Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features an incredible new image of the Crab Nebula in bright neon colors. 



“The unusual image was produced by combining data from telescopes spanning nearly the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



Colored in red, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) provided information about the nebula gathered in the radio regime.



NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope took infrared images, which appear yellow, while the NASA/ESA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-captures-another-cosmic-masterpiece-in-galaxy-ngc-2217/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope provided images made in optical wavelengths, colored in green.&nbsp;



Blue colors represent ultraviolet observations made by ESA’s XMM-Newton telescope, and the purple colors are X-ray radiation data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-about-the-crab-nebula-nbsp">About the Crab Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Crab Nebula, located in the constellation Taurus, contains the remnants of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova explosion</a> first observed on Earth in 1054 AD. This explosion was recorded by Chinese astronomers and possibly by Native American rock art.&nbsp;



The nebula spans about 11 light-years across and lies approximately 6,500 light-years away from Earth. It is one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-crab-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studied objects</a> in the sky, largely due to its status as a bright and dynamic supernova remnant.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crab-pulsar">The Crab Pulsar</h2>



The Crab Nebula contains a pulsar at its center, which is a rapidly rotating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slow-spinning-neutron-star-completely-defies-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron star</a> that emits pulses of radiation. This pulsar, known as the Crab Pulsar, spins about 30 times per second and is a significant source of gamma rays and other forms of high-energy radiation.&nbsp;



The nebula itself is a complex structure of filaments and synchrotron radiation. The filaments are remnants of the original star's outer layers, while the synchrotron radiation emerges from electrons spiraling in the magnetic fields produced by the pulsar.



“Surrounding the pulsar lies a mix of material; some of it was originally expelled from the star before it went supernova, and the rest was ejected during the explosion itself,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



“Fast-moving winds of particles fly off from the neutron star, energizing the dust and gas around it. These different layers and intricacies of the nebula can be observed in all of the different wavelengths of light.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crab-nebula-observation-nbsp">Crab Nebula observation&nbsp;</h2>



Throughout its history, the Crab Nebula has provided critical insights into the processes of stellar death, the behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pulsars-are-helping-astronomers-pinpoint-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsars</a>, and the mechanics of supernova remnants.&nbsp;



Its continuous observation has revealed changes over time, such as the expansion of its filaments and variations in its brightness, offering a dynamic laboratory for astrophysical studies.



Overall, the Crab Nebula is a highly energetic and object, providing valuable insights into the processes following a supernova explosion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-nebulae">Fascinating facts about nebulae</h2>



Nebulae are some of the most breathtaking and intriguing structures in the universe. They are vast clouds of gas and dust, often considered stellar nurseries where new stars are born. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-of-nebulae">Colors of nebulae </h3>



One of the most fascinating aspects of nebulae is their ability to glow in different colors. This occurs because they either reflect the light of nearby stars or emit light due to the ionization of gases within them, particularly hydrogen. 



Some nebulae, like the famous Orion Nebula, are visible to the naked eye and serve as one of the nearest regions of active star formation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae">Planetary nebulae </h3>



Stars are born in dense regions of nebulae, and when they die, some will expel their outer layers, creating stunning structures known as planetary nebulae. The colorful clouds left behind can shine brightly for thousands of years. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-size">Massive size</h3>



Another amazing fact is that some nebulae are so vast that light can take years to travel from one side to the other, stretching across hundreds of light-years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-remnants">Star remnants </h3>



Perhaps even more mind-boggling is the fact that nebulae are the remnants of previous generations of stars. Supernova explosions of massive stars can create these glowing clouds of gas and dust, seeding the cosmos with the elements necessary for the formation of new stars and planets.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Dubner (IAFE, CONICET-University of Buenos Aires) et al.; A. Loll et al.; T. Temim et al.; F. Seward et al.; VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF; Chandra/CXC; Spitzer/JPL-Caltech; XMM-Newton/ESA; and Hubble/STScI



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Crab Nebula: The brilliant remains of a massive star explosion

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features wildfires in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. These fires have been some of the most devastating in recent history.&nbsp;



The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on September 9, 2024. “The infrared signal acquired by the mission’s multispectral instrument allows the extent of the burned areas to be seen and highlights where the fires were still active on the date of acquisition,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brazil-fires-of-2024">Brazil fires of 2024</h2>



