Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.



"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.



"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."



According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;



"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.



Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.



The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;



The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.



Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.



The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.



The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The convergence of these tectonic plates causes uplift, folding, and deformation of the colorful rock layers, and subsequent erosion exposes them."



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "Colorful Mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance. 



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger ecosystem that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/">mountains</a>.



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a large sediment plume from the Yangtze River that extends hundreds of kilometers off the coast of China.



"Brown, sediment-laden water is visible along this shallow, turbid stretch of coast year-round, but a vast plume like the one visible here is a characteristic feature of winter. Scientists have proposed several causes of this seasonal phenomenon," said NASA.



"The ebb and flow of tides contain enough energy to stir up sediments from the seafloor, a 2017 study found. While there are also tides in the summer, the models used in the study showed that sediment only rises to the surface in the winter. That’s when temperatures and salinities at the sea surface and bottom are similar, allowing for vertical mixing to occur and for sediment to churn higher into the water column."



Additional studies have suggested that the summer monsoon’s influence on currents impedes the eastward flow of sediment out of the estuaries, noted NASA.



"Despite what looks like a glut of suspended sediment in the water, the overall amount of it flowing from the Yangtze River has declined steadily over the past several decades. The construction of dams, including the Three Gorges Dam, has been the primary driver of this trend."



It is important for scientists to track the movement of suspended sediment. This material can cause direct harm to marine life, as well as indirect harm by blocking sunlight.



The Yangtze River, also known as the Chang Jiang in Chinese, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, following the Nile and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/">Amazon</a>. It flows for over 6,300 kilometers (about 3,917 miles) from the glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China to the East China Sea at Shanghai.&nbsp;



The Yangtze River basin is a key region for China's agriculture, industry, and hydroelectric power production. The river's waters are used for irrigation, navigation, and as a source of freshwater. The basin is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Yangtze river dolphin or Baiji, which may now be extinct.



The image was captured on February 12, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite sensor on the NOAA-20 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Sediment flows offshore from the Yangtze River 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is a tributary of the Congo River, one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-rivers-keep-antimicrobial-resistant-genes-at-bay/">rivers</a> in the world by discharge and depth. 



The Ruki River, previously known as the Busira, merges with the Momboyo River near the town of Basankusu to become the Lulonga River, which eventually flows into the Congo River at the town of Lisala.



"If the appearance of the muddy Amazon River evokes a coffee cut with cream, the Ruki River, coursing gently through the Congo Basin, is like a dark tea," said NASA.



"On its slow path through mostly untouched lowland rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the water leaches organic material from vegetation, prompting some researchers to think it is one of the darkest blackwater rivers on Earth. The dissolved material in this distinctive water, scientists are finding, offers clues into the carbon cycle of tropical forests."



In a recent study, researchers measured the chemical composition and flow of the Ruki for the first time.&nbsp;



"The study reported that, as the water color suggests, the Ruki is rich in dissolved organic carbon compounds. It contains four times as much organic carbon as the Congo River and 1.5 times as much as the Rio Negro, the world’s largest blackwater river and a major tributary of the Amazon," said NASA.



Due to this heavy carbon load, the researchers concluded that “tropical forests like those around the Ruki might not accumulate quite as much carbon as we once thought.”



The region around the Ruki River is rich in biodiversity, hosting various species of flora and fauna. It is part of the Congo Basin, the second-largest tropical rainforest area in the world, which is a critical habitat for endangered species and a significant carbon sink.



The river is vital for the livelihoods of local communities. Fishing is a crucial activity, with many people depending on it for sustenance and income. The river also supports agriculture along its banks, where communities grow crops.



In many parts of the DRC, rivers like the Ruki are crucial transportation corridors due to the challenging and often nonexistent road infrastructure. The river enables the movement of people and goods, facilitating trade and access to markets, health care, and education.



The region faces several challenges, including deforestation, overfishing, and environmental degradation, which threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of people who depend on it. Efforts to manage and conserve the river's resources are vital for sustainable development.



Understanding and protecting the Ruki River and its surroundings are crucial for the DRC's environmental sustainability, economic development, and the well-being of its communities.



The image was captured by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.



"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.



"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year.&nbsp;



"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.



"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."



"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.



The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.



"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." 



"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.



"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.



James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.



“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. 



The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. 



Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. 



Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.



This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. 



With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.



The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

The Nardo Ring Italy  is a striking visual feature from space, and astronauts have photographed it several times. Therefore ring is a race car test track, And that is steeply banked to reduce the amount of active steering by drivers.

Therefore the Ring lies in a remote area on the heel of Italy's "boot," east of the naval port of Taranto. Also it encompasses a number of active (green) and fallow agricultural fields. And In this zone of intensive agriculture, farmers gain access to their fields.  Through the Ring via a series of underpasses. Winding features within the southern section of the Ring appear to be smaller, unused race tracks.

Nardo Ring Italy

In the U.S., the wave of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-reduces-designer-drug-poisonings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> legalization sparks debates about its impact on young people. A new study from <a href="https://www.bc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boston College</a> sheds light on these concerns, providing evidence that increasing legal access does not necessarily increase substance abuse among adolescents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-legalization">Cannabis legalization</h2>



As of 2021, a total of 24 states and Washington, D.C., have passed laws that legalize the recreational use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>. In these locations, adults legally possess and use marijuana for personal enjoyment, not just for medical purposes.



This represents a major shift in U.S. drug policy. It shows increasing public acceptance of cannabis. There are also growing legislative efforts to regulate and tax cannabis. These efforts are similar to those for alcohol.



