Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.



Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.



In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. 



"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”



Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.



One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;



In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.



A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;



"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. 



These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;



“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;



“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”



The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.



This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. 



This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;



While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;



The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.



The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.



The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;



We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;



These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.



Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.



The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.



The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;



Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.



Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said NASA.



"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020. 



Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.



"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."



When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;



"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. "This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.



Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.



“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. This glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.



A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. 



This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe. 



Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.



The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. 



The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Corbassière glacier: Earth's climate archives are melting away

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.



"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.



"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. 



"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.



"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."



"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.



The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. 



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

The health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribbean-coral-reef-symbiotic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caribbean reefs</a> is under threat from a virulent disease known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mysterious-disease-is-destroying-floridas-coral-reef/">stony coral tissue loss disease</a> (SCTLD). Initially reported near Miami in 2014, this disease has since affected coral populations across 18 countries and territories in the region. 



Stony coral tissue loss disease devastates coral colonies, leaving behind barren skeletons where vibrant life once thrived.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-caribbean-reefs">Transforming Caribbean reefs</h2>



A recent study has shed light on the profound shifts occurring within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef ecosystems</a> due to SCTLD. The disappearance of susceptible coral species is paving the way for more opportunistic organisms - such as macroalgae, cyanobacteria, and fire coral - to dominate.



These "weedy" species, thriving in the absence of their traditional coral competitors, create a landscape vastly different from the once calcified structures of coral reefs.



The ripple effects of these changes are significant. Coral reefs, once bustling with diverse marine life, are transforming into environments dominated by seaweed.



While this new setting benefits certain herbivores, it fails to provide the complex habitat structure needed by other marine species for activities such as hiding, mating, and growing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broad-ecological-changes">Broad ecological changes</h2>



“In less than 10 years, a deadly infectious agent called stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) has emerged as a leading threat to Caribbean coral reefs,” wrote the study authors.



“Although its etiology is not fully understood, the discovery of bacterial disease indicators and the success of probiotic treatments suggest that bacteria are involved.”&nbsp;



“Other evidence suggests that SCTLD is caused by a virus that attacks some corals’ endosymbiotic algae, but not others. SCTLD has reduced coral cover by 30 to 60% in affected regions, pushing a few coral species toward local extinction.”



“Because diseases are most likely to have indirect community effects when they affect connected, unique, or widespread host species, we hypothesized that SCTLD-caused coral loss could trigger broad changes in diverse coral reef ecosystems.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Long-lasting consequences</h2>



Sara Swaminathan, the lead author and a PhD candidate in Environmental Engineering Sciences at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>, explained the critical implications of these changes. "While some fast-growing organisms might initially thrive, the broader ecological balance is tipped, potentially leading to long-lasting repercussions," she noted.



Further studies involving data from various U.S. territories, including Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, have highlighted additional consequences. 



For instance, the disease impacts crustose coralline algae, vital for reef building, thereby inhibiting the structural integrity and resilience of the reefs themselves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-and-their-changing-habitats">Fish and their changing habitats</h2>



The research team also discovered that the impact of the coral disease on fish populations is nuanced. Some fish species find new advantages in the altered environments, while others suffer due to the loss of their habitats. 



The roughness of the coral, or rugosity, now plays a more significant role in determining the suitability of these habitats for different fish species, regardless of whether the coral is alive.



Kevin Lafferty, a senior scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, highlighted the complexity of SCTLD's impact. "Some infectious diseases reshape entire ecosystems, and SCTLD is a prime example, creating a mix of winners and losers among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exotic-marine-species-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine species</a>," he remarked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-efforts-to-preserve-caribbean-reefs">Collaborative efforts to preserve Caribbean reefs</h2>



The international community, including marine biologists and conservationists, has rallied to address this crisis. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind the disease and develop potential treatments are ongoing. Promising approaches like the application of probiotics to affected corals show potential in mitigating the disease's progression.



Andrew Altieri, an assistant professor and associate director at the Center for Coastal Solutions, emphasized the broader implications of coral loss. "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral reefs</a> are not just biodiversity hotspots; they are crucial for the survival of numerous marine species and for the protection of coastal economies relying on fishing and tourism," he stated.



The collective efforts of researchers and conservationists are crucial in preserving these vital ecosystems. 



