<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."</p>



<p>"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. </p>



<p>One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Shasta Lake, which has reached near-full capacity for the second consecutive year in 2024. Following similarly high levels in spring 2023, this marks a significant recovery from the severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadrought-in-the-western-u-s-is-the-worst-in-at-least-1200-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and reduced water levels experienced from 2019 to 2022.</p>



<p>The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite captured this image of Shasta Lake on May 7, 2024, showing the reservoir at 96 percent of its total capacity, which is 114 percent of the average for that date. By contrast, an image from Landsat 9 in April of 2022 showed the lake at only 39 percent capacity, with the year's maximum reaching just 40 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-shasta-lake-nbsp">Transformation of Shasta Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The turnaround began in early 2023, driven by heavy rains and substantial runoff from an above-average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> in the mountains. By May 29, 2023, the reservoir had filled to 98 percent of its capacity, erasing the visible "bathtub ring" that had marked its perimeter in previous years.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water levels</a> at Shasta Lake began to rise significantly again by mid-January 2024 due to persistent storms, leading to higher levels at the start of 2024 than in the previous year. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abundance-of-rainfall">Abundance of rainfall</h2>



<p>By mid-February 2024, the reservoir was considered excessively full for the season. In an effort to accommodate more inflow and reduce flood risks, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation increased water discharges to up to seven times the winter baseline rate.</p>



<p>The abundance of rainfall in early 2024 also benefited other state reservoirs like Lake Oroville, which reached full capacity for a second year. Despite ongoing water releases, it held 128 percent of its average capacity in early May 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-gains-nbsp">Groundwater gains&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater</a>, which typically makes up 40 percent of California's water supply and up to 60 percent in dry years, also saw improvements. The California Department of Water Resources reported a net gain of 4.1 million acre-feet in managed groundwater recharge during the last water year (October 2022 through September 2023), marking the first annual increase since 2019.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the department estimates it would require five consecutive above-average water years to recover from the deficits of the past two decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-shasta-lake">More about Shasta Lake</h2>



<p>Shasta Lake, located in Northern California, is the largest reservoir in the state. It was created by the damming of the Sacramento River with the construction of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-strategy-fish-species-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shasta Dam</a> in the 1940s. This massive lake is a popular destination for a variety of recreational activities including fishing, boating, and water skiing.</p>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by scenic landscapes, including the Shasta-Trinity National Forest which is a popular destination for hiking, camping, and exploring diverse wildlife and natural beauty. The area is also known for its geological significance, featuring a variety of volcanic features and the nearby Mount Shasta, a prominent volcanic peak.</p>



<p>Additionally, Shasta Lake plays a crucial role in water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control in California. Its capacity and strategic location make it integral to the Central Valley Project, which manages the water resources of the region for agricultural, urban, and environmental uses.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Shasta Lake is full for the second consecutive year

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke from fires around the Canadian community of Fort Nelson and streaming east into Alberta on May 11, 2024.</p>



<p>Canada is currently facing an intense start to its wildland fire season, following a severe season last year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By mid-May, parts of British Columbia were already shrouded in smoke from early and aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, a phenomenon typically seen much later in the summer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-observations-of-canada-fires">Satellite observations of Canada fires</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional observations by NASA's Terra satellite and others showed the smoke plume rising several kilometers into the air and spreading into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, where it raised air quality concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-fueled-by-dry-conditions-and-high-winds">Fires fueled by dry conditions and high winds</h2>



<p>One particularly dangerous fire, which ignited on May 10, rapidly expanded southeast of Fort Nelson and a nearby First Nation community, threatening around 3,400 residents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dry conditions and high winds from a passing cold front fueled the blaze, prompting immediate evacuation orders for the area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cliff Chapman, British Columbia’s Wildfire Service Director of Provincial Operations, advised against travel near Fort Nelson due to the fire's severe intensity and rapid spread.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holdover-fires-in-canada">Holdover fires in Canada</h2>



<p>To the north, several other fires consumed tens of thousands of hectares. Some of these were "holdover" fires, which persisted under the snow throughout the winter and rekindled in the spring, fed by vegetation dried from ongoing severe drought conditions as per the North American Drought Monitor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-emissions">Carbon emissions</h2>



<p>This year's fire intensity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> in British Columbia are notably high, with Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, reporting over 5 megatons of carbon emissions from the province's wildfires by mid-May - marking the highest May emissions in 22 years. </p>



<p>Parrington's assessments, part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, utilize data from the Global Fire Assimilation System, which incorporates MODIS fire observations from NASA's satellites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-fires-in-2023">Canada fires in 2023</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 wildfire season</a> in Canada was particularly intense and significant due to a combination of factors including climate conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts</a>. </p>



<p>Throughout the season, Canada experienced an unusually high number of wildfires, which affected vast areas across the country, particularly in regions like British Columbia and Alberta.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conditions-nbsp">Challenging conditions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These fires were fueled by a combination of dry weather, higher than average temperatures, and strong winds, creating challenging conditions for firefighting efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



<p>The smoke from the wildfires had a profound impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, not only in Canada but also in parts of the United States, leading to health advisories and concerns over air pollution. The fires prompted widespread evacuations and significant damage to properties and ecosystems. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The season highlighted the growing concerns over climate change as a driving force behind the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Canadian government and local authorities were actively engaged in firefighting and mitigation efforts, but the scale of the fires called for an increased focus on long-term strategies for fire prevention and forest management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wildfires-on-human-health">Impact of wildfires on human health</h2>



