<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. </p>



<p>A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.</p>



<p>The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



<p>The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.</p>



<p>A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



<p>The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.</p>



<p>The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.</p>



<p>The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.</p>



<p>Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>This strange-looking lifeform is called the mata mata turtle, and up until recently scientists believed that it was relatively widespread. Now, however, new research has revealed that everything is not as it seems when it comes to this weird creature. Photo Credit: Seregraff/Getty Images</p>

Mata Mata

<p>In today's fast-paced world, finding time for exercise can be challenging. However, a recent study presented at the <a href="https://www.escardio.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESC</a> Preventive Cardiology 2024 congress in Athens reveals a simple way to boost your heart health and longevity: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climbing-stairs-can-slash-your-heart-disease-risk-by-20-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stair-climbing-and-overall-health">Stair climbing and overall health</h2>



<p>"If you have the choice of taking the stairs or the lift, go for the stairs as it will help your heart,” noted study author Dr. Sophie Paddock of the University of East Anglia.</p>



<p>Dr. Paddock and her team took a rigorous scientific approach to examine the heart and health benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climbing-stairs-is-a-simple-way-to-test-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing. They conducted a meta-analysis, a statistical process that combines the results of multiple studies to identify patterns and draw more robust conclusions. </p>



<p>This methodology is particularly valuable in health sciences as it increases the reliability of the findings by broadening the base of data considered.</p>



<p>For their analysis, Dr. Paddock’s team selected studies that collectively involved almost half a million people, spanning various demographics and health backgrounds. This large sample size not only lends credibility to the findings but also ensures that the results are applicable to a diverse population. </p>



<p>The study participants included in the meta-analysis varied in terms of age, ranging from 35 to 84 years. The research also included data from individuals who had previous cardiovascular events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stair-climbing-and-heart-health">Stair climbing and heart health</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that individuals who regularly engage in stair climbing had a 24% decreased risk of mortality from any cause when compared to those who predominantly use elevators or escalators. This statistic is particularly compelling, suggesting that even moderate, low-intensity physical activity like stair climbing can have a significant impact on overall longevity.</p>



<p>The benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/every-move-counts-even-minimal-activity-can-boost-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing extended specifically to heart health, with a 39% reduced risk of death from cardiovascular diseases. This figure highlights the potential of stair climbing to significantly bolster heart health and prevent fatal heart conditions.</p>



<p>Dr. Paddock and her team concluded that promoting stair climbing as a form of daily exercise could be a simple, cost-effective public health measure with the potential to improve heart and health outcomes on a large scale. </p>



<p>This study not only reinforces the importance of physical activity for maintaining cardiovascular health but also emphasizes the accessibility of stair climbing as a practical and effective way to incorporate exercise into daily life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-stair-climbing">Health benefits of stair climbing </h2>



<p>Consider stair climbing as a "stealth workout." As you navigate your daily tasks, you simultaneously provide your heart and lungs with a brief, yet intense, fitness boost with stair climbing.</p>



<p>This activity demands more from your muscles and encourages deeper breathing - factors that collectively strengthen your body gradually. Regular physical activity is crucial for maintaining good health, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-recycling-stairs-climbing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing presents a cost-effective, readily accessible method to incorporate exercise seamlessly into your daily life.</p>



<p>"Even brief bursts of physical activity have beneficial health impacts, and short bouts of stair climbing should be an achievable target to integrate into daily routines,” noted Dr. Paddock.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stair-climbing-in-everyday-life">Stair climbing in everyday life</h2>



<p>Here are practical tips to effectively incorporate stair climbing into your daily routine and enhance your heart and overall health:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-start-small">Start small</h3>



<p>You don’t need to overhaul your routine overnight. Begin by incorporating one or two flights of stairs into your daily activities. As this becomes a more comfortable part of your day, gradually increase the number of flights. This approach helps build endurance and strength without overwhelming you, making the habit more likely to stick.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-build-it-into-your-day">Build it into your day </h3>



<p>Look for opportunities to choose the stairs over elevators or escalators. This could be at work, in apartment buildings, at shopping centers, or even during your commute. </p>



<p>The key is to integrate this activity seamlessly into your day so that it doesn’t feel like a chore but rather a natural part of your life. Making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/need-pick-climbing-stairs-beat-caffeine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing a default decision whenever possible maximizes your physical activity without requiring extra time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-yourself">Challenge yourself</h3>



