<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is a tributary of the Congo River, one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-rivers-keep-antimicrobial-resistant-genes-at-bay/">rivers</a> in the world by discharge and depth. </p>



<p>The Ruki River, previously known as the Busira, merges with the Momboyo River near the town of Basankusu to become the Lulonga River, which eventually flows into the Congo River at the town of Lisala.</p>



<p>"If the appearance of the muddy Amazon River evokes a coffee cut with cream, the Ruki River, coursing gently through the Congo Basin, is like a dark tea," said NASA.</p>



<p>"On its slow path through mostly untouched lowland rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the water leaches organic material from vegetation, prompting some researchers to think it is one of the darkest blackwater rivers on Earth. The dissolved material in this distinctive water, scientists are finding, offers clues into the carbon cycle of tropical forests."</p>



<p>In a recent study, researchers measured the chemical composition and flow of the Ruki for the first time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The study reported that, as the water color suggests, the Ruki is rich in dissolved organic carbon compounds. It contains four times as much organic carbon as the Congo River and 1.5 times as much as the Rio Negro, the world’s largest blackwater river and a major tributary of the Amazon," said NASA.</p>



<p>Due to this heavy carbon load, the researchers concluded that “tropical forests like those around the Ruki might not accumulate quite as much carbon as we once thought.”</p>



<p>The region around the Ruki River is rich in biodiversity, hosting various species of flora and fauna. It is part of the Congo Basin, the second-largest tropical rainforest area in the world, which is a critical habitat for endangered species and a significant carbon sink.</p>



<p>The river is vital for the livelihoods of local communities. Fishing is a crucial activity, with many people depending on it for sustenance and income. The river also supports agriculture along its banks, where communities grow crops.</p>



<p>In many parts of the DRC, rivers like the Ruki are crucial transportation corridors due to the challenging and often nonexistent road infrastructure. The river enables the movement of people and goods, facilitating trade and access to markets, health care, and education.</p>



<p>The region faces several challenges, including deforestation, overfishing, and environmental degradation, which threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of people who depend on it. Efforts to manage and conserve the river's resources are vital for sustainable development.</p>



<p>Understanding and protecting the Ruki River and its surroundings are crucial for the DRC's environmental sustainability, economic development, and the well-being of its communities.</p>



<p>The image was captured by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Ireland and the coasts of Scotland, Wales, and England along the North Atlantic Ocean.</p>



<p>"The image is from January 2024 and was captured on a relatively clear winter day. Ireland enjoys a mild climate, owing to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean (to the left) and the presence of the Gulf Stream. South-westerly winds from the Atlantic tend to bring a lot of rain in the northwest, west and southwest of the country," said ESA.</p>



<p>"The extensive grasslands that cover most of the country, washed by abundant rainfall all year, create the typical emerald-green landscape, hence it being known as the Emerald Isle. Brown rugged cliffs along the west coast frame the island’s green interior, speckled by hundreds of lakes, visible as dark spots in the image."</p>



<p>Ireland is divided into two distinct jurisdictions: the Republic of Ireland, which occupies most of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ireland is the third-largest island in Europe, featuring a varied landscape of rolling hills, extensive plains, and rugged coastlines. Its highest peak is Carrauntoohil, part of the Macgillycuddy's Reeks range in County Kerry.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The island is encircled by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Irish Sea to the east.</p>



<p>Ireland's history is marked by Viking invasions, Norman conquests, and centuries of English rule, culminating in a struggle for independence in the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Republic of Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922, following the Irish War of Independence. Northern Ireland, however, remained a part of the UK, leading to ongoing sectarian and political tensions, notably the "Troubles" in the late 20th century.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/irish-community-survived-a-thousand-years-of-environmental-change/">Irish culture</a> is known worldwide for its literature, music, dance, and folklore. Notable literary figures include James Joyce, W.B. Yeats, and Samuel Beckett.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The country's cultural heritage is celebrated on St. Patrick's Day, Ireland's national holiday, observed globally with parades and festivities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/ Copernicus Sentinel-3&nbsp;</p>



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The island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>The stone was sizable and heavy – weighing in at almost 20 pounds. It was, therefore, something of a struggle for Shepard and Mitchell to bring it on board their spacecraft. After all, their space suits wouldn’t exactly have been the most flexible of outfits. But the pair managed to do it anyway.</p>

24. How Do We Get It Back?

<p>An international team of astrophysicists has made a significant breakthrough in understanding the iconic heart-shaped feature on Pluto's surface. The team was led by the <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/index_eng.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a> and members of the <a href="https://nccr-planets.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>, </p>



<p>The experts attribute the formation of this unique terrain, specifically the western lobe known as Sputnik Planitia, to a colossal oblique-angle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/afterglow-of-a-huge-planetary-collision-captured-by-telescope-for-the-first-time/">collision</a> with a celestial body approximately 700 kilometers in diameter - roughly twice the size of Switzerland from east to west.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-heart-of-pluto">The heart of Pluto</h2>



<p>This landmark study marks the first successful use of numerical simulations to replicate the unusual teardrop shape of Sputnik Planitia, providing new insights into both the surface and internal structure of Pluto. The simulations suggest that contrary to previous assumptions, there is no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-ocean-beneath-earth/">subsurface ocean</a> within Pluto.</p>