<p>Wildfires have a significant impact on human health, affecting both physical and mental well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p>The most immediate health issue is the inhalation of smoke, which contains a mix of harmful gases and fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and other chronic lung conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked to cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>Beyond physical health, wildfires can also have a profound effect on mental health. The stress and trauma of experiencing a wildfire, losing property, or being displaced can lead to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the recovery and rebuilding process can be lengthy and stressful, further impacting mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-challenges-nbsp">Additional challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>People in affected areas often face challenges with water and food safety due to contamination from fire-related chemicals and debris. The destruction of infrastructure can also limit access to medical care and health services, exacerbating all these health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Overall, the impact of wildfires on human health is complex and can be long-lasting, necessitating both immediate and long-term public health interventions to support affected communities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Canada's fire season is off to an intense start

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

<p>You may be tempted to call <em>Ingenuity</em> a drone, but NASA prefers to call it a helicopter. In any case, it’s a groundbreaking piece of kit – the first to have the capability of remotely controlled flight on another planet. The 4-pound device was secreted in the innards of <em>Perseverance</em>, and it was released a few days after the landing.</p>

18. Ingenuity on Mars

<p>A fascinating discovery was made recently in the vast expanse of our universe: a giant cosmic butterfly, officially known as IRAS 23077+6707, is fluttering through space about 1,000 light-years away from Earth. </p>



<p>While it was initially spotted in 2016, its true nature remained a mystery for years. However, thanks to new research using advanced telescopes, this cosmic enigma has now been revealed as the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-winds-from-planet-forming-discs-seen-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet-forming disk</a> ever observed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-enigmatic-cosmic-butterfly">The enigmatic cosmic butterfly</h2>



<p>When Ciprian T.&nbsp;Berghea from the <a href="https://www.cnmoc.usff.navy.mil/usno/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S.&nbsp;Naval Observatory</a> first observed IRAS 23077 through the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (<a href="https://outerspace.stsci.edu/display/PANSTARRS/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pan-STARRS</a>),&nbsp;its unique appearance,&nbsp;resembling a giant butterfly,&nbsp;captured his imagination.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;the true nature of this celestial wonder remained elusive.</p>



<p>"After finding out about this possible planet-forming disk from Pan-STARRS data,&nbsp;we were keen to observe it with the SMA,&nbsp;which allowed us to understand its physical nature," said Kristina Monsch,&nbsp;an astrophysicist who led the Submillimeter Array (<a href="https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/sma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMA</a>) campaign.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The SMA,&nbsp;an array of telescopes in Hawaii,&nbsp;can detect millimeter wavelengths,&nbsp;a type of radio wave that is key to understanding the composition of cosmic objects like IRAS 23077.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planet-forming-disk">Planet-forming disk</h2>



<p>What the SMA revealed was astounding. This giant cosmic butterfly isn't just a beautiful sight; it is a massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pre-planetary-nebula-formation-captured-at-ll-pegasi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protoplanetary disk</a>, a swirling cloud of dust and gas where planets are born. </p>



<p>"What we found was incredible -- evidence that this was the largest planet-forming disk ever discovered. It is extremely rich in dust and gas, which we know are the building blocks of planets,” noted Monsch.</p>



<p>Protoplanetary disks are essentially nurseries for planets, where rocky planets like Earth and Mars, as well as giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn, form around young stars. </p>



<p>These disks are abundant in dust and gas and rotate with a signature that astronomers can use to determine their sizes and the masses of their central stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ingredients-of-the-cosmic-butterfly">Ingredients of the cosmic butterfly</h2>



<p>The observations of IRAS 23077 have revealed a wealth of information about this unique protoplanetary disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The data from the SMA offer us the smoking-gun evidence that this is a disk, and coupled with the estimate of the system’s distance, that it is rotating around a star likely two to four times more massive than our own sun," explained Monsch. </p>



<p>This information provides crucial insights into the formation of planets in these extreme environments.</p>



<p>Additionally, the SMA data allowed researchers to estimate the amount of dust and gas in this planetary nursery, revealing that it contains enough material to form multiple giant planets. </p>



<p>This finding raises intriguing questions about the potential for planetary systems in the early stages of formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-research">Implications for future research</h2>



<p>The discovery of IRAS 23077 opens up exciting possibilities for future research in the field of astrophysics. </p>



<p>"Just how many more of these objects have we missed?" asked Joshua Bennett Lovell, an astrophysicist and SMA Fellow.</p>



<p>"Further study of IRAS 23077 is warranted to investigate the possible routes to form planets in these extreme young environments, and how these might compare to exoplanet populations observed around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-stars-shape-planetary-systems-like-ours-with-ultraviolet-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distant stars</a> more massive than our sun," Lovell explained.</p>



<p>The research team is optimistic about the potential for further discoveries. "In addition to gaining brand new data on IRAS 23077, we must also continue the hunt for other similar objects if we are to unlock the story of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warm-jupiter-spotted-in-a-four-billion-year-old-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extrasolar planetary</a> systems develop in their earliest years," said co-author Jeremy Drake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quirky-names-of-the-cosmic-butterfly">Quirky names of the cosmic butterfly</h2>



