to identify.



The level of skill required to modify and assemble these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-masters-woodworking-crafting-wooden-hunting-weapons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">logs</a> indicates that these early hominins possessed greater cognitive abilities and technological sophistication than previously believed. These findings challenge traditional perceptions of these<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-humans-hunted-elephants-with-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> ancient humans</a> and their skillsets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precise-dating-of-ancient-woodworking">Precise dating of ancient woodworking</h2>



Determining the precise age of the wooden structure was essential to understanding its significance. To achieve this, scientists turned to the unique geological features of Kalambo Falls and employed a specialized dating technique called Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL).



IRSL targets specific minerals like feldspar, commonly found within sediment layers. These minerals contain a natural 'clock' affected by background radiation. 



Over time, the minerals accumulate energy due to the constant, low-level radiation present in the environment. However, exposure to sunlight resets this natural clock.



By measuring the amount of energy trapped within the feldspar crystals since they were last exposed to sunlight, scientists can determine how long the sediment layers (and the artifacts within them) have been buried.



IRSL analysis revealed a truly astonishing result: the wooden structure at Kalambo Falls was constructed approximately 476,000 years ago. This places the structure's creation firmly within the Middle Pleistocene, a fascinating epoch of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diets-early-humans-richer-berries-nuts-plants-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early human evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-were-the-builders">Who were the builders?</h2>



The age of the structure, determined at approximately 476,000 years old, has profound implications. This places its construction well before the emergence of our own species, Homo sapiens. 



The fact that hominins built a structure during this earlier period forces us to reevaluate our understanding of their capabilities.



Researchers theorize that the impressive skill and knowledge required for this kind of woodworking must have been possessed by a different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-humans-almost-went-extinct-as-population-declined-to-1280-individuals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominin species</a>. This opens up a fascinating line of inquiry as scientists consider possible candidates. 



Species like Homo heidelbergensis, known to have existed during this era, become a likely possibility. However, an even older, yet-to-be-discovered hominin ancestor could also be responsible for this astonishing feat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-ancient-woodworking">Implications of ancient woodworking</h2>



The term "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-humans-used-tools-to-make-timber-for-woodworking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stone Age</a>" carries the connotation of simple tools and a focus on bare survival. However, the discovery of a complex wooden structure forces us to reconsider this definition. 



Moreover, sophisticated woodworking and construction indicate a level of technological advancement that extends beyond stone toolmaking, suggesting a much richer toolkit and broader knowledge base than previously assumed.



This structure was not merely a makeshift solution for immediate needs. The time, effort, and skill invested in its creation point to deliberate action and a desire to modify the environment for a specific purpose. 



It reflects a level of planning and forethought that transcends simple survival instincts, suggesting a more complex thought process and perhaps even long-term goals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-organization">Social organization</h2>



The coordination necessary to create such a structure hints at a developed form of social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/persian-plateau-fills-20000-year-gap-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organization and communication</a>. 



Hominins would likely need to work together, share knowledge, and possibly even have some form of leadership to execute this project. 



This finding emphasizes that human ingenuity, inventiveness, and collaborative skills have deep roots stretching back far further than we once believed.



"These people were doing something new, and large, from wood. They used their intelligence, imagination, and skills to create something they'd never seen before, something that had never previously existed,” noted Larry Barham, the lead archaeologist. 



Their work underscores the adaptability of our lineage and opens doors to further research about the dawn of human ingenuity.



This research was published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06557-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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476,000-year-old ancient woodworking discovery rewrites early human history

The archaeological landscape is rarely static. Discoveries continuously shift our...

Portal,Of,Space-time.,Teleport.,Sci-fi.,3d,Rendering

Quantum teleportation, a fundamental concept in the realm of quantum physics, has recently taken a significant leap forward. 



This incredible development has the potential to revolutionize the way we transmit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-outperformed-new-type-traditional-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a>, with far-reaching implications for various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-mechanics-uncovers-hidden-patterns-in-the-stock-market/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum applications</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-noise-into-quantum-teleportation-triumph">Turning noise into quantum teleportation triumph</h2>



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a>, Finland, and the <a href="https://en.ustc.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei</a>, have made a remarkable discovery that challenges the conventional understanding of quantum teleportation. 