<p>To keep the activity engaging, set challenges for yourself. You might time how long it takes you to climb a certain number of flights and try to beat your time with each attempt. </p>



<p>Alternatively, use a fitness app that tracks the number of steps or floors climbed and set daily or weekly goals. These challenges can provide a sense of achievement and progression, making the exercise more rewarding and motivating.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrate-every-step">Celebrate every step</h3>



<p>Change your perspective on stair climbing from being just another exercise to an act of self-care. Each step you take isn’t just physical exertion - it's an investment in your long-term health and vitality. </p>



<p>Celebrate your commitment to better health with each flight you climb. This positive mindset can make the experience more enjoyable and less of a duty, helping you maintain this beneficial habit over the long term.</p>



<p>Stair climbing not only improves your physical health but also enhances your overall well-being by embedding an empowering, sustainable practice into your everyday life.</p>



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Stair climbing linked to a 24-percent lower risk of mortality

In today's fast-paced world, finding time for exercise can be...

<p>A landmark scientific investigation has revealed a shocking truth: a select group of multinational companies are the primary contributors behind the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/9936-chemicals-found-in-plastic-products-used-for-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> waste crisis. This study lays bare the need for urgent corporate action on plastic reduction and waste management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-plastic-waste">Consequences of plastic waste</h2>



<p>Plastic pollution represents a severe and escalating threat to the health of our planet. It not only mars the natural beauty of our coastal regions, creating sprawling and unsightly waste areas along our beaches, but also necessitates expensive and extensive cleanup operations. When left unchecked, plastic waste can transform vibrant beach landscapes into litter-strewn environments.</p>



<p>Further complicating the issue, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution severely impacts our aquatic systems. It clogs rivers, lakes, and streams, hindering the free movement of water and thereby increasing the risk of flooding. This obstruction also complicates navigation, making waterways less safe and efficient for transportation. </p>



<p>More critically, the accumulation of plastics in these waters chokes marine ecosystems, trapping and killing aquatic life, and disrupting the balance of these habitats.</p>



<p>The consequences of plastic pollution extend into our food supply as well. Tiny particles of plastic, known as microplastics, have infiltrated marine life, entering the food chain through fish and shellfish. </p>



<p>There is growing concern that microplastics might also be making their way into agricultural produce through contaminated soils and water used in farming. This introduces a direct pathway for plastics to enter human bodies, with potential health implications that are not yet fully understood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-origins-of-plastic">Understanding the origins of plastic </h2>



<p>Addressing this crisis demands a thorough understanding of its origins. Recognizing where and how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-kills-ocean-embryos-during-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution starts enables us to tackle the problem more effectively, targeting the sources and mechanisms through which plastics are entering and harming our ecosystems. </p>



<p>By tracing plastic pollution back to its roots, we can implement strategic interventions to prevent its escalation and mitigate its impacts on our environment and health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-waste-contributors">Plastic waste contributors</h2>



<p>Thanks to a global citizen science initiative, researchers have meticulously tracked the sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> waste. This project harnessed the power of public participation, with volunteers in 84 countries conducting over 1,500 "brand audits" between 2018 and 2022. </p>



<p>The dedicated individuals collected over 1.8 million pieces of plastic pollution, meticulously documenting the brands of each item. This unprecedented data set offered a unique window into the corporate origins of plastic pollution, allowing researchers to link specific waste items back to their source producers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-polluters-from-plastic-waste-contributors">Major polluters from plastic waste contributors</h2>



<p>The study's findings were staggering, illustrating a disturbing concentration of power within the plastic waste crisis. A mere handful of major companies shoulder responsibility for a massive portion of the world's plastic waste. </p>



<p>The Coca-Cola Company leads with a staggering 11 percent of identified branded plastic pollution, closely followed by PepsiCo at 5 percent. Nestlé, Danone, and Altria also bear significant responsibility, contributing 2-3 percent each. </p>



<p>Astonishingly, only five corporations generated almost a quarter (24%) of the branded plastic pollution detected globally. The lack of labeling on much of the remaining trash suggests that the true impact of these corporate giants is likely even larger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-single-use-packaging">Single-use packaging</h2>



<p>“The companies above the trend line were typically food and beverage companies, while the companies below the trend line were mostly household and retail companies,” noted the study authors, led by Dr. Win Cowger. </p>



<p>A clear trend emerged: companies specializing in single-use, disposable packaging and "on-the-go" products are the primary drivers of plastic pollution. The study reveals a strong connection between a product's intended lifespan and the likelihood that it becomes pollution. </p>



