Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features a false-color image of Lake Abbe in northeast Ethiopia. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.&nbsp;



"Visible as the large round dark area, Lake Abbe, also known as Lake Abhe, straddles the border of Ethiopia to the west and Djibouti to the east. The lake is 19 km wide and 17 km long and is extremely salty. It is dotted with clusters of steaming limestone chimneys and surrounded by large salt flats, visible in white, and rift volcanoes," says ESA.



"The biggest volcano in the image is Mount Dama Ali, a dormant 25-km-wide shield volcano that rises on the northwest shore of the lake."



"Lake Abbe and Lake Afambo, which is visible at the top of the image, are part of a chain of six connected salt lakes, fed by the Awash River - one of Ethiopia’s biggest rivers.'



Copernicus Sentinel-2’s near-infrared channel highlights vegetation in bright red. This strategy makes it easy to spot algal blooms, such as the one that is visible in Lake Abbe. According to ESA, the light blue color on the west shore indicates sediment discharged into the lake.



"Because of its dry, desert, almost lunar landscape and the steaming, sulphuric vents, Lake Abbe is considered one of the most inaccessible areas on Earth," says ESA. "Earth observation satellites are key in these cases as they are particularly relevant for monitoring remote regions such as this."



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Lake Abbe in northeast Ethiopia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features vibrantly colored water near the coastline of Vancouver Island.



"The colorful plumes - which are likely comprised of both phytoplankton and sediment - stood out in this image, acquired by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite on July 26," said NASA.



"Clouds covered much of Vancouver Island and mainland British Columbia at the time of this image. But coastal areas were cloud-free, exposing water that likely contained flourishing populations of phytoplankton - floating plant-like organisms that are the foundation of the aquatic food web."



During the summer in the northeast Pacific Ocean, phytoplankton blooms are frequent due to offshore winds pushing surface waters away from the coast. This leads to the upwelling of cooler, nutrient-rich waters from the depths, which fuels the growth of phytoplankton.&nbsp;



The Salish Sea plays a significant role in supplying nutrients through its circulation and upwelling, enhancing phytoplankton productivity along the continental shelf near Vancouver Island. Additionally, the bloom may also be fueled by nutrient-rich sediment runoff from the coast.



Vancouver Island is known for its lush landscapes, including mountains, forests, and stunning coastlines. The island is also home to the city of Victoria, the capital of British Columbia.&nbsp;



Vancouver Island offers various outdoor activities such as hiking, fishing, kayaking, and wildlife viewing, including opportunities to see whales and bears. The island has a rich Indigenous history, which is reflected in many of its local arts and cultural exhibits



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Vibrant colors off the coast of Vancouver Island

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory </a>&nbsp;features a massive smoky storm cloud that developed over Northwestern Canada on September 16, 2023.



"For much of summer 2023, fires burned through boreal forests in northern British Columbia and Alberta, and in the South Slave Region of the Northwest Territories. The blazes triggered evacuations as they approached towns and unleashed plumes of smoke that occasionally dipped south into the United States," said NASA.



"In mid-September, strong winds from a passing cold front interacted with some of the fires to create a vast smoke-infused cloud spiral. The smoky storm, which spanned hundreds of kilometers, is visible in this image captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-20 satellite."



Wind gusts as high as 40 miles per hour intensified the fires and created towering “fire clouds” called pyrocumulonimbus clouds, which boosted smoke up into the storm clouds.&nbsp;



“We see dozens of pyrocumulonimbus clouds each year, but this was an impressive event,” said Colin Seftor, an atmospheric scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.&nbsp;



Seftor monitors the spread of the airborne aerosols within wildfire smoke using the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite sensor on the NOAA-NASA Suomi NPP satellite.



“After the smoke was lofted up and entrained within the circulation of a passing low-pressure system, it resulted in the highest aerosol measurements we’ve seen this year,” said Seftor. “We did see two other smoke events in Canada in mid-August and early September, when aerosol index values were nearly as high,” he added.



Atmospheric scientist Hiren Jethva analyzed data collected by a lidar sensor on NASA’s ICESat-2 to measure the height of the smoke plume. “ICESat-2 data show a rising smoke cloud ranging from 6 to 11 kilometers,” he said.&nbsp;



According to NASA, scientists track smoke heights as part of a broader effort to understand how aerosols within wildfire smoke affect the radiation budget and climate when they form smoke layers above clouds.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Smoke-infused storm cloud over the Northwest Territories 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory &nbsp;features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory </a>&nbsp;features the port city of Derna on the northeastern coast of Libya, where heavy rainfall caused catastrophic flooding that killed thousands of people.&nbsp;



"On September 10 and 11, over 100 millimeters (4 inches) of rain fell on Derna. The city lies at the end of a long, narrow valley, called a wadi, which is dry except during the rainy season," explained NASA.