As the battle against stony coral tissue loss disease continues, the commitment to understanding and combating this disease remains paramount, not only for the health of the coral reefs but for the countless human and marine lives that depend on them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk6808" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Coral disease is pushing Caribbean reefs toward extinction

The health of Caribbean reefs is under threat from a...

Steller sea lions (<a href="https://www.earth.com/endangered-species/eumetopias-jubatus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eumetopias jubatus</a>), once listed as endangered, have made a partial recovery in some regions of the North Pacific, particularly the Aleutian Islands. However, not all populations are rebounding proportionally, prompting a focused research effort to identify potential causes. One key area of investigation is the concerning rise of mercury levels in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stellar-sea-lions-home-breeding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Steller sea lion</a> pups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-an-environmental-contaminant">Mercury: An environmental contaminant</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-mercury-emissions-have-skyrocketed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury</a> (Hg) exists naturally in Earth's crust but enters the environment in increased concentrations due to both natural processes (like volcanic eruptions) and human activities (such as mining and industrial processes).



Once in the environment, especially in aquatic systems, certain bacteria can change mercury into methylmercury, a more harmful organic form.



Mercury, and specifically methylmercury, enters the marine food web through consumption. Small organisms ingest it, larger predators consume the small organisms, and the mercury accumulates at higher levels in each successive step up the food chain. This process is known as bioaccumulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adverse-health-effects-of-mercury">Adverse health effects of mercury </h2>



<ul>
<li>Immunotoxicity: Mercury exposure compromises the immune system of various animals. This weakens an organism's natural defenses against disease and makes them more susceptible to infections.</li>



<li>Disrupted oxidative balance: Oxidative stress is a natural process where unstable molecules called 'free radicals' can damage cells. Organisms have systems to combat this stress, but mercury disrupts these systems, potentially accelerating cellular damage and contributing to health issues over time.</li>



<li>Vulnerability during development: Exposure via the mother to a developing fetus or pup is a significant concern. Developing bodies are highly sensitive to toxins, and mercury can lead to neurological and developmental problems with lasting impacts.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-levels-in-steller-sea-lions">Mercury levels in Steller sea lions</h2>



To understand the complex dynamics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-directly-linked-to-atmospheric-mercury-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury</a> in the marine environment, an international research team led by Dr. Todd O'Hara, Dr. Lorrie Rea, and Dr. Daniela Cisneros has conducted in-depth studies of Steller sea lions throughout the Aleutian Islands. Their multi-year investigation, spanning over a decade, aims to track mercury levels within this key indicator species.



The researchers have observed an alarming increase of over 50% in mercury levels found in Steller sea lion pups from specific regions along the island chain. This trend raises concerns about the long-term health of the species.



The team's analysis suggests that mercury exposure is not uniform across the Aleutian Islands. There appears to be a distinct "hotspot" around the center of the island chain where Steller sea lion pups exhibit the highest mercury concentrations. This points to possible localized sources of contamination or specific oceanographic processes that concentrate mercury in this area.



“When we started this research in Southeast Alaska, we found very few pups with alarming levels of mercury,” said Dr. Lorrie Rea, a research professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (<a href="https://www.uaf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF</a>) who plays a significant role in the Steller sea lion research program.



"Once we got to the Western Aleutian Islands, we found pups with mercury concentrations that were three to four times higher than the highest we saw in other regions. As we moved toward Russia along the Aleutian Island chain, the concentrations went down again, so it’s almost like a bell-shaped curve.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-mercury-and-declining-sea-lion-populations">Link between mercury and declining sea lion populations</h2>



The observed correlation between rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury</a> levels within certain regions and the slower recovery of some Steller sea lion populations has prompted further investigation. Scientists are examining the hypothesis that mercury exposure could be one factor contributing to the uneven population trends seen across different parts of the Aleutian Islands.



It's important to emphasize that while a correlation has been observed, this is not direct proof that mercury exposure is definitively causing population declines. Many factors can influence wildlife populations, and teasing out the individual impact of one variable can be complex.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steller-sea-lions-significance">Steller sea lions significance</h2>



The importance of research focused on Steller sea lions goes beyond understanding the health of a single species. Because these animals occupy a high position in the marine food web (meaning they eat many other animals), they act as sentinel species. This means that changes in their health, such as those related to mercury exposure, can alert us to broader environmental shifts with far-reaching consequences.