2024 has shaped up to be one of Brazil's most intense fire seasons. The country is facing its worst drought since national measurements began, which has fueled a surge in wildfires across critical regions like the Amazon, the Pantanal wetlands, and the Cerrado savanna.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-amazon">The Amazon</h3>



By September 2024, Brazil had already recorded nearly 160,000 fires - the highest number since 2010. In the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/">Amazon</a>, the first half of the year saw the most wildfires in 20 years, with fire activity up by 40% compared to previous record years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-deforestation-nbsp">Climate change and deforestation&nbsp;</h3>



Climate change and human-driven deforestation are worsening the situation. The combination of extreme drought, slash-and-burn agriculture, and the ongoing degradation of forests has created ideal conditions for fire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a> to spread uncontrollably. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-in-the-pantanal-nbsp">Fires in the Pantanal&nbsp;</h2>



Regions like the Pantanal have been especially hard-hit, with large portions of the biome burned earlier than usual, long before the peak of fire season.



The fires have significantly impacted the fragile ecosystem of the Pantanal, which is one of the world’s largest tropical wetlands.&nbsp;



Between August 1 and 27, over 3,800 fires were recorded in the Pantanal, marking an alarming increase compared to the previous year.&nbsp;



These fires have led to severe damage to local wildlife, with hundreds of animals, including jaguars and anteaters, suffering from burns. Firefighters have been mobilized, but the scale of the fires and the vast, difficult-to-access areas have made containment efforts challenging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irreversible-impacts-on-biodiversity">Irreversible impacts on biodiversity</h2>



Furthermore, the fires have released toxic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a> that has spread across Brazil, affecting cities as far as São Paulo and Brasília. The use of satellite imagery from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has been crucial in monitoring the active fires and the extent of burned areas. 



Environmentalists are warning that the destruction of native vegetation and animal habitats could have long-term, irreversible effects on the region’s biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-wildfires">Climate change and wildfires</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-attribute-extreme-heat-and-wildfires-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> and wildfires are deeply interconnected. As the Earth's climate warms due to the increase in greenhouse gases, many regions around the world are experiencing hotter, drier conditions. 



These changes create the perfect environment for wildfires to ignite and spread. Warmer temperatures dry out vegetation, making forests and grasslands more flammable.&nbsp;



When a spark - whether from a lightning strike, a human activity, or another source - hits this dry vegetation, fires can erupt rapidly and become difficult to control.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-fire-seasons">Longer fire seasons</h3>



In addition, changing weather patterns have led to longer fire seasons in many parts of the world. Areas that were once too wet or cool to experience frequent fires are now seeing them more often.&nbsp;



For example, the Arctic and subarctic regions, including parts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-in-siberia-are-a-growing-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Siberia</a> and Alaska, have experienced unusually intense wildfires in recent years, partly due to warming temperatures and thawing permafrost.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-severity">Fire severity</h3>



Climate change also affects the severity of fires. Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to more extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, which can generate lightning and ignite fires.&nbsp;



Furthermore, prolonged droughts caused by changing rainfall patterns make forests more susceptible to large, destructive wildfires. Once a fire starts, the hot, dry conditions fuel its rapid spread, often overwhelming firefighting efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinforcing-feedback-loop">Reinforcing feedback loop</h2>



The aftermath of wildfires further exacerbates climate change. When forests burn, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide stored in trees and soil into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.&nbsp;



This creates a feedback loop, where more fires lead to more carbon emissions, which in turn accelerate climate change, making future fires more likely and more intense. As climate change continues to progress, wildfires are expected to become more frequent, larger, and more destructive across many parts of the world.



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Brazil's devastating 2024 fire season rages on

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured on by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. 



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Webb Images features an extraordinary view of Uranus, the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system. 



The photo reveals the rings, moons, and extreme seasons of the ice giant Uranus in unprecedented detail.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-north-polar-cap-nbsp">Dynamic north polar cap&nbsp;</h2>



“The Webb image exquisitely captures Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap, including the bright, white, inner cap and the dark lane in the bottom of the polar cap,” noted NASA.