<p>The "heart" of Pluto, officially named Tombaugh Regio, has fascinated both the public and scientists since its discovery by <a href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA's New Horizons mission</a> in 2015. Its distinct bright appearance and unique geological composition raised questions about its origin.</p>



<p>“The bright appearance of Sputnik Planitia is due to it being predominantly filled with white <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-has-too-much-and-too-little-nitrogen-at-the-same-time/">nitrogen</a> ice that moves and convects to constantly smooth out the surface. This nitrogen most likely accumulated quickly after the impact due to the lower altitude,” said lead author Harry Ballantyne, an astrophysicist at&nbsp; Bern.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-and-indirect-impact">Slow and indirect impact</h2>



<p>The researchers used advanced simulation techniques to delve into the dynamics of the impact that formed this feature. “The elongated shape of Sputnik Planitia strongly suggests that the impact was not a direct head-on collision but rather an oblique one,” said senior author Martin Jutzi, an astrophysicist at Bern. These simulations helped confirm that the impactor's angle and velocity were crucial in creating the teardrop shape observed today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pluto-s-internal-structure-nbsp">Understanding Pluto's internal structure&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These findings give rise to a new understanding of Pluto's internal structure. The simulations indicate that the impact was so powerful that it excavated all of Pluto's primordial mantle, challenging the previous theories of a subsurface ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In our simulations, all of Pluto's primordial mantle is excavated by the impact, and as the impactor's core material splats onto Pluto's core, it creates a local mass excess that can explain the migration toward the equator without a subsurface ocean, or at most a very thin one,” Jutzi explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-the-heart-shaped-feature-nbsp">Origin of the heart-shaped feature&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Furthermore, the location of Sputnik Planitia near the equator, which is paradoxical given the expected movement of such a mass deficit toward the pole, can now be understood through these findings. The absence of a subsurface ocean is a major shift in how scientists view Pluto's geologic and climatic history.</p>



<p>“This novel and inventive origin for Pluto's heart-shaped feature may lead to a better understanding of Pluto's origin,” said co-author Adeene Denton, a geologist and planetary scientist at the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>The successful application of these detailed simulations opens up new possibilities for studying other mysterious features across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-six-planet-star-system-moves-in-strange-perfect-synchrony/">solar system</a>, potentially leading to further groundbreaking discoveries in planetary science.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-pluto">More about Pluto</h2>



<p>Pluto, once considered the ninth planet of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eris-and-makemake-icy-dwarf-planets-in-our-own-solar-system-may-support-life/">solar system</a>, was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union. This demotion was due to its size and its orbit sharing with other objects in the Kuiper Belt, a region of space beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-dark-spot-on-neptune-detected-from-earth-for-the-first-time/">Neptune</a> filled with small icy bodies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pluto's orbit is highly eccentric, veering inside Neptune's orbit at times and taking about 248 Earth years to complete a full journey around the Sun. Its surface is extremely cold, with temperatures plummeting as low as -375 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite its distance from Earth, NASA's New Horizons mission provided a close-up look at Pluto in 2015, revealing a world with blue skies, spinning moons, mountains as high as the Rockies, and hints of an underground ocean. The mission greatly expanded our understanding of this distant world, showcasing its remarkable geology and potential for harboring conditions suitable for life.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02248-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Astronomy</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Pluto got its ‘heart’ in a violent collision 

An international team of astrophysicists has made a significant breakthrough...

<p>We all know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/">aging</a> comes along with some inevitable changes: wrinkles, achy joints, and of course, weaker muscles. It makes tackling those stairs harder, and simply standing up from a chair can become a chore. </p>



<p>But what if your muscles aren't just helplessly succumbing to age? They're fiercely fighting back.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-muscle-map-and-aging">Decoding the muscle map and aging</h2>



<p>A recent study unveils the most detailed picture yet of how our muscles change – and resist those changes – as we age. Researchers at the <a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> and <a href="https://www.sysu.edu.cn/sysuen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sun Yat-sen University</a> took samples from people across the lifespan and went deep – examining them at the cellular and molecular levels. </p>



<p>This research contributes to a fantastic project called the Human Cell Atlas, which is trying to map all the different cell types in the human body. What the researchers found is a complex, microscopic fight for muscle survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-toll-of-aging-on-muscles">The toll of aging on muscles</h2>



<p>Let's first consider the reasons behind the decline of muscles with age. The ribosomes, essential components in muscle cells responsible for protein synthesis, become less active as we age. This reduced activity impairs the muscles' ability to repair themselves. </p>



<p>Additionally, non-muscle cells within the muscle tissue begin to produce higher levels of a pro-inflammatory molecule called CCL2. This molecule attracts immune cells to the area, which can exacerbate muscle deterioration rather than help.</p>



<p>Moreover, the type of muscle fibers that provide explosive power, known as fast-twitch fibers, gradually diminish as we age. This loss further contributes to the overall weakening of muscle function in elder individuals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-your-muscles-are-fighters">Your muscles are fighters</h2>



<p>Now for the good news: Our muscles don't go down without a fight. This study revealed some of their secret weapons:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifty-slow-twitch-fibers">Shifty slow-twitch fibers</h3>



<p>Our bodies have two main types of muscle fibers. Slow-twitch fibers are built for endurance activities like long-distance running. Fast-twitch fibers give us bursts of power for things like sprinting or jumping. As we age, we lose some of our fast-twitch fibers. </p>