Professor Jyrki Piilo from the University of Turku and his team have proposed a theoretical idea and conducted corresponding experiments that enable high-quality teleportation despite the presence of noise.



"The work is based on an idea of distributing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entanglement</a> -- prior to running the teleportation protocol -- beyond the used qubits, i.e., exploiting the hybrid entanglement between different physical degrees of freedom", explains Professor Piilo.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybrid-entanglement-is-the-key-to-success">Hybrid entanglement is the key to success</h2>



Traditionally, the polarization of photons has been used for the entanglement of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-outperformed-new-type-traditional-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qubits</a> in teleportation. However, the current approach takes a different path by exploiting the hybrid entanglement between the photons' polarization and frequency.



"This allows for a significant change in how the noise influences the protocol, and as a matter of fact our discovery reverses the role of the noise from being harmful to being beneficial to teleportation", Piilo describes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Understanding hybrid entanglement</h2>



As mentioned above, hybrid entanglement refers to the quantum entanglement between different physical degrees of freedom of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-ping-pong-game-played-by-two-atoms-controlling-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum system</a>. 



In the context of this quantum teleportation research, hybrid entanglement specifically refers to the entanglement between the polarization and frequency of photons.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Traditional approach vs. hybrid entanglement</h3>



Traditionally, quantum teleportation protocols have relied on the entanglement of qubits using a single degree of freedom, such as the polarization of photons. 



However, the researchers in this study took a different approach by exploiting the entanglement between two different degrees of freedom -- polarization and frequency.



In this hybrid entanglement scheme, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secure-quantum-communication-one-step-closer-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> is encoded in the polarization of the photons, while the frequency is used as an additional degree of freedom to create entanglement.



This unique combination of entangled properties allows for a significant change in how noise influences the teleportation protocol.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-turns-from-friend-to-foe">Noise turns from friend to foe</h2>



In conventional quantum teleportation, the presence of noise hinders the successful transfer of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-gravity-quantum-nature-entanglement-mechanics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum states</a>. Surprisingly, the researchers found that when using hybrid entanglement, the addition of noise actually enhances the teleportation process.



By distributing the entanglement across different physical degrees of freedom, the researchers found that the presence of noise, which is typically detrimental to quantum teleportation, can actually enhance the teleportation process when hybrid entanglement is employed.



"When we have hybrid entanglement and add noise, the teleportation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-with-cream-can-teach-us-a-lot-about-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum state</a> transfer occur in almost perfect manner", says Dr Olli Siltanen, whose doctoral dissertation presented the theoretical part of the research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experimental-validation-of-quantum-teleportation">Experimental validation of quantum teleportation</h2>



The theoretical findings were put to the test in a series of experiments conducted by the team at the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. 



Dr Zhao-Di Liu, who led the experimental work, expressed his excitement about the successful completion of this challenging teleportation experiment.



"While we have done numerous experiments on different facets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum physics</a> with photons in our laboratory, it was very thrilling and rewarding to see this very challenging teleportation experiment successfully completed", says Dr Liu.



Professor Chuan-Feng Li from the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, highlights the significance of this proof-of-principle experiment



"This is a significant proof-of-principle experiment in the context of one of the most important <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-controlled-at-room-temperature-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum protocols</a>," he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-and-future-implications">Next steps and future implications</h2>



The implications of this discovery extend beyond the realm of quantum teleportation. The ability to harness noise for the benefit of quantum protocols opens up new avenues for research and development in the field of quantum information science.



Teleportation plays a vital role in transmitting quantum information, and the current study provides a novel approach to protect this transmission from noise. 



