<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. </p>



<p>The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.</p>



<p>“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.</p>



<p>“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



<p>“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”</p>



<p>According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”</p>



<p>Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.</p>



<p>Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



<p>Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Finally, the Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope</p>



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the Southern Ring Nebula, also known as NGC 3132, located about 2,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Vela. This remarkably detailed image was created using data from Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam).</p>



<p>The Southern Ring Nebula is one of the more famous examples of planetary nebulae, often studied for its beauty and valuable insights into the end stages of stellar evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stars-power-the-southern-ring-nebula">Stars power the Southern Ring Nebula </h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> is powered by two central stars in a binary system. The brighter star in visible light is actually a less massive companion, while the fainter, dimmer star is the dying, hot central star that has shed its outer layers to form the nebula. This star is a white dwarf and is responsible for the ionization of the gas in the nebula, causing it to glow.</p>



<p>“The bright star at the center of NGC 3132, while prominent when viewed by NASA’s Webb Telescope in near-infrared light, plays a supporting role in sculpting the surrounding nebula. A second star, barely visible at lower left along one of the bright star’s diffraction spikes, is the nebula’s source. It has ejected at least eight layers of gas and dust over thousands of years,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>“But the bright central star visible here has helped ‘stir’ the pot, changing the shape of this planetary nebula’s highly intricate rings by creating turbulence. The pair of stars are locked in a tight orbit, which leads the dimmer star to spray ejected material in a range of directions as they orbit one another, resulting in these jagged rings.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-the-southern-ring-nebula-nbsp">Key characteristics of the Southern Ring Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Southern Ring Nebula displays a complex structure with multiple layers of gas and dust. The outer shells of the nebula consist of hydrogen and other elements that were ejected from the dying star in previous stages of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>.&nbsp;These layers are illuminated by ultraviolet radiation from the central white dwarf.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coloration">Coloration</h3>



<p>The colors seen in the Southern Ring Nebula come from the different gases present. For example, hydrogen emits red light, while oxygen emits blue-green light. These colors help astronomers study the composition and dynamics of the nebula.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-shape">Size and shape</h3>



<p>The nebula spans about half a light-year in diameter. Its intricate, symmetrical structure provides valuable insights into the late stages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-collapse-black-hole-instead-of-supernova-vanish-from-sky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a>, especially the processes involved in the shedding of outer layers by dying stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spotlights-from-the-bright-star">Spotlights from the bright star</h2>



<p>ESA noted that hundreds of straight, brightly-lit lines pierce through the rings of gas and dust. “These ‘spotlights’ emanate from the bright star and stream through holes in the nebula like sunlight through gaps in a cloud.</p>



<p>“But not all of the starlight can escape. The density of the central region, set off in teal, is reflected by how transparent or opaque it is. Areas that are a deeper teal indicate that the gas and dust are denser - and light is unable to break free.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



<p>According to ESA, this is not only a crisp image of a planetary nebula - it also shows us objects in the vast distances of space behind it. The transparent red sections of the nebula are filled with distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-have-hearts-and-lungs-that-help-them-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>.</p>



<p>“Look for the bright angled line at the upper left. It is not starlight - it is a faraway galaxy seen edge-on. Distant spirals, of many shapes and colors, also dot the scene. Those that are farthest away - or very dusty - are small and red,” said ESA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-vela-nbsp">The constellation Vela&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Vela is a southern constellation that represents the sails of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation called Argo Navis, which depicted the ship of the mythological hero Jason and the Argonauts. In the 18th century, Argo Navis was divided into three separate constellations: Vela (the sails), Carina (the keel), and Puppis (the stern).</p>



<p>Vela is notable for containing several interesting astronomical features. One of its most prominent stars is Gamma Velorum, also known as Suhail or Regor, which is a bright, massive star system consisting of multiple stars.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The constellation also hosts the Vela Supernova Remnant, the remains of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> explosion that occurred about 11,000 years ago. This remnant is associated with the Vela Pulsar, a neutron star formed from the supernova explosion, which is one of the brightest pulsars in the sky.</p>



<p>Vela is best observed in the Southern Hemisphere, where it can be seen in the summer months, though it is partially visible in the Northern Hemisphere as well. Its position along the Milky Way makes it a popular region for both amateur and professional astronomers to explore.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI</p>



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Southern Ring Nebula in the constellation Vela 

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Harrat Khaybar, one of the largest volcanic fields in Saudi Arabia. This extensive lava field, which covers 5,400 square-miles, was formed by eruptions over the last five million years.</p>



<p>“According to the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program, the volcanic field is still active, and eight lava flows are less than 1,500 years old. The last known eruption was reported in Harrat Khaybar in the 7th century,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>A couple of the youngest volcanic vents in Harrat Khaybar can be seen in this <a href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/152000/152839/harratkhaybar_oli2_20240425_lrg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a>, which was captured by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jabal-qidr-nbsp">Jabal Qidr&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“These volcanoes resulted from different eruptive styles: Jabal Qidr is a stratovolcano (or composite cone); Jabal Abyad is a felsic dome; and Jabal Bayda is a tuff cone,” explained NASA.</p>



<p>“Jabal Qidr, in the northern part of the volcanic field, is built from several generations of dark, basaltic lava flows. Qidr has a 400-meter-diameter summit crater and exhibits the textbook cone shape of a stratovolcano. This is the only stratovolcano in the harrats of western Saudi Arabia.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jabal-abyad-nbsp">Jabal Abyad&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Visible in the center of the image, Jabal Abyad was formed from a more viscous, silica-rich lava classified as rhyolite, noted NASA.</p>



<p>"While Jabal Qidr exhibits the cone shape of a stratovolcano, Jabal Abyad is a lava dome - a rounded mass of thicker, more solidified lava flows. Abyad’s dome reaches over 2,090 meters above sea level, the highest elevation amongst all the surrounding harrats.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jabal-bayda-nbsp">Jabal Bayda&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To the west of Jabal Abyad is Jabal Bayda, a tuff cone <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-aspect-of-volcanic-eruptions-observed-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> with a much larger summit crater measuring 1,400 meters in diameter, stated NASA.</p>



<p>"Tuff cones form from the interaction of rising magma with water. When heated rapidly by lava, water turns to steam and expands violently, fragmenting the lava into plumes of very fine grains of ash.”</p>



<p>In Arabic, abyad and bayda are the masculine and feminine words for “white.” The lighter color of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mount-erebus-breaks-through-the-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> is associated with lava that has high silica content. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-harrat-khaybar-nbsp">More about Harrat Khaybar&nbsp;</h2>



<p>One of the notable features of Harrat Khaybar is its striking contrast between the black basaltic lava fields and white-colored rhyolitic lava domes. This contrast creates a visually stunning terrain, with some areas of the field resembling a lunar or Martian landscape.</p>



<p>Harrat Khaybar is part of a larger series of harrats, or lava fields, which are prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula. The largest of these volcanic fields is Harrat Rahat, which stretches over 20,000 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in Harrat Khaybar began millions of years ago and has continued into relatively recent times, with the last known eruptions occurring several thousand years ago.</p>