Additionally, of those 24 states, 18 have also set up systems that allow for the legal sale of cannabis. This includes regulations for retail dispensaries where consumers can purchase cannabis legally. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulations-due-to-cannabis-legalization">Regulations due to cannabis legalization</h2>



In states where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> has been legalized, the government sets comprehensive regulations covering all aspects of the cannabis industry. These regulations encompass not just the use and possession of cannabis but extend to its production, distribution, and commercial sale. 



One of the main goals of regulatory oversight is to dismantle illegal markets. States provide a legal, regulated alternative that is safer and more reliable than unregulated sources. By regulating the cannabis industry, states ensure product safety for consumers. This reduces risks linked to contamination or overly potent products.



This legislative trend is part of a broader movement toward cannabis legalization observed nationwide and globally, prompted by arguments for criminal justice reform, economic benefits, and emerging evidence suggesting controlled legalization might not increase substance abuse rates - especially among youth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-legalization-impact-on-teens">Cannabis legalization impact on teens</h2>



The primary goal of the study was to assess the impact of cannabis accessibility. Researchers explored if legalization and normalization through legal channels increased substance use. They specifically looked at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-cannabis-use-disorder-risk-varies-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> use rates among teenagers.



The researchers collected data from nearly 900,000 high school students. These students were from 47 states. The data spanned from 2011 to 2021. This period includes years before and after the enactment of cannabis legalization laws in many states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-legalization-and-substance-abuse">Cannabis legalization and substance abuse</h2>



The extensive analysis revealed key findings. Instead of increasing, substance use among teenagers showed modest decreases. This included the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-strongly-linked-to-mental-disorders-in-a-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>, alcohol, and e-cigarettes. 



These findings suggest that cannabis legalization and regulation may be reducing substance use among adolescents. The researchers hypothesized that several factors could be at play in these results:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation-reduces-illegal-cannabis-access">Regulation reduces illegal cannabis access </h3>



In legal cannabis markets, strict regulatory frameworks are put in place to control who can legally purchase and possess cannabis. The regulations typically include measures such as requiring proof of age via government-issued identification, much like the systems used for alcohol sales. 



This requirement mandates that buyers must meet the minimum age, usually 21 years, in the United States. Only those who meet this age can purchase cannabis from legal dispensaries.



In unregulated or illegal markets, there are no such controls or checks on purchasers. Illegal dealers typically do not require any form of ID verification, which makes it easier for underage individuals to access cannabis. 



These dealers operate outside the law, with the primary goal of selling their product regardless of the buyer's age, thereby increasing the risk of adolescent access and use.



Furthermore, legal dispensaries also contribute to reducing access for minors through the implementation of stringent security measures and strict adherence to local and state laws. 



Staff members receive training to comply with these regulations. They refuse sales to individuals who cannot provide proper identification or appear to be purchasing for underage users.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-normalization-reduces-appeal">Normalization reduces appeal</h3>



The concept of the "forbidden fruit" appeal refers to the phenomenon where prohibited items or behaviors become more attractive simply because they are off-limits. This psychological effect is often observed among adolescents. 



Breaking rules or engaging in taboo activities can be seen as a form of rebellion or a way to assert independence. When a substance like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> is illegal, it might be perceived by some teenagers as a daring, rebellious act to use it, enhancing its allure.



However, with the legalization of cannabis, this dynamic begins to shift. Legalization demystifies cannabis by integrating it into regular, legal commerce and subjecting it to everyday regulatory scrutiny like any other commodity. 



This change can alter the perception of cannabis among young people. When cannabis is legally available and regulated, and when its use is normalized within society, it loses some of its rebellious allure. Instead of being a symbol of defiance against authority, it becomes just another regulated substance, akin to alcohol or tobacco.



A reduction in the "forbidden fruit" appeal can lead to lower rates of use among adolescents. They might no longer associate cannabis use with rebellion or see it as an attractive way to challenge societal norms. 



Moreover, the discussions around cannabis use tend to become more focused on health and safety rather than legality. This can further deter adolescents from using it as a statement against authority.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-initiatives">Public health initiatives</h3>



When cannabis is legalized, the regulatory framework that accompanies this shift often includes provisions for using some of the revenue generated through taxes and fees for public health initiatives. 



The funding is frequently directed toward educational programs and public health campaigns designed to inform the public about the safe and responsible use of cannabis. These programs are crucial, especially for teenagers, who are at a formative stage and susceptible to influences regarding substance use.



The focus of these educational initiatives is typically comprehensive, covering the potential risks and health implications of cannabis use. They aim to debunk myths and provide factual information that can help teenagers make informed decisions. 



By increasing awareness of the consequences of misuse and the legal stipulations surrounding cannabis consumption, these educational efforts serve as a preventive measure against substance abuse.



Moreover, public health campaigns can effectively leverage multiple media platforms that are popular among teenagers, such as social media, videos, and interactive websites, to ensure that the message is conveyed in an engaging and accessible manner. 



This broad reach is vital in countering the often-glamorized portrayals of substance use prevalent in various media and peer groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-legalization-and-our-youth">Cannabis legalization and our youth</h2>



While the findings provide encouraging insights into the effects of cannabis legalization on adolescent substance use, it is important to recognize that these results represent just one piece of a larger, ongoing investigation. 



The study alleviates some initial fears that legalization would directly lead to increased substance use among teenagers. However, this does not mean that the issue is fully resolved or that the potential risks have vanished entirely.