<p>Short-lived, single-use items are designed for rapid disposal, overwhelming waste management systems and polluting the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-call-for-corporate-action">The call for corporate action</h2>



<p>Reduced plastic production is the primary solution to curb plastic pollution. The responsibility now rests with major corporations to drastically overhaul their production and packaging methods to address this issue effectively. Here's what this transformation entails:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phasing-out-single-use-plastics">Phasing out single-use plastics</h3>



<p>It's essential for companies to move away from disposable plastic items. They should focus on enhancing reusable product delivery systems and investing in the creation of innovative packaging solutions that do not rely on plastics. This shift not only reduces waste but also encourages a move towards more sustainable consumption patterns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transparency-and-accountability">Transparency and accountability</h3>



<p>Companies must implement clear labeling and robust reporting systems to accurately track and report their plastic production and disposal methods. This transparency is vital for monitoring progress and ensuring that corporations are held accountable for their environmental impact. </p>



<p>Effective tracking and reporting enable stakeholders, including consumers and regulatory bodies, to verify that companies are actively reducing their plastic output and contributing to a more sustainable future.</p>



<p>While individuals play a role in plastic reduction, the study highlights that without systemic corporate change, this crisis will continue. The time for incremental adjustments has passed. The major plastic waste contributors behind the world's insatiable plastic habit must lead the way to a cleaner future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj8275" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Coca-Cola, Pepsi among top contributors to plastic waste

A landmark scientific investigation has revealed a shocking truth: a...

<p>ESA's Mars Express has captured a fascinating image of the southern polar region of Mars, revealing a landscape covered with "ice spiders" and dotted with dark spots and intricate patterns. </p>



<p>These features are not actual living creatures, but rather the result of a unique natural phenomenon that occurs during the Martian springtime.</p>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Angustus-Labyrinthus-Mars_Inca-city_perspective_mars-express_esa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small, dark shapes</a> form when spring sunshine falls on layers of carbon dioxide deposited over the dark winter months. </p>



<p>The sunlight causes carbon dioxide ice at the bottom of the layer to turn into gas, which subsequently builds up and breaks through slabs of overlying ice.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-martian-ice-spiders-form-on-the-surface">How Martian 'ice spiders' form on the surface</h2>



<p>The process of the "ice spiders" formations on Mars is a fascinating one. As the carbon dioxide gas builds up beneath the ice, it eventually bursts free, dragging dark material up to the surface as it goes. </p>



<p>This gas, laden with dark dust, shoots up through cracks in the ice in the form of tall fountains or geysers, before falling back down and settling on the surface.</p>



<p>The gas bursts free in Martian springtime, dragging dark material up to the surface as it goes and shattering layers of ice up to a meter thick. </p>



<p>This creates dark spots of between 45 m and 1 km across. This same process creates characteristic 'spider-shaped' patterns etched beneath the ice, giving rise to the spooky story that Mars "ice spiders" may be lurking below.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-exomars-trace-gas-orbiter">Insights from ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</h2>



<p>In addition to the Mars Express imagery, another ESA Mars explorer, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TGO</a>), also captured images of the Mars "ice spiders" patterns. </p>



<p>The TGO images <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Angustus-Labyrinthus-Mars_Inca-city_ice-spiders_mars-express_esa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reveal the tendril-like patterns</a> especially clearly, lying near but outside the region shown in the new Mars Express image.</p>



<p>The Mars Express view shows the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Angustus-Labyrinthus-Mars_Inca-city_perspective-view_mars-express_esa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark spots on the surface</a> formed by escaping gas and material, while the TGO perspective also captures the spidery, web-like channels that are carved into the ice below.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-angustus-labyrinthus-also-known-as-inca-city">Angustus Labyrinthus -- also known as Inca City</h2>



<p>The dark spots captured by <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Express</a> can be seen all over the image, creeping across towering hills and expansive plateaus. However, most can be seen as small spots in the dark region to the left, which sits just at the outskirts of a part of Mars nicknamed Inca City.</p>



<p>The reason for this name is no mystery, with the linear, almost geometric network of ridges being reminiscent of Inca ruins. More formally known as <a href="https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2024/04/topography_of_angustus_labyrinthus/26050842-1-eng-GB/Topography_of_Angustus_Labyrinthus.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Angustus Labyrinthus</a>, Inca City was discovered in 1972 by NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mariner-9/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mariner 9 probe</a>.</p>