<p>As a final touch of whimsy,&nbsp;Ciprian Berghea initially nicknamed IRAS 23077 “Dracula’s Chivito.” This playful name was inspired by Berghea's upbringing in the Transylvania region of Romania,&nbsp;close to where Vlad Dracula lived.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However,&nbsp;in a nod to the famous object “Gomez’s Hamburger,” another edge-on protoplanetary disk,&nbsp;they adopted the suggestion of co-author Ana Mosquera and renamed it after her country's national dish,&nbsp;the "chivito," a hamburger-like sandwich from Uruguay.</p>



<p>In summary, the discovery of the largest planet-forming disk in the form of a giant cosmic butterfly is a remarkable achievement in astronomy. </p>



<p>The ongoing study of IRAS 23077, along with the search for other similar objects, promises to revolutionize our understanding of planet formation and the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planetary-migration-model-explains-super-earths-and-sub-neptunes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary</a> systems. This is a giant leap forward in our quest to uncover the secrets of the universe.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad3bb0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></em>.</p>



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'Cosmic butterfly' discovery flips what we know about planet formation

A fascinating discovery was made recently in the vast expanse...

Photo,Collage,Of,Sunset,And,Solar,Panel,,Photovoltaic,,Alternative,Electricity

<p>In a remarkable shift away from fossil fuels, researchers have developed a method with thermal mapping to achieve temperatures over 1,800°F (1,000 degrees Celsius) using solar energy -- a significant leap toward <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-power-has-won-the-prize-to-become-earths-main-source-of-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clean energy solutions</a> for heavy industries like steel and cement production. </p>



<p>Typically reliant on carbon-intensive fossil fuels, these sectors could see a transformation as this solar technology promises a sustainable alternative for high-temperature processes essential to modern civilization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pushing-solar-energy-to-new-heights">Pushing solar energy to new heights</h2>



<p>The concept, which has been detailed in a recent study from a team in Switzerland, revolves around the use of synthetic quartz to trap solar energy effectively at extremely high temperatures. </p>



<p>This innovative approach utilizes a semitransparent quartz rod paired with an opaque silicon disk, which serves as the energy absorber. </p>



<p>When exposed to an intense light equivalent to that from 136 suns, the setup not only reached but maintained a remarkable temperature of 1,922°F (1,050°C) at the absorber plate, while the opposite end of the quartz rod remained significantly cooler at 1,112°F (600°C). </p>



<p>This striking temperature differential underscores the efficiency and potential of the thermal-trap effect in practical applications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-game-changer">Potential game-changer</h2>



<p>Emiliano Casati of <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>, the study's corresponding author, explains that the significance of this technology extends beyond its impressive temperature achievements. </p>



<p>Previous attempts at harnessing solar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-climate-change-silent-hazard-is-destroying-our-buildings-from-beneath/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermal energy</a> struggled with efficiency, particularly at temperatures necessary for industrial applications. </p>



<p>"Previous research has only managed to demonstrate the thermal-trap effect up to 170°C (338°F)," notes Casati. "Our research showed that solar thermal trapping works not just at low temperatures, but well above 1,000°C (1,800°F). This is crucial to show its potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-can-drive-water-evaporation-without-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">real-world industrial applications</a>."</p>



<p>Further simulations conducted by the team showcased that the thermal trapping could achieve these target temperatures at lower concentrations with the same performance, or at higher thermal efficiency for equal concentration. </p>



<p>For instance, a conventional unshielded receiver, which typically has an efficiency of 40% at 2,192°F (1,200°C) with a concentration of 500 suns, is markedly outperformed by the receiver shielded with 300 mm of quartz, which achieves a 70% efficiency at the same conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Solar energy tech and sustainability</h2>



<p>With the foundational research now laid, Casati and his team are focusing on refining this technology and exploring new applications. </p>



<p>Their ongoing experiments with different materials, such as various fluids and gases, have already demonstrated the ability to reach even higher temperatures. </p>



<p>This versatility highlights the potential of semitransparent materials in absorbing not just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-field-solar-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar radiation</a> but possibly other forms of light and radiation as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Getting governments and the public onboard</h2>



<p>Raising public awareness and educating industry stakeholders about solar thermal energy technology is crucial for its widespread adoption. Educational initiatives play a significant role in this effort. </p>



<p>Programs designed to inform the public about the benefits of solar thermal technology can help demystify the science and highlight its potential to reduce carbon emissions and enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-awards-20-billion-in-grants-for-clean-energy-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy efficiency</a>. </p>



<p>Workshops, seminars, and online courses are effective ways to spread knowledge about how solar thermal systems work and their environmental and economic advantages.</p>



<p>Community programs also contribute to promoting sustainable energy solutions. These programs can include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local solar power</a> projects, where communities come together to install and maintain solar thermal systems. </p>



<p>Such initiatives not only provide clean energy but also foster a sense of collective responsibility and empowerment. They can include demonstrations, hands-on workshops, and informational sessions that illustrate the practical applications of solar thermal technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Harnessing the power of the Sun for a greener tomorrow</h2>



<p>"Energy issue is a cornerstone to the survival of our society," Casati asserts. "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-technology-heat-cool-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar</a> energy is readily available, and the technology is already here. To really motivate industry adoption, we need to demonstrate the economic viability and advantages of this technology at scale."</p>



<p>By harnessing the power of the sun and minimizing heat loss, this innovative technology paves the way for a more sustainable future. </p>



<p>As researchers continue to optimize the process for large-scale implementation, the potential for solar energy to replace <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a> in challenging industrial applications grows ever closer. </p>



<p>This breakthrough serves as a reminder that, with ingenuity and dedication, we can find solutions to even the most daunting challenges posed by climate change and create a cleaner, greener world for generations to come.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/device/fulltext/S2666-9986(24)00235-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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New tech melts steel and concrete using only solar energy

In a remarkable shift away from fossil fuels, researchers have...