<p>Incredibly, this study revealed that slow-twitch fibers try to pick up the slack. They start activating genes that are normally found in fast-twitch fibers, attempting to take on a more powerful role.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regenerator-boost">Regenerator boost</h3>



<p>The fast-twitch fibers we do have left don't surrender easily. The study suggests these remaining fibers start regenerating at a faster rate. This helps to offset the loss, allowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscle-weakness-could-be-the-new-smoking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscles</a> to maintain some of their strength and power.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nerve-repair-crews">Nerve repair crews</h3>



<p>Muscles rely on signals from our nerves to function properly. Age weakens this crucial nerve-muscle connection. </p>



<p>The research team has now identified specialized nuclei (think of them as control centers) within the muscle fibers. These nuclei seem dedicated to repairing the nerve-muscle connection, helping counteract the deterioration caused by aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-ways-to-help-aging-muscle">New ways to help aging muscle</h2>



<p>“Through the Human Cell Atlas, we are learning about the body in unprecedented detail, from the earliest stages of human development through to old age," said Dr. Sarah Teichmann, one of the senior authors of the study. </p>



<p>"With these new insights into healthy skeletal muscle aging, researchers all over the world can now explore ways to combat inflammation, boost <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecule-in-coffee-trigonelline-keeps-muscles-young/">muscle</a> regeneration, preserve nerve connectivity, and more." </p>



<p>"Discoveries from research like this have huge potential for developing therapeutic strategies that promote healthier aging for future generations."</p>



<p>The research does not imply that a cure for age-related muscle weakness is around the corner, but it does give scientists new targets for potential therapies and treatments. </p>



<p>Imagine medications that could rev up those sluggish ribosomes, keep inflammation in check, or even coax our bodies to make new fast-twitch fibers. That could be the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stay-active-stay-strong">Stay active, stay strong</h2>



<p>While we wait for science to catch up, this research gives us even more reason to focus on what we <em>can</em> control. We've always known exercise is important, but now we know how it might work at the microscopic level. </p>



<p>So think about strength training not just as building <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-molecule-that-helps-grow-stronger-and-bigger-muscles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle</a>, but also potentially helping your muscle cells repair themselves and maybe even shifting those slow-twitch fibers into higher gear.</p>



<p>The bottom line? Aging may be inevitable, but it doesn't have to mean losing your strength and independence. Every time you take a walk, hit the gym, or simply stand up from a chair, you're helping your muscles wage their secret war.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-024-00613-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



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Muscles defy aging with remarkable resilience

We all know that aging comes along with some inevitable...

<p>Let’s say you're a teenager and survive on a steady diet of cheeseburgers, pizza, chips, and soda. Sound appetizing? Maybe for right now. But what if I told you this junk food obsession could do more than make your jeans feel tight – it might also be messing with your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-health-and-diet-nutrition-helps-lower-dementia-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>, even years from now?</p>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern California</a> found that rats who spent their teenage years eating a junk food diet suffered some pretty serious memory problems. </p>



<p>These effects didn't go away when they started eating healthier, suggesting there might be lasting consequences for human teens with similar diets.</p>



<p>"What we see not just in this paper, but in some of our other recent work, is that if these rats grew up on this junk food diet, then they have these memory impairments that don’t go away," said Scott Kanoski, professor of Biological Sciences at USC. "If you just simply put them on a healthy diet, these effects unfortunately last well into adulthood.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acetylcholine-the-memory-messenger">Acetylcholine: The memory messenger</h2>



<p>Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that carries signals between brain cells (neurons). It plays a crucial role in several cognitive functions, including learning, attention, and memory formation.</p>



<p>In conditions like Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholine levels decline significantly, leading to impaired memory and other cognitive problems.</p>



<p>Researchers divided rats into two groups: one group received a diet high in fat and sugar, mimicking a typical "junk food" diet, while the other group received a balanced, healthy diet.</p>



<p>After the rats were fed their respective diets, scientists conducted experiments, including those that tested the rats' ability to recognize and remember objects and their placement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shocking-results-junk-food-damages-brain">Shocking results: Junk food damages brain</h2>



<p>Rats on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/junk-food-consumption-impairs-deep-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">junk food</a> diet performed poorly in memory tests. They demonstrated difficulty recalling previously seen objects and their locations within a familiar environment.</p>



<p>Further analysis of their brains indicated disruptions in acetylcholine signaling. This suggests that the junk food diet negatively impacted the brain's normal memory processes that rely on acetylcholine function.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-junk-food-and-brain-damage-in-humans">Junk food and brain damage in humans</h2>



<p>Okay, but we're not rats, right? True. But our brains share similarities, especially during teen years when things are changing rapidly.</p>



<p>"Adolescence is a very sensitive period for the brain when important changes are occurring in development," Kanoski explains. "I don’t know how to say this without sounding like Cassandra and doom and gloom, but unfortunately, some things that may be more easily reversible during adulthood are less reversible when they are occurring during childhood."</p>



<p>The idea is that a super unhealthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/junk-food-advertising-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> could mess with your memory down the road, making it difficult to recall things like where you left your keys or even important details of past experiences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-junk-food-impacts-beyond-brain-damage">Junk food impacts beyond brain damage</h2>



<p>Junk food, typically high in fats, sugars, and salts, while low in essential nutrients, can cause significant and far-reaching impacts on various organs in the body. Here's how junk food can affect different organs and systems:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Heart</h3>