<p>The field is also notable for its archaeological sites, including ancient rock art, which provide insights into the early human habitation of the area. </p>



<p>The harsh environment of Harrat Khaybar has shaped both the natural ecosystem and the human activities throughout its history, making it a place of interest not only for volcanologists but also for archaeologists and ecologists.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-in-saudi-arabia">Volcanic activity in Saudi Arabia </h2>



<p>Saudi Arabia, despite being more commonly associated with vast deserts, has a surprising history of volcanic activity.</p>



<p>Volcanic eruptions have occurred over the past few thousand years, with the most recent major eruption occurring in the year 1256. That eruption, from a series of fissures, sent lava flowing towards the city of Medina, but it stopped before reaching the urban area. Historical records document the panic that followed, as people feared the destruction of the city.</p>



<p>While there hasn't been a significant eruption since, there are still signs of geothermal activity, such as hot springs and occasional minor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-music-will-yellowstones-seismic-activity-produce/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic activity</a>. </p>



<p>Researchers monitor the volcanic fields for any signs of future eruptions, though none are currently expected. Despite the long periods of dormancy, Saudi Arabia's volcanic landscape remains an important part of the country's natural history.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Harrat Khaybar: An active lava field in Saudi Arabia

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Earth Observatory features the Wapiti Fire in central Idaho, which was ignited by lightning on July 24, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than a month later, the fire continues to devastate areas across the Boise, Sawtooth, and Salmon-Challis National Forests.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-fire-activity">Explosive fire activity</h2>



<p>In its first month, the Wapiti Fire burned about 9,000 acres. It has now grown twelve times larger, burning more than 108,000 acres.</p>



<p>“Fire activity ramped up in late August, expanding its footprint to over 100,000 acres (400 square kilometers) by early September. The Wapiti fire, as well as the Middle Fork Complex fires burning nearby, have spurred evacuation orders and highway and public lands closures,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153274/wildland-fires-scorch-idaho-wilderness" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>By September 3rd, the Wapiti Fire was 2% contained, with firefighting efforts heavily focused on protecting nearby structures and communities, particularly around Stanley and Lowman.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-behavior-of-the-wapiti-fire-nbsp">Unpredictable behavior of the Wapiti Fire&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The fire's behavior has been unpredictable, intensifying during periods of unstable weather, especially when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thunderstorms</a> with strong winds have passed through. This has made containment difficult and forced the evacuation of multiple areas, including the communities along Idaho Highway 21.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Efforts to manage the fire include using air tankers to drop fire retardant and creating containment lines to prevent further spread. However, the fire continues to threaten homes and critical infrastructure, with many structures already lost. </p>



<p>Local authorities have emphasized the importance of residents being prepared for evacuation, advising them to gather essential documents and possessions in advance.</p>



<p>The fire has led to the closure of vast sections of national forest land, with restrictions expected to remain in place until at least the end of the year, depending on the fire's progression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensity-of-the-wapiti-fire-nbsp">Intensity of the Wapiti Fire&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to media reports, the intensity of the Wapiti Fire can be largely attributed to certain types of vegetation in the area that rapidly fuel fire. The main fuel in this case is timber in forests that already have “60-80% tree mortality from insects and disease,” </p>



<p>To make matters worse, the Wapiti Fire is burning in areas that are difficult to reach. The fire is located in steep and rugged terrain within the Boise National Forest that is challenging for firefighting crews to access. The difficult terrain and limited access routes have greatly complicated firefighting efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-caused-wildfires-nbsp">Lightning-caused wildfires&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Lightning is often responsible for igniting large, destructive fires, particularly in remote and forested areas. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-in-siberia-are-a-growing-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> occur when a lightning strike, typically from dry thunderstorms, ignites dry vegetation like grass, leaves, or trees.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contributing-factors">Contributing factors</h3>



<p>The intensity and frequency of these wildfires are influenced by several factors, including the amount of available dry fuel, the local climate, and the specific characteristics of the lightning strike itself, such as its intensity and duration.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-western-united-states-nbsp">Western United States&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In some regions, like the western United States, lightning is responsible for the majority of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, especially during the summer months when thunderstorms are more common. These fires can spread rapidly, driven by winds and the availability of dry fuel, making them difficult to control.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Lightning-caused wildfires can also lead to the formation of large fire complexes, where multiple fires merge into one, further complicating firefighting efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



<p>Interestingly, while lightning-caused wildfires can be destructive, they also play a crucial role in certain ecosystems. These fires can help to clear out dead vegetation, promote new growth, and maintain the health of fire-adapted ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-fire-weather">The future of fire weather</h2>



<p>The future of fire weather is deeply concerning, as climate change is expected to significantly worsen the conditions that lead to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-climate-paradox">The climate paradox</h2>



<p>As global temperatures rise, the atmosphere will hold more moisture, but paradoxically, many regions will experience more intense and prolonged droughts. This will dry out <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increased-co2-is-making-wildfires-more-severe-and-frequent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>, turning forests and grasslands into tinderboxes ready to ignite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, higher temperatures will increase the likelihood of extreme heat waves, which can further desiccate landscapes and create the perfect conditions for fires to spread rapidly and uncontrollably.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-precipitation-patterns-nbsp">Changing precipitation patterns&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Another factor influencing fire weather is changing precipitation patterns. While some areas might experience more rain, others will become drier, with rain increasingly falling in intense, short bursts rather than steady, prolonged periods. This leads to rapid runoff, reducing soil moisture and leaving the ground dry and more susceptible to fire. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wind-events-nbsp">Wind events&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The intensity and frequency of wind events, driven by shifting atmospheric patterns, are also expected to increase, which can fan the flames of wildfires, causing them to spread more quickly and making them harder to control.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-fire-seasons">Extended fire seasons</h3>



<p>In the future, fire seasons will likely become longer, and fires will grow in both size and intensity. Regions that have historically been less prone to wildfires may begin to see more frequent fire events as their climates change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of these factors will make managing wildfires more challenging, putting greater pressure on firefighting resources and leading to increased risks to human life, property, and ecosystems. </p>



<p>The future of fire weather is a harsh reminder of the broader impacts of climate change, and the urgent need to adapt to our new reality.</p>



<p>The Wapiti Fire image was captured on August 31, 2024 by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-"></h2>

Wapiti Fire in Idaho: Unpredictable and difficult to contain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.</p>



<p>The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. </p>



<p>The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the northeast coast of Somalia. This region, which borders the Indian Ocean, has a mix of sandy beaches and rugged cliffs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-northeast-somalia">A closer look at Northeast Somalia </h2>



<p>"The detailed image reveals a desert landscape etched by wind and water," said NASA. "Over time, streams have cut canyons into the earth. But streams in this region are ephemeral, making groundwater the main source of fresh water."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The water table is shallow (wells are typically drilled less than 20 meters deep) and meets the surface toward the coast, creating springs."</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, bidirectional winds sculpted the tan, brown, and reddish sand into transverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sand-dunes-hold-a-record-of-fire-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sand dunes</a> visible near the stream’s deltas. "The orientation of the sand dunes indicates that they were likely formed by summer winds blowing up the coast from the southwest."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy-of-northeast-somalia">Economy of Northeast Somalia </h2>