Steller sea lions and humans share common food sources within the marine ecosystem. As mercury bioaccumulates in species throughout the food chain, there's a potential risk that it could reach levels in commercially fished species that may impact human health.



Although current data suggests that mercury levels in most commercially fished species fall within safe limits, consistent monitoring is crucial for several reasons:



<ul>
<li>Dynamic ecosystems:&nbsp;Marine environments are complex and changing. Ongoing monitoring allows for detecting any potential increases in mercury levels in fish over time.</li>



<li>Early warnings:&nbsp;Steller sea lions, as a highly sensitive sentinel species, may provide an early warning sign of changes in mercury contamination before it reaches concerning levels in human food sources.</li>



<li>Proactive management:&nbsp;Continued monitoring enables informed decision-making about fisheries management, helping to ensure the long-term safety of seafood resources.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-and-collaboration">Ongoing research and collaboration</h2>



Unraveling the causes behind rising mercury levels in this region is complex and likely involves a combination of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) factors. The study underscores the importance of ongoing research into mercury cycling, its impacts on marine ecosystems, and the interconnected nature of environmental and human health.



Nevertheless, the success of this multi-faceted investigation highlights the value of collaboration between scientists, commercial fisheries, government agencies like NOAA, and researchers across international borders.



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Steller sea lions threatened by rising mercury levels

Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), once listed as endangered, have...

The James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) represents a remarkable advancement in astronomical observation. In 2023, initial reports suggested that JWST had detected potential signs of life on the distant exoplanet K2-18b. 



Understandably, this news generated considerable excitement within the scientific community and among the general public. However, a recent study offers a more cautious interpretation of the data, emphasizing the challenges of definitively identifying extraterrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-telescopes-can-directly-detect-signs-of-alien-life-in-exoplanet-atmospheres/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biosignatures-of-extraterrestrial-life">Biosignatures of extraterrestrial life </h2>



In the vast expanse of the universe, the search for extraterrestrial life hinges on the identification of biosignatures. These are any measurable characteristics – substances, structures, or patterns – that provide compelling evidence for the existence of life, either past or present. 



Biosignatures can be remarkably diverse. Specific chemical compounds such as oxygen, ozone, methane, or complex organic molecules might commonly associate with biological activity. They could also be physical remnants, such as the preserved remains of ancient organisms (fossils) or layered rock formations built by microbial communities (stromatolites). 



Furthermore, scientists analyze the relative abundance of different isotopes of elements, as these ratios can reveal whether a substance was formed through biological or non-biological means. Even the composition of a planet's atmosphere, particularly the presence of out-of-equilibrium gases, could indicate the influence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-hellish-planet-venus-can-help-us-find-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>. 



Biosignatures are essential tools because directly observing lifeforms on distant exoplanets is an extraordinary technological challenge. By analyzing these indirect traces and comparing them to our understanding of life on Earth, scientists can make informed inferences about the potential for life to exist elsewhere in the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-exoplanet-k2-18b">Potential of exoplanet K2-18b</h2>



K2-18b is an exoplanet that has garnered significant attention as a potential candidate in the search for extraterrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>. Several key characteristics drive this interest.



First, K2-18b orbits its host star within a region known as the habitable zone. This zone is defined as the distance from a star where temperatures could potentially allow for the presence of liquid water on a planet's surface – a condition generally considered essential for life as we know it.



K2-18b receives a level of solar radiation comparable to that of Earth. This suggests that its surface temperatures could fall within a range that supports liquid water, further strengthening the potential for habitable conditions.



While K2-18b's atmosphere differs significantly from Earth's, with a primary composition of hydrogen, scientists hypothesize that the planet may possess vast liquid water oceans.



Although the presence of liquid water and appropriate temperatures doesn't guarantee the existence of life, the combination of these factors on K2-18b creates an environment where biological processes, as we understand them, could theoretically function. It is this intriguing possibility that makes K2-18b a compelling target for further study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-on-k2-18b">Life on k2-18b</h2>



In 2023, a research team from <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridge University</a> made a potentially groundbreaking announcement after analyzing data collected by the James Webb Space Telescope from the exoplanet K2-18b. Their analysis suggested the tentative detection of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas that can be a potential biosignature. 