Longitudinal studies are research methods that observe the same individuals repeatedly over a prolonged period. These studies are highly effective for understanding changes and long-term outcomes in a population. In the context of cannabis legalization, longitudinal studies can offer valuable insights. 



“Although studies of early-enacting states and Canada reported few effects of recreational cannabis legislation on adolescent substance abuse, experts have highlighted the need to further assess policy outcomes in youth as legislation and retail availability spread, and other policies targeting youth substance use shift,” noted the researchers. 



“We found limited associations between recreational cannabis legalization and retail sales with adolescent substance use, extending previous findings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



As we move forward, sustained research efforts are necessary. These should not only continue to track usage rates among adolescents but also examine deeper impacts, such as the effects on mental health, academic performance, and social behavior. 



Longitudinal studies, which follow the same individuals over many years, will be particularly valuable in painting a clearer picture of how cannabis legalization influences youth over significant periods.



Moreover, it’s crucial that as more data becomes available, policymakers use it to refine and adjust regulations and public health strategies. Sensible regulation - balancing control with accessibility, and enforcement with education - might prove to be a key strategy in preventing cannabis misuse among teenagers while also addressing other public health concerns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cannabis-and-its-legalization">More about cannabis and its legalization</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cannabis</a>, also known as marijuana, has a complex and evolving status globally, with a wide range of uses, effects, and legal standings. Here are some key aspects to consider about cannabis apart from the study previously discussed:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-medical-uses">Medical uses</h3>



Cannabis is recognized for its medicinal properties and is used to treat a variety of conditions. It can alleviate chronic pain, reduce nausea during chemotherapy, manage seizures in conditions like epilepsy, and help with sleep disorders. Medical cannabis is legal in many countries and U.S. states, where it is prescribed by doctors under specific conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreational-use">Recreational use</h3>



Beyond medical use, recreational cannabis is consumed for its psychoactive effects. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the main psychoactive component that provides the "high" associated with its use. Recreational use is increasingly being legalized in various states and countries, with regulations focusing on controlling distribution and consumption among adults.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



The legalization of cannabis has significant economic implications. It creates jobs in cultivation, distribution, and retail. Legal cannabis markets also generate substantial tax revenue that often supports public services such as education and law enforcement.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-issues">Social issues</h3>



Cannabis legalization is also linked to social justice issues. For decades, marijuana laws disproportionately affected minority communities, leading to high rates of incarceration. Legalization efforts often include measures to address these past injustices, such as expunging criminal records and promoting equity in the cannabis industry.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation-and-safety">Regulation and safety</h3>



Legal markets are regulated to ensure product safety and quality. This includes testing for pesticides, molds, and other contaminants, as well as regulating the potency of products to ensure consumer safety. Regulations also aim to prevent underage use and address concerns related to impaired driving.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-shifts">Cultural shifts</h3>



As cannabis becomes more mainstream, its cultural perception is shifting. What was once considered a dangerous drug is now increasingly viewed as a safe and acceptable form of relaxation or social activity, similar to alcohol.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-trends">Global trends</h3>



Internationally, the stance on cannabis varies widely. Countries like Canada and Uruguay have legalized cannabis nationwide, while others maintain strict prohibitions. International bodies like the United Nations are also reevaluating cannabis under global drug treaties.



Understanding these multifaceted aspects of cannabis helps to frame the broader context of its role in society, beyond the specific impacts of legalization on adolescent substance use.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2817566" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Pediatrics</a>.



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Cannabis legalization does not increase youth substance abuse

In the U.S., the wave of cannabis legalization sparks debates...

Deep beneath the icy waters of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/east-antarctica-once-thought-to-be-stable-is-on-the-verge-of-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a>, a silent crisis is brewing. As the Antarctic deep sea warms, it sets off a chain reaction that reaches the far-off waters of the North Atlantic, causing sea levels to rise. 



This alarming phenomenon threatens not just marine life but also the millions of people living in coastal areas. This scenario connects distant corners of our planet in ways we are only beginning to understand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amoc-earth-s-ocean-conveyor-belt">AMOC: Earth's ocean 'conveyor belt'</h2>



At the heart of this story is the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). This is a complex system of currents within the Atlantic Ocean, acting to transport heat, essential nutrients, and carbon dioxide from the tropics to the higher latitudes. 



The AMOC plays a vital role in regulating Earth's climate on a global scale. It functions much like the various branches of a river system, with different components contributing to its overall flow and direction.



Scientists have been meticulously studying a specific part of the AMOC: the "abyssal limb." This refers to a current residing thousands of meters below the ocean's surface, fueled by the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW). 



ABW is an extremely cold and dense water mass that forms around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-force-moves-ross-ice-shelf-antarctica-every-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> under specific conditions. Due to its density, ABW sinks to the ocean floor and flows northwards. It becomes a primary driver of the AMOC's abyssal limb.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slowdown-in-crucial-ocean-current">Slowdown in crucial ocean current</h2>



Scientists at University of Miami <a href="https://www.earth.miami.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science</a>, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</a> have dedicated over twenty years to meticulously tracking this deep, Antarctic-sourced water.



The experts used specialized instruments moored thousands of meters below the surface. The findings are truly chilling: the abyssal limb of the AMOC is weakening. The measured slowdown, approximately 12%, might seem small at first glance. However, it's crucial to grasp the sheer scale of the AMOC and this deep-ocean flow.