<p>Scientists still aren't sure exactly how Inca City formed. They surmise that sand dunes could have turned to stone over time. </p>



<p>Perhaps material such as magma or sand is seeping through fractured sheets of Martian rock. Or, the ridges could be '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eskers</a>', which are winding structures related to glaciers."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landscape-shaped-by-time-and-nature">Landscape shaped by time and nature</h2>



<p>The landscape of the southern polar region of Mars is one that has been shaped by time and the forces of nature. </p>



<p>Towards the <a href="https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2024/04/mars_express_sees_traces_of_spiders_in_mars_s_inca_city/26050582-1-eng-GB/Mars_Express_sees_traces_of_spiders_in_Mars_s_Inca_City.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">middle section of the image</a>, the landscape changes somewhat, with large roundish and oval swirls creating an effect reminiscent of marble. This effect is thought to occur when layered deposits are worn away over time.</p>



<p>To the right-center of the frame lie a few prominent steep-flanked, flat-topped mounds and hills that rise up for more than 1500 m above the surrounding terrain. </p>



<p>These form as softer material is eroded over time by flows of wind, water or ice, leaving behind the harder material that forms these hills.</p>



<p>The ground towards the right (north) becomes increasingly covered in smooth, light-colored dust. Some signs of the Mars "ice spiders" can be seen scattered across the plateaus here, lurking amongst various canyons and troughs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-spiders-inca-city-and-the-never-ending-wonders-of-mars">Ice spiders, Inca City, and the never-ending wonders of Mars</h2>



<p>As ESA's Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter continue to explore the intriguing landscape of Mars, they reveal the Red Planet's dynamic and complex nature. </p>



<p>The discovery of the mysterious Mars "ice spiders" in the southern polar region, the enigmatic Inca City, and the evolving terrain shaped by erosion and time demonstrate the importance of ongoing Mars exploration. </p>



<p>These findings captivate our imagination and provide valuable insights into the geological processes and history of our neighboring planet. With each new observation, we take a step closer to unraveling the secrets of Mars and understanding its place in the cosmic puzzle.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://journals.aas.org/planetary-science-journal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Planetary Science</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Mars Express finds ‘ice spiders’ on the surface of Inca City

ESA's Mars Express has captured a fascinating image of the...

<p>The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is a unique ecosystem renowned for its rich biodiversity. Home to over 11,000 animal species, some of which are endemic, this basin is now facing a significant challenge: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-lionfish-have-arrived-in-the-south-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion of lionfish</a>.</p>



<p>A comprehensive study conducted by researchers from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands, has shed light on the rapid spread of lionfish in the Mediterranean and the potential ecological impacts of this invasive species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venomous-spines-and-unconventional-beauty">Venomous spines and unconventional beauty</h2>



<p>Lionfish possess a striking appearance that sets them apart from other marine fish species. Their body bears a series of distinctive vertical stripes, alternating between dark brown or maroon and white. These stripes act as a warning coloration, signaling to potential predators that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/targeted-removal-of-lionfish-may-prove-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lionfish are venomous</a>. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a complex system of venomous spines along their dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. Their spines contain venom glands that can deliver a painful and potentially dangerous sting to humans and other predators. </p>



<p>The fins of lionfish are large and elongated, giving them a majestic and flowing appearance as they swim through the water. Their head features a series of elaborate, antennae-like projections called cirri, which add to their unique and striking appearance. </p>



<p>Lionfish can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm) in length and weigh up to 2.6 pounds (1.2 kg), making them a substantial presence in the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ravenous-lionfish-appetite-quickly-destroys-ecosystems">Ravenous lionfish appetite quickly destroys ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish are opportunistic and voracious predators that consume a wide variety of prey. Their diet primarily consists of small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. </p>



<p>They use their large, fan-like pectoral fins to corral and trap their prey before swiftly engulfing them with their expandable stomachs. They're also known to consume prey up to half their own body size, allowing them to take advantage of a broad range of food sources. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a high metabolism and can consume substantial amounts of prey in a single feeding session. Studies have shown that lionfish can reduce the abundance of native fish populations by up to 80% in heavily invaded areas. </p>



<p>Their indiscriminate appetite and ability to adapt to various prey species make them a significant threat to the biodiversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functional-eradication-may-be-the-best-approach-to-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems they invade</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seas-under-siege-as-lionfish-spread-around-the-world">Seas under siege as lionfish spread around the world</h2>