This finding naturally sparked immense interest within the scientific community and the general public. However, a subsequent study conducted by researchers at UC Riverside emphasizes the need for caution in interpreting such preliminary data.



Here's why exercising caution is important:



<ul>
<li>Remote analysis: The vast distances involved in studying exoplanets mean that scientists cannot directly collect physical samples from their atmospheres. Instead, they must rely on analyzing the light emitted or reflected by these distant worlds, a technique known as spectroscopy.</li>



<li>Data interpretation: Spectroscopic data needs careful interpretation. Elements and compounds absorb and emit light at specific wavelengths, creating a unique spectral "fingerprint." Researchers must analyze these complex patterns to identify the substances present in an exoplanet's atmosphere.</li>



<li>Challenges with weak signals: In the case of K2-18b, the initial signal possibly indicating the presence of DMS was relatively weak and only discernible under specific conditions during data analysis. This raises the possibility of misinterpretation.</li>



<li>The importance of modeling: The UC Riverside team incorporated the known atmospheric conditions of K2-18b into sophisticated computer models. These models suggest that the spectral signal initially attributed to DMS could instead be explained by the presence of methane, a far more common compound in planetary atmospheres.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-possibility-of-extraterrestrial-life-on-k2-18b-remains">The possibility of extraterrestrial life on k2-18b remains</h2>



While the UC Riverside study challenges the initial interpretation of the DMS signal, it's important to emphasize that their findings do not definitively eliminate the possibility of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> existing on K2-18b. 



Their models indicate that for DMS to be detectable in K2-18b's atmosphere, any biological processes generating this gas would need to function at a rate approximately 20 times higher than similar processes on Earth.



Life as we understand it is remarkably adaptable, and it's possible that organisms on other planets have evolved metabolic pathways and biological mechanisms that differ significantly from those found on Earth.



Even if DMS is not present in detectable levels, researchers continue the search for other potential biosignatures that might be present in K2-18b's atmosphere. The absence of one specific biosignature doesn't rule out the possibility of life entirely.



The study highlights that the search for extraterrestrial life is an ongoing pursuit, often marked by tentative discoveries and refined interpretations. Further observations of K2-18b, utilizing increasingly sophisticated instruments, will be crucial for reaching a more definitive conclusion about its potential for harboring life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The JWST is equipped with instruments capable of detailed spectrographic analysis, particularly in the infrared range. This capability will be crucial in refining the search for biosignatures. Later this year, these instruments will be focused on K2-18b with the specific aim of clarifying the presence or absence of DMS.



"The best biosignatures on an exoplanet may differ significantly from those we find most abundant on Earth today. On a planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, we may be more likely to find DMS made by life instead of oxygen made by plants and bacteria as on Earth," stated <a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCR</a> astrobiologist Eddie Schwieterman.



The search for extraterrestrial life is inherently complex. The potential discovery of life beyond our planet would be a revolutionary moment, and it is vital that the scientific community maintains rigorous analytical standards. The ongoing investigation of K2-18b underscores the meticulous process of identifying and interpreting potential indicators of life in the vastness of the cosmos.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad3801" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>.



Image Credit: <a href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Hubble, M. Kornmesser



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James Webb detects signs of life on exoplanet K2-18b

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents a remarkable advancement...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-are-hydrothermal-vents-an-unlikely-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hydrothermal vents</a>, mysterious features deep within the ocean, have recently been spotlighted by the discovery of five new sites in the eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. 



This remarkable find, achieved through the combined efforts of robotic and manned submersibles, marks a significant advance in our exploration of the ocean. 



Covering over 70% of our planet's surface, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/how-much-of-the-ocean-have-we-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> remains one of the least explored areas on Earth, filled with hidden mysteries. This recent expedition has significantly enhanced our understanding of these mysterious depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydrothermal-vent-discoveries-in-pacific-ocean">Hydrothermal vent discoveries in Pacific Ocean</h2>



A collaborative effort between a remote-operated vehicle and a human-occupied submarine has led to the identification of these hydrothermal vent sites.