We're talking about a current system that spans the entire Atlantic basin, moving a volume of water greater than all the world's rivers combined. A slowdown of even a small percent translates to a massive change in the transport of cold water from the Antarctic towards the North Atlantic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctic-dynamics-and-warming">Antarctic dynamics and warming</h2>



During the Antarctic winter, the formation of sea ice plays a vital role. As seawater freezes, the ice structure itself excludes salt, which is concentrated into the surrounding liquid water. This increases both the salinity and density of the unfrozen water, making it significantly heavier.



This newly-formed, extremely dense water, ABW, sinks towards the ocean floor. Driven by its density, ABW becomes the primary fuel for the abyssal limb of the AMOC, initiating a vast northward flow within the Atlantic Ocean basin.



A weaker abyssal limb indicates that less ABW is being formed and transported towards the North Atlantic. This leads to a reduced influx of cold, dense water in those regions, resulting in the gradual warming of the deep North Atlantic.



Thermal expansion is a fundamental physical property of water. As the deep North Atlantic warms, even slightly, the affected water molecules occupy a greater volume. 



“The areas affected by this warming spans thousands of miles in the north-south and east-west directions between 4,000- and 6,000-meters of depth,” said&nbsp;William Johns, a co-author and professor of ocean sciences at the Rosenstiel School. “As a result, there is a significant increase in the abyssal ocean heat content, contributing to local sea level rise due to the thermal expansion of the water.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-antarctic-warming">Impact of Antarctic warming</h2>



The threat of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-sea-levels-spiked-dramatically-in-2023/">rising sea levels</a> is most evident for coastal cities, where flooding and erosion pose an increasing risk to infrastructure and communities. However, the weakening of the AMOC's abyssal limb has far-reaching consequences that extend well beyond coastal regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stronger-storms">Stronger storms</h3>



The amount of heat stored in the ocean has a direct link to the intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes. Warmer oceans evaporate more readily, providing additional moisture that fuels these powerful weather systems. 



The warming of the deep North Atlantic contributes to an overall increase in the ocean's heat content, which ultimately intensifies these destructive storms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-ecosystems">Shifting ecosystems</h3>



Marine organisms have evolved to thrive within specific temperature ranges. Disruptions to these temperature patterns, even in the deep ocean, have cascading effects on marine food webs. 



Changes in temperature can impact the distribution of plankton, disrupting the base of the food chain, and impact the migration patterns and reproductive cycles of larger marine species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unexpected-connection">The unexpected connection</h3>



Changes in the abyssal regions of the ocean might feel far removed from everyday life for many people. However, these changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-protective-ice-barriers-are-melting-at-double-the-pace/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> and the Atlantic highlight a core concept of Earth's climate system: our planet is an intricately interconnected web. Actions or changes occurring in one region can have far-reaching consequences on a global scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-control-antarctic-warming">Tips to control Antarctic warming</h2>



The primary factor driving the changes observed in the Antarctic and the weakening of the AMOC is human-caused climate change. 



Greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from burning fossil fuels, trap excess heat within Earth's atmosphere. This excess heat is absorbed by the oceans, leading to warming trends even in the most remote regions, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-is-experiencing-rapid-plant-growth-concerning-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic</a>.



Here's how the responsibility, and power, shift towards personal decisions and collective action:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-be-aware">Be aware</h3>



Building a strong knowledge base is essential. Climate change is a complex issue, but reliable sources such as <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Global Climate Change</a> provide accurate, science-based information about causes, impacts, and potential solutions. Staying informed empowers individuals to make better choices and advocate for informed policy decisions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-change-your-habits">Change your habits</h3>



Reducing your carbon footprint has multiple benefits. Energy-efficient homes conserve resources and lower bills. Opting for greener transportation methods, such as cycling, public transit, or electric vehicles, directly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Supporting businesses with sustainable practices sends a clear message that consumers prioritize environmental responsibility.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vote-with-your-voice">Vote with your voice</h3>



Elected officials are tasked with representing their constituents. Communicating with local, state, and national representatives demonstrates that climate action matters to voters. Supporting candidates whose platforms clearly address climate solutions is crucial.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word-on-antarctic-warming">Spread the word on Antarctic warming</h3>



Open dialogue and information sharing within your social circles can have a ripple effect. Discussing climate change, its impacts, and actionable solutions with friends, family, and your broader community builds awareness and encourages collective engagement for climate-conscious decisions.



The story of the AMOC's abyssal slowdown underscores the web of our planet's climate systems. It highlights how individual choices, multiplied across billions of people, truly shape the future health of our oceans and the wellbeing of those who rely on them. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01422-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a>.



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Antarctic warming triggers rising North Atlantic sea levels

Deep beneath the icy waters of Antarctica, a silent crisis...

Soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-soil-microbes-could-revolutionize-climate-predictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> face extreme challenges for survival in desert environments, which are characterized by prolonged drought and scarce rainfall. Despite these harsh conditions, an invisible world thrives below the surface. 



The microbes reside in the desert's biocrust - the uppermost layer of soil. They play a crucial role in enriching the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dormant-soil-microbes-survive-in-a-60-year-old-fire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a> with essential nutrients like carbon and nitrogen. 



Additionally, they help prevent erosion and retain moisture, contributing significantly to ecosystem health. Yet, the survival strategies of soil microbes in such a punishing environment have long baffled scientists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-dormancy-to-dynamism">From dormancy to dynamism</h2>



A recent study has shed light on how these resilient microorganisms manage to survive and even thrive under extreme conditions. Dagmar Woebken and her team in the Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a> published their findings in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46920-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



The experts found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/desert-microbes-release-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert soil</a> microbes are uniquely adapted to swiftly respond to the infrequent moisture provided by rainfall. The bacteria enter a dormant state during dry periods, springing to life almost immediately following a rainfall event. This fascinating phenomenon was closely studied in the biocrusts of the Negev Desert, Israel. 