<p>Wind farms, often celebrated for their minimal environmental impact, now have new data to underscore their efficiency and sustainability. A recent study reveals that a typical wind farm can balance out its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wind-farms-require-far-less-land-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> within a brief two-year period -- a striking contrast to its 30-year operational lifespan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Energy payback in wind farms</h2>



<p>The research, centered on the Harapaki onshore wind farm in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, demonstrates that within just six months, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-living-near-wind-turbines-have-an-effect-your-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind turbine</a> at a wind farm can generate the equivalent energy used over its entire lifecycle. </p>



<p>This finding, while specific to Harapaki, is likely applicable to wind farms on a global scale due to the uniformity of wind turbine technology.</p>



<p>"The technology we use here in New Zealand mirrors that used globally," explains Isabella Pimentel Pincelli, the study's lead author from the Sustainable Energy Systems research group, Wellington Faculty of Engineering, at <a href="https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington</a>. </p>



<p>She notes that although the extent of carbon offset can vary depending on the type of older technology being replaced, similar results are expected for wind farms worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wind-farms-impact-on-carbon-footprint">Wind farms impact on carbon footprint</h2>



<p>The study, published in the <em>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</em>, not only reviewed existing literature but also incorporated actual construction data from wind farms. </p>



<p>This comprehensive approach included all stages -- from manufacturing individual turbine parts, transporting them, and eventually decommissioning the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-wind-farms-interact-with-wind-can-optimize-their-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind</a> farm, which consists of 41 turbines.</p>



<p>Findings indicate that Harapaki’s carbon footprint is remarkably low at 10.8 grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt-hour. This translates to a greenhouse gas payback time of approximately 1.5 to 1.7 years for replacing combined cycle gas turbines at wind farms, with an energy payback time of just about four to six months.</p>



<p>Professor Alan Brent, a co-author and Chair in Sustainable Energy Systems, highlights the alignment of onshore wind plants with sustainable development principles. However, he acknowledges that there is room for improvement, particularly in the manufacturing process.</p>



<p>"The environmental impacts of the installation and transportation phases are notable, accounting for nearly 10% of the total emissions," Brent points out. </p>



<p>He emphasizes the importance of ongoing efforts to minimize negative environmental effects while maximizing positive contributions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manufacturing-to-reduce-carbon-emissions">Manufacturing to reduce carbon emissions</h2>



<p>The primary environmental load comes from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-wind-farms-interact-with-wind-can-optimize-their-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turbine</a> manufacturing process, pinpointing a vital area for targeted mitigation strategies. </p>



<p>In response, the research team suggests developing a recycling process for turbine blades, which are currently disposed of in landfills due to economic constraints. </p>



<p>Proposing both mechanical and chemical recycling options, they estimate that this could reduce emissions significantly.</p>



<p>Moreover, the team advises regular research updates in this field to keep pace with rapid technological advancements, ensuring that findings remain relevant and can effectively inform decision-making processes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Scope of wind farms</h2>



<p>Despite its strengths, the study acknowledges certain limitations. It primarily focuses on energy intensity and carbon emissions during the lifecycle of the wind farm, leaving out other environmental impacts such as ozone depletion and human toxicity. </p>



<p>Additionally, it does not cover social, wildlife, or economic impacts, which are equally crucial in the broader context of sustainability.</p>



<p>This research underlines the pivotal role that onshore wind farms play in our energy transition and their significant potential in reducing carbon footprints. </p>



<p>With targeted improvements in the manufacturing and disposal processes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/advancing-technology-wind-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind energy</a> can continue to be a cornerstone of sustainable energy strategies globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Wind farms generate clean energy with no direct emissions, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. Over their lifespan, wind farms offset the carbon produced during their manufacturing, installation, and maintenance phases. </p>



<p>Large-scale wind energy deployment could cut global CO2 emissions by 30% by 2050. Wind energy uses a renewable resource, avoiding environmental degradation from mining or drilling. Economic benefits include job creation and stimulating local economies. </p>



<p>Technological advancements aim to improve turbine efficiency and recyclability, further lowering environmental impacts. Recycling turbine blades addresses disposal issues, enhancing wind energy's sustainability and global potential.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03036758.2024.2344785" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</a></em>.</p>



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Wind farms quickly neutralize carbon footprint left behind after construction

Wind farms, often celebrated for their minimal environmental impact, now...