<p>Consuming high levels of saturated and trans fats found in many junk foods can increase blood cholesterol levels. This leads to the build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries, which can reduce or block blood flow. Over time, this increases the risk of heart disease, including coronary artery disease and heart attacks. </p>



<p>Additionally, excessive sodium intake from salty snacks and fast foods can contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure), further stressing the cardiovascular system and increasing the risk of stroke.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Liver</h3>



<p>The liver processes most of the fat that we consume. Diets high in unhealthy fats can lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition where fat accumulates in the liver cells. </p>



<p>Over time, this can cause inflammation and scarring (cirrhosis), severely impairing liver function. The liver is also crucial for detoxifying harmful substances, and a diet heavy in processed foods can overwhelm this system, leading to further liver damage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pancreas</h3>



<p>Junk food can be extremely high in sugars, including high-fructose corn syrup and other refined sugars, which can cause spikes in blood glucose levels. To manage this, the pancreas releases insulin. </p>



<p>However, over time, the body's cells can become resistant to insulin, a condition known as insulin resistance, which is a precursor to type 2 diabetes. The pancreas then has to work harder to produce more insulin, which can strain it and potentially lead to pancreatic exhaustion or diabetes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Kidneys</h3>



<p>The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and regulate fluid and mineral balance in the body. High sodium levels from junk food can put stress on the kidneys by increasing blood pressure and potentially leading to kidney disease. Moreover, diets high in sugar can increase the risk of developing kidney stones, particularly uric acid stones.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Digestive System</h3>



<p>Junk food typically lacks dietary fiber, which is essential for healthy digestion. Without sufficient fiber, individuals can suffer from constipation and other digestive disorders. </p>



<p>Over time, a poor diet can lead to more severe gastrointestinal issues like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid regularly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus), or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which involves recurrent digestive symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Skin</h3>



<p>Skin health can be directly affected by diet. Foods high in sugar and fat can promote inflammation throughout the body, including the skin. This can exacerbate conditions like acne and eczema. </p>



<p>Additionally, the lack of essential nutrients such as vitamins A, C, E, and omega-3 fatty acids in junk food can deprive the skin of the compounds it needs to prevent oxidative damage from UV rays and environmental pollutants, leading to premature aging and poor skin health.</p>



<p>In summary, while junk food can be tempting due to its convenience and taste, its adverse effects on various organs highlight the importance of maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet to support overall health and well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-to-reverse-brain-damage-from-junk-food">Potential to reverse brain damage from junk food</h2>



<p>To investigate potential solutions, scientists administered medications designed to increase acetylcholine levels to some of the rats exhibiting memory impairment.</p>



<p>These medications were effective in restoring memory function in the treated rats. However, this finding highlights a key concern: without specific pharmacological intervention, the memory damage caused by a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-allergies-junk-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">junk food</a> diet during adolescence may be difficult to reverse. </p>



<p>More research is required to fully understand the long-term consequences of such a diet and explore potential avenues for treatment. This study highlights just how powerfully food choices can impact our brains, and not just our waistlines. </p>



<p>Of course, enjoying your favorite foods in moderation is totally fine. But consistently opting for processed, fatty, or overly sugary stuff, especially when you're young, might have more significant consequences than you think.</p>

Junk food diet triggers lasting changes in the brain

Let’s say you're a teenager and survive on a steady...

<p>In both sudden medical emergencies like strokes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-helps-the-body-fight-inflammation-and-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic conditions</a> such as Alzheimer's disease, brain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-may-lower-sperm-count-through-brain-inflammation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inflammation</a> emerges as a critical factor, leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive decline</a> and even death. </p>



<p>For years, scientists have recognized the lethal potential of severe inflammation on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creating-lasting-memories-damages-dna-brain-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain cells</a>. </p>



<p>Recent research led by scientists at <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC San Francisco</a> sheds light on how even mild inflammation can cause significant damage without directly killing the brain's neurons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-in-brain">Inflammation in brain</h2>



<p>Traditionally, it was believed that severe inflammation was necessary to destroy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cleaning-the-brain-neurons-flush-out-waste-while-we-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> neurons. However, this new research indicates that even mild inflammation is detrimental. </p>



<p>Instead of killing neurons, it primarily affects the neurites. Neurites are crucial arm-like projections that connect neurons. They are essential for brain functions like learning and memory.</p>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Cell Reports</em>, the findings unveil a previously unknown degenerative pathway caused by inflammation, opening up potential new therapeutic interventions. </p>



<p>"There are several exciting drugs now entering clinical use that interrupt these inflammatory processes, and now we know to look at their effects on neurites," explained Dr. Raymond Swanson, senior author of the study and a professor of neurology at UCSF with joint appointments at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Dr. Swanson believes these insights could soon significantly benefit patients.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-from-infection-impacts-brain-health">Inflammation from infection impacts brain health</h2>



<p>The body's immune system responds to injury or infection by initiating inflammation—rushing blood and immune cells to the site, releasing chemicals to combat pathogens. This response is effective against infections but can wreak havoc on the delicate neural networks of the brain.</p>



<p>Consequently, Dr. Swanson's team focused on how inflammation damages the brain. They were particularly intrigued by molecular aggregates called cofilactin rods (CARs). CARs form after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adults-with-migraines-have-a-greater-stroke-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stroke</a>.</p>