"Floods triggered two dams along the wadi to collapse. The failure of the second dam, located just one kilometer inland of Derna, unleashed 3- to 7-meter-high floodwater that tore through the city. According to news reports, the flash floods destroyed roads and swept entire neighborhoods out to sea."



The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 on September 18. It shows the eroded banks of Wadi Derna, and muddy water off the coast.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"Preliminary estimates by the United Nations Satellite Center (UNOSAT) indicate that 3,100 buildings in Derna were damaged by rushing water. According to the UN International Organization for Migration (IOM), about 40,000 people in the country were displaced by the storm, and 30,000 of those were displaced from Derna," said NASA.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Aftermath of catastrophic flooding in Derna, Libya

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory </a>&nbsp;features the western region of Morocco, where a magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck on September 8, 2023. The violent earthquake killed thousands of people and many are still missing more than a week later.



"The damage proxy map shown above is a NASA Earth Observatory version of a map created by the Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS). The map uses modified Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellite data processed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and with software originally developed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Caltech," said NASA.



"To map the landscape, including buildings, Sentinel-1’s radar sends pulses of microwaves toward Earth’s surface and 'listens' for reflected echoes of those waves. In the map above, the damage proxy data from EOS-RS was laid over a Landsat 9 image and combined with a digital elevation model based on data collected by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission."



According to NASA, the most severe destruction occurred in small rural villages in the High Atlas Mountains. Near the epicenter, entire communities were destroyed.



A resident of the town of Tinzert, Hakim Idlhousein, told CNN that it took just 10 seconds for his whole village to disappear. The homes have been reduced to rubble, and the survivors are still waiting for government aid. These hardest-hit regions have been difficult to reach after roads were destroyed by the earthquake.&nbsp;



"Help has been slow to come and has so far mostly consisted of food and water brought up into the mountains in private cars by volunteers from across Morocco," reported CNN.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Entire villages destroyed by earthquake in the High Atlas Mountains

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Cook Strait, which separates New Zealand's North and South Islands.



"Named after James Cook, who was the first European to sail through it, the PoipuCook Strait is just 23 km wide at its narrowest point, so on a clear day it is possible to see across the strait. However, it is also renowned as one of the roughest and most unpredictable stretches of water in the world, owing to strong winds, conflicting currents and variable tides," says ESA.



"This dynamic environment is depicted here by the various shades of blue in the water and swirls. Both shores feature steep cliffs which, in the image, result in the white colour caused by the big waves crashing against the rocky coast."



New Zealand is a country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consisting of two main islands, both marked by volcanoes and glaciation. It is known for its stunning and diverse landscapes, which include beaches, mountains, forests, lakes, and farmland. The capital city is Wellington, while the most populous city is Auckland, both located in the North Island.



The country is renowned for its strong commitment to environmental conservation and sustainability. It has a diverse economy with key sectors including tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, and services. New Zealand is famous for its dairy industry, especially the export of products like milk and cheese.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Cook Strait, New Zealand

Since this was such an important moment, Luna decided that she couldn't sleep in just any cave. She was going to build her own den! She found the right spot and started digging... Photo Credit: Four Paws

Building A Den

In an era where the emphasis on creating a nature-friendly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cigarette-butts-leak-thousands-of-deadly-toxins-into-the-environment/">environment</a> has never been greater, researchers are warning of the dangers posed by greenwashing.&nbsp;



The concept of greenwashing has emerged as a significant barrier to achieving a ‘nature positive’ world, an aspirational vision of halting environmental degradation and protecting biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-positive-nbsp">Nature positive&nbsp;</h2>



According to World Economic Forum, nature positive means enhancing the resilience of our planet and societies to halt and reverse nature loss.



It represents an intent to go a step beyond the present measures, which largely orbit around damage control.



"Nature positive is a hot topic in conservation. Described as the biodiversity version of a ‘net zero’ climate goal, the desired outcome is an improvement in the state of nature and not merely the mitigation of impacts," wrote the researchers.



The team was led by Professor Martine Maron from <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/">The University of Queensland</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaders-pledge-for-nature">Leaders’ Pledge for Nature</h2>



Professor Maron stressed the indispensability of a nature positive approach, especially in the face of the ongoing mass extinction.&nbsp;



“Countries around the world are starting to back the concept – more than 90 world leaders have signed on to the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature calling for a nature positive future by 2030," said Professor Maron.&nbsp;



“And 11 of the global Fortune 100 companies already aspire to contribute to nature positive."