<p>The economy of northeast Somalia, specifically the autonomous region of Puntland, is primarily based on fishing, livestock, and trade. </p>



<p>Puntland has a long coastline along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, and the waters are home to various types of fish, including tuna, mackerel, and lobster. </p>



<p>However, the fishing industry is underdeveloped and faces challenges such as illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-fleets-hidden-industrial-fishing-activity-exposed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> by foreign vessels.</p>



<p>The arid and semi-arid lands are well-suited for raising goats, sheep, camels, and cattle. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Livestock</a> is the main export, with animals being sold to markets in the Middle East.</p>



<p>The region is home to important port cities like Bosaso, which is a hub for trade and commerce. These ports are vital for both the local and national economy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-northeast-somalia">Wildlife of Northeast Somalia </h2>



<p>The region includes a mix of desert-adapted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-desert-plants-are-not-immune-to-climate-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> and those that thrive in the more fertile areas near the coast and highlands. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mammals">Mammals</h3>



<p>Large mammals such as the Somali wild ass, a critically endangered species, and the gerenuk, a long-necked antelope, are among the most notable inhabitants. </p>



<p>The Somali wild ass is particularly suited to the harsh desert environment, while the gerenuk can survive long periods without water by feeding on moisture-rich vegetation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds">Birds</h3>



<p>Birdlife in Northeast Somalia is also abundant, with a variety of species adapted to different habitats ranging from coastal areas to dry savannahs. </p>



<p>Raptors such as the Somali ostrich and various eagles can be spotted, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-migratory-birds-navigate-with-such-accuracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a> that pass through the region during seasonal changes. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-life-reptiles-and-insects">Marine life, reptiles, and insects</h3>



<p>The coastal waters, especially along the Gulf of Aden, are home to dolphins, whales, and a variety of fish species.</p>



<p>The region's reptiles include various species of lizards, snakes, and tortoises, many of which are well-adapted to the arid conditions. Insects, particularly locusts and butterflies, play significant roles in the local ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-conservation">Wildlife conservation </h3>



<p>Despite its arid climate, Northeast Somalia's diverse ecosystems support a surprising range of wildlife, although many species face threats from habitat loss, overgrazing, and hunting. </p>



<p>Conservation efforts are ongoing, but the region's political instability has often hampered effective wildlife management and protection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-of-northeast-somalia">Culture of Northeast Somalia </h2>



<p>Northeast Somalia's culture is a mosaic of tradition, religion, and external influences, reflecting the resilience and adaptability of its people.</p>



<p>The region's culture is deeply intertwined with Islam, which influences daily life, social norms, and celebrations. Poetry and storytelling are highly valued, with oral traditions serving as a key method for passing down history and values. </p>



<p>Somalis from this region are known for their hospitality, with the concept of "sooryo" emphasizing the importance of welcoming guests.</p>



<p>Family ties and clan affiliations play a significant role in the social structure, dictating everything from marriage to conflict resolution. </p>



<p>The people of Northeast Somalia have a strong sense of identity and pride, which is often expressed through traditional dances, music, and clothing. Despite modern influences, there is a conscious effort to preserve traditional customs, especially in rural areas.</p>



<p>The photograph was captured on August 9, 2023 as the International Space Station orbited over the Horn of Africa.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</em></p>



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Northeast Somalia: A landscape shaped by wind and water

<p>While a mosquito bite may often be just a temporary nuisance, it can be a serious concern in many parts of the world. Some mosquitoes, such as <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, are responsible for spreading viruses that cause over 100 million cases of diseases like dengue, yellow fever, and Zika each year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another species, <em>Anopheles gambiae</em>, spreads the parasite that causes malaria, leading to more than 400,000 deaths annually, according to the <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a>. These figures have earned mosquitoes the title of the deadliest animals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-mosquitoes-locate-their-hosts">How mosquitoes locate their hosts</h2>



<p>Male mosquitoes are harmless, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">female mosquitoes require blood</a> for egg development. Given this, scientists have dedicated over a century to understanding how mosquitoes locate their hosts.</p>



<p>Through this research, experts have discovered that mosquitoes don’t rely on a single cue; instead, they use a combination of different senses at various distances to find their targets.</p>



<p>A team led by researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara (<a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSB</a>) has now added a new sense to the mosquito’s known capabilities: infrared detection. </p>



<p>They found that infrared radiation from a source at roughly the temperature of human skin doubles the mosquitoes’ host-seeking behavior when combined with CO2 and human odor.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-preference-for-the-infrared-source">Strong preference for the infrared source</h2>



<p>The mosquitoes showed a strong preference for the infrared source during their host-seeking activities. The researchers also identified where this infrared detection occurs and uncovered how it functions at the morphological and biochemical levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The mosquito we study, <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, is exceptionally skilled at finding human hosts,” said Nicolas DeBeaubien, co-lead author of the study and a former graduate student and postdoctoral researcher at UCSB in Professor Craig Montell’s laboratory. “This work sheds new light on how they achieve this.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-new-hosts-from-a-distance-nbsp">Detecting new hosts from a distance<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>It is well known that mosquitoes like <em>Aedes aegypti</em> use multiple cues to home in on their hosts from a distance. </p>



<p>“These include CO2 from our exhaled breath, odors, vision, (convection) heat from our skin, and humidity from our bodies,” explained Avinash Chandel, co-lead author and current postdoc at UCSB in Montell’s group. “However, each of these cues have limitations.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The insects have poor vision, and strong winds or rapid movements can disrupt their ability to track <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitoes-are-attracted-to-specific-scents-and-colors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical signals</a>.</p>



<p>Given these limitations, the researchers wondered if mosquitoes could detect a more reliable directional cue, like infrared radiation.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mosquitoes_thermal-infrared_track-humans_UCSB_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mosquitoes_thermal-infrared_track-humans_UCSB_1s.webp" alt="Loose fitting clothing lets through less IR, as demonstrated in this image. Photo Credit DeBeaubien and Chandel et al." class="wp-image-1942526"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Loose fitting clothing lets through less IR, as demonstrated in this image. Photo Credit<br>DeBeaubien and Chandel et al.</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>Within about 10 centimeters, mosquitoes can detect the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-mosquitoes-prefer-heat-and-thrive-in-the-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat</a> radiating from our skin. They can also sense the temperature of our skin once they land on it. </p>



<p>These abilities correspond to two of the three types of heat transfer: convection (heat carried away by air) and conduction (heat through direct contact).&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, heat energy can also travel longer distances when converted into electromagnetic waves, typically in the infrared (IR) spectrum. </p>