<p>These rods develop when two proteins, cofilin and actin, dissociate. Normally, these proteins support neurites. But in response to a chemical called superoxide, triggered by inflammation, they create disruptive clumps.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurite-degradation">Neurite degradation</h2>



<p>To further explore this process, the research team induced inflammation in a mouse brain region controlling movement, expecting widespread neuron death and movement issues. </p>



<p>Although the mice exhibited movement difficulties, microscopic examination revealed that it was the neurites, not the neurons, that had deteriorated. This disconnection of neural pathways severely impacted the mice's motor coordination.</p>



<p>By modifying levels of superoxide or cofilin and treating the brain with inflammatory substances, the researchers were able to reduce CAR formation and neurite damage. Remarkably, this preservation of neurites helped the mice maintain better coordination.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-frontier-in-neurological-disease-treatment">New frontier in neurological disease treatment</h2>



<p>This breakthrough provides a clearer understanding of how inflammation contributes to neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). </p>



<p>With this knowledge, scientists can now design interventions to disrupt this inflammatory pathway. Early intervention with anti-inflammatory treatments in stroke patients, for instance, could protect neurites from damage and help preserve cognitive functions.</p>



<p>"Particularly in the aging brain, inflammation can be harmful," said Dr. Swanson. "By focusing on how neurites are particularly susceptible to inflammation, we may finally be able to gain the upper hand against some of the most prevalent neurological diseases."</p>



<p>Through this research, we glimpse a hopeful future where targeted treatments could mitigate the subtle yet profound impacts of brain inflammation, preserving vital neural connections and improving the quality of life for those affected by neurological conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-causes-of-brain-inflammation">Common causes of brain inflammation</h2>



<p>Brain inflammation, also known as neuroinflammation, can be triggered by a variety of factors, ranging from infections to lifestyle choices. Here are some common causes:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infections-and-brain-inflammation">Infections and brain inflammation</h3>



<p>Infections from viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi can lead to brain inflammation, known as neuroinflammation. Pathogens such as the herpes simplex virus can cause encephalitis, while bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis can cause meningitis. These infections invade the brain and spinal cord, triggering severe inflammation as the immune system responds aggressively to combat these foreign invaders.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-autoimmune-diseases-and-neurological-impact">Autoimmune diseases and neurological impact</h3>



<p>In autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS) and autoimmune encephalitis, the immune system mistakenly attacks the brain or its surrounding structures, causing inflammation. This misguided immune response can damage neurons, the protective myelin sheath, or other parts of the brain and nervous system, leading to various neurological symptoms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traumatic-brain-injury-tbi-and-inflammation">Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and inflammation</h3>



<p>Traumatic brain injuries, whether from accidents, sports, or falls, can lead to brain tissue swelling and inflammation. This is part of the body's repair mechanism but can cause further damage or complications if the inflammation persists, affecting brain function long after the initial injury.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stroke-induced-inflammation">Stroke-induced inflammation</h3>



<p>Strokes disrupt blood flow, causing brain cells in the affected area to die and trigger inflammation. The body's response, which involves sending immune cells and substances to clear out dead cells and debris, can sometimes extend the damage to otherwise healthy tissues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toxic-exposure-and-brain-health">Toxic exposure and brain health</h3>



<p>Environmental toxins like heavy metals (mercury, lead), certain pesticides, and pollutants can cause inflammation in the brain. These substances disrupt the normal function of the nervous system and contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases by triggering inflammatory responses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chronic-conditions-and-persistent-inflammation">Chronic conditions and persistent inflammation</h3>



<p>Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's involve chronic inflammation. The buildup of abnormal proteins in the brain causes an ongoing inflammatory response, which gradually leads to neuronal damage and disease progression.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-allergic-reactions-and-systemic-inflammation">Allergic reactions and systemic inflammation</h3>



<p>Severe allergic reactions, as seen in conditions like asthma or anaphylaxis, can indirectly affect brain health through systemic inflammation. This widespread inflammatory response can impact the brain and nervous system, exacerbating or initiating neurological issues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substance-abuse-and-neuroinflammation">Substance abuse and neuroinflammation</h3>



<p>Abusing alcohol, narcotics, and certain medications can lead to both acute and chronic brain inflammation. This inflammation can impair cognitive functions and lead to neurological deficits, exacerbating the harmful effects of the substances themselves.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-induced-inflammatory-effects-on-the-brain">Diet-induced inflammatory effects on the brain</h3>



<p>Diets high in fats, sugars, and processed foods can cause systemic inflammation, including in the brain. This type of diet raises the levels of inflammatory cytokines, which can accelerate neurodegenerative processes and impair cognitive function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-and-its-impact-on-brain-inflammation">Stress and Its Impact on Brain Inflammation</h3>



<p>Chronic stress releases cortisol, a hormone that regulates inflammation. Prolonged elevated cortisol levels can increase inflammation throughout the body, including the brain. This can affect mood, behavior, and cognitive functions, highlighting the need to manage stress effectively to maintain brain health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(24)00242-0?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124724002420%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Even mild inflammation can majorly damage the brain

In both sudden medical emergencies like strokes and chronic conditions...