<p>Recent PhD research conducted at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean has revealed new insights into the potential impacts of deep-sea mining on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. </p>



<p>Marine geologist Sabine Haalboom's findings illustrate that while much of the debris from mining activities -- referred to as 'dust clouds' -- settles relatively close to its source, a notable portion spreads far into the water. </p>



<p>This research, carried out in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, provides a crucial understanding of how mining operations could affect these pristine environments. Haalboom defended her dissertation on this topic at <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht University</a>, highlighting significant concerns for deep-sea ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Deep-sea mining and marine life</h2>



<p>The depths of the ocean harbor unique ecosystems, with conditions and life forms that remain largely mysterious to scientists. These ecosystems are often fragile and sensitive to changes in their environment. </p>



<p>Deep-sea mining, particularly the extraction of valuable metals like manganese nodules, disturbs the ocean floor's silt. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dangers-of-deep-sea-mining-could-soon-be-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This process</a> can create extensive dust clouds, clouding the water over vast areas and potentially impacting these pristine habitats.</p>



<p>Given our limited understanding of deep-sea life, these disturbances could have unforeseen effects on the delicate underwater communities. The organisms living in these depths rely on specific environmental conditions for survival. Any alteration, even minor, could disrupt their way of life, leading to unknown consequences.</p>



<p>The potential impact of deep-sea mining on biodiversity and marine ecosystem functions remains a significant concern. Therefore, deep-sea mining's environmental footprint needs careful consideration. </p>



<p>Researchers stress the importance of thorough studies to understand the full implications before engaging in large-scale mining operations in these unexplored and vulnerable areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-mining-s-environmental-footprint">Deep-sea mining's environmental footprint</h2>



<p>Haalboom utilized various instruments to measure the quantity and size of suspended particles in the ocean water. Her experiments took place in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, an area rich in manganese nodules. </p>



<p>She dragged a 500-kilogram grid of steel chains across a 500-meter stretch of the seabed. This action stirred up a significant amount of sediment, resulting in immediate murkiness in the water.</p>



<p>Initially, most of this stirred-up material settled quickly, within a few hundred meters of the disturbance site. This quick settling suggested that the immediate impact of mining activities might be localized. However, further observations revealed a different aspect. </p>



<p>A small fraction of the sediment did not settle quickly and remained suspended in the water. This suspended sediment was visible even hundreds of meters away from the initial disturbance.</p>



<p>These findings highlight the potential for deep-sea mining activities to affect broader areas of the marine environment, emphasizing the need for thorough research before large-scale mining operations proceed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-persistent-clouds">Persistent clouds</h2>



<p>Further studies have shown that these "dust clouds" can travel up to five kilometers from the original mining site. This persistence poses a potential threat to the clarity of the water, which is typically crystal clear and vital for the survival of local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-has-deadly-consequences-for-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. </p>



<p>The scarce food available in these clear waters is crucial for the organisms that inhabit the deep sea, making even small changes to their environment potentially impactful.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-consequences">Additional consequences</h2>



<p>Deep-sea mining poses additional risks. It can disrupt habitats, leading to the loss of biodiversity. The noise and vibrations from mining equipment can affect marine life, particularly species reliant on echolocation. </p>



<p>Deep-sea mining activities can release toxic substances trapped in seabed sediments, contaminating the water and harming marine organisms. The physical removal of substrate can destroy slow-growing deep-sea corals and sponges, critical for ecosystem health. </p>



<p>Additionally, the increased human activity could introduce invasive species, further threatening native marine life. These potential impacts underscore the need for cautious, well-informed approaches to deep-sea mining.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-research-in-deep-sea-mining">Need for research in deep-sea mining</h2>



<p>Haalboom's co-promoter, NIOZ oceanographer Henko de Stigter, has expressed concern over the rapid commercial interest in deep-sea mining. He argues that the initial findings of quick sediment settling do not capture the full potential impact of these mining activities on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-damage-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea ecosystems</a>. </p>



<p>The long-term effects of even minimal sediment dispersal are still unknown, prompting both Haalboom and De Stigter to advocate for more extensive research before proceeding with large-scale mining operations.</p>



<p>In conclusion, while deep-sea mining presents a tempting opportunity to extract valuable resources, the potential risks to unknown marine ecosystems and the broader environmental impacts demand careful consideration. </p>



<p>The call for further study is clear: we must fully understand the consequences of our actions in these remote, unexplored parts of our planet before making irreversible decisions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Deep-sea mining forms 'dust clouds' that devastate marine life

Recent PhD research conducted at the bottom of the Pacific...

3d,Abstract,Illustration,Of,Colorful,Human,Brain

<p>Colors are an integral part of our daily lives, from the vibrant red of a ripe strawberry to the deep brown of a child's eyes. However, have you ever stopped to wonder how our brains process the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-we-see-the-world-based-on-what-we-expect-to-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory information</a> that allows us to perceive these colors? </p>



<p>A recent study by neuroscientists at <a href="https://www.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a> has shed new light on this fascinating topic, identifying for the first time the brain-cell circuitry in fruit flies that converts raw sensory signals into color perceptions.</p>



<p>Led by Dr. Rudy Behnia, a principal investigator at Columbia's Zuckerman Institute, the research team published their intriguing findings in the prestigious journal <em>Nature Neuroscience</em>. </p>



<p>"Many of us take for granted the rich colors we see every day," said Dr. Behnia, the corresponding author on the paper. "But those colors do not exist outside of our brains."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-s-role-in-color-perception">Brain's role in color perception</h2>



<p>As Dr. Behnia explains, colors are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-changes-with-our-walking-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perceptions</a> that the brain constructs as it makes sense of the longer and shorter wavelengths of light detected by the eyes. </p>



<p>This process of turning sensory signals into perceptions about the world is crucial for the survival and well-being of organisms.</p>



<p>"To ask how we perceive the world seems like a simple question, but answering it is a challenge," added Dr. Behnia. "My hope is that our efforts to uncover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-retinal-cells-explain-complex-color-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural principles</a> underlying color perception will help us better understand how brains extract the features in the environment that are important for making it through each day."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-hue-selective-neurons">Discovering hue-selective neurons</h2>