<p>Animals like pit vipers can detect thermal IR from warm prey, so the team wondered if mosquitoes, like <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, could do the same.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers placed female mosquitoes in a controlled environment and measured their host-seeking behavior in two zones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Both zones were exposed to human odors and CO2 at concentrations similar to what we exhale. However, only one zone was also exposed to IR from a source at skin temperature.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A barrier was used to prevent heat exchange through conduction and convection. The researchers then counted how many mosquitoes began probing as if searching for a vein.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infrared-radiation-and-mosquito-behavior-nbsp">Infrared radiation and mosquito behavior<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Adding thermal infrared radiation from a 34º Celsius source (about skin temperature) doubled the mosquitoes' host-seeking activity, identifying infrared radiation as a newly documented sense mosquitoes use to locate humans. The team discovered that this sense remains effective up to about 70 centimeters (2.5 feet).</p>



<p>“What struck me most about this work was just how strong of a cue IR ended up being,” DeBeaubien said. “Once we got all the parameters just right, the results were undeniably clear.”</p>



<p>Previous studies didn’t observe any effect of thermal infrared on mosquito behavior, but senior author Craig Montell suspects this is due to differences in methodology.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Any single cue alone doesn’t stimulate host-seeking activity. It’s only in the context of other cues, such as elevated CO2 and human odor, that IR makes a difference,” Montell said. Indeed, his team found that infrared alone has no impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-mosquitoes-detect-infrared-radiation">How do mosquitoes detect infrared radiation?</h2>



<p>It’s impossible for mosquitoes to detect thermal infrared radiation the same way they detect visible light because the energy of IR is far too low to activate the rhodopsin proteins that detect visible light in animal eyes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than about 700 nanometers won’t activate rhodopsin, and the IR generated from body heat is around 9,300 nm. </p>



<p>No known protein is activated by radiation with such long wavelengths, Montell said. However, there is another way to detect infrared radiation.</p>



<p>Consider heat emitted by the sun: it’s converted into IR, which streams through space and, when reaching Earth, warms the planet by interacting with atoms in the atmosphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“You have heat converted into electromagnetic waves, which is being converted back into heat,” Montell explained, noting that the IR coming from the sun has a different wavelength from the IR generated by our body heat, as the wavelength depends on the temperature of the source.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-body-heat-and-mosquito-neurons-nbsp">Human body heat and mosquito neurons<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The researchers hypothesized that our body heat, which generates IR, might hit certain neurons in the mosquito, activating them by heating them up. This would enable mosquitoes to detect the radiation indirectly.</p>



<p>Scientists have known that the tips of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mating-secrets-of-mosquitoes-may-help-us-gain-control-of-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquito’s antennae</a> contain heat-sensing neurons. The team found that removing these tips eliminated the mosquitoes’ ability to detect infrared radiation.</p>



<p>Another lab had identified the temperature-sensitive protein TRPA1 at the end of the antenna. The UCSB team observed that mosquitoes without a functional TRPA1 gene, which codes for the protein, couldn’t detect infrared radiation.</p>



<p>The tip of each antenna has peg-in-pit structures well-suited for sensing radiation. The pit shields the peg from conductive and convective heat, allowing highly directional IR radiation to enter and warm up the structure. The mosquito then uses TRPA1 - a temperature sensor - to detect infrared radiation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosquito-ir-detection-range">Mosquito IR detection range</h2>



<p>The heat-activated TRPA1 channel alone might not fully explain the range over which mosquitoes can detect IR. A sensor that exclusively relied on this protein may not be useful at the 70 cm range the team observed. </p>



<p>At this distance, there likely isn’t sufficient IR collected by the peg-in-pit structure to heat it enough to activate TRPA1.</p>



<p>Fortunately, Montell’s group had previously discovered in fruit flies that some rhodopsin proteins are quite sensitive to small increases in temperature.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although rhodopsins were originally thought to be light detectors, Montell’s group found that certain rhodopsins can be triggered by a variety of stimuli. </p>



<p>They discovered that proteins in this group are versatile, involved not only in vision but also in taste and temperature sensing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Upon further investigation, the researchers discovered that two of the 10 rhodopsins found in mosquitoes are expressed in the same antennal neurons as TRPA1.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosquito-sensitivity-to-infrared-radiation-nbsp">Mosquito sensitivity to infrared radiation<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Knocking out TRPA1 eliminated the mosquito’s sensitivity to infrared radiation. But mosquitoes with defects in either of the rhodopsins, Op1 or Op2, were unaffected.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Even knocking out both rhodopsins together didn’t entirely eliminate the mosquitoes’ sensitivity to IR, although it significantly weakened it.</p>



<p>The results indicated that more intense thermal IR - like what a mosquito would experience at closer range (about one foot) - directly activates TRPA1.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Meanwhile, Op1 and Op2 can be activated by lower levels of thermal IR and then indirectly trigger TRPA1. Since our skin temperature is constant, extending the sensitivity of TRPA1 effectively extends the range of the mosquito’s IR sensor to around 2.5 feet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Half the world’s population is at risk for mosquito-borne <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-may-slow-the-spread-of-dengue-fever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>, and about a billion people are infected each year, Chandel said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and global travel have expanded the range of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> beyond tropical and subtropical countries, bringing these mosquitoes to areas in the U.S., such as California, where they were not found just a few years ago.</p>



<p>The team’s discovery could help improve methods for controlling mosquito populations. For example, incorporating thermal IR from sources around skin temperature could make mosquito traps more effective.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings also help explain why loose-fitting clothing is particularly good at preventing bites. Loose clothing not only blocks mosquitoes from reaching our skin but also allows the IR to dissipate between our skin and the clothing, making it harder for mosquitoes to detect.</p>



<p>“Despite their diminutive size, mosquitoes are responsible for more human deaths than any other animal. Our research enhances the understanding of how mosquitoes target humans and offers new possibilities for controlling the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases,” DeBeaubien concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07848-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



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Mosquitoes use infrared vision to track and bite humans

While a mosquito bite may often be just a temporary...

<p>Scientists have ventured to the far reaches of the solar system, at least virtually, to gather the most precise measurements of the faint glow that fills the universe. The combined light from all sources outside of the Milky Way galaxy is known as the cosmic optical background.</p>



<p>In a recent study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5ffc"><em>The Astrophysical Journal</em></a>, experts analyzed data from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, which flew past Pluto in 2015 and is now nearly 5.5 billion miles from Earth.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faint-light-of-a-trillion-galaxies-nbsp">Faint light of a trillion galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research addresses a seemingly simple but profound question, according to co-author Michael Shull, an astrophysicist at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>: “Is the sky really dark?”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“At the dawn of time, the universe was a sea of light. But as it expanded, it cooled, dimmed, and matter came to the fore. Nearly 14 billion years after the Big Bang, space is now cold and dark,” noted the researchers.</p>



<p>“While our horizon encompasses almost a trillion galaxies that have formed over that time, they are terribly faint, and we need our most powerful telescopes to tally their presence directly.”</p>



<p>Although <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-space-is-even-darker-than-we-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> appears black to human eyes, scientists believe it’s not entirely devoid of light. Over the course of cosmic history, trillions of galaxies filled with stars have come and gone, leaving behind a faint, almost imperceptible light - a sort of cosmic night light.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-glow-of-the-universe-nbsp">Measuring the glow of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Shull and his team, led by Marc Postman from the <a href="https://www.stsci.edu/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> in Baltimore, calculated the intensity of this faint glow. The findings suggest that the cosmic optical background is about 100 billion times dimmer than the sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface - far too faint for human eyes to detect.</p>