Positioned at a depth of 2,550 meters (approximately 1.6 miles) along the East Pacific Rise near 10°N latitude, these vents are hotspots of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-geysers-the-worlds-largest-geothermal-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geothermal</a> activity. 



The area, part of a major volcanic mountain chain formed by the divergence of two tectonic plates, continues to be a focal point for scientific research due to its dynamic geological processes. According to the researchers, these two tectonic plates are splitting apart at a rate of about 11 centimeters (4.3 inches) per year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tools-to-explore-ocean-s-hydrothermal-vents">Tools to explore ocean's hydrothermal vents</h2>



The use of the autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry, operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's National Deep Submergence Facility, was crucial. 



By mapping the ocean floor at night, Sentry provided high-resolution data that was instrumental in planning subsequent dives by the manned submersible, Alvin. 



This tandem operation between Sentry and Alvin allowed the team to explore the complex and ever-changing seafloor environment with precision and efficiency.



Jill McDermott, director of the <a href="https://www.lehighoceans.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lehigh Oceans Research Center</a>, highlighted the synergy between the advanced mapping capabilities of Sentry and the direct observational power of Alvin. 



"The high-resolution maps from Sentry allow us to spot likely new hydrothermal fields soon after Sentry comes back on deck," McDermott explained. "This gives us great targets for Alvin and the opportunity to make multiple discoveries in a single dive."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-significance">Geological significance</h2>



Hydrothermal vents, first discovered in 1977, have since been recognized as critical to understanding life's sustainability under extreme conditions. 



These vents support unique ecosystems that thrive in high-pressure and high-temperature environments, providing valuable insights into biological resilience. 



"The mid-ocean ridge accounts for more than 75% of all volcanic activity on our planet," noted Thibaut Barreyre, an expert in thermal measurements. "It is dotted with thousands of deep-sea hot springs which collectively release a significant portion of the Earth’s internal heat."



"We want to increase our understanding of how hydrothermal vents release heat and chemicals as they flow through the seafloor and affect the global ocean."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuing-the-quest-for-knowledge">Continuing the quest for knowledge</h2>



The ongoing exploration of the East Pacific Rise is poised to deepen our understanding of hydrothermal and volcanic systems in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-vents-are-favorable-to-the-formation-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep sea</a>. 



Future expeditions will leverage the same advanced technology to further study the geophysical, chemical, and biological processes that shape our planet. 



"These new perspectives and the analyses of rock samples will let us figure out how quickly the lava erupted, how far it traveled, and the impacts deep-sea lava eruptions have on hydrothermal venting," noted Daniel Fornari, a marine geologist involved in the research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Hydrothermal vent discoveries</h2>



As scientists like Ross Parnell-Turner, a marine geophysicist, continue to map the intricate details of the ocean floor, each discovery of hydrothermal vents adds a piece to the puzzle of our planet's complex ecosystem. 



These findings not only enhance our geological and biological understanding but also underscore the critical role of advanced technology in exploring the vast, uncharted territories of our ocean.



This blend of science, technology, and nature continues to uncover the secrets held deep within the Earth, particularly through the study of hydrothermal vents. These vents promise to reshape our understanding of the very fabric of life and our planet. 



The researchers plan to continue studying hydrothermal activity and volcanism along the East Pacific Rise in a follow-up expedition with Sentry and Alvin. As the expedition team prepares for their next journey, the scientific community and the world eagerly anticipate what mysteries will be revealed.



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Five new hydrothermal vents discovered in the Pacific Ocean

Hydrothermal vents, mysterious features deep within the ocean, have recently...

The concept of tectonic plates dominates our understanding of how mountains rise, continents drift, and the very face of our planet gets its shape. Yet, the forces sculpting the Earth run deeper. A new wave of research highlights the significant, albeit subtle, role played by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mantle-heat-shaped-earths-crust-3-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> – the vast, viscous layer sandwiched between the planet's crust and its metallic core.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-earth-s-mantle">What is Earth's mantle?</h2>



Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ancient-breath-study-links-atmospheric-oxygen-and-mantle-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> is a key layer of our planet, critical to the geological phenomena we observe on the surface. Let’s dive into more detail about its composition, structure, and role in Earth's geodynamics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Composition and structure of Earth's mantle</h3>



The mantle is mostly composed of solid rocks and minerals, primarily made of silicates - a group of minerals containing silicon and oxygen, along with magnesium, iron, and other elements. Despite being solid, the mantle's composition allows it to behave plastically over geological time scales. This means it can flow, albeit very slowly, under high temperature and pressure conditions.