<p>The new study from <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University and Research</a>, published in the open-access journal <em>NeoBiota</em>, reveals that the lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> has significantly expanded its territory in the Mediterranean since the invasion began around a decade ago.</p>



<p>Lead author Davide Bottacini is very impressed by the adaptability of these predators. Expressing his astonishment, he explained, "After years studying these predators, I find it amazing how they can easily adjust to so many different environments and be successful in areas that are so different from the ones where they evolve."</p>



<p>Originally from the Indo-Pacific region, lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> and <em>Pterois volitans</em> are considered the most successful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive fishes</a> in marine ecosystems. They have established a presence in the eastern Mediterranean, with observations now extending to colder waters previously thought to be unsuitable for the species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-show-remarkable-resilience-in-new-ecosystems">Lionfish show remarkable resilience in new ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish exert a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lionfish-invasion-is-the-fastest-ever-reported-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant ecological impact</a> on the ecosystems they invade through their predatory behavior. As generalist predators, they voraciously consume a wide variety of native fish species, including those of high conservation value and endemic to the region.</p>



<p>Bottacini notes, "It is always impressive to see how such a flamboyant and–to us–conspicuous predator can approach its prey without being noticed." Native prey species, unaccustomed to lionfish, usually do not flee from this new predator.</p>



<p>Lionfish's indiscriminate appetite can drastically alter local fish communities and threaten biodiversity in invaded areas. Their efficient hunting tactics, combined with the naivety of native prey species unfamiliar with this new predator, allow lionfish to catch their prey with ease.</p>



<p>The presence of lionfish can lead to a decline in the abundance and diversity of native fish populations, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<p>The impact of lionfish extends beyond their immediate prey, as they may compete with other predators for food resources and alter the structure of the food web.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-red-sea-to-the-mediterranean">From the Red Sea to the Mediterranean</h2>



<p>Genetic studies have revealed that the lionfish found in the Mediterranean originate from the Red Sea and likely entered through the Suez Canal. </p>



<p>This finding underscores the importance of monitoring and regulating the movement of species through artificial waterways to prevent the introduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> into vulnerable ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study identifies gaps in our understanding of the lionfish's interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean ecosystems</a> and proposes future research directions to address these challenges. </p>



<p>Such information is vital for biodiversity conservation and will have practical implications for policymakers aiming to devise effective mitigation plans.</p>



<p>The researchers also highlight the crucial role of citizen science initiatives in tracking and reporting lionfish sightings. </p>



<p>Community involvement provides valuable data that supports ongoing research efforts and is essential for enhancing our understanding of the invasion dynamics and devising effective control measures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-and-the-future-of-earth-s-marine-ecosystems">Lionfish and the future of Earth’s marine ecosystems</h2>



<p>In summary, the lionfish invasion in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-in-the-mediterranean-are-moving-to-deeper-water-to-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a> demands immediate attention and action. As these adaptable predators continue to expand their territory and threaten the region's unique biodiversity, we must prioritize research efforts to better understand their ecological impact and develop effective mitigation strategies. </p>



<p>By fostering collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and local communities, we can work towards controlling the spread of lionfish and protecting the Mediterranean's delicate ecosystems. </p>



<p>The future of this remarkable sea and its countless species depends on our collective commitment to conservation and our willingness to confront the challenges posed by invasive species head-on.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110442/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a></em>.</p>



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Invasive lionfish continue conquering global marine ecosystems

The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is...

White-tailed,Deer,(odocoileus,Virginianus),Sniffs,Behind,Fawn's,Ears,-,Captive

<p>The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild expanse of trees and waterways – is undergoing a stealthy transformation. White-tailed deer, icons of more southerly landscapes, are migrating northward. </p>



<p>This slow-motion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>, meticulously tracked by scientists at the University of British Columbia (<a href="https://ok.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UBC</a>) Okanagan and their partners, is rewriting the rules of the forest, putting a beloved species, the woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/largest-on-earth-caribou-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, at further risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-landscape-from-migrating-white-tailed-deer">Changing landscape from migrating white-tailed deer</h2>



<p>The boreal forest is no stranger to cold, but climate change is making those winters milder. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-development-disrupts-mule-deer-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deer</a>, those less extreme conditions mean a better chance of finding food and avoiding harsh weather.</p>