<p>The results may help scientists better understand the history of the universe since the Big Bang.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We’re kind of like cosmic accountants, adding up every source of light we can account for in the universe,” said Shull, nothing that this effort to quantify the cosmic optical background has fascinated scientists for nearly half a century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fading-light-throughout-the-universe">Fading light throughout the universe</h2>



<p>Shull explained that after decades of research, astrophysicists believe they have a reasonably clear picture of how the universe evolved.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Galaxies first formed during a period called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/during-the-cosmic-dawn-of-our-universe-empty-space-looked-very-different/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cosmic Dawn</a>, a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. The light from these galaxies reached its peak brightness about 10 billion years ago and has been gradually fading ever since.</p>



<p>Accurate measurements of the cosmic optical background could help confirm whether this understanding of the universe is correct - or if there might be hidden, undiscovered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-map-all-of-the-matter-in-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">objects</a> contributing light to space. However, measuring this faint light isn’t easy, especially from Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-opportunity-to-observe-the-universe-s-glow-nbsp">Rare opportunity to observe the universe’s glow&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The area around Earth is filled with dust and debris. Sunlight reflects off this material, obscuring any signals from the cosmic optical background.</p>



<p>“A metaphor I use is if you want to see the stars, you need to get out of Denver,” Shull said. “You have to go way out, right to the northeast corner of Colorado where all you have ahead of you are South Dakota and Nebraska.”</p>



<p>New Horizons has provided scientists with a rare opportunity to achieve something similar in space.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-horizons-mission">New Horizons mission</h2>



<p>The New Horizons mission has deep roots in Colorado. Alan Stern, who was a graduate student at the University of Colorado Boulder under Shull and former Senior Research Associate Jack Brandt, leads the mission. He is currently based at the <a href="https://www.swri.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southwest Research Institute</a> in Boulder, Colorado.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The spacecraft also carries the Student Dust Counter, an instrument designed and built by students at CU Boulder’s <a href="https://lasp.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics</a> (LASP).</p>



<p>During the summer of 2023, the research team aimed New Horizons’ Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) at 25 different patches of sky.</p>



<p>Even at the outer edges of the solar system, the team still had to deal with excess light. For instance, the Milky Way galaxy sits within a halo that, like the solar system, contains dust. “You can’t get away from dust,” Shull noted. “It’s everywhere.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cosmic-optical-background-nbsp">The cosmic optical background&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers estimated how much light the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>’s halo could contribute and subtracted that from the data collected by LORRI. After accounting for all other sources of light, they were left with the faint glow of the cosmic optical background.</p>



<p>In scientific terms, this background equates to roughly 11 nanowatts per square meter per steradian (a steradian being a section of the sky with a width about 130 times the diameter of the moon).</p>



<p>Shull explained that this value aligns well with the number of galaxies scientists believe have formed since the Big Bang. </p>



<p>In other words, there doesn’t appear to be any mysterious objects, such as exotic particles, emitting significant amounts of light. However, the researchers can’t entirely rule out the possibility of such anomalies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-accurate-estimates-of-the-universe-s-glow-nbsp">Most accurate estimates of the universe’s glow&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The measurements are likely to remain the most accurate estimates of the universe’s glow for the foreseeable future. </p>



<p>New Horizons is using its remaining fuel for other scientific missions, and no other spacecraft are currently planned to venture into the cold and distant parts of space that New Horizons has explored.</p>



<p>“If they put a camera on a future mission, and we all wait a couple of decades for it to get out there, we could see a more exact measurement,” Shull concluded.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The faint glow of the universe is slowly dimming

Scientists have ventured to the far reaches of the solar...

<p>Where does a galaxy end and deep space begin? A recently published study on a gas clouds provides a bit of clarity on this question.</p>



<p>Galaxies aren't isolated entities floating in the void. They're surrounded by an invisible cloud of gas called the circumgalactic medium (CGM), which engulfs the visible galactic disc. </p>



<p>This gaseous halo constitutes about 70% of the galaxy’s mass excluding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theory-gravity-exists-without-mass-so-dark-matter-does-not-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>. Elusive till now, we've only been able to observe it indirectly, through the light absorbed from a background object like a quasar.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piercing-through-the-cosmic-veil">Piercing through the cosmic veil</h2>



<p>Imagine trying to visualize an entire forest through a narrow beam of light. That's pretty much the challenge scientists faced while studying the gaseous cloud, until now. </p>



<p>However, a cutting-edge study has pierced through this cosmic veil, observing the CGM of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-may-talk-to-galaxies-through-energetic-winds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located a whopping 270 million light years away.</p>



<p>The observed gas cloud extends a colossal 100,000 light years into space, while the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">starlight from the galaxy's disc</a>, the part we see, extends only 7,800 light years from its center.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-s-gas-in-action">Galaxy’s gas in action</h2>



<p>The lead author of the paper is Associate Professor Nikole M. Nielsen, a researcher with <a href="https://www.swinburne.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swinburne University</a> and ASTRO 3D, and an Assistant Professor at the <a href="https://www.ou.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oklahoma</a>. </p>



<p>With an ensemble of researchers from across the globe, they studied the connection between hydrogen and oxygen from the galaxy’s center to the far ends of space.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-s-influence">Galaxy's influence</h2>



<p>“We found it everywhere we looked, which was really exciting and kind of surprising,” says Dr. Nielsen. This observation traces out where the galaxy's influence ceases and where it becomes a part of what's surrounding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-collision-may-change-everything-we-know-about-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>It's like encountering a line in the cosmic sand, dividing the interstellar medium of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> from its CGM.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-s-gas-cloud-conditions">Galaxy's gas cloud conditions</h2>



<p>“In the CGM, the gas is being heated by something other than typical conditions inside galaxies, this likely includes heating from the diffuse emissions from the collective galaxies in the Universe and possibly some contribution is due to shocks,” says Dr Nielsen.</p>



<p>“It's this interesting change that is important and provides some answers to the question of where a galaxy ends,” she says. </p>



<p>The Keck Cosmic Web Imager (<a href="https://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/kcwi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KCWI</a>) on the 10-meter Keck telescope in Hawaii made this groundbreaking discovery feasible.</p>



<p>“These one-of-a-kind observations require the very dark sky that is only available at the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea,” said one of the paper’s authors, Swinburne’s Associate Professor Deanne Fisher.</p>



<p>The KCWI allows scientists to capture thousands of spectra simultaneously, changing how we measure and quantify the diffuse gas around galaxies. </p>



<p>Thanks to this instrument, it's the first time we've managed to take a snapshot of a galaxy's halo. This marks a revolutionary step in our understanding of galaxies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piecing-together-the-galactic-puzzle">Piecing together the galactic puzzle</h2>



<p>The circumgalactic medium plays a huge role in that cycling of that gas.</p>



<p>According to Dr. Nielsen, being able to understand what the CGM looks like around galaxies of different types -- ones that are star-forming, those that are no longer star-forming, and those that are transitioning between the two -- we can observe differences in this gas. </p>



<p>"This might drive the differences within the galaxies themselves, and changes in this reservoir may actually be driving the changes in the galaxy itself," Dr. Nielsen explained.</p>



<p>How do galaxies evolve? How do they get their gas? Where does that gas go? The study adds another piece in solving the puzzle that is galaxy evolution. The CGM plays a vital role in the cycling of the gas, fueling galaxies' growth over time.</p>



<p>By observing difference in gas around varied types of galaxies -- star-forming, non-star-forming, and transitioning -- it unfolds the granular picture of how galaxies change and interact, and the potential impact they might have on each other.</p>



<p>So, the next time you look up at the sky, try to imagine the cosmic dance unfolding in front of your eyes – galaxies intermingling, evolving, and forming the universe as we know it.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02365-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Galaxies are much bigger than we originally believed

Where does a galaxy end and deep space begin? A...