The mantle can be divided into several regions based on depth and behavior:



<ol>
<li>Upper Mantle: Extending from about 35 kilometers below the Earth’s surface to a depth of about 410 kilometers, the upper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-mantle-may-contain-a-wealth-of-green-metals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> is part of what is called the lithosphere (which includes the crust) and the more pliable asthenosphere below it. The asthenosphere is crucial for tectonic plate movements as it is less rigid and can flow more readily than the surrounding rock.</li>



<li>Transition Zone: This zone lies between 410 kilometers and 660 kilometers deep. Here, changes in mineral structure lead to a marked difference in rock density, which affects the flow and behavior of mantle materials.</li>



<li>Lower Mantle: Extending from the transition zone down to about 2,900 kilometers (near the core-mantle boundary), the lower mantle is hotter and experiences higher pressures, yet remains solid. The materials here are more compressed and therefore less likely to flow compared to those in the upper mantle.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Heat and movement</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ringwoodite-mineral-confirms-vast-ocean-exists-400-miles-under-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> is a major conductor of heat within Earth, transferring heat from the core outward through convection. The process of convection occurs within the mantle when hotter, less dense material rises, cools as it nears the surface, and then sinks again as it densifies. These convection currents drive the movement of tectonic plates on the surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-earth-s-mantle-s-topography">Mapping Earth's mantle's topography</h2>



The notion of residual topography challenges the idea that areas away from plate boundaries are geologically static. The mantle, far from being uniform, exhibits temperature variations and differences in chemical composition. 



These variations translate into a hidden landscape of swells and basins, mimicking a subterranean world in slow motion. Imagine gentle hills and valleys stretching across continents, not formed by surface processes, but by the dynamics of the Earth's interior.



Solid Earth provides a clearer picture of this phenomenon. Researchers painstakingly compiled a wealth of data, including global measurements of crustal thickness and the speed at which seismic waves travel through the Earth. Coupled with laboratory experiments replicating the extreme conditions deep within the planet, this allowed scientists to unravel the mantle's distinct influence on the topography above.



The researchers discovered variations in the mantle's temperature and chemistry. These differences influence Earth's landscape, creating unique features. Swells arise in areas where the mantle is hotter. These can reach elevations up to 2 kilometers. 



In contrast, cooler and denser <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-mantle-jackson-pollock-painting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> areas form deep basins. These depressions can be more than 1.5 kilometers deep. Such features are distinct from those near tectonic plate boundaries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-the-earth">Shaping the Earth</h2>



Understanding residual topography offers insights far beyond mapping curiosities deep below the surface. Hotter mantle swells may be the key to instances of volcanism occurring far away from the fiery seams of plate boundaries. Conversely, cooler mantle regions could drive subsidence, influencing the long-term fate of landmasses.



Importantly, these mantle-driven processes unfold at a geological pace – over millions of years. Yet, they significantly affect the patterns of erosion, where sediments are laid down, and the evolution of continents.



Recognizing the mantle's role in shaping our planet underscores the Earth's remarkable dynamism. Change doesn't just originate from the clash of tectonic plates. Instead, it's a symphony of forces, ranging from the dramatic shifts at the surface down to the gradual sculpting by the planet's molten heart. 



As research continues, we'll undoubtedly gain a better grasp of how these deep, hidden processes mold the world we inhabit and perhaps even glimpse clues about the Earth's long-term geological future.



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JB026735" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.</a>



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How Earth's mantle shapes surface topography

The concept of tectonic plates dominates our understanding of how...

In the world of biological research, understanding the mechanisms that determine sex is fundamental. While genes of humans and other mammals rely on the familiar X and Y chromosomes, nature displays a remarkable diversity of solutions to this essential process. A new study sheds light on the genetic basis of sex determination in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-learn-about-butterflies-day-an-enchanting-world-awaits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> – and reveals potential threats to endangered populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-sex-determination">Butterfly sex determination</h2>



Butterflies, as well as moths, belong to the insect order Lepidoptera. Unlike humans who rely on the X and Y chromosome system for sex determination, Lepidoptera utilize a WZ system. 