<p>Giant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pandas-can-thrive-in-less-than-perfect-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandas</a>, with their instantly recognizable black and white fur, are symbols of conservation and adored across the globe. But hidden within their bamboo-filled mountain homes lies a fascinating secret: sometimes, pandas are born with rich brown fur.</p>



<p>This rare coloration has baffled scientists for years, but a recent groundbreaking study has finally shed some light on this captivating mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-story-of-brown-pandas">The story of brown pandas</h2>



<p>Let's meet a few of the famous brown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-gut-bacteria-turn-nutrient-poor-food-into-fat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandas</a>:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dan-dan">Dan Dan</h3>



<p>Dan Dan holds the title of the original brown panda celebrity, having a unique and captivating history. Rescued as a sickly cub in 1985 from the wild terrains of the Qinling Mountains, Dan Dan was immediately recognized for its distinctive brown fur, a rarity among the predominantly black and white giant pandas. </p>



<p>The rescue brought it to Xi'an Zoo, where she lived under the care of conservationists until its death in 2000. Dan Dan not only sparked initial interest in the phenomenon of brown pandas but also paved the way for further scientific inquiry into the genetic diversity within panda populations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-qizai">Qizai</h3>



<p>Qizai, whose name resonates in the field of wildlife conservation, is currently the only brown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panda-habitats-shrinking-splintered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">panda</a> living in captivity. His story began similarly to Dan Dan's when he was rescued as a vulnerable cub in 2009 from the Foping National Nature Reserve. His distinct brown-and-white coat marked him as an exceptional case for genetic study. </p>



<p>Qizai’s existence provides researchers with a living subject to investigate the genetic mutations that lead to this unusual pigmentation. His life in captivity, much like Dan Dan's, offers invaluable insights into the care, breeding, and conservation of this rare variant of the species. </p>



<p>Moreover, studying Qizai helps scientists understand how these genetic traits can be passed on, observed in his offspring, and what this means for the future of pandas with this rare coloration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cause-of-brown-pandas">The cause of brown pandas</h2>



<p>For many years, scientists have been scratching their heads over the origin of brown pandas. Two main explanations dominated the conversation:</p>



<p>One theory suggested that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inbreeding-can-actually-be-beneficial-for-some-species-in-the-long-run/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inbreeding</a> within isolated panda populations might be causing the brown fur variation. Inbreeding happens when individuals within a small gene pool mate with close relatives. This can sometimes lead to the emergence of rare genetic traits, but it also increases the risk of health problems in offspring.</p>



<p>Another theory pointed towards environmental factors as a possible trigger. Perhaps something specific in the habitat of these brown pandas, like diet or unique elements present in the Qinling Mountains, could be influencing fur color.</p>



<p>However, researchers at the <a href="http://english.ioz.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Zoology</a> in Beijing threw a plot twist into this scientific whodunit. Their groundbreaking study suggests that neither inbreeding nor environmental factors might be the sole culprits behind brown fur. This discovery opens up new avenues for understanding this fascinating coloration in pandas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-panda-genes-involving-brown-fur">Panda genes involving brown fur</h2>



<p>Scientists delved into the fascinating world of panda genetics and made a key discovery. They pinpointed a specific gene called Bace2 that seems to play a crucial role in determining fur color. Here's how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recessive-traits">Recessive traits</h3>



<p>Genes come in pairs, and sometimes one version of a gene (like the one for brown fur) can be "recessive." This means the trait only shows up if a panda gets two copies of the recessive version, one from each parent. Black-and-white pandas might be carrying a single copy of the recessive brown fur gene without showing any outward signs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melanosomes">Melanosomes</h3>



<p>To understand why brown pandas are brown, we need to talk about melanosomes. These little structures inside cells are responsible for producing melanin – the pigment that gives hair and skin its color. Brown pandas have fewer melanosomes and they tend to be smaller, leading to less pigment and a lighter fur color.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solving-the-mystery-of-brown-pandas">Solving the mystery of brown pandas</h2>



<p>By carefully analyzing Qizai's family history and preserved tissue samples from Dan Dan, scientists overturned some long-held assumptions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-inbreeding-theories">Challenging inbreeding theories</h3>



<p>Qizai's case is particularly intriguing because despite his brown fur, both his parents were typical black-and-white pandas. Additionally, his son also exhibits the classic panda coloration. This strongly suggests that the brown fur trait isn't necessarily linked to inbreeding, but instead might be a naturally occurring variation within panda populations, just like different hair colors in humans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-qinling-connection">The Qinling connection </h3>



<p>An interesting pattern has emerged: most documented brown pandas seem to originate in the Qinling Mountains. This leads researchers to hypothesize that something unique to this environment – perhaps factors like specific minerals in the soil or elements in their diet – could be interacting with the Bace2 gene, triggering the expression of brown fur.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-this-mean-for-conservation">What does this mean for conservation?</h2>



<p>While the discovery of the cause behind brown pandas is fascinating all on its own, it also carries significant implications for the conservation of this beloved species:</p>



<p>The research serves as a powerful reminder that there's a lot we still don't know about the genetic makeup of giant pandas. The existence of unexpected variations, like the brown fur trait, underscores the importance of continued research to fully understand the genetic health and diversity of panda populations. This information is crucial for their long-term survival.</p>



<p>With a deeper understanding of the brown fur genetics, scientists might be able to selectively breed brown pandas in controlled environments. Introducing this variation back into the population could potentially increase overall genetic diversity, making pandas more resilient to disease and environmental pressures.</p>



<p>While there are still many questions to answer about brown pandas, this research represents an important first step. Further study into this rare color variation could open up a whole new world of understanding giant pandas and aid in their ongoing conservation. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Why are some giant pandas born with brown fur?