<p>Undeniably, this summer has left a searing imprint on us - not only have we endured the intense heat of 2024 but we have also grappled with the alarming reality of global warming. </p>



<p>Look at it this way – from June to August, we sweated under an average temperature of 16.8 degrees Celsius (62.24 degrees Fahrenheit), surpassing 2023's record by 0.03 degrees Celsius (0.05 degrees Fahrenheit). It's enough to send 2023 tumbling from its dubious pedestal of "hottest summer."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-august-madness-deja-vu-all-over-again">August madness: Déjà vu, all over again</h2>



<p>This year's August was a familiar foe - tying with last year's August as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-earths-hottest-day-ever-was-recorded-on-july-22-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hottest</a> ever. Although July had mercifully been slightly cooler, June was relentless, outshining its previous year's counterpart to secure the ominous "hottest summer" title for 2024. </p>



<p>July was the first time in more than a year that the world did not set a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">record</a>, a tad behind 2023, but because June 2024 was so much hotter than June 2023, this summer as a whole was the hottest, explained Copernicus Director Carlo Buontempo.</p>



<p>“What those sober numbers indicate is how the climate crisis is tightening its grip on us,” said Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Research</a>, who wasn’t involved in this study. It's a chilling tale of the climate crisis gradually tightening its grip on our lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humidity-in-the-summer-of-2024">Humidity in the summer of 2024</h2>



<p>Ever noticed how high temperatures seem to usher in higher humidity levels? This summer, we potentially set another unwanted record for air humidity levels. </p>



<p>Buontempo was initially unsure whether 2024 would smash the hottest year record set last year - mostly because August 2023 was so much hotter than average. But now that August 2024 has matched 2023, Buontempo is “pretty certain” that this year will snatch the "hottest year" title.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-forward-projections">Alarming forward projections</h2>



<p>How do we put a stop to 2024's record-breaking summer spree? It would take an unexpected and drastic cooling spell in the upcoming months, which, according to Buontempo, is highly improbable. </p>



<p>“In order for 2024 not to become the warmest on record, we need to see very significant landscape cooling for the remaining few months, which doesn’t look likely at this stage,” Buontempo said.</p>



<p>Even the anticipated respite of the natural cooling event of La Niña may not suffice to deter 2024 from a sweep of the "hottest year" title.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summer-2024-beyond-the-numbers">Summer 2024: Beyond the numbers</h2>



<p>“This all translates to more misery around the world as places like Phoenix start to feel like a barbecue locked on high for longer and longer stretches of the year,” said climate scientist Jonathan Overpeck of the <a href="https://umich.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>. The Arizona city has had more than 100 days of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees Celsius) weather this year.</p>



<p>“With longer and more severe heat waves come more severe droughts in some places, and more intense rains and flooding in others. Climate change is becoming too obvious, and too costly, to ignore.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battlefield-of-extreme-weather">Battlefield of extreme weather</h2>



<p>The continuous barrage of extreme weather we're facing gives us the eerie feeling of being in a war zone, according to Jennifer Francis, a climate scientist at the <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woodwell Climate Research Center</a>. </p>



<p>She urges us to recognize the incessant cacophony of heatwaves, floods, wildfires, and high winds as not mere weather quirks, but dire warnings.</p>



<p>“Like people living in a war zone with the constant thumping of bombs and clatter of guns, we are becoming deaf to what should be alarm bells and air-raid sirens,” Francis said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-under-the-climate-hammer">Under the climate hammer</h2>



<p>As the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> recede, a harsher reality emerges - we are facing what mainly stems from long-term human-induced climate change. </p>



<p>Our actions, particularly the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas, have led us here. Buontempo warns that we are likely to experience more heatwaves and temperature extremes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scorching-summer-of-2024">Scorching summer of 2024</h2>



<p>Despite a relatively mild summer in the UK, the global scenario has been far from forgiving. This year, the first eight months alone have recorded a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global-average temperature</a> anomaly 0.70°C above the 1991-2020 average. </p>



<p>Unless we witness an unprecedented plunge of at least 0.30°C in the average anomaly for the rest of the year, 2024 could outdo 2023, a prospect unheard of in the ERA5 dataset.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweltering-epidemic-of-heatwaves">Sweltering epidemic of heatwaves</h2>



<p>Multiple countries spanning the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia have sweltered under the year's record-breaking heat, resulting in drastic water shortages and loss of lives, particularly in Mexico and Central America.</p>



<p>It's about time we actively heed these warnings. Samantha Burgess, Deputy Director of CS3, asserts that we need urgent action to curtail greenhouse gas emissions or brace ourselves for more extreme temperature-related events and their catastrophic aftermaths. Isn't it time we turned the heat down a notch?</p>



<p>This was a comprehensive rundown of 2024, our planet's most sweltering summer to date. This isn't to institute fear, but to inspire change. Let's take this as a not-so-gentle nudge to do our part in salvaging our planet. After all, every little effort counts.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scorching summer of 2024 could make it the hottest year on record

Undeniably, this summer has left a searing imprint on us...

<p>In our animated world, life teems with activity day and night. Unseen to the human eye, tiny bacteria - the oldest life forms on Earth - have a secret internal rhythm that they use to sense the arrival of new seasons. Bacteria are, in fact, able to "set" their internal 24-hour clocks to predict the coming cold.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-clock-of-bacteria">Biological clock of bacteria</h2>



<p>Findings from a recent study could give a fresh insight into adapting to climate change. The focus of the study was cyanobacteria, a type of blue-green algae. Researchers created an artificial environment with varying day lengths at a constant warm temperature to see how these tiny organisms would react. </p>



<p>The bacteria were exposed to either short days, equinox days (equal light and dark), or long days - all part of an "ice bucket challenge."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-icy-stress-test">Icy stress test</h2>



<p>After eight days, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turning-plants-into-carbon-capture-machines-with-cyanobacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cyanobacteria</a> were subjected to an ice bath for two hours, and survival rates were observed. </p>



<p>These microscopic organisms, which had been conditioned to a sequence of short days before the icy stress test, had survival rates of 75%. Astoundingly, this was up to three times higher than those that had not been prepped in this way.</p>