In this system, females possess two different sex chromosomes, a W and a Z, while males have two Z chromosomes. However, the story doesn't end there. The way this system translates into male or female development differs significantly between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-butterfly-sex-chromosomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> species.



In some butterfly species, the presence of the W chromosome is the key factor that triggers development into a female. Conversely, other species lack a W chromosome in females altogether. 



This remarkable diversity in sex determination mechanisms within Lepidoptera has puzzled researchers for quite some time. They've been working to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how butterflies develop into males or females across this vast insect group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-squinting-bush-brown-butterfly">Squinting bush brown butterfly</h2>



To delve into the mysteries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterfly-genome-has-barely-changed-after-250-million-years-of-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> sex determination, researchers from the <a href="https://www.avcr.cz/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a> turned their attention to the squinting bush brown butterfly (Bicyclus anynana). This African species has become a favored organism for research for several reasons:



<ul>
<li>Genetic roadmap:&nbsp;Scientists have fully sequenced the squinting bush brown's genome, providing a detailed map for investigation.</li>



<li>Laboratory-friendly:&nbsp;The butterfly thrives in controlled laboratory settings, readily reproducing and offering researchers ample material to study.</li>
</ul>



The research team's investigation yielded a vital discovery. They identified a single gene, which they named Masculinizer, as the primary factor controlling sex determination in B. anynana. The specific variations of this gene, known as alleles, determine whether an individual butterfly develops as a male or a female.



One allele of Masculinizer triggers female development. When a butterfly inherits two different alleles of the gene, male development ensues. However, embryos possessing two identical Masculinizer alleles do not survive. This lethal combination underscores the importance of genetic diversity: in large populations with a rich variety of Masculinizer alleles, encounters between identical versions are rare.



"These species have different sex-determining mechanisms which are not known yet. The mechanism we discovered in Bicyclus anynana is very different from the W chromosome-dependent mechanism discovered earlier in the silkworm Bombyx mori," explained the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-convergent-evolution-with-honeybees">Convergent evolution with honeybees</h2>



The study on the squinting bush brown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-when-butterflies-evolved-and-what-plants-they-used-for-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> revealed a surprising twist. The sex determination system identified in this butterfly closely resembles the mechanism at play in honeybees. This remarkable similarity is a prime example of convergent evolution, which is when unrelated organisms develop strikingly similar traits due to facing similar environmental pressures. 



In this case, both butterflies and honeybees, despite belonging to distinct insect groups, appear to have arrived at the same solution for sex determination through independent evolutionary pathways.



This shared sex determination system suggests the possible existence of fundamental genetic pathways that govern sex differentiation across a wider range of insects. The discovery in B. anynana hints at a deeper evolutionary connection, where these pathways might have originated from a common ancestor and then diverged over time as these insect groups evolved separately.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-sex-and-conservation">Butterfly sex and conservation</h2>



The discovery has significant implications for butterfly conservation. Many butterfly species are strongly in decline. Population declines lead to reduced genetic diversity. 



This, in turn, increases the likelihood of embryos inheriting identical, incompatible Masculinizer alleles. The potential loss of offspring could exacerbate the challenges faced by dwindling butterfly populations.



This study highlights the value of fundamental research into seemingly simple biological questions. Understanding the mechanics of sex determination in an unassuming butterfly species has uncovered hidden risks to vulnerable populations – a testament to the far-reaching impact of seemingly small genetic variations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj6979" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Study reveals the genetic basis of butterfly sex

In the world of biological research, understanding the mechanisms that...

As our global population ages, the pursuit of longevity is often overshadowed by an equally important goal: maintaining a high quality of life throughout our later years. A new study offers promising insights into how midlife <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> can play a pivotal role in achieving this goal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-midlife-exercise">The importance of midlife exercise</h2>



A research team led by experts at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/">University of Sydney</a> conducted a long-term study tracking over 11,000 women, providing a wealth of data over an extended period. 



Their findings indicate that consistent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/metamorphosis-exercise-triggers-molecular-changes-in-major-organs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> during midlife (ages 40 - 50s) is strongly associated with better physical health outcomes in later years, such as improved strength, reduced risk of falls, and enhanced cardiovascular health. 