Giant pandas, with their instantly recognizable black and white fur,...

<p>We all know that when cities undergo gentrification – the process of wealthier residents moving into areas that attract new businesses and improve housing – it often pushes out those who lived there before. </p>



<p>But did you know that gentrification even affects the <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-animal-species-will-soon-vanish-from-cities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a></em> that live alongside us in urban spaces? A recent study underscores how gentrification alters the urban wildlife landscape, raising important questions about who gets to share in the benefits of nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gentrification-factors">Gentrification factors </h2>



<p>Gentrification is a complex urban phenomenon that involves the transformation of neighborhoods as wealthier individuals or businesses move into historically less affluent areas. This process can bring about significant changes both socially and economically to the local environment. Here’s how gentrification typically unfolds and its various impacts:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic and physical changes</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Investment and development</strong>: It often starts with real estate investors and developers being attracted to underdeveloped or economically depressed areas due to lower property prices. They renovate and build homes, shops, and offices, which can lead to an increase in property values.</li>



<li><strong>Infrastructure improvements</strong>: As areas become more appealing and property values rise, local governments often increase their focus on these neighborhoods, leading to improved public services and infrastructure such as better roads, parks, and public transportation.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Social impacts</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Displacement of residents</strong>: As property values rise and neighborhoods become more 'desirable,' rent and living costs often increase as well. This can lead to the displacement of long-time residents who may no longer afford to live in their own neighborhoods. This displacement can affect renters more acutely, but homeowners may also feel pressure to sell due to rising property taxes or offers from developers.</li>



<li><strong>Cultural shifts</strong>: The incoming residents often bring different socio-economic backgrounds, lifestyles, and cultural preferences, which can alter the neighborhood's cultural makeup. This might include changes in the types of businesses, the architectural style of buildings, and even the social norms and values prevalent in the area.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic consequences</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Local economy</strong>: Gentrification can stimulate the local economy by attracting new businesses and increasing consumer spending in the area. This can lead to job creation, although the types of jobs created may not always be accessible to the original residents.</li>



<li><strong>Economic polarization</strong>: While some benefit from the influx of wealth and development, gentrification can also lead to greater economic disparity within the neighborhood. The gap between the affluent new residents and the poorer, often displaced population can widen, exacerbating social tensions.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Community dynamics</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Community fragmentation</strong>: As gentrification progresses, the original community may experience fragmentation, with longstanding social networks being disrupted by the influx of new residents who may not share the same historical or cultural ties to the neighborhood.</li>



<li><strong>Activism and resistance</strong>: In response to the pressures of gentrification, community groups and activists often organize to demand affordable housing policies, protections for renters, and preservation of the cultural heritage of the neighborhood.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gentrification-impact-on-wildlife">Gentrification impact on wildlife</h2>



<p>Researchers from Lincoln Park Zoo's <a href="https://www.lpzoo.org/conservation-science/science-centers/urban-wildlife-institute/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban Wildlife Institute</a> led a massive study across 23 major cities in the United States. They found that gentrified parts of a city tend to have about 13% greater species diversity than comparable areas that haven't been gentrified. That translates to an extra one or two species on average.</p>



<p>"When asking ‘in a city, who does and does not have easy access to nature?,’ we found that gentrification, which changes the demographic composition of people in neighborhoods, has consequences that extend to other species we share cities with. This leaves marginalized communities without meaningful access to nature, which is a problem," said Mason Fidino, Ph.D., Quantitative Ecologist at Lincoln Park Zoo and lead author on the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-diversity">Wildlife diversity</h2>



<p>You might think "More wildlife species in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-life-plant-animal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">city</a> must be good, right?" Well, it's more complicated than that. Increased biodiversity <em>is</em> generally good for the ecosystem, but the <em>types</em> of species also matter.</p>



<p>Would you rather have a few extra squirrels and birds in your neighborhood, or an increase in pest species like rats? The study found that the kind of wildlife attracted by gentrification varies by region, and some urban <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-trait-syndrome-common-characteristics-shared-by-city-dwelling-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> are simply more desirable neighbors than others.</p>



<p>The study further highlights a disturbing reality: the green spaces and improved habitats that often come with gentrification tend to benefit the wealthier newcomers, not the long-term, often marginalized residents of a neighborhood. This raises important questions about environmental justice – who deserves access to nature's benefits?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-just-about-gentrification">It's not just about gentrification</h2>



<p>Of course, city development in general greatly impacts wildlife habitats. The study confirmed that things like paved surfaces and dense buildings ("impervious cover") have a huge negative influence on which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-change-their-schedules-to-adapt-to-city-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> can thrive.</p>



<p>The tricky thing is that gentrification sometimes introduces more parks and green spaces into a neighborhood. While this sounds positive, it doesn't undo all the negative effects of urban development, and it can unfairly skew the benefits towards those with more resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-do-we-go-from-here">Where do we go from here?</h2>



<p>The fact that gentrification affects wildlife is a stark reminder that city planning decisions don't just affect people.</p>



<p>"My hope is that these results can be used to advocate for updated land development and management practices that prioritize social equity and access to nature spaces for all urban communities," said Fidino.</p>



<p>City planners should consider the needs of wildlife alongside humans when making decisions about parks and green spaces – prioritizing native species while supporting safe and enjoyable access for residents across all neighborhoods.</p>



<p>Can we introduce more wildlife-friendly green spaces to less-affluent areas alongside responsible development to increase biodiversity without pushing out vulnerable residents?</p>



<p>It's critical for wildlife advocates to have a seat at the table when cities make changes – animals are our urban cohabitants, and their needs matter too.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2318596121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Gentrification affects urban wildlife and community access

We all know that when cities undergo gentrification – the...