“This is fantastic news, but these laudable ambitions mustn’t be sidelined by a well-known enemy of the environmental movement: greenwash.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-greenwashing">What is greenwashing?</h2>



Greenwashing is the tactic employed by organizations to project an inflated image of their environmental commitments.&nbsp;



It involves dishing out misleading or deceptive information to appear more environmentally responsible than one truly is.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misleading-information-nbsp">Misleading information&nbsp;</h2>



Professor E.J. Milner-Gulland from the University of Oxford said the team hopes that the public does not get the proverbial wool pulled over their eyes.



“Our message to the public is that it’s incredibly important to scrutinize these claims,” said Professor Milner-Gulland.



“As with the term ‘net zero,' you’ll soon start to see the businesses you buy from, and the governments you vote for, making claims that they are being, doing, or contributing to nature positive."



“But to be clear, such an achievement is only possible if we fundamentally change how we run our society and economy."



“What we really need are standards, so that it’s clear what constitutes misleading information, and transparency, so that consumers and voters can tell the greenwash from the genuine efforts for change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-we-still-have-a-long-way-to-go">We still have a long way to go</h2>



Australia is currently framing its national environmental law reforms around the concept of nature positive.



“For these initiatives to truly achieve that goal, they’ll need to be substantial and far-reaching, preventing the accumulation of further impacts, especially on our threatened biodiversity,” said Professor Maron.



“Hundreds of thousands of hectares of habitat are still being cleared in Australia every year, so we still have a long way to go before we can say we’re nature positive.”



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02199-2">Nature Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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Greenwashing jeopardizes efforts for a nature positive world

In an era where the emphasis on creating a nature-friendly...

Tired,Depressed,Bored,African,Businessman,Frustrated,By,Business,Failure,Bankruptcy

A recently study has revealed a crucial connection between workplace stress and the onset of heart disease, particularly in men. The research team closely monitored approximately 6,500 white-collar professionals over 18 years, from 2000 to 2018. 



These participants, with an average age of 45, had no previous history of heart disease. The diverse group of participants included 3,118 men and 3,347 women, employed in varied roles, such as senior management, technical, professional, and office workers.



The meticulous process involved the analysis of health and workplace surveys to understand the correlation between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-walks-help-relieve-work-related-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">job strain</a>, effort-reward imbalance, and cardiovascular health. The effort aimed to uncover the intricate relationships between perceived job stressors and heart disease risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-was-learned-about-workplace-stress">What was learned about workplace stress</h2>



The study made a significant revelation, indicating that men under stressful, high-demand jobs with perceived lower rewards had almost double the risk of developing heart disease compared to men without such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yoga-can-reduce-stress-and-improve-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stressors</a>. In fact, the risk was found to be 49% higher in men experiencing either job strain or effort-reward imbalance.



The severity of the combined effects of high-demand, low-reward jobs was found to be comparable to the impact of obesity on coronary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/laughter-may-be-the-best-medicine-for-your-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease risk</a>. This raises pressing concerns regarding the importance of job environment on overall health, given the substantial amount of time people spend at work.



Interestingly, the study could not conclusively determine the impact of work-related psychosocial stress on women’s heart health. Mathilde Lavigne-Robichaud, lead author, stressed the need for further investigations to explore the complex interplay between different stressors and women’s cardiovascular health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-suggestions">Implications and suggestions</h2>



Understanding the linkage between work stressors and cardiovascular health is pivotal, not just for public health but also for enhancing workforce well-being. Lavigne-Robichaud said, “Our study highlights the pressing need to proactively address stressful working conditions and to forge healthier work environments that are beneficial for both employees and employers.”



This study calls attention to the urgent requirement for reforms in workplace conditions and employment practices. Employers should recognize the importance of minimizing job strain and ensuring a balanced effort-reward system to foster a healthier, more productive workforce.



In summary, with an ever-increasing number of people exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chronic-stress-causes-the-brain-to-crave-comfort-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stressful work conditions</a>, this research serves as a crucial reminder of the need to prioritize and address workforce well-being to combat the rising prevalence of heart disease. 



This is especially true among men. Further research exploring the intricate relationships between work-related stress and women’s heart health is also crucial to develop comprehensive strategies for workplace wellness.