Importantly, even women who had not been consistently active in their younger years experienced significant benefits from adopting an exercise routine in their 50s. These benefits highlight the potential for positive lifestyle changes to impact our health trajectory later in life.



"Our findings suggest that to maintain good physical health-related quality of life at around age 70, one may be able to 'make up' for not being active earlier by becoming active in the mid-50s," noted the researchers. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-findings-of-midlife-exercise">Surprising findings of midlife exercise</h2>



Women who consistently met the recommended physical activity guidelines (150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise like brisk walking or cycling per week) for approximately 15 years scored significantly higher on tests measuring physical functioning in their later years. These tests evaluate things like balance, strength, and the ability to perform everyday tasks.



Midlife <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sit-stand-exercise-sleep-this-amount-each-day-optimal-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> has the potential to counteract the negative health impacts of prior inactivity. Participants who began exercising consistently in their 50s achieved similar physical health scores to those who had exercised regularly throughout their entire adult lives. This suggests that it's never too late to make changes that can benefit your health.



"This finding supports public health initiatives for messaging around "turning back the clock" in midlife through lifestyle changes such as physical activity," explained study lead author Binh Nguyen. This means that, despite some earlier less-healthy choices, making positive changes in your midlife years can have a profound impact on your future well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-midlife-exercise-and-beyond">Benefits of midlife exercise and beyond</h2>



Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in combating age-related health risks such as:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</h3>



Regular physical activity, especially weight-bearing exercises like walking, running, or strength training, helps build and maintain bone density. Stronger bones are less likely to fracture, reducing the risk of osteoporosis, a condition marked by brittle and fragile bones.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-disease">Cardiovascular disease</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-significantly-lowers-heart-disease-risk-by-reducing-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exercise</a> strengthens the heart muscle, improves blood flow, and helps regulate blood pressure. These exercise benefits may lower your risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions in midlife.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-decline">Cognitive decline</h3>



Physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, which can help protect cognitive function and memory. Studies suggest that exercise may even reduce the risk of developing dementia.



By improving muscle strength, cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and balance, exercise helps maintain our ability to perform everyday activities independently as we age. This translates to a better quality of life and greater self-sufficiency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommendations-and-considerations">Recommendations and considerations</h2>



The research suggests the following measures:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aim-for-consistency">Aim for consistency</h3>



The study emphasizes that reaping the maximum benefits of exercise requires a long-term commitment. Sporadic bursts of activity, while helpful, may not provide the same level of protection against age-related health decline.



Aim to incorporate moderate-intensity exercise into your routine most days of the week, striving for at least 150 minutes total over the week.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choose-what-you-enjoy">Choose what You enjoy</h3>



Finding activities you genuinely enjoy will make exercise more sustainable in the long run. Don't feel limited to traditional gym workouts. 



Explore different options like brisk walking, swimming, dancing, gardening, or even active household chores. Variety can help keep your routine fresh and prevent boredom.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consult-your-physician">Consult your physician</h3>



Before embarking on a new exercise program, it's essential to consult your doctor. They can assess your current health status, identify any potential risks, and help you tailor an exercise plan that's safe and appropriate for your individual needs.



This is especially crucial if you have any existing health conditions. Your doctor may recommend specific types of exercise or adjustments to ensure you have a positive experience.



"Combined with existing evidence, this study contributes to growing evidence of the benefits of maintaining or adopting an active lifestyle in mid-age," concluded the researchers.



This study underscores the profound impact our choices can have on our future well-being. Midlife offers a valuable window of opportunity to invest in our long-term health through exercise. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004384" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Medicine</a>.



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Exercising in midlife can reverse years of inactivity

As our global population ages, the pursuit of longevity is...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

A comment on another @goldsmithscarrots post read &#8220;What was created, here? How exactly is this carrot stunt going to help? It creates more controversy than awareness. Instead of trying to get reactions/shock value, they could&#8217;ve made a mural, furniture, meals, beverages, etc&#8230;. Any of those ideas would&#8217;ve shown the LOADS of wasted food.&#8221; Photo Credit: @goldsmithscarrots / Instagram

Controversy Over Awareness