The researchers discovered that within a very short time frame after rain - sometimes as little as 15 to 30 minutes - nearly all of the diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-soil-planet-warming-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial life</a> present in the soil transitions from dormancy. They quickly reach full activity. This rapid shift is not commonly seen in other soil types, where bacteria reactivation takes significantly longer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-desert-soil-microbes">A closer look at desert soil microbes </h2>



The researchers used advanced techniques involving stable isotope-labeled water, which contains a form of heavy hydrogen, to simulate rainfall events. By using NanoSIMS, a sophisticated imaging technology, they were able to observe how individual cells responded to simulated rainfall.



The method allowed the researchers to identify which cells were reactivating and assess their growth potential during these brief periods of moisture.



Interestingly, while almost all of the biocrust cells reactivated quickly, only a minority were capable of cell division. This occurred within the short span of rain, typically lasting just one to two days. The majority of cells focused on regeneration, preparing themselves for the next dry spell rather than dividing.



"These data help us understand how biocrust bacteria make optimal use of the short activity windows they experience in deserts. They are ideally adapted to withstand short-term changes in soil water content, a very stressful situation for the cells. This allows them to survive the sudden increase in water content during rain, as well as the subsequent drying out,” noted Dagmar Woebken, principal investigator of the study.



“Additionally, the diverse microbial community is capable of immediate reactivation, which is of great benefit when it must return to a dormant state within a few hours to days.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-ecological-insights">Broader ecological insights</h2>



The insights gained deepen our understanding of desert microbial life and have broader ecosystem implications. 



Furthermore, as global droughts become more frequent and intense due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-soil-microbes-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, understanding microorganism responses to water scarcity is crucial. 



The desert-adapted strategies of soil microbes showcase resilience and adaptability, providing valuable lessons for managing soil health in other vulnerable areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why are desert soil microbes important?</h2>



Desert soil microbes play a vital role in decomposing organic matter, which is scarce in deserts. This decomposition releases nutrients back into the soil, making them available to plants. Microbes such as bacteria and fungi are particularly crucial in the nitrogen cycle, converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms that plants can absorb and use.



Microbes also help to maintain and improve soil structure. Their activity helps bind soil particles together, which improves soil's ability to retain water and resist erosion, a critical function in arid environments where water is limited and soil erosion can be a severe problem.



Many desert plants rely on symbiotic relationships with microbes to survive in such extreme conditions. For example, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a> colonize plant roots and extend far into the soil, increasing a plant’s reach for water and essential nutrients, which is particularly important in nutrient-poor desert soils.



Furthermore, desert microbes sequester carbon in the soil, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Their ability to survive in extreme conditions also provides insights into resilience strategies that could be useful in managing ecological responses to climate change.



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Soil microbes survive the desert by 'sleeping' through the dry spells

Soil microbes face extreme challenges for survival in desert environments,...

Plant stress is a critical concern in agriculture, where timely and accurate information about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-use-ai-and-drone-images-to-interpret-crop-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop health</a> is crucial for maintaining productivity and reducing losses. A recent advancement in this field involves sensors capable of detecting plant signaling molecules. 



The sensors provide farmers with an early warning system. They help preemptively address issues such as excessive light, heat, or attacks from insects and microbes.



Working on this technology, scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>) and the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMART</a>) have recently made significant strides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-molecular-markers-to-sense-plant-stress">Molecular markers to sense plant stress</h2>



Utilizing carbon nanotube-based sensors, the experts have identified distinct signals which indicate various types of stress in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-new-way-to-measure-stress-in-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>, such as heat, light, or microbial and insect attacks. 



The sensors target two key signaling molecules: hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid. Hydrogen peroxide is used by plant cells as a distress signal under attack scenarios. Meanwhile, salicylic acid plays a role in regulating growth, development, and stress response in plants.



The innovative sensors developed by the team are capable of detecting these molecules, which produce distinct patterns at different times depending on the type of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a> experienced by the plant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plant-sensors-detect-stress">How plant sensors detect stress</h2>



The plant stress sensors are initially dissolved in a specialized solution. The solution is then carefully applied to the underside of the leaves of the plants. This strategic application allows the sensors to seamlessly penetrate the stomata, which are tiny openings on the leaf surfaces. 



Once inside, the sensors navigate through to the mesophyll, a layer within the leaf where essential plant processes occur. Within the mesophyll, the sensors begin their crucial work. 



They detect and monitor any chemical changes signaling stress, such as alterations due to excessive light, heat, or the presence of pests and pathogens. These changes are crucial indicators of the plant's health and its immediate environment.



To capture this data, an infrared camera is used. The camera is sensitive enough to detect the subtle chemical shifts triggered by the sensors. It converts these signals into visual data that is both actionable and timely. 



The system allows farmers to receive real-time insights into the health of their crops. With this information, they can make informed decisions quickly, potentially preventing significant stress or damage to their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>. 



This technology represents a significant step forward in agricultural practices, providing a tool that enhances crop management and sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-application">Real-world application</h2>



In a recent study, the researchers used the plant stress sensors on pak choi plants. These plants were exposed to various stressors including heat, intense light, insect bites, and bacterial infections.



The results were telling; each stress type triggered a specific production timeline of hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid. This created a biochemical "language" or fingerprint that identifies the type of stress encountered.