Unlike Earth, where polar ice caps are formed by the freezing of water, Uranus's polar caps are thought to be primarily composed of a dense concentration of haze in the atmosphere.&nbsp;



The polar cap's haze is likely composed of methane particles. Methane in Uranus's atmosphere condenses into ice particles, which then create a thick haze that scatters sunlight, giving the polar cap its distinct bright appearance in visible and infrared light.



The polar cap is dynamic and changes over time. It becomes more prominent during the summer season of each pole. As Uranus moves along its orbit, the cap's appearance transforms, with the haze becoming thicker and brighter when the pole is in continuous sunlight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-zeta-ring-nbsp">The Zeta ring&nbsp;</h2>



The inner and outer rings of Uranus are visible in the image, including Zeta - the innermost ring which is the faintest and most difficult to observe.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photo-of-uranus-and-its-rings-and-moons-captured-by-the-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rings of Uranus</a> are primarily composed of narrow bands of particles, likely made of water ice mixed with a dark material. These rings are distinct from those of Saturn in that they are much darker and narrower.



The faintness and characteristics of the Zeta ring make it a subject of interest in studies related to the dynamics and composition of planetary ring systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moons-of-uranus-nbsp">Moons of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/multimedia/images/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Webb</a> photo also features nine of the planet’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-four-uranus-moons-may-have-oceans-that-are-miles-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a>, which appear as blue dots surrounding the rings. 



“Clockwise starting at 2 o’clock, they are: Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet, and Perdita. The orbits of these moons share the 98-degree tilt of their parent planet relative to the plane of the solar system,” noted NASA.



Uranus has 27 known moons, and they are divided into three main groups based on their orbits: the inner moons, the major moons, and the irregular moons.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-moon-ariel-may-have-a-hidden-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a> of Uranus are unique because they are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, rather than being named after figures from classical mythology, as is common for the moons of other planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ice-giant-uranus-nbsp">The ice giant Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



Uranus is classified as an "ice giant" because, unlike the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, which are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, Uranus has a significant proportion of "ices" in its composition.&nbsp;



In astronomical terms, ices refer to volatile substances like water, ammonia, and methane, which exist in solid or liquid forms at the low temperatures found in the outer solar system.



Uranus has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, but beneath that, it contains a large, dense mantle composed of these ices, along with rock and other heavier elements.&nbsp;



The term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-rain-may-be-common-on-giant-icy-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice giant</a> differentiates Uranus (and Neptune, the other ice giant) from the larger gas giants, emphasizing the different chemical compositions and internal structures of these planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-uranus-nbsp">Climate of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



Uranus has a unique and extreme climate, largely influenced by its unusual tilt, which causes the planet to rotate almost on its side. This tilt leads to extreme seasonal variations, with each pole experiencing 42 years of continuous sunlight followed by 42 years of darkness.&nbsp;



Even though it is closer to the sun than Neptune, Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system, with temperatures plunging to as low as -224°C (-371°F). The reason for this is not fully understood, but it might be due to an internal heat distribution anomaly.



Despite these frigid conditions, Uranus experiences intense weather patterns, including powerful storms and winds that can reach speeds of up to 900 kilometers per hour. These winds blow in the same direction as the planet’s rotation and are some of the fastest in the solar system.



Storms on Uranus are driven by its internal heat and the interaction of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-is-more-gassy-less-icy-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric gases</a>. Observations have shown that these storms can be quite large, sometimes comparable in size to the Earth, and can last for several years.&nbsp;



The planet’s extreme axial tilt also means that the storms and weather patterns are highly variable, depending on the season. During equinoxes, when the Sun is directly over the equator, Uranus exhibits more storm activity compared to when the poles are pointed towards the Sun or away from it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-uranus">Observations of Uranus</h2>



“One day on Uranus is about 17 hours, so the planet’s rotation is relatively quick. This makes it supremely difficult for observatories with a sharp eye like Webb to capture one simple image of the entire planet - storms and other atmospheric features, and the planet’s moons, move visibly within minutes,” explained NASA.



“This image combines several longer and shorter exposures of this dynamic system to correct for those slight changes throughout the observing time.”