<p>Just one short day wasn't enough to boost their cold resistance. It took a series of short days, ideally six to eight, for their chance of survival to notably improve.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-biological-clocks-in-bacteria">Role of biological clocks in bacteria</h2>



<p>Interestingly, when these bacteria had their biological clock genes removed, their survival rates were the same regardless of day lengths. </p>



<p>What does this tell us? It shows that their ability to measure the day-night cycle - known as photoperiodism - is crucial for adapting to longer-term environmental changes such as a new season or climate shifts.</p>



<p>"After a certain number of short days, similar to autumn, they 'switch' to a different physiology in anticipation of the wintry challenges that lie ahead," explained Dr. Luísa Jabbur, the first author of the study.</p>



<p>Dr Jabbur conducted this research under the guidance of Professor Carl Johnson at <a href="https://www.vanderbilt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vanderbilt University</a>, Tennessee, and currently holds a BBSRC Discovery Fellow at the John Innes Centre.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-clocks-and-seasons">Bacteria, clocks, and seasons</h2>



<p>Previous studies have shown that bacteria possess a version of a biological clock, which could offer an evolutionary advantage by measuring differences in day-night length. But this research is the first of its kind to demonstrate that photoperiodism in bacteria evolved to anticipate seasonal cues.</p>



<p>The question that this uncovers is, how does an organism with a lifespan of just six to 24 hours evolve a mechanism not merely to react to, but to anticipate, future conditions?</p>



<p>"It’s like they are signaling to their daughter cells and their granddaughter cells, passing information that the days are getting short, you need to do something," said Dr. Jabbur.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-our-tiny-organisms">What's next for our tiny organisms?</h2>



<p>The John Innes Centre, where Dr. Jabbur is currently based, will further use cyanobacteria to understand how photoperiodic responses might evolve in other species during climate change.</p>



<p>Dr Jabbur believes that unlocking the secrets of these tiny organisms could hold the key to major future advancements, such as improving crop resilience in the face of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-clocks-and-agriculture">Bacteria clocks and agriculture</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend far beyond the microscopic world of cyanobacteria. Understanding how these organisms adapt their physiological responses in anticipation of environmental changes could potentially transform agricultural practices.</p>



<p>If we can harness the mechanisms of photoperiodism in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>, we might be able to enhance crop resilience against climate variances and extreme weather patterns. </p>



<p>By selectively breeding or genetically modifying crops to respond similarly, we can create varieties that are better equipped to handle sudden changes in temperature or precipitation, thus ensuring food security in a tumultuous climate landscape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broadening-our-perspective">Broadening our perspective</h2>



<p>This discovery on the biological clock of bacteria also encourages a re-evaluation of the role that microbial life plays within ecosystems. Traditionally, bacteria have been viewed largely through the lens of their immediate impacts on health and decay.</p>



<p>Yet, as these findings illustrate, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-pass-down-memories-to-future-generations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> exhibit remarkable adaptations to environmental shifts, suggesting a more profound ecological intelligence than previously acknowledged. </p>



<p>This broadened perspective invites us to consider the contributions of microorganisms in not only maintaining ecosystem balance but also in addressing the challenges posed by climate change.</p>



<p>Through a collaborative effort that merges microbiology, ecology, and agricultural science, we can better appreciate and leverage the incredible capabilities of these tiny life forms in our quest for sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-laugh-and-a-legacy">A laugh and a legacy</h2>



<p>This discovery is indeed a promising scientific breakthrough for Dr Jabbur, who faced initial skepticism from her scientific mentor, Professor Carl Johnson. But as they say, the proof is in the pudding, and her experiments were successful.</p>



<p>“As well as being a fascinating person and an inspiration, Carl sings in the Nashville Symphony Chorus, and he has an operatic laugh! It echoed round the department when I first outlined my idea for the icy challenge, to see if photoperiod was a cue for cyanobacteria in their natural element,” said Dr. Jabbur. </p>



<p>“To be fair he told me to go away and try it, and as I went, he showed me a sign on his door with the Frank Westheimer quote: ‘Progress is made by young scientists who carry out experiments that old scientists say would not work.’&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It did work, first time. Then I repeated the experiments. There is something very precious about looking at a set of plates with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hungry-bacteria-will-devour-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> on them and realizing that in that moment you know something that nobody else knows.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado8588" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Bacteria use biological clocks to predict and survive cold weather

In our animated world, life teems with activity day and...

<p>The universe is an infinite abyss filled with curiosities that have been puzzling humankind since we first craned our necks to the moonlit sky. Among these mysteries, the origins and mergers of supermassive black holes hold a special place.</p>



<p>Imagine a celestial entity with mass a million times that of the sun, tucked away in the center of a galaxy. That's not just any old space mystery - it's one of the grandest enigmas of the cosmos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-hole-merger-events">Black hole merger events</h2>



<p>Researchers from the Nevada Center for Astrophysics at UNLV (NCfA) have recently made some intriguing revelations about these mighty <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jwst-has-detected-most-distant-black-hole-merger-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic phenomena</a>.</p>



<p>The focus of their study was the supermassive black hole at the heart of our Milky Way galaxy, known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). The evidence points to an enticing possibility - Sgr A* is likely the offspring of a past cosmic merger.</p>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Nature Astronomy</em>, the study explored recent observations from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2022, the EHT achieved something phenomenal - it procured the first direct image of Sagittarius A*.</p>



<p>By syncing data from eight existing radio observatories worldwide, scientists created a mammoth Earth-sized virtual telescope.</p>



<p>Two astrophysicists from UNLV, Yihan Wang and Bing Zhang, leveraged this invaluable EHT data to probe how Sgr A* might have come into existence. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spin-and-misalignment-mystery">Spin and misalignment mystery</h2>



<p>Supermassive black holes are believed to grow either via the gradual accumulation of matter or by two existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-are-not-the-secret-source-of-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a> merging.</p>



<p>Wang and Zhang examined various growth models to comprehend the peculiar rapid spin and misalignment of Sgr A* in regard to the Milky Way’s angular momentum. </p>



<p>After rigorous research, they established that these odd traits hint at a significant merger event involving Sgr A* and another <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-binary-black-holes-secrets-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black hole</a>, most likely from a satellite galaxy.</p>



<p>“Our understanding of how supermassive black holes grow and evolve will greatly benefit from this discovery,” said Wang, the lead author of the study.</p>



<p>"The misaligned high spin of Sgr A* indicates that it may have merged with another black hole, causing a dramatic alteration in its amplitude and orientation of spin.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-hole-merger-theory">Black hole merger theory</h2>



<p>The researchers didn’t just make these claims on a whim. They ran sophisticated simulations and tested numerous scenarios consistent with the observed spin properties of Sgr A*<em>. </em></p>



<p>The results suggested that a merger with a 4:1 mass ratio and a highly inclined orbital configuration could potentially replicate Sgr A's spin specifics.</p>