<p>In their study, the research team discovered specific networks of neurons, a type of brain cell, in fruit flies that respond selectively to various hues. </p>



<p>Hue denotes the perceived colors associated with specific wavelengths, or combinations of wavelengths of light, which themselves are not inherently colorful. These hue-selective neurons lie within the optic lobe, the brain area responsible for vision.</p>



<p>The neurons respond to hues that people would perceive as violet, as well as others that correspond to ultraviolet wavelengths, which are not detectable by humans. </p>



<p>Detecting UV hues is important for the survival of some creatures, such as bees and perhaps fruit flies, as many plants possess ultraviolet patterns that can help guide insects to pollen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neural-mechanisms-behind-hue-selectivity">Neural mechanisms behind hue selectivity</h2>



<p>While scientists had previously reported finding neurons in animals' brains that respond selectively to different colors or hues, no one had been able to trace the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotions-sensory-perception-brain-fascinating-interplay/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural mechanisms</a> making this hue selectivity possible. This is where the recent availability of a fly-brain connectome proved invaluable.</p>



<p>The connectome, an intricate map detailing how some 130,000 neurons and 50 million synapses in a fruit-fly's poppy seed-sized brain are interconnected, served as a reference for the researchers. </p>



<p>Using their observations of brain cells, they developed a diagram they suspected represents the neuronal circuitry behind hue selectivity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mathematical-models-and-recurrent-connectivity">Mathematical models and recurrent connectivity</h2>



<p>To better understand the complexities of these brain cells and their interconnections, the scientists portrayed the circuits as mathematical models, simulating and probing the circuits' activities and capabilities.</p>



<p>"The mathematical models serve as tools that enable us to better understand something as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">messy and complex</a> as all of these brain cells and their interconnections," said Dr. Matthias Christenson, a co-first author on the paper and a former member of Dr. Behnia's lab. "With the models, we can work to make sense of all of this complexity."</p>



<p>The modeling not only revealed that these circuits can host activity required for hue selectivity but also pointed to a type of cell-to-cell interconnectivity, known as recurrence, without which hue-selectivity cannot happen. In a neural circuitry with recurrence, outputs of the circuit circle back in to become inputs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confirming-the-role-of-recurrent-connectivity">Confirming the role of recurrent connectivity</h2>



<p>To further validate their findings, the researchers conducted an additional experiment. "When we used a genetic technique to disrupt part of this recurrent connectivity in the brains of fruit flies, the neurons that previously showed hue-selective activity lost that property," said Dr. Álvaro Sanz-Diez, a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Behnia's lab and the other co-first author of the paper. "This reinforced our confidence that we really had discovered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-perception-speed-varies-greatly-among-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain circuitry</a> involved in color perception."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-understanding-color-perception">Implications of understanding color perception</h2>



<p>This research by Dr. Behnia and her team has provided new insights into how the brain's wiring enables the construction of a perceptual representation of color. </p>



<p>"Now we know a little more about how the brain's wiring makes it possible to build a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-sense-of-smell-can-change-the-colors-we-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perceptual representation</a> of color," said Dr. Behnia. "My hope is that our new findings can help explain how brains produce all kinds of perceptions, among them color, sound and taste."</p>



<p>This study advances our understanding of color perception and paves the way for future research into the neural mechanisms behind other sensory perceptions. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the brain, we move closer to comprehending the complex processes that shape our experience of the world around us.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01640-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural Neuroscience</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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How the brain turns light waves into rich colors and experiences

Colors are an integral part of our daily lives, from...

Quantum,Tunnel:,A,Voyage,Through,Molecular,Symmetry

<p>In the fascinating realm of quantum physics, particles seem to defy the laws of classical mechanics, exhibiting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mind-bending phenomena</a> that challenge our understanding of the universe. One such phenomenon is quantum tunneling.</p>



<p>In quantum tunnels, particles appear to move faster than the speed of light, seemingly breaking the fundamental rules set by Einstein's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theory of relativity</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-time-in-the-quantum-world">Redefining time in the quantum world</h2>



<p>However, a group of physicists from <a href="https://www.tu-darmstadt.de/index.en.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TU Darmstadt</a> has proposed a new method to measure the time it takes for particles to tunnel, suggesting that previous experiments may have been inaccurate.</p>



<p>Patrik Schach and Enno Giese, physicists from TU Darmstadt, have published their groundbreaking experiment design in the prestigious journal <em>Science Advances</em>. </p>



<p>Their approach aims to redefine the concept of "time" for a tunneling particle, taking into account the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum nature</a> of the phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-step-understanding-quantum-tunnels">First step: Understanding quantum tunnels</h2>



<p>Quantum tunneling is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where a particle, such as an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intense-quantum-light-generates-weird-electron-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electron</a>, passes through a potential energy barrier that it classically cannot surmount. </p>



<p>In classical physics, if a particle doesn't have enough energy to overcome a barrier, it will simply bounce back or stop. </p>



<p>However, in quantum mechanics, particles exhibit wave-like properties, and there is a probability that the particle can "tunnel" through the barrier, even if it lacks the energy to cross it classically.</p>



<p>Here are some key points to understand about quantum tunnels:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wave-particle-duality">Wave-particle duality</h3>