The technology represents a significant leap forward from traditional methods, which often involve genetically engineered fluorescent proteins specific to certain plant types, like tobacco or Arabidopsis thaliana. 



The new sensors, however, can be universally applied to nearly any plant, providing a versatile tool for farmers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-farm-management">Implications for farm management</h2>



Michael Strano, a professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT and senior author of the study, emphasized the potential of the plant sensors in agriculture.



"What we found is that these two sensors together can tell the user exactly what kind of stress the plant is undergoing. Inside the plant, in real time, you get chemical changes that rise and fall, and each one serves as a fingerprint of a different stress,” explained Professor Strano.



Furthermore, the team is working on integrating the plant sensors into diagnostic systems that could not only detect stress but also initiate responses, such as adjusting greenhouse conditions to mitigate stress factors automatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The next steps for the researchers involve adapting these sensors to detect other plant signaling molecules. This could further enhance our understanding of plant responses and potentially lead to new strategies for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diverse-insect-pollinator-communities-boost-crop-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop management</a> and protection.



In summary, this novel sensor technology offers farmers a powerful tool to monitor and respond to plant stress more effectively and in real time. As this technology develops, it could revolutionize the way we approach farming, making it more responsive, efficient, and sustainable.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47082-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Sensors that detect plant stress could revolutionize farming

Plant stress is a critical concern in agriculture, where timely...

Astonishing new observations from the Webb Telescope (JWST) have revealed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-finalizes-ambitious-rule-to-slash-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a> from a cold brown dwarf -- a discovery that challenges our understanding of these distant celestial bodies. 



This observation suggests potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-enigma-aurorae-discovered-on-isolated-brown-dwarf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroral activities</a> similar to those on Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, reshaping how we perceive the atmospheres of distant, isolated worlds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brown-dwarfs-are-an-enigma">Brown dwarfs are an enigma</h2>



Brown dwarfs are intriguing cosmic entities, larger than planets yet not massive enough to ignite like stars. They populate our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> in abundance, with thousands discovered within our own solar vicinity. 



These objects present a fascinating blend of planetary and stellar characteristics, making them a prime focus for astronomical research.



A particularly interesting subject of study is W1935, a brown dwarf located 47 light years away.



With a chilly surface temperature of about 400° Fahrenheit, this brown dwarf is as warm as an oven used to bake chocolate chip cookies. Despite this, it exhibits conditions markedly different from those of a typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-blaze-star-explosion-visible-one-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a>.



Despite its poorly defined mass, estimates suggest it weighs between 6 and 35 times that of Jupiter, placing it squarely within the typical size range for brown dwarfs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-methane-glow-on-brown-dwarf-w1935">Unexpected methane glow on brown dwarf W1935</h2>



While examining W1935 among other brown dwarfs, researchers discovered a surprising phenomenon: W1935 was emitting methane.



This observation marked the first instance of methane emissions on a brown dwarf, as methane typically absorbs light rather than emitting it in such cold environments.



“Methane gas is expected in giant planets and brown dwarfs but we usually see it absorbing light, not glowing,” said Jackie Faherty, the lead author of the study. “We were confused about what we were seeing at first but ultimately that transformed into pure excitement at the discovery.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-inversions-and-auroras">Temperature inversions and auroras</h2>



Further investigation through computer modeling revealed another unexpected aspect: W1935's atmosphere exhibits a temperature inversion. In this inversion, the temperature increases with altitude.



While such inversions are common in planets close to a heat source like a star, the isolated nature of W1935 makes this phenomenon particularly baffling.



“We were pleasantly shocked when the model clearly predicted a temperature inversion,” said co-author Ben Burningham from the <a href="https://www.herts.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hertfordshire.</a> “But we also had to figure out where that extra upper atmosphere heat was coming from.”



The team sought answers within our solar system by examining Jupiter and Saturn. Both planets are known for methane emissions and temperature inversions likely caused by auroras.



Consequently, auroras result from interactions between magnetic fields and high-energy particles from the sun. These interactions lead to spectacular light displays near the poles of planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speculating-on-solar-and-lunar-influences">Speculating on solar and lunar influences</h2>



Without a host star, the typical solar wind explanation for auroras does not apply to W1935. However, a tantalizing hypothesis emerged: an active moon, similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brilliant-new-images-of-jupiters-moon-io-captured-by-juno-spacecraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter's Io</a> or Saturn's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-sparking-energy-source-found-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enceladus</a>, might be influencing the phenomenon. 



These moons, known for their dynamic geological activity, significantly impact their planets' atmospheres.



“Every time an astronomer points JWST at an object, there’s a chance of a new mind-blowing discovery,” Faherty explained. 



“Methane emission was not on my radar when we started this project but now that we know it can be there and the explanation for it so enticing I am constantly on the look-out for it. That’s part of how science moves forward," he concluded.



This recent discovery underscores the unpredictability of space exploration and ignites curiosity. It also drives the scientific community to further unravel the secrets of the universe.



Additionally, more observations are planned to enhance our understanding of W1935 and explore the potential of an undiscovered moon fostering auroral activity on this distant brown dwarf.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07190-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Cold brown dwarf seen emitting methane and generating an aurora

Astonishing new observations from the Webb Telescope (JWST) have revealed...

A,Saber-toothed,Tiger,Attacks,A,Lone,Mammoth,In,A,Snowstorm

A team of brilliant climate scientists has taken a deep dive into Earth's Last Ice Age to unravel the complex relationship between climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2), future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a>. 