<p>The timing of exercise has a substantial influence on health outcomes, particularly among those who are managing obesity, according to recent study from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/">University of Sydney</a>. </p>



<p>The experts found that evening exercise was linked to greater health benefits among obese individuals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evening-exercise-the-healthiest-choice">Evening exercise: The healthiest choice?</h2>



<p>For the investigation, researchers in the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/charles-perkins-centre/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Charles Perkins Centre</a> analyzed data from nearly 30,000 participants. This analysis covered a span of almost eight years.</p>



<p>They focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-activity-can-protect-mental-health-in-pre-teen-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical activities</a> tracked by wearable devices to determine whether the time of day affected health outcomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-benefits-of-evening-exercise">Surprising benefits of evening exercise </h2>



<p>The study revealed significant findings about the timing of exercise. Moderate to vigorous exercise, which increases heart rate and breathing, proved particularly beneficial when performed in the evening.</p>



<p>The results showed that individuals who performed most of their aerobic moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) between 6 PM and midnight had the lowest risk of premature death. They also experienced a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.</p>



<p>Dr. Angelo Sabag, a lecturer in Exercise Physiology at the University of Sydney, emphasized the broader context of these findings. </p>



<p>"Around two in three Australians are affected by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-in-six-u-s-adult-deaths-linked-to-excess-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">excess weight</a> or obesity, which significantly increases the risk of heart attacks, stroke, and premature death. While exercise alone isn't the sole solution to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-the-obesity-crisis-linked-to-the-use-of-a-common-pesticide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity crisis</a>, our research suggests that timing it effectively may help mitigate some health risks," noted Dr. Sabag.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-gym-everyday-activities-count-too">Beyond the gym: Everyday activities count too</h2>



<p>The research did not limit itself to structured exercises; it also considered any continuous physical activity lasting three minutes or longer. </p>



<p>Dr. Matthew Ahmadi is a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Sydney and joint first author of the study. He clarified the scope of the activities that were monitored for the analysis. </p>



<p>“We didn’t discriminate on the kind of activity we tracked, it could be anything from power walking to climbing the stairs, but could also include structured exercise such as running, occupational labour or even vigorously cleaning the house,” said Dr Ahmadi.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rigorous-research-and-reliable-results">Rigorous research and reliable results</h2>



<p>The participants were all over the age of 40 years old and living with obesity. For one week at the start of the study, the individuals were monitored 24 hours a day using a wrist accelerometer.</p>



<p>Health outcomes were then tracked through data linked from the National Health Services and National Records of Scotland over nearly eight years. This tracking included recording numerous health events and mortalities.</p>



<p>To enhance the reliability of their findings, the researchers controlled for various variables such as age, sex, lifestyle habits, and baseline health conditions.</p>



<p>The researchers noted that while the length of the study follow-up and additional sensitivity analysis bolster the strength of their findings, they cannot completely rule out potential reverse causation, which is the possibility that some participants had lower aerobic activity levels due to underlying or undiagnosed disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wearable-technology-in-health-research">Wearable technology in health research</h2>



<p>Professor Emmanuel Stamatakis, director of the Mackenzie Wearables Research Hub at the Charles Perkins Centre and senior author on the paper, highlighted the potential of wearable technology in health research. He noted that the sophistication of studies in the wearables field is providing huge insights into the patterns of activity that are most beneficial for health.</p>



<p>“It is a really exciting time for researchers in this field and practitioners alike, as wearable device-captured data allow us to examine physical activity patterns at a very high resolution and accurately translate findings into advice that could play an important role in health care." </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-timing-and-obesity-interventions">Exercise timing and obesity interventions </h2>



<p>The research opens up new avenues for tailored health care interventions. For individuals battling obesity, evening exercise could be a valuable addition to their health management strategy.</p>



<p> “While we need to do further research to establish causal links, this study suggests that the timing of physical activity could be an important part of the recommendations for future obesity and Type 2 diabetes management, and preventive healthcare in general," said Professor Stamatakis.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/doi/10.2337/dc23-2448/154403/Timing-of-Moderate-to-Vigorous-Physical-Activity" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diabetes Care</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Evening exercise can reduce major health risks of obesity

The timing of exercise has a substantial influence on health...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>Shepard subsequently reported Big Bertha to his colleagues back on Earth after setting eyes upon it. NASA notes that he said, “There’s a football-size rock, Houston, coming out of this area, which will not be bagged. It appears to be the prevalent rock of the boulders of the area. Got it?&#8221;</p>


25. Big Bertha

<p>But there was a particularly special boulder among the bounty of stones brought to Earth by the Apollo 14 crew. This was, of course, Big Bertha, which was noted for the first time by Shepard on February 6. Immediately, the astronaut seemed to realize that this stone was important.</p>