<p>Particles in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bridging-quantum-classical-physics-nanoparticle-entanglement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a> possess both wave and particle properties. The wave nature of particles allows them to exhibit behaviors that are not possible in classical physics.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-tunnels-and-probability">Quantum tunnels and probability</h3>



<p>The probability of a particle tunneling through a barrier depends on factors such as the barrier's width and height, and the particle's energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-conservation">Energy conservation</h3>



<p>Quantum tunneling does not violate the law of energy conservation. The particle does not gain or lose energy while tunneling. Instead, it appears on the other side of the barrier with the same energy it had before.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-for-quantum-tunnels">Applications for quantum tunnels</h3>



<p>Quantum tunneling has numerous practical applications, including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which allows scientists to image surfaces at the atomic level, and flash memory drives that use quantum tunneling to store and access data.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radioactive-decay">Radioactive decay</h3>



<p>Quantum tunneling also plays a role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-fifth-force-of-nature-subatomic-particles-are-defying-the-laws-of-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radioactive decay</a>, where particles escape the nucleus of an atom despite not having enough energy to overcome the nuclear potential barrier.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-nature-of-particles">Dual nature of particles</h2>



<p>According to quantum physics, small particles such as atoms or light particles possess a dual nature, behaving like both particles and waves depending on the experiment. </p>



<p>As mentioned previously, quantum tunneling highlights the wave nature of particles, where a "wave packet" rolls towards an energy barrier, and a small portion of it penetrates the barrier, resulting in a probability that the particle will appear on the other side.</p>



<p>"But the particle does not follow a path in the classical sense," objects Enno Giese. "It is impossible to say exactly where the particle is at a particular time. This makes it difficult to make statements about the time required to get from A to B."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-particles-as-clocks">Using particles as clocks</h2>



<p>Inspired by Albert Einstein's quote, "Time is what you read off a clock," Schach and Giese propose using the tunneling particle itself as a clock, with a second non-tunneling particle serving as a reference. </p>



<p>By comparing these two natural clocks, they aim to determine whether time elapses slower, faster, or equally fast during quantum tunneling.</p>



<p>The researchers suggest using atoms as clocks, taking advantage of the oscillating energy levels within them. By addressing an atom with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intense-quantum-light-generates-weird-electron-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laser pulse</a>, its levels initially oscillate in sync, starting the atomic clock. </p>



<p>During tunneling, the rhythm shifts slightly, and a second laser pulse causes the two internal waves of the atom to interfere. Detecting this interference allows for precise measurement of the elapsed time.</p>



<p>"The clock that is tunneled is slightly older than the other," says Patrik Schach, contradicting experiments that attributed superluminal speed to tunneling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Pushing the boundaries of experimental physics</h2>



<p>While the proposed experiment can be carried out with today's technology, it presents a significant challenge for experimenters. The time difference to be measured is extremely short, around 10-26 seconds. </p>



<p>To overcome this, the researchers suggest using clouds of atoms as clocks instead of individual atoms and amplifying the effect by artificially increasing the clock frequencies.</p>



<p>"We are currently discussing this idea with experimental colleagues and are in contact with our project partners," adds Giese. The possibility of a team deciding to carry out this exciting experiment in the near future is quite real.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-how-time-works-in-quantum-tunnels">Understanding how time works in quantum tunnels</h2>



<p>In summary, Patrik Schach and Enno Giese's experiment design challenges our understanding of time and particle behavior in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graviton-like-particle-observed-in-quantum-material-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum realm</a>. </p>



<p>By proposing a new method to measure the time it takes for particles to tunnel, they are questioning previous assumptions about superluminal speeds and presenting new avenues for exploring the mysteries of quantum physics. </p>



<p>As they collaborate with experimental colleagues and project partners, the possibility of conducting this exciting experiment draws closer, promising to unlock the secrets of the quantum universe and pave the way for a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of reality.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl6078" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Quantum tunnels allow particles to break the light-speed barrier

In the fascinating realm of quantum physics, particles seem to...

<p>Photon-number distributions of various light sources have been studied extensively, but little is known about the statistical distribution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massless-dirac-electrons-seen-moving-in-four-dimensions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> emitted under the effect of intense quantum light. </p>



<p>However, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (<a href="https://mpl.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPL</a>) and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (<a href="https://www.fau.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAU</a>) have made a discovery that highlights this phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-electron-emission-from-quantum-light">Studying electron emission from quantum light</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Nature Physics</em>, the study led by Prof. Maria Chekhova at MPL and Prof. Peter Hommelhoff at FAU reveals extreme and highly unusual statistical events in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-electron-dancing-allowed-new-molecular-design-rules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electron-number</a> distributions obtained when nanometer-sized metal needle tips are illuminated with ultrashort pulses of bright quantum light. </p>



<p>These findings prove that the number of electrons is influenced by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-leap-making-light-waves-stand-still-photonic-crystals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light statistics</a> and contribute to a deeper understanding of the process of electron emission, which could help further improve electron microscopes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-electron-emission">Understanding electron emission</h2>



<p>Electron emission is the process by which electrons are released from a material, typically a metal or semiconductor, into a vacuum or another medium. There are several types of electron emission, each with its own unique characteristics and underlying mechanisms. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermionic-emission">Thermionic emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Occurs when a material is heated to high temperatures, causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/attosecond-electron-freeze-frame-of-liquid-water-seen-for-the-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> to gain enough energy to overcome the work function and escape the surface.</li>