This research, conducted by a team led by Mathilde Lavigne-Robichaud, a doctoral candidate in population health at CHU de <a href="https://www.crchudequebec.ulaval.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quebec-University Laval Research Center</a>, was published in <a href="Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes</a>.



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Workplace stress can double men’s heart disease risk

A recently study has revealed a crucial connection between workplace...

Young,Woman,Looking,At,Math,Problem,On,Blackboard

An international collective of mathematicians has unveiled 12,000 innovative solutions to the notoriously challenging three-body problem, a puzzle that has historically perplexed both mathematicians and physicists. 



The leader of this effort, Ivan Hristov, a mathematician from Sofia University in Bulgaria, along with his team, unearthed these solutions utilizing advanced computational technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-three-body-problem">Unraveling the three-body problem</h2>



The three-body problem involves deciphering the subsequent motion of three point masses given their initial positions and velocities, according to Newton’s laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. 



Unlike simpler two-body systems, which can be expressed with straightforward mathematical equations, the introduction of a third body complicates the dynamics. That, in turn, creates a multifaceted problem that has confounded scientists since the inception of Newtonian physics, roughly 300 years ago.



Historically, the first recognized three-body conundrum, involving the Moon, Earth, and Sun, raised substantial concerns. While conceptualizing one planet in orbit around a star is manageable, articulating the behavior of multiple orbiting objects proves to be a substantial challenge in astrophysics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delving-into-the-new-solutions">Delving into the new solutions</h2>



Hristov and his team explored the potential orbits applicable to the three-body problem with the assistance of a supercomputer. Hristov suggests that with enhanced technology, they could have discovered “five times more” solutions. He characterizes the newly discovered orbits as possessing “a very beautiful spatial and temporal structure.”



Although the researchers have only published their findings as a preprint to the database arXiv, and the study still awaits peer review, the outcomes could offer substantial insights and resources for astronomers striving to comprehend the complexities of the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-these-three-body-problem-solutions">Implications of these three-body problem solutions</h2>



While these solutions hold immense theoretical value, experts remain cautious. Questions remain as to whether or not the new orbits will indeed be stable and practically beneficial for astronomers in real-world applications. The stability of these orbits is crucial for their utility within the laws of physics for triple orbiting objects.



Despite the skepticism surrounding the practical application of the solutions, Hristov remains confident about the theoretical significance of their findings. He asserts that whether stable or not, the newly found solutions contribute substantially to theoretical understandings and discussions regarding multi-body celestial mechanics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-astronomy-and-astrophysics">Impact on astronomy and astrophysics</h2>



Should these solutions prove to be stable, they could revolutionize our understanding of celestial mechanics and provide enhanced models for astronomers. It could ultimately prove to be an enormous benefit to scientists in the ongoing endeavor to unravel the mysteries of the universe. The solutions could offer enriched perspectives on the dynamics of celestial bodies and catalyze further research and discoveries in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics.



In summary, the discovery of 12,000 new solutions to the three-body problem by Ivan Hristov and his team marks a pivotal advancement in the realm of mathematics and celestial mechanics. Although still pending peer review and further validation, the findings illuminate new possibilities and theoretical frameworks, potentially propelling our understanding of the cosmos to unprecedented heights. 



The active engagement and persistent pursuit of solutions by mathematicians and scientists worldwide signify the relentless human quest for knowledge and the unraveling of the mysteries embedded in the fabric of the universe.



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The elusive three-body problem now has 12,000 new solutions

An international collective of mathematicians has unveiled 12,000 innovative solutions...

A recent study from <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> has explored the question of why flat-faced dogs are so popular despite their major health risks.&nbsp;



The results of the study suggest that flat-faced dogs such as pugs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/english-bulldogs-are-suffering-from-poor-breeding-practices/">bulldogs</a> have infant-like traits and behaviors that humans find irresistible.



"Infant-like traits may be present not only in appearance but also in behavior in brachycephalic breeds, eliciting caring behavior in owners," wrote the study authors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-issues">Health issues</h2>



Pugs and French bulldogs, with their wrinkled faces and flat noses, have charmed their way into the hearts of many dog lovers



However, these brachycephalic breeds are also prone to severe health issues, raising questions about the seemingly paradoxical rise in their popularity.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-brachycephalic-dogs-so-popular">Why are brachycephalic dogs so popular?</h2>



The term "brachycephalic" refers to breeds of dogs that have flattened faces and shortened muzzles, a result of selective breeding rather than natural evolution.&nbsp;



Despite the known health risks, such as breathing and skin problems, these breeds have witnessed an unprecedented rise in ownership in recent years.&nbsp;



The Kennel Club reported a 2,747-percent increase in registered French Bulldogs since 2004 in the UK alone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-brachycephalic-paradox">The brachycephalic paradox</h2>



The researchers aimed to understand the so-called "brachycephalic paradox" - why these breeds continue to gain popularity despite well-documented welfare issues, high veterinary costs, and shorter lifespans.&nbsp;



"The focus of this paper is the ‘kindchenschema’ effect (also known as the cute effect); a well-studied phenomenon in psychological research in which infantile features in images of both children and animals are regularly found to provoke positive and affectionate feelings in human observers, and to prompt careful and nurturant behaviors," wrote the study authors.