<p>Our activities, from logging to energy exploration, inadvertently create open patches and young forests – a buffet for browsing deer.</p>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Rob Serrouya, a key member of the research team.</p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serrouya continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migrating-white-tailed-deer-are-disturbing-caribou">Migrating white-tailed deer are disturbing caribou</h2>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-deer-are-protected-from-deadly-disease-by-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deer</a> are ecosystem disruptors in the northern boreal forests," explained Melanie Dickie, a doctoral student at UBC Okanagan's <a href="http://atford.weebly.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Restoration Ecology Lab</a>. The following steps threaten caribou survival:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deer-population-increases">Deer population increases</h3>



<p>Climate change and human activities are transforming habitats. This creates favorable conditions for white-tailed deer in the boreal forest. Their population grows as a result. </p>



<p>Milder winters make survival easier for deer, boosting their numbers. Forestry and energy exploration activities also modify the landscape and clear old forests and introduce new food sources. These changes further support the deer population boom.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolf-surge">Wolf surge</h3>



<p>The increase in deer provides a plentiful food source for predators, including wolves. Wolves, being opportunistic feeders, thrive with the abundance of deer, which become their primary prey. </p>



<p>This surge in wolf population is directly linked to the availability of deer, as they rely on them for sustenance throughout the year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-decline">Caribou decline</h3>



<p>With more wolves in the forests, the pressure on other native species, particularly the woodland caribou, intensifies. Caribou are less equipped to handle predation pressure due to their slower reproductive rates and specific habitat requirements. </p>



<p>As wolves expand their hunting to include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-migratory-behavior-is-reflected-in-their-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, especially when deer are sparse or in areas where caribou are more accessible, the survival of this already threatened species becomes even more precarious.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change">Impact of climate change</h2>



<p>The research team spent years meticulously monitoring the situation. They strategically deployed 300 wildlife cameras across a huge swathe of the boreal, gathering motion-triggered snapshots of the forest's inhabitants. </p>



<p>This massive data, once analyzed, revealed those key findings: harsh winters put a natural limit on deer expansion, and while human habitat changes matter, they pale in comparison to the transformative power of a changing climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-migrating-white-tailed-deer-and-climate-change">Caribou, migrating white-tailed deer, and climate change</h2>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Serrouya, UBCO and Biodiversity Pathways researcher. </p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serroyua concludes.</p>



<p>The white-tailed deer invasion spotlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems – tug on one thread, and distant parts of the web might quiver. Woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-help-rare-plants-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a> are already facing an uphill battle, and this added challenge throws their future into greater doubt.</p>



<p>The northward march of the deer is a reminder that even subtle climate-driven changes can have ripple effects we must work to understand and mitigate. As researchers continue their work, wildlife management faces a new layer of complexity in their quest to preserve Canada's iconic caribou.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



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White-tailed deer are migrating north into caribou country due to warming climate

The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild...

<p>Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our winterscapes; it's a dynamic and multifaceted element of nature. </p>



<p>At first glance, describing snow seems straightforward - it's cold, white, and ubiquitous in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter</a> landscapes. </p>



<p>However, beneath its simple appearance lies a complex nature that has recently attracted significant scientific attention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deep-dive-into-the-complexity-of-snow">A deep dive into the complexity of snow</h2>



<p>A recent doctoral thesis defended at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>) in Gjøvik delves deep into the optical properties of snow. </p>



<p>The researcher, Mathieu Nguyen, has conducted an extensive study analyzing over a thousand images of snow to understand how it interacts with light.</p>



<p>Nguyen explained: "Snow reflects all wavelengths of light and can appear very different depending on the conditions and the angle at which light hits it. The age and density of the snow and air pollution also affect what it looks like. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-humidity-snowmelt-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Snow’s appearance</a> is a very complicated matter."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-sparkling-snow">The science of sparkling snow</h2>



<p>One of Nguyen's primary interests has been how snow absorbs and reflects sunlight, causing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-of-snowflakes-and-their-astonishingly-predictable-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow crystals</a> to sparkle spectacularly on sunny days. </p>



<p>These crystals act like tiny mirrors, reflecting sunlight directly at viewers and creating a "spark" effect in the landscape. This phenomenon is not only beautiful but also potentially very useful.</p>



<p>"Understanding how snow sparkles can help us in many practical ways, from improving road clearance decisions to enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/traces-of-a-glacier-avalanche/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avalanche</a> monitoring in mountainous regions," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-for-future-technologies">The potential for future technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of Nguyen's research are broad. He believes that this understanding could be crucial for the development of sensor technologies, especially in countries like Norway, where snow is a significant part of the landscape. </p>