<li>Commonly used in vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), and electron microscopes.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photoelectric-emission">Photoelectric emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Happens when a material absorbs photons (light particles) with sufficient energy to overcome the work function, causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> to be ejected from the surface.</li>



<li>The basis for photoelectric sensors, solar cells, and photomultiplier tubes.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-emission">Field emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Involves applying a strong external electric field to a material, which narrows the potential barrier and allows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-vibrating-atoms-tune-single-electron-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> to tunnel through the barrier and escape the surface.</li>



<li>Used in field emission displays, electron microscopes, and vacuum microelectronics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secondary-electron-emission">Secondary electron emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Occurs when a material is bombarded with high-energy particles (e.g., electrons or ions), causing the emission of low-energy secondary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> from the surface.</li>



<li>Important in electron multipliers, photomultiplier tubes, and scanning electron microscopes.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-schottky-emission">Schottky emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>A combination of thermionic and field emission, where an external electric field lowers the work function, making it easier for electrons to escape the surface at lower temperatures.</li>



<li>Used in high-brightness electron sources and vacuum microelectronics.</li>
</ul>



<p>The study of electron emission is crucial for understanding the behavior of materials under various conditions and for developing advanced technologies such as electron microscopes, vacuum electronics, and energy conversion devices. </p>



<p>By manipulating the factors that influence electron emission, researchers can design materials and devices with specific electronic properties tailored to various applications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-needle-tips-electrons-and-quantum-light">Needle tips, electrons, and quantum light </h2>



<p>In this collaborative project, the researchers illuminate nanometer-sized metal needle tips with pulses of classical light and quantum light. They then detect the electrons released from the metal and study their statistical properties.</p>



<p>When classical light is used, the electrons follow a Poissonian distribution, meaning that each electron is emitted independently of the others. This results in only slight variations in the number of electrons emitted from pulse to pulse.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-squeezed-vacuum-quantum-light">'Bright squeezed vacuum' quantum light</h2>



<p>By switching to a quantum light source called <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/electrons_optical-setup_bright-squeezed-vacuum_credit-Tanya-Chekhova_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bright squeezed vacuum</a>, which exhibits strong photon-number fluctuations, the researchers demonstrated that the statistics of photons can be transferred to electrons. </p>



<p>Using this technique, they measured extreme statistical events with up to 65 electrons from a single light pulse, with an average value of 0.27 electrons per pulse.</p>



<p>To put this into perspective, if the electrons followed a Poissonian distribution, the probability of such an event -- an outlier exceeding the mean by a factor of 240 -- would be as low as 10-128. </p>



<p>By changing the number of modes of the squeezed vacuum, the scientists could tailor the electron-number distribution on demand.</p>



<p>"Our results show that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secure-quantum-communication-one-step-closer-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photon statistics</a> are imprinted from the driving light onto the emitted electrons, opening the door to new sensor devices and strong-field optics with quantum light and electrons," says Maria Chekhova, research group leader at MPL.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raisin-muffins-and-electron-distributions">Raisin muffins and electron distributions</h2>



<p>Jonas Heimerl, an FAU Ph.D. student, explains the dimensions of this discovery using an everyday example. </p>



<p>"If you spread raisins on muffins, the probability of finding a certain number of raisins in the muffin follows a Poisson distribution. Let us assume that there is an average (mean) of two raisins per muffin," Heimerl pontificated. </p>



<p>"It may therefore happen that there are no raisins or five raisins in the muffin, but in most cases, there will be two. However, the probability of getting more than 50 raisins is impossible with a Poisson distribution," he explained.</p>



<p>In contrast, the multi-electron events observed in these experiments were like finding 480 raisins in a single muffin -- a discovery that would undoubtedly delight any raisin lover.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-light-opens-doors-to-tech-innovation">Quantum light opens doors to tech innovation</h2>



<p>In summary, this research from MPL and FAU has unveiled the surprising influence of quantum light on electron emission. </p>



<p>By illuminating nanometer-sized metal needle tips with bright squeezed vacuum, they have demonstrated that the statistical properties of photons can be imprinted onto electrons, leading to extreme and highly unusual electron-number distributions.</p>



<p>This discovery deepens our understanding of the fundamental processes governing electron emission and opens doors to exciting possibilities for the development of new sensor devices, advancements in electron microscopy, and the exploration of strong-field optics with quantum light and electrons.</p>



<p>As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the quantum world, these findings serve as a testament to the power of innovative research and the potential for quantum phenomena to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02472-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Intense quantum light generates ‘weird’ electron behavior

Photon-number distributions of various light sources have been studied extensively,...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>This diagram gives a comprehensive guide to <em>Perseverance</em>’s many scientific instruments. And the impressive array of gadgets includes the Mastcam-Z – a camera that can take both stereoscopic and panoramic photos. There’s also the SuperCam, which is an instrument capable of chemical analysis and image-making. It can even remotely detect signs of possible ancient organic remains on the planet’s surface. But, sadly, it hasn’t yet spotted aliens.</p>


19. The instruments

<p>It’s this parachute that decreased <em>Perseverance</em>’s speed as it plummeted towards the surface of Mars. We’re seeing it from a camera mounted on the spacecraft’s backshell. But the parachute hides a secret. The red and white patches pattern is arranged in code, and when decrypted the message apparently reads “Dare mighty things.”</p>