By focusing on the Last Glacial Maximum (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-footprints-prove-humans-were-in-north-america-23000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LGM</a>), a period 21,000 years ago when much of North America was covered in ice, the study aims to improve our understanding of climate sensitivity and the potential warming we face in the years and decades ahead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-last-ice-age-for-future-climate-clues">Analyzing the last ice age for future climate clues</h2>



As carbon dioxide (CO2) levels continue to rise in the atmosphere, the Earth's climate will continue to change, and temperature is expected to increase. 



However, the exact relationship between CO2 and global warming, known as climate sensitivity, is still under investigation.



A recent study led by <a href="https://uwpcc.ocean.washington.edu/person/Vince_Cooper" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vince Cooper</a>, a doctoral student in atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington, and senior author <a href="https://environment.uw.edu/faculty/kyle-armour/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyle Armour</a>, an associate professor of atmospheric sciences and oceanography, has shed new light on this critical relationship by analyzing data from Earth's Last Ice Age.



"The main contribution from our study is narrowing the estimate of climate sensitivity, improving our ability to make future warming projections," Cooper explained. 



"By looking at how much colder Earth was in the ancient past with lower levels of greenhouse gases, we can estimate how much warmer the current climate will get with higher levels of greenhouse gases," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Data from the LGM: Coldest chapter of the Last Ice Age</h2>



The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) refers to the period during the Last Ice Age when global ice sheets reached their maximum extent. This occurred around 21,000 years ago and lasted for several thousand years. 



The LGM represents the coldest and most severe stage of the last glacial period. During the LGM, global temperatures were significantly lower than today, with average temperatures around 6 degrees Celsius cooler.



This extreme cooling allowed ice sheets to expand and cover vast areas of the Earth's surface. The Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America and the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet in Europe were at their peak, while glaciers advanced in mountainous regions worldwide.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sea level changes and exposed landmasses</h3>



As water became locked up in the massive ice sheets, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-sea-levels-spiked-dramatically-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global sea levels</a> dropped by approximately 125 meters during the LGM. 



This dramatic decrease in sea levels exposed extensive areas of the continental shelves, creating land bridges between regions that are now separated by water. 



The most famous example is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-arrived-in-the-americas-10000-years-earlier-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bering Land Bridge</a>, which connected Asia and North America, allowing human populations and animals to migrate between the continents.



The LGM also saw significant changes in the Earth's atmospheric composition. Carbon dioxide levels were much lower than today, dropping to around 190 parts per million (ppm) compared to the current level of over 400 ppm. 



This decrease in greenhouse gases contributed to the cooler global temperatures and amplified the effects of the expanding ice sheets.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influence on ecosystems and biodiversity</h3>



The harsh conditions of the LGM had a profound impact on ecosystems and biodiversity. Tundra and steppe environments expanded, while forests retreated to smaller refugia. 



Many plant and animal species adapted to the colder climate, with some megafauna, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/end-of-an-era-woolly-mammoth-remains-tell-an-intriguing-story/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">woolly mammoths</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossilized-tooth-diet-giant-ground-sloth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">giant ground sloths</a>, thriving during this period. 



However, the LGM also led to the extinction of some species that were unable to cope with the changing environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-future-climate-warming-estimates-from-ice-age-data">Refining future climate warming estimates from ice age data</h2>



By analyzing data from the Last Glacial Maximum, the study's results show significant deviations from current warming projections. 



The best-case, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most likely estimates</a>, for warming due to doubling CO2 levels remain unchanged at about 2 and 3 degrees Celsius, respectively. 



However, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worst-case scenario</a> has been reduced by a full degree, from 5 to 4 degrees Celsius.



"This paper allows us to produce more confident predictions because it really brings down the upper end of future warming, and says that the most extreme scenario is less likely," Armour enthused. 



"It doesn't really change the lower end, or the average estimate, which remain consistent with all the other lines of evidence," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-recent-climate-trends">Limitations of recent climate trends</h2>



The authors caution that recent decades are not a reliable predictor of future global warming trends. 



Shorter-term climate cycles and the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric pollution</a> are just some of the reasons why recent patterns cannot be relied upon to forecast the rest of the century.



"The spatial pattern of global warming in the most recent 40 years doesn't look like the long-term pattern we expect in the future -- the recent past is a bad analog for future global warming," emphasized Armour.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-paleoclimate-records-and-computer-models">Combining paleoclimate records and computer models</h2>



By combining prehistoric climate records from the Last Glacial Maximum, such as ocean sediments, ice cores, and preserved pollen, with computer models of the Earth's climate, Vince Cooper and his team were able to simulate the weather conditions of this ancient period.



"The paleoclimate record includes long periods that were on average much warmer or colder than the current climate, and we know that there were big climate forcings from ice sheets and greenhouse gases during those periods," explained Cooper. 



"If we know roughly what the past temperature changes were and what caused them, then we know what to expect in the future," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-ice-sheets-and-clouds">Role of ice sheets and clouds</h2>



The study revealed that the ice sheet covering much of North America during the Last Glacial Maximum had a more significant cooling effect than previously thought. 



In addition to reflecting summer sunlight off the continents, the ice sheet also altered wind patterns and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a>, causing the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans to become especially cold and cloudy. 



These cloud changes over the oceans compounded the glacier's global cooling effects by reflecting even more sunlight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-future-climate-with-help-from-earth-s-last-ice-age">Predicting future climate with help from Earth's last ice age</h2>



In summary, as we continue to face the challenges posed by climate change, studies like this one provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between CO2 and global warming. 