"Our aim here is to discover whether relative muzzle shortening across a range of dog breeds is linked to the key facial features known to be appealing to, and to elicit nurturant behaviors in, human observers."&nbsp;



"Specifically, we sought to discover whether muzzle shortening in the sagittal plane of dogs’ heads (i.e. in profile) is statistically associated with known ‘kindchenschema’ features in the coronal plane (i.e. fronto-facial features such as the relative size of eyes and forehead)."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The team used a unique experiment to compare 30 flat-faced dogs, including 15 English bulldogs and 15 French bulldogs, and 13 Hungarian Mudis, a breed with mid-length muzzles.



The dogs were presented with three boxes with different opening mechanisms, each containing a sausage.&nbsp;



The animals had two minutes to open the boxes while both the experimenter and the owner stood out of direct sight.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



Interestingly, Mudis were much more adept at solving the task, but the brachycephalic breeds were 4.5 times more likely to look back at the human observers for help.



This suggests that short-faced dogs have a tendency to seek out human assistance when faced with problems. As a result, the dogs may be perceived as helpless - forging a stronger bond with their owners.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-kindchenschema-effect">The kindchenschema effect</h2>



Furthermore, the assistance-seeking behavior of these dogs seems to be tied to the kindchenschema effect, just as the researchers had hypothesized.



The experts also confirmed that the short muzzle length in brachycephalic dogs correlates with more infant-like facial proportions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-basic-human-instincts">Basic human instincts</h2>



Despite the public's understanding of the adverse health impacts, the study suggests that the innate human tendency to care for creatures that appear helpless or childlike may override cognitive reasoning.&nbsp;



The behaviors of flat-faced dogs that people interpret as helplessness and help- seeking - together with childlike looks - seem to activate our basic nurturing instinct.



"Humans find it very difficult to cognitively override strong instinctive predispositions and still choose brachycephalic breeds, disregarding future health and welfare issues," wrote the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradoxical-appeal-nbsp">Paradoxical appeal&nbsp;</h2>



This brings to light the ethical dilemma surrounding the demand for these breeds. While their "cute" features may be compelling, they also set the stage for a range of health problems.



"Recent research has indicated that many owners understand that brachycephalia can have adverse consequences for health but choose to keep such breeds anyway," wrote the researchers.



"This may be partly due to the perceived positive behavioral traits of some of these breeds, with owners’ denial of their dogs’ health problems, or with the paradoxical appeal of disabled dogs."&nbsp;



"Either way, there is little doubt that some aspects of the appearance of brachycephalic animals is also a crucial driver of ownership."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study forces us to confront questions about responsible pet ownership and ethical breeding practices.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Going forward, increased awareness and education are crucial for prospective pet owners to make informed decisions that consider the well-being of these beloved animals.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41229-8#:~:text=Owners%20might%20interpret%20these%20behaviours,eliciting%20caring%20behaviour%20in%20owners." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Flat-faced dogs are so popular because they have childlike traits

A recent study from Eötvös Loránd University has explored the...

NASA's OSIRIS-REx team has achieved a monumental milestone in space exploration, successfully returning a capsule containing rocks and dust from asteroid Bennu to Earth. This capsule marked its entry on Earth at 8:52 a.m. MDT on Sunday, landing meticulously in a predetermined area of the Department of Defense’s Utah Test and Training Range, near Salt Lake City.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-to-bennu-and-back">To Bennu and back</h2>



The spacecraft traversed billions of miles to reach Bennu and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mission-prevent-earth-collision-asteroid-bennu-lands-utah/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">return the capsule</a>. It released the capsule toward Earth's atmosphere when it was about 63,000 miles from the Earth’s surface, approximately one-third the distance from Earth to the Moon. 