The findings can be considered as basic research with significant fundamental importance, paving the way for future work to extend the approach to general types of noise sources and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecules-scramble-quantum-information-equally-well-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum protocols</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-teleportation-marks-new-era-in-communications">Quantum teleportation marks new era in communications</h2>



This fascinating discovery opens a new chapter in the field of quantum teleportation. By harnessing the power of hybrid entanglement and turning noise into an ally, they have demonstrated the possibility of achieving near-perfect quantum state transfer. 



This landmark achievement not only challenges our conventional understanding of quantum physics but also paves the way for secure and efficient quantum communication. 



As scientists continue to explore the implications of this research and extend its applications, we can anticipate a future where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum technologies</a> revolutionize the way we transmit and process information, ushering in a new era of quantum-powered possibilities.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj3435" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Quantum teleportation takes big leap forward in new experiment

Quantum teleportation, a fundamental concept in the realm of quantum...

Dinosaurs,In,The,Forest.,This,Is,A,3d,Render,Illustration

A team of international experts has shed new light on the intelligence of T. rex and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-had-brains-and-brawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>, challenging previous assumptions and offering a fresh perspective on their cognitive abilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-intelligence-not-quite-monkey-like">Dinosaur intelligence: Not quite monkey-like</h2>



The research team re-examined brain size and structure in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis-discovered-in-new-mexico/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> and concluded that they behaved more like crocodiles and lizards, contradicting a previous study that claimed dinosaurs like T. rex had an exceptionally high number of neurons and were substantially more intelligent than assumed.



The previous study had suggested that these high neuron counts could directly inform on intelligence, metabolism, and life history, and that Tyrannosaurus rex might have possessed cognitive traits such as cultural transmission of knowledge and tool use. 



However, the new study takes a closer look at the techniques used to predict both brain size and neuron numbers in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-t-rex-fossils-belong-a-distinct-tyrannosaur-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> brains and found that previous assumptions were unreliable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overestimated-brain-size-and-neuron-counts">Overestimated brain size and neuron counts</h2>



The team discovered that the brain size of dinosaurs, especially that of the forebrain, had been overestimated, leading to inflated neuron counts. They also showed that neuron count estimates are not a reliable guide to intelligence.



Dr Kai Caspar of <a href="https://www.hhu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heinrich Heine University</a> explained, "We argue that it's not good practice to predict intelligence in extinct species when neuron counts reconstructed from endocasts are all we have to go on."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-lines-of-evidence-required">Multiple lines of evidence required</h2>



To reliably reconstruct the biology of long-extinct species, the team argues that researchers should look at multiple lines of evidence, including skeletal anatomy, bone histology, the behaviour of living relatives, and trace fossils.



Hady from <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/earthsciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol's School of Earth Sciences</a> stated, "Determining the intelligence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-cousins-had-even-shorter-arms-and-bulldog-snouts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> and other extinct animals is best done using many lines of evidence ranging from gross anatomy to fossil footprints instead of relying on neuron number estimates alone."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tyrannosaurus-rex-as-not-as-intelligent-as-baboons">Tyrannosaurus rex as not as intelligent as baboons</h2>



The possibility that T. rex might have been as intelligent as a baboon had the potential to reinvent our view of the past. However, the study shows that all the available data is against this idea.



Dr Darren Naish concluded, "They were more like smart giant crocodiles, and that's just as fascinating."



Dr Ornella Bertrand from the <a href="https://www.icp.cat/index.php/en/">Institut Català d</a><a href="https://www.icp.cat/index.php/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">e</a><a href="https://www.icp.cat/index.php/en/"> Paleontologia</a> Miquel Crusafont added, "Neuron counts are not good predictors of cognitive performance, and using them to predict intelligence in long-extinct species can lead to highly misleading interpretations."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-intelligence-of-t-rex-and-other-dinosaurs">Rethinking the intelligence of T. rex and other dinosaurs</h2>



In summary, this recent study challenges the notion that dinosaurs possessed primate-like intelligence, as suggested by previous research. 



The international team of experts found that earlier assumptions about brain size and neuron counts in dinosaurs were unreliable, leading to overestimations of their cognitive abilities. 