By refining our understanding of climate sensitivity and improving our ability to make future warming projections, researchers are helping to inform policymakers and the public about the potential impacts of rising greenhouse gas levels.



While the study's findings offer some reassurance that the most extreme warming scenarios are less likely, it is crucial to remember that even moderate increases in global temperature can have significant consequences for our planet and its inhabitants. 



As we work towards a more sustainable future, it is essential that we continue to support and invest in climate change research to better understand and mitigate the risks posed by a warming world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk9461" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Ice age data analysis offers good news for Earth’s current climate woes

A team of brilliant climate scientists has taken a deep...

A significant space weather event has prompted the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) to issue a Geomagnetic Storm Alert. 



The Space Weather Message Code ALTK07, issued at 1952 UTC on April 19, 2024, indicates that the geomagnetic K-index has reached a value of 7, crossing the threshold at 1951 UTC during the synoptic period of 1800-2100 UTC.



Initially, space experts anticipated the storm's intensity to fluctuate between a G1 and G2 level, potentially escalating to G3 by Sunday. 



However, the unpredictable nature of space weather has manifested itself, with a severe G3 level storm materializing within the last 24 hours.



The alert, classified as a G3 -- Strong event on the NOAA Space Weather Scale, suggests that the area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. 



The NOAA Space Weather Scale descriptions can be found at <a href="http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impacts-on-power-systems-spacecraft-navigation-and-radio">Potential impacts on power systems, spacecraft, navigation, and radio</h2>



The G3 - Strong geomagnetic storm alert warns of several potential impacts across various sectors:



<ol start="1">
<li>Induced Currents - Power system voltage irregularities are possible, and false alarms may be triggered on some protection devices. </li>



<li>Spacecraft - Systems may experience surface charging, increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, and orientation problems. </li>



<li>Navigation - Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error, may occur. </li>



<li>Radio&nbsp;- High frequency (HF) radio communications may be intermittent.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aurora-visibility-extends-to-lower-latitudes">Aurora visibility extends to lower latitudes</h2>



One of the most visually stunning effects of this geomagnetic storm is the increased visibility of the aurora. The alert suggests that the aurora may be seen as low as Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Oregon, providing a rare opportunity for residents in these regions to witness the mesmerizing dance of the Northern Lights.



In the rare event of the storm reaching a G4 level of severity, the phenomenon could be observed as far south as Alabama and Northern California, a remarkable occurrence for these latitudes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-warning-and-continued-monitoring">Active warning and continued monitoring</h2>



The Space Weather Message Code ALTK07 indicates that an active warning is in place, emphasizing the need for continued monitoring and preparedness. 



As the geomagnetic storm progresses, NOAA and other space weather monitoring agencies will provide updates and further guidance to help mitigate the potential impacts on technology and infrastructure.



It is essential for individuals and organizations in the affected regions to stay informed about the development of this geomagnetic storm and to take necessary precautions to protect sensitive equipment and systems. 



By understanding the potential risks and staying alert to official updates, we can work together to minimize the disruptions caused by this powerful space weather event.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-predicting-geomagnetic-storms">Challenges of predicting geomagnetic storms</h2>



Predicting the precise intensity of geomagnetic activity remains a complex challenge for space experts, compounded by the increasing frequency of such events. 



The uptick in geomagnetic storms is attributed to the Sun entering the peak phase of its 11-year solar cycle, a period marked by the magnetic field's reversal.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar Cycle 25</a>, which commenced in 2019, is expected to continue until approximately 2030, indicating a period of heightened solar and geomagnetic activity ahead. 



As the world witnesses the awe-inspiring displays of the aurora, the scientific community continues to work tirelessly to better understand and predict the intricacies of space weather.



Visit the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Weather Prediction Center</a>&nbsp;for more information.



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NOAA Alert: Severe geomagnetic solar storm warning issued

A significant space weather event has prompted the National Oceanic...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Arctic Eclipse NASA&#8217;s Terra satellite was rounding the top of the globe, making its way from the eastern tip of Siberia and across the Arctic Ocean towards northern Norway and northwest <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-volga-river-delta-in-russia/">Russia</a>, when it captured this unique view of a total solar eclipse on Aug. 1, 2008.
<a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/8971/arctic-eclipse">In the area shown in the image</a>, the sun was completely obscured for about two minutes. As Earth rotated, the shadow moved southeast across the surface. At the same time, the satellite crossed the Arctic with its path nearly perpendicular to the eclipse.
Arctic Eclipse. In the region of totality, where the Moon entirely obscures the Sun, the shadow is complete. The edges of the shadow are fuzzy, gradually lightening from black to red, brown, and yellow until the shadow is no longer discernable. In these areas of semi-shadow, the Sun is only partially blocked.

Arctic Eclipse

Top of the World<a href="http://www.earth.com/news/everest-region-on-track-for-drastic-loss-in-glacier-volume/"> Mt. Everest</a> and nearby Mt. Makalu stand out in this oblique photograph of the Tibetan Plateau taken from the International Space Station in 2004.

Although it might look like a photo taken from an airplane.  Also Mount Everest, known in Nepali as Sagarmatha and in Tibetan as Chomolungma, is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas.

Therefore followed an argument between China and Nepal as to whether the official height should be the rock height (8,844 m, China). And the snow height (8,848 m, Nepal). In 2010, an agreement was reached by both sides that the height of Everest is 8,848 m, and Nepal recognizes China's claim that the rock height of Everest is 8,844 m.[5]