Traveling at a speed of 27,650 mph, the capsule entered the atmosphere, landing within 10 minutes on the military range, supported by <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/OSIRIS-REx_sample-return-capsule_parachute_landed_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two parachutes</a>, ensuring stability and a gradual speed reduction to 11 mph at touchdown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-nitrogen-purge">Importance of nitrogen purge</h2>



Post-landing, the capsule saw immediate action, being transported by helicopter to a temporary clean room in a hangar on the training range within an hour and a half. 



Here, it connected to a continuous flow of nitrogen, referred to as a “nitrogen purge” by scientists, to ensure the sample's purity by keeping out earthly contaminants. Nitrogen, being chemically inert with most substances, is crucial in maintaining the pristine condition of the samples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-treasure-from-bennu">Scientific treasure from Bennu</h2>



The samples collected, estimated at around 8.8 ounces or 250 grams, are of immense scientific value. They are expected to unravel mysteries regarding planet formation and the origins of organics and water that enabled life on Earth. They will provide scientists worldwide with unparalleled insight into the formation of our solar system and help humanity understand more about potentially hazardous asteroids.



NASA Administrator Bill Nelson congratulated the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/osiris-rex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSIRIS-REx</a> team on the successful return of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/osiris-rex-is-bringing-an-asteroid-sample-back-to-earth-this-month-worrying-many-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first American asteroid sample</a>, emphasizing how such missions unite and inspire humanity, proving "nothing is beyond our reach when we work together."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-post-landing-procedures">Post-landing procedures</h2>



The unopened canister, holding the unprecedented samples from Bennu, will be transported by aircraft to NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johnson Space Center</a> in Houston on Monday, Sept. 25. Scientists will disassemble the canister, extract, weigh the sample, create an inventory of the rocks and dust, and over time, distribute pieces of Bennu to scientists globally.



Dante Lauretta, the principal investigator for OSIRIS-REx at the University of Arizona, Tucson, emphasized that the delivery of the samples marks a significant achievement not just for the OSIRIS-REx team but for science as a whole. This accomplishment, according to Lauretta, is a testament to collaborative ingenuity and symbolizes what unity with a common purpose can achieve.



Rich Burns, the project manager for OSIRIS-REx at NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in Greenbelt, Maryland, drew parallels between the mission's success and a triumphant moment in a crucial baseball match, illustrating the team’s heightened anticipation and preparedness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteroid-autumn">Asteroid Autumn</h2>



This triumphant return of the asteroid sample is not the end but the commencement of a new chapter in space exploration. The upcoming missions, including Psyche launch, DART’s one year anniversary, and Lucy’s first asteroid approach, are setting the stage for an intense period of exploration, aptly named "Asteroid Autumn."



NASA’s successful execution of this mission is a stepping stone to further groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in space exploration, reaffirming that when driven by unity and shared ambitions, the possibilities for humankind are limitless.



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OSIRIS-REx safely delivers rock samples from asteroid Bennu back to Earth

NASA's OSIRIS-REx team has achieved a monumental milestone in space...

The U.S. Space Force has set a new record by launching a satellite into orbit with a mere 27 hours' notice. Unfortunately, Earth's ionosphere was damaged by the launch. 



This unexpected and swift action took place on September 14th with the launch of the <a href="https://fireflyspace.com/missions/victus-nox/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Victus Nox mission</a> from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California aboard a Firefly Alpha rocket. The rapid deployment showcases the United States’ capacity to respond and augment its space capabilities with minimal notice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-setting-deployment">Record-setting deployment</h2>



The Victus Nox, Latin for "conquer the night," managed to shock the space exploration community due to the lack of prior announcement regarding the timing and the absence of live streaming of the event. 



The rush from approval to launch was a staggering and unprecedented 27 hours, as mentioned above, highlighting the agility and responsiveness of the nation’s space endeavors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mission-goals-and-observations">Mission goals and observations</h2>



Victus Nox is set to conduct "space domain awareness" operations, aimed at enhancing the Space Force's ability to monitor the orbital environment, playing a critical role in overseeing space activities and potential threats. 



The launch drew notable attention, not only for its rapid execution but also due to the enormous exhaust plume it produced, which was visible from more than 1,000 miles away. This visibility, marked by a lingering faint red glow in the sky, indicated that the rocket likely pierced the Earth's ionosphere during liftoff.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-ionosphere">Understanding the ionosphere</h2>



The ionosphere, situated between 50 and 600 miles above Earth’s surface, is a region of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-new-way-that-earth-cleans-its-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> where gases undergo ionization. Ionospheric holes are formed where rocket fuel combusts within this layer, around 125–185 miles above the Earth. 



The exhaust, comprising carbon dioxide and water vapor, causes ionized oxygen atoms to recombine into oxygen molecules, releasing energy as light in the process.