The scientists emphasize the importance of considering multiple lines of evidence, such as skeletal anatomy, bone histology, the behavior of living relatives, and trace fossils, to accurately assess the intelligence of extinct species. 



The study concludes that dinosaurs, like T. rex, were more akin to intelligent giant crocodiles rather than highly cognitive primates, offering a fascinating new perspective on these ancient creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-tyrannosaurus-rex-t-rex">More about Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex)</h2>



As discussed above, Tyrannosaurus rex, commonly known as T. rex, was one of the largest and most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-did-t-rex-really-look-like/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fearsome predators</a> to ever walk the Earth. This massive theropod dinosaur lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 68 to 66 million years ago. 



Adult T. rex individuals reached lengths of up to 40 feet (12.3 meters) and heights of around 12 feet (3.7 meters) at the hips. They weighed between 5.5 and 9 tons (5,000 to 8,000 kilograms), making them one of the heaviest known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-t-rex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land predators</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-jaws-and-teeth-of-t-rex">Powerful jaws and teeth of T. rex</h3>



Tyrannosaurus rex possessed an incredibly powerful set of jaws, lined with up to 60 massive, serrated teeth. These teeth, some measuring over 12 inches (30 centimeters) in length, allowed T. rex to crush and tear through the flesh and bones of its prey. 



The immense bite force of T. rex, estimated to be around 12,800 pounds (5,800 kilograms), was one of the strongest of any terrestrial animal known.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keen-senses-of-t-rex">Keen senses of T. rex</h3>



Despite its large size, Tyrannosaurus rex had keen senses that helped it hunt effectively. Its eyes were forward-facing, providing excellent depth perception and binocular vision. 



T. rex also had a large olfactory bulb in its brain, suggesting a highly developed sense of smell. These sensory adaptations, combined with its powerful jaws and teeth, made T. rex a formidable predator.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tyrannosaurus-rex-locomotion-and-speed">Tyrannosaurus rex locomotion and speed</h3>



While Tyrannosaurus rex was undoubtedly a powerful predator, its actual running speed has been a topic of debate among paleontologists. 



Recent studies suggest that T. rex likely had a maximum walking speed of around 12 miles per hour (19 kilometers per hour) and a running speed of approximately 17 miles per hour (27 kilometers per hour). This is slower than previously thought but still faster than most of its potential prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tyrannosaurus-rex-fossils-and-discovery">Tyrannosaurus rex fossils and discovery</h3>



The first Tyrannosaurus rex fossil was discovered in 1902 by Barnum Brown in Montana, USA. Since then, over 50 T. rex specimens have been identified, making it one of the best-known dinosaurs. 



The most complete T. rex skeleton, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sue-the-t-rex-gender-neutral/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicknamed "Sue,"</a> was discovered in 1990 in South Dakota and is now housed at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.



Tyrannosaurus rex continues to captivate the public imagination and inspire scientific research. As more fossils are discovered and new technologies are developed, our understanding of this magnificent creature continues to grow, shedding light on its biology, behavior, and role in the ancient ecosystems of the Cretaceous period.



This research was led by Dr Kai Caspar from Heinrich Heine University, along with Dr Cristian Gutierrez-Ibanez from the University of Alberta, Dr Grant Hurlburt from the Royal Ontario Museum, Hady George from the University of Bristol, and Dr Darren Naish from the University of Southampton.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19328494" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Anatomical Record</a>.



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Scientists change their minds about Tyrannosaurus rex yet again

A team of international experts has shed new light on...

A new study led by <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> suggests that monitoring the soundscape of an ecosystem - a composite of all its acoustic elements - could offer a new method to detect changes brought about by invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-many-invasive-plant-species-are-in-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-native plants</a>. Thus, rather than focusing solely on individual species, scientists should explore the holistic sounds of ecosystems.



The pioneering study was led by Grace O’Malley, a Ph.D. candidate in biological sciences, and Gabrielle Ripa, a Ph.D. student in plant and environmental sciences.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underappreciated-element-of-the-natural-world">Underappreciated element of the natural world</h2>



“Soundscapes, or the acoustic patterns of a landscape through space and time, encompass both biological and physical processes. Yet, they are often an underappreciated element of the natural world and the ways in which it is perceived,” wrote the researchers.