<p>“Around 9 billion years ago, after the Milky Way merged with the Gaia-Enceladus galaxy, this merger probably took place,” said Zhang, a distinguished professor of physics and astronomy at UNLV and the founding director of the <a href="https://ncfa.physics.unlv.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCfA</a>.</p>



<p>“Not only does this event back the hierarchical black hole merger theory, but it also enlightens us on our galaxy's dynamic history.”</p>



<p>Sgr A* is not just any old celestial entity. It is perched at the center of our galaxy, more than 27,000 light-years from Earth. And to visualize this massive player, we need advanced tools like the EHT that facilitate direct imaging and help scientists test their predictive theories.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-galactic-history">Unraveling galactic history</h2>



<p>The implications of understanding the formation of supermassive black holes extend far beyond the singularities themselves; they offer insights into the evolutionary narrative of galaxies. </p>



<p>The merger events that lead to the creation of these cosmic titans may also reveal how galaxies like our Milky Way have sculpted their environments over billions of years. When we witness black holes of immense scale, we are essentially gazing back through time to comprehend pivotal epochs of cosmic history.</p>



<p>These phenomena serve as markers of significant interactions with other celestial bodies, allowing astrophysicists to piece together a more comprehensive picture of the galactic tapestry we inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-and-implications">Impact and implications</h2>



<p>The researchers anticipate that their findings will bear substantial implications for future observations. In particular, they would be valuable for upcoming space-borne gravitational wave detectors like the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA).</p>



<p>Slated for launch in 2035, LISA is predicted to detect similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/merging-quasars-cosmic-dawn-reveal-how-early-universe-formed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black holes</a> mergers across the cosmos. </p>



<p>The researchers concluded: "The inferred merger rate, consistent with theoretical predictions, suggests a promising detection rate of SMBH mergers for the space-borne gravitational wave detectors expected to operate in the 2030s."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02358-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Astronomy.</em></a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Milky Way's black hole formed through a merger

The universe is an infinite abyss filled with curiosities that...

<p>Imagine this: with just a focus on 0.7% of the world's land, we could safeguard a third of the world's endangered tetrapod species. How? The answers lie in a recent study from Imperial College London, On the Edge, and ZSL.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-conservation-efforts">New era of conservation efforts</h2>



<p>We live in a world teeming with biodiversity, where 0.7% of our planet's land can house a stunning one third of threatened tetrapod species. </p>



<p>The team at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>, backed by supporting organizations, On the Edge and ZSL, have adopted a new perspective for conservation. </p>



<p>Focused on regions boasting wondrous biodiversity and species with unique evolutionary traits and global endangerment, they're setting the stage for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-we-failing-the-worlds-most-threatened-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new era of conservation efforts</a>.</p>



<p>The list of endangered species in their radar ranges from a very unique lemur in Madagascar, called the aye-aye, and a bird that seems like it’s put on high heels and a cape, the secretary bird. </p>



<p>There’s also a frog that looks like it’s preparing for a masquerade ball with a pig nose, known as the purple frog, and let's not forget the gharial, an endangered crocodile species from India with a nose so long it would give Pinocchio a run for his money.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proactive-protection-or-persistent-pressure">Proactive protection or persistent pressure?</h2>



<p>Despite these identifiable hotspots of biodiversity, the unfortunate truth is that only 20% of these areas are under any form of protection. Human activities continue to exert growing pressures on these regions, almost like tightening a noose around our own natural wealth.</p>



<p>Sebastian Pipins, a PhD candidate at the Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, and the lead author of this study, provides his insights. He emphasizes the immediate concern these regions pose due to their exceptional biodiversity richness. </p>



<p>"Our research highlights the regions of the world that are of immediate concern. Furthermore, it shows that in protecting just a fraction of the Earth’s land surface, huge gains can be made for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-is-tracking-endangered-animal-habitats-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preservation</a> of nature," said Pipins.</p>



<p>"Given the global importance of the biodiversity found within these regions, high-income countries must mobilize funding to facilitate sustainable development that can benefit both humans and nature."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-on-the-edge-of-extinction">On the edge of extinction</h2>



<p>This project isn’t about conservation alone. It's also about preserving the evolutionary narrative of our world, written over millennia. </p>



<p>EDGE is short for Evolutionarily Distinct (ED) and Globally Endangered (GE) species. These are creatures that have few or no close relatives today, carrying unique evolutionary stories on the brink of being silenced forever.</p>



<p>With nearly 3,000 EDGE species mapped out, the team identifies 25 "EDGE Zones" for impactful conservation efforts. </p>



<p>These areas are biodiversity-rich hotspots, such as large portions of Southeast Asia and the Indo-Gangetic plain, the Amazon basin, the Atlantic Forest, Hispaniola, Cameroon's highlands, and the Eastern Arc mountains of East Africa.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the greatest concentration of EDGE species was found in less than 100 square kilometers in Madagascar. Along with Mexico and Indonesia, it hosts the highest number of EDGE species. It's almost like they're the VIP lounges for the world's most <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique creatures</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-unique-endangered-species">Saving unique, endangered species</h2>



<p>Dr. Rikki Gumbs, a co-author of the study from the ZSL’s EDGE of Existence program, drops a stark reality check on us: Three-fourths of the world's most unique animals are confined to a single country.</p>



<p>Most EDGE Zones, especially in Southeast Asia, face an impending biodiversity disaster due to human disturbances. </p>



<p>It's not just about protecting our unique creatures; we're also dealing with a scenario where humans residing in these EDGE Zones face deprivation in health, education, and living standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-priceless-biodiversity-of-endangered-species">Priceless biodiversity of endangered species</h2>



<p>Governments often struggle to strike a balance between addressing human needs and preserving biodiversity. The researchers emphasize that high-income countries must step up to the plate, mobilizing funding for sustainable development benefiting both humans and nature.</p>



<p>The team's ambitious global goal? Get more EDGE Zones under protected status, with the current figure standing at a dismal 20 percent. As the planet gears up for COP16 Biodiversity Conference, it's time to push for increased commitments and resources to preserve and restore our shared natural world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-picture-for-biodiversity">Bigger picture for biodiversity</h2>



<p>This study isn't about conservation of endangered species alone. It's about preserving the library of life on Earth, where every creature holds a unique tale of evolution. Our researchers strongly believe that the EDGE Zone approach can be extended to other important groups of wildlife, including plants and fish.</p>



<p>The charitable organization On the Edge and the ZSL's EDGE of Existence program are already using the research findings to guide their activities. Here's hoping that these campaigns and regional efforts, combined with storytelling and increased funding, will turn the tide for the unique species of the world.</p>



<p>In the end, we're talking about securing 0.7% of our planet's land to protect a third of our threatened tetrapods. It's a small shift in perspective, but it carries a massive potential for positive change. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51992-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Protecting just 0.7% of land can save many unique species

Imagine this: with just a focus on 0.7% of the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>Cecilia and Miley had their hands full raising all 16 puppies. Luckily, Cecilia’s partner was there to help out. He loved Miley and dalmatians just as much Cecilia so he was more than happy to help look after them. But it was no easy feat. Taking care of a litter of 16 puppies is harder than it looks.</p>


Willing To Help