Such interactions are not unprecedented, with a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket having created a similarly expansive red patch earlier this year. Importantly, these ionospheric holes pose no threat to terrestrial life and naturally close after a few hours when the recombined gases revert to their ionized state.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</h2>



Firefly Aerospace, having secured the Victus Nox contract in October 2022, was prepared to launch the satellite with less than 24 hours' notice, which was specified at the time of the agreement. 



The launch team efficiently executed all necessary preparations, including software updates, satellite encapsulation, transportation, mounting, and final inspections within the stringent timeframe. However, inclement weather conditions necessitated a slight delay in the launch.



Lt. Col. MacKenzie Birchenough of the Space Force's Space Systems Command emphasized the mission's importance, stating it was designed to "demonstrate the United States' ability to rapidly place an asset in orbit when and where we need it," underlining the strategic flexibility and enhanced operational capability offered by such rapid deployment options.



In summary, the unanticipated and swift launch of the Victus Nox mission by the <a href="https://www.spaceforce.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Space Force</a> has set a new benchmark in space mission execution, illustrating the United States’ capability to fortify its space assets rapidly and efficiently. 



This development, coupled with the public visibility of the launch’s interaction with the ionosphere, has highlighted the dynamism and strategic evolution within modern space exploration and military operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ionosphere">More about the ionosphere</h2>



The ionosphere is a critical and electrically charged layer of the Earth's atmosphere that plays an essential role in the propagation of radio waves. As mentioned previously, this layer, comprising ions and free electrons, extends from approximately 50 miles to over 600 miles above the Earth's surface.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-ionosphere">Formation of the ionosphere</h3>



The sun emits ultraviolet and X-ray radiation that interacts with the gases in the Earth's upper atmosphere, primarily stripping electrons from atoms and molecules, a process known as ionization. This interaction creates ions and free electrons, leading to the formation of the ionosphere.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-composition-and-structure">Composition and structure</h3>



The ionosphere contains several distinct layers, each characterized by its unique density of ions and electrons. Scientists divide it mainly into the D, E, F1, and F2 layers.



D Layer: Existing from about 50 to 90 km above the Earth, the D layer mainly dissipates during the night due to the recombination of ions and electrons. It significantly absorbs lower-frequency radio waves, causing difficulties for long-distance radio communication during the day.



E Layer: This layer resides between approximately 90 to 120 km above the Earth. The E layer partially ionizes in the presence of sunlight and reflects medium-frequency radio waves, aiding in their propagation over long distances.



F Layer: The F layer extends above the E layer and usually splits into two sub-layers, F1 and F2, during the day. The F1 layer forms at about 140 km, while the F2 layer, which is the highest and most electron-dense layer, exists around 300 km above the Earth. The F layers facilitate the reflection of high-frequency radio waves, enabling long-distance communication, particularly during the night when the F layers combine.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ionosphere-and-radio-communication">Ionosphere and radio communication</h3>



The ionosphere plays a pivotal role in radio communication by reflecting and refracting radio waves back to the Earth's surface. Radio operators often utilize the ionosphere to communicate over vast distances without the aid of satellites or cables. They select appropriate frequencies to maximize signal reach, ensuring that waves reflect off the ionosphere effectively, rather than passing through to space.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-and-practical-importance">Scientific and practical importance</h3>



Understanding the ionosphere is crucial for various scientific and practical applications, such as the study of space weather, satellite communication, navigation systems, and radio astronomy.



Space Weather Studies: Scientists study the ionosphere to understand the effects of solar activities, like solar flares and geomagnetic storms, on the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field. This knowledge is crucial for predicting space weather and its potential impact on technology and human activities.



Satellite Communication: The ionosphere influences satellite communication by altering the signal paths of radio waves as they traverse through it. Engineers and scientists monitor and study ionospheric conditions to mitigate disruption in satellite-based communication and navigation systems, like GPS.



Radio Astronomy: The ionosphere also affects the observation of celestial bodies using radio telescopes. Astronomers analyze ionospheric conditions to correct distortions in the received signals and to enhance the clarity and accuracy of their observations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-developments">Challenges and developments</h3>



The dynamic nature of the ionosphere, influenced by solar activity, atmospheric conditions, and geomagnetic activity, poses challenges to our understanding and prediction of its behavior. Scientists employ advanced technologies, like ionosondes and satellites, to monitor the ionosphere continuously. They also develop sophisticated models to predict its variability and its effects on radio wave propagation.



Moreover, advancements in ionospheric research offer the possibility of harnessing this layer for technological innovations, such as developing new communication systems and improving existing technologies like GPS.