<p>Such technologies could make winter travel safer, particularly with the advent of autonomous vehicles.</p>



<p>Furthermore, Nguyen's work could lead to more accurate methods for classifying different <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/six-different-types-snowflakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of snow</a> from images - a capability that is currently lacking. </p>



<p>"If we are to have fully autonomous cars here in Norway, this type of technology will also contribute to safer travel on winter roads," he noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-perspective-is-necessary">A global perspective is necessary</h2>



<p>To refine these classifications, Nguyen emphasizes the need for a more extensive dataset, ideally with images from various global locations. </p>



<p>"It will be important to get images from other places where the environment is different. Understanding how different levels of pollution play a role in the appearance and properties of snow will be crucial," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-in-digital-and-future-realities">Snow in digital and future realities</h2>



<p>The digital representation of snow, as seen in video games and simulators, often falls short of capturing its true complexity. </p>



<p>Nguyen's findings promise to bridge this gap, offering a more realistic depiction of snow that could enhance virtual experiences, especially as global climates change and snow becomes less prevalent in many regions.</p>



<p>Nguyen's dedication to his research could not only revolutionize our understanding of snow but also help us prepare for a future where snow might be a rarer sight. </p>



<p>"If we are to teach someone who may never have seen snow before what it is, we must be able to reproduce it in all its complexity," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-snow-research">The future of snow research</h2>



<p>With climate predictions suggesting significant reductions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/accurately-measure-snowfall-new/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a> across the Northern Hemisphere, Nguyen's work is timely. </p>



<p>By improving our understanding of snow's properties and enhancing its digital representation, this research not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also prepares us for a changing world where the familiar sight of winter snow may become a precious memory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about snow</h2>



<p>Snow is a form of precipitation that occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals. These crystals form unique, six-sided structures and can clump together to create snowflakes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Snow is distinct from other forms of winter precipitation such as sleet or freezing rain, primarily due to its soft, fluffy texture. It typically falls during colder months when the air temperature is at or below freezing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The presence of snow can influence an area's climate and ecosystem, providing moisture essential for many regions, and it is a key component of winter sports and recreational activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The insulating properties of snow also affect soil temperatures and plant life, impacting agriculture and wildlife patterns. Snow's reflective surface helps regulate the Earth's temperature by reflecting sunlight, thus playing a role in the global climate system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/2/35" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geosciences</em></a>.</p>



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Secrets of snow complexity can improve winter safety

Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our...

<p>Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness and lack of motivation. However, a recent study challenges these preconceived notions, shedding new light on the everyday lives of chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis users</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-busting-the-lazy-stoner-myth">Busting the lazy stoner myth</h2>



<p>The intriguing research, led by Michael Inzlicht, a professor in the Department of Psychology at <a href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U of T Scarborough</a>, was published in the journal <em>Social Psychological and Personality Science</em>. </p>



<p>The study surveyed 260 chronic cannabis users, defined as those who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americans-have-tried-cannabis-and-nearly-a-fifth-use-it-regularly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consume cannabis</a> at least three times a week or more, to investigate the effects of getting high on their daily lives.</p>



<p>"There is a stereotype that chronic cannabis users are somehow lazy or unproductive," says Inzlicht. "We found that's not the case -- their behaviors might change a bit in the moment while they're high, but our evidence shows they are not lazy or lacking motivation at all."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-high-and-getting-things-done">Getting high and getting things done</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting findings of the study relates to motivation. The researchers examined participants' willingness to exert effort in completing a task while high and found that they were just as motivated and willing to invest effort as when they were not under the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence of cannabis</a>.</p>



<p>The study did reveal that getting high led to lower levels of self-regulation, an important trait for accomplishing tasks. </p>



<p>When chronic users were high, they exhibited behaviors such as increased impulsivity, less thoughtfulness, and less orderliness. However, these factors did not make them less hard-working, responsible, or able to focus.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers discovered that chronic cannabis users experienced a boost in positive emotions like awe and gratitude. In addition, they reported a reduction in negative emotions such as fear and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety while high</a>. </p>



<p>However, those who consumed cannabis more frequently experienced more negative emotions both while high and while sober.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-weed-hangover-helps-debunk-the-cannabis-stereotype">No "weed hangover" helps debunk the cannabis stereotype</h2>



<p>The study found no evidence of a "weed hangover," meaning that chronic users did not experience a decline in emotional or motivational function the day after being high.</p>