“Scientists are only beginning to quantify changes to soundscapes, largely in response to anthropogenic sounds, but soundscape alteration is likely linked to many dimensions of global change.”&nbsp;



“For example, invasive non-native species are near-ubiquitous members of ecosystems globally and threaten both natural and managed ecosystems at great expense. Their impacts to soundscapes may be an important, yet largely unknown, threat to ecosystems and the human and economic systems they support.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-acoustic-environments-nbsp">Comparing acoustic environments&nbsp;</h2>



To investigate the impact of invasive species on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-altered-the-soundscape-of-glacier-national-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soundscapes</a>, the team utilized small recording devices strategically placed across 66 locations near Virginia Tech’s campus to capture the environmental sounds at various times. 



The goal was to compare the acoustic environments of areas overrun by invasive plants with those restored to their native conditions.



“We use these teeny recorders with an SD card that are specifically designed for recording wildlife acoustics,” Ripa explained. “The volume of data we collected was overwhelming.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-plants-change-the-soundscape-nbsp">Invasive plants change the soundscape&nbsp;</h2>



The initial findings from a brief two-week pilot study were promising. “I was surprised that we were able to observe differences between the two habitats in such a short amount of time,” O’Malley said. “The invasive plants may actually be changing the soundscape.”



The study areas included Jefferson National Forest and several local parks where restoration efforts to remove invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-bombs-invasive-plants-can-lie-dormant-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> like autumn olive are underway. This research not only contributes to ecological acoustic studies but also supports broader environmental research efforts.



“This is a call to other scientists that this is something that we think could be going on,” Ripa added. “We offer suggestions as to what we think could be reasons why invasive plants might be impacting soundscapes and some potential mechanisms that maybe we should be looking into.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-acoustic-impact-of-invasive-species">Studying the acoustic impact of invasive species </h2>



The concept of studying invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-invasive-species-are-for-sale-as-garden-plants-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> through their acoustic impact was initially proposed by Jacob Barney, a professor of invasive plant ecology. He, along with Meryl Mims, an associate professor who specializes in acoustic studies of bullfrogs, initiated this approach. Their collaboration has since expanded, incorporating art and multimedia through connections with David Franushich at the Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology.



“This project has been exciting, inspiring, and above all else, fun. Sound is an integral part of how we and other organisms experience and understand our surroundings. The study of the soundscape - and how we are changing it through the introduction of invasive species - is something people connect with,” Mims expressed. 



“The formal research is important, but the opportunity to extend the research and ideas to a broader audience through our science-art collaboration has been very rewarding.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-understanding-of-ecosystem-dynamics-nbsp">A new understanding of ecosystem dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



Supported by a second grant from the Global Change Center in 2023, the research continues to evolve. The preliminary results have significant implications, pointing to a largely unexplored area of study that could reshape our understanding of ecosystem dynamics.



“No one’s asked this type of question in this type of system. It’s a completely novel area, and it’s not really being studied,” said Ripa.



Through this unique lens, the Virginia Tech team is pioneering a method that could potentially transform how we detect and understand the subtle yet profound changes invasive species impart on ecosystems - simply by listening.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2729" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>.



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Nature's chorus: Invasive plants change the soundscape 

A new study led by Virginia Tech suggests that monitoring...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

It’s this parachute that decreased Perseverance’s speed as it plummeted towards the surface of Mars. We’re seeing it from a camera mounted on the spacecraft’s backshell. But the parachute hides a secret. The red and white patches pattern is arranged in code, and when decrypted the message apparently reads “Dare mighty things.”

20. Parachute

Perseverance’s first journey wasn’t actually to Mars. It was aboard a Boeing C-17 transport plane from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. After construction in Pasadena, the spacecraft landed at Kennedy in February 2020 for final tests and preparation before its July launch. Here, we see NASA personnel giving the vehicle an initial once-over.