In summary, the ionosphere, with its charged particles and intricate layered structure, is a vital component of our planet’s atmosphere. It aids in the propagation of radio waves, impacting various technologies and scientific fields. 



Continuous research and advancements in this domain are imperative for enhancing our understanding of the ionosphere, mitigating its challenges, and exploiting its potentials for scientific and technological advancements. The exploration of the ionosphere thus remains a key frontier in atmospheric and space science.



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U.S. rocket launch ripped a hole in Earth's ionosphere

The U.S. Space Force has set a new record by...

In the global fight against climate change, a cutting-edge approach is emerging to specifically target methane, which is responsible for roughly 30 percent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-endured-rapid-global-warming-300-million-years-ago/">global warming</a> since pre-industrial times



Experts from the <a href="https://www.sron.nl/">Netherlands Institute for Space Research</a> (SRON) have revolutionized methane detection by combining the power of Sentinel satellites and machine learning algorithms.&nbsp;



This groundbreaking technology could provide a major boost to efforts aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by identifying super-emitters and other large methane sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-methane-matters">Why methane matters</h2>



Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, ranking second only to carbon dioxide in its contribution to global warming.&nbsp;



However, its impact is more intense: a ton of methane can retain 30 times more heat than an equal amount of carbon dioxide over a century.&nbsp;



Importantly, the short lifespan of methane - about 10 years - makes it a prime target for rapid climate action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-super-emitters">Methane super-emitters</h2>



Methane emissions are not evenly distributed. Methane super-emitters, which are typically industrial facilities like oil and gas operations or coal mines, disproportionately contribute to the problem.&nbsp;



These sources often have equipment or infrastructure issues that lead to significant leaks. Identifying super-emitters has been a major challenge.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-sentinel-satellites-nbsp">The Sentinel satellites&nbsp;</h2>



The Tropomi instrument aboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite creates a global map of methane concentrations every day, using shortwave infrared bands as unique fingerprints for methane detection.&nbsp;



SRON researchers have developed a new algorithm that uses machine learning to automatically identify methane super-emitters based on the satellite data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-plumes">Methane plumes</h2>



"Before, we manually identified the largest emitters, but it remains difficult to search through the millions of Tropomi pixels. A methane plume often only covers a few pixels. We now automatically get a list of detections from the machine learning model every day," explained Berend Schuit from SRON.



“We check those manually every week to make sure we are confident about the detections. What remains, dozens of methane plumes every week, we publish online. We communicate persistent leaks to other satellites with higher resolution so they can precisely identify the source.”



“This information is used by the United Nations' International Methane Emissions Observatory to find a solution together with the responsible companies or authorities.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-golden-opportunity-nbsp">Golden opportunity&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Bram Maasakkers said that the dozens of methane plumes that are detected by Tropomi every week present a golden opportunity in the fight against global warming,



“If it’s visible from space, it is serious. For the first time, we now get a good global picture of these super-emitters. In our publication, we describe the 2974 plumes that we found in 2021; 45% originate from oil and gas facilities but we also see plumes from urban areas (35%) and coal mines (20%)," said Maasakkers.



“We detect human-made emissions with a climate impact that is significantly larger than total greenhouse gas emissions of The Netherlands. In many cases, those leaks are easy to fix.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-multi-tiered-approach">A multi-tiered approach</h2>



The Sentinel-5P, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3 satellites are used in a tiered approach to methane detection.&nbsp;



While Sentinel-5P offers daily global coverage but lacks spatial resolution, Sentinel-2 can identify exact locations but doesn't offer daily coverage. Sentinel-3 sits at the sweet spot, providing both daily global coverage and remarkable resolution for methane detection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



This new approach of using machine learning and a multi-tiered satellite system opens up vast opportunities in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;



Sudhanshu Pandey, lead author and now scientist at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, commented, “Who would have thought we can use three different Sentinel missions in a tiered approach to first spot methane super emitters from space globally with Tropomi on Sentinel-5P, then zooming in with Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-2, we’re able to identify the exact source responsible at facility level. This is the type of information we need to take swift action.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/9071/2023/">Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</a>.



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New methane detection method will expose super-emitters

In the global fight against climate change, a cutting-edge approach...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

The German winter was approaching, so Luna needed to hibernate. For the first time in her adult life, she had to find her own den and settle down for a long winter&#8217;s nap.

Baby's First Hibernation

One day, however, Luna started feeling strange. While she had spent most of her life in captivity, she still had inescapable bear urges. There was something that she needed to do.