<p>Professor Inzlicht runs the <a href="http://michaelinzlicht.com/#lab-view" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Work and Play Lab</a>, which focuses on self-control, motivation, empathy, and the use of social media, digital devices, and recreational cannabis. </p>



<p>He emphasizes the importance of taking a neutral, clear-eyed approach to studying the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects of cannabis</a> on chronic users in their everyday lives.</p>



<p>"Part of the motivation for this study is to take a neutral, clear-eyed approach to see how cannabis affects chronic users in their everyday lives," Inzlicht explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comparing alcohol and cannabis hangovers</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enduring-the-aftermath-of-a-night-of-drinking">Enduring the aftermath of a night of drinking</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-more-alcohol-hangovers-thanks-to-new-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alcohol hangovers</a> are a well-known phenomenon, characterized by a range of unpleasant symptoms that occur after a night of heavy drinking. These symptoms often include headaches, nausea, fatigue, dehydration, and sensitivity to light and sound. </p>



<p>The severity of an alcohol hangover depends on various factors, such as the amount and type of alcohol consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>The primary cause of alcohol hangovers is dehydration, as alcohol is a diuretic that promotes the production of urine. Additionally, alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach, leading to inflammation and the production of stomach acids, which can contribute to nausea and vomiting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Aftermath of cannabis use</h3>



<p>In contrast to alcohol hangovers, the concept of a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-cannabis-users-no-longer-need-conventional-sleep-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weed hangover</a>" is less clearly defined. While some cannabis users report experiencing residual effects the day after heavy use, these effects are generally milder and less debilitating than those associated with alcohol hangovers.</p>



<p>Research on the topic is limited, but some studies suggest that heavy cannabis use may lead to symptoms such as fatigue, dry mouth, and mild cognitive impairment the following day. </p>



<p>However, these effects are not universally experienced by all users and may depend on factors such as the amount and potency of cannabis consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>Unlike alcohol, cannabis does not cause dehydration or significant inflammation in the body, which may explain why cannabis hangovers are typically less severe than alcohol hangovers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hard-working-motivated-and-high-can-you-be-all-three">Hard-working, motivated, and high: Can you be all three?</h2>



<p>While this study is not an endorsement of heavy cannabis use, and there is ample research highlighting the risks associated with heavy use, especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">among adolescents</a>, it provides valuable insights into the experiences of regular users.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/start" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Statistics Canada</a> data shows that nearly one in 10 adult Canadians are regular cannabis users, coming from all walks of life. </p>



<p>Despite its increased legal and social acceptance, relatively little is known about the everyday experiences of these individuals.</p>



<p>"Our data suggests that you can be hard-working, motivated and a chronic cannabis user at the same time," concludes Inzlicht.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-cannabis-into-the-future-by-ditching-stereotypes">Taking cannabis into the future by ditching stereotypes</h2>



<p>In summary, this eye-opening study challenges deeply entrenched stereotypes about chronic cannabis users, revealing that they can be just as motivated, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runners-high-cannabis-makes-exercise-more-enjoyable-and-boosts-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hard-working</a>, and capable of exerting effort as non-users. </p>



<p>By taking a neutral, unbiased approach to examining the everyday experiences of regular cannabis users, Professor Michael Inzlicht and his team at the Work and Play Lab have opened the door to a more nuanced understanding of the effects of cannabis on individuals' lives. </p>



<p>As cannabis gains increasing legal and social acceptance, this research underscores the importance of moving beyond outdated stereotypes and focusing on evidence-based insights to inform our perceptions and policies surrounding cannabis use.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19485506241245744" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Social Psychological and Personality Science</a>.</em></p>



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Cannabis smokers are not lazy or unmotivated, despite stereotypes

Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>This creature’s head and body resemble discarded leaves and bark to fish passing by. But beneath this innocuous exterior is an effective killing machine. This species can easily ambush prey as it lurks beneath the surface – sucking unsuspecting animals in like a vacuum before they can even think to escape. Photo Credit: Wolfgang Kaehler/Getty Images</p>


Deadly Predator

<p>This curious beast has been a source of entertainment and speculation ever since it was first encountered by Europeans in the 18th century. Its thick shell and broad, flat face twisted in a permanent smile makes it look like a creature from another world. But instead of an alien planet, this reptile inhabits the waterways of countries such as Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru. Photo Credit: Seregraff/Getty Images </p>