The first recorded observations of Uranus were made by John Flamsteed on December 13, 1690. However, Flamsteed mistakenly identified the planet as a star, which he named “34 Tauri."&nbsp;



It wasn't until March 13, 1781, that Uranus was officially identified as a planet by William Herschel. He initially thought he had discovered a comet, but further observations and calculations by other astronomers confirmed that it was a new planet, making Uranus the first planet discovered in modern history with the aid of a telescope.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI



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The ice giant Uranus in stunning detail

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Webb Images features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. 



The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.



“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.



“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”



According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”



Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;



Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;



In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.



Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;



One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;



Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;



The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;



The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



Finally, the Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study.&nbsp;



These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Southern Ring Nebula, also known as NGC 3132, located about 2,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Vela. This remarkably detailed image was created using data from Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam).



The Southern Ring Nebula is one of the more famous examples of planetary nebulae, often studied for its beauty and valuable insights into the end stages of stellar evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stars-power-the-southern-ring-nebula">Stars power the Southern Ring Nebula </h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> is powered by two central stars in a binary system. The brighter star in visible light is actually a less massive companion, while the fainter, dimmer star is the dying, hot central star that has shed its outer layers to form the nebula. This star is a white dwarf and is responsible for the ionization of the gas in the nebula, causing it to glow.



“The bright star at the center of NGC 3132, while prominent when viewed by NASA’s Webb Telescope in near-infrared light, plays a supporting role in sculpting the surrounding nebula. A second star, barely visible at lower left along one of the bright star’s diffraction spikes, is the nebula’s source. It has ejected at least eight layers of gas and dust over thousands of years,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“But the bright central star visible here has helped ‘stir’ the pot, changing the shape of this planetary nebula’s highly intricate rings by creating turbulence. The pair of stars are locked in a tight orbit, which leads the dimmer star to spray ejected material in a range of directions as they orbit one another, resulting in these jagged rings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-the-southern-ring-nebula-nbsp">Key characteristics of the Southern Ring Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Southern Ring Nebula displays a complex structure with multiple layers of gas and dust. The outer shells of the nebula consist of hydrogen and other elements that were ejected from the dying star in previous stages of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>.&nbsp;These layers are illuminated by ultraviolet radiation from the central white dwarf.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coloration">Coloration</h3>



The colors seen in the Southern Ring Nebula come from the different gases present. For example, hydrogen emits red light, while oxygen emits blue-green light. These colors help astronomers study the composition and dynamics of the nebula.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-shape">Size and shape</h3>



The nebula spans about half a light-year in diameter. Its intricate, symmetrical structure provides valuable insights into the late stages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-collapse-black-hole-instead-of-supernova-vanish-from-sky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a>, especially the processes involved in the shedding of outer layers by dying stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spotlights-from-the-bright-star">Spotlights from the bright star</h2>



ESA noted that hundreds of straight, brightly-lit lines pierce through the rings of gas and dust. “These ‘spotlights’ emanate from the bright star and stream through holes in the nebula like sunlight through gaps in a cloud.



“But not all of the starlight can escape. The density of the central region, set off in teal, is reflected by how transparent or opaque it is. Areas that are a deeper teal indicate that the gas and dust are denser - and light is unable to break free.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



According to ESA, this is not only a crisp image of a planetary nebula - it also shows us objects in the vast distances of space behind it. The transparent red sections of the nebula are filled with distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-have-hearts-and-lungs-that-help-them-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>.



“Look for the bright angled line at the upper left. It is not starlight - it is a faraway galaxy seen edge-on. Distant spirals, of many shapes and colors, also dot the scene. Those that are farthest away - or very dusty - are small and red,” said ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-vela-nbsp">The constellation Vela&nbsp;</h2>



Vela is a southern constellation that represents the sails of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation called Argo Navis, which depicted the ship of the mythological hero Jason and the Argonauts. In the 18th century, Argo Navis was divided into three separate constellations: Vela (the sails), Carina (the keel), and Puppis (the stern).



Vela is notable for containing several interesting astronomical features. One of its most prominent stars is Gamma Velorum, also known as Suhail or Regor, which is a bright, massive star system consisting of multiple stars.&nbsp;



The constellation also hosts the Vela Supernova Remnant, the remains of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> explosion that occurred about 11,000 years ago. This remnant is associated with the Vela Pulsar, a neutron star formed from the supernova explosion, which is one of the brightest pulsars in the sky.



Vela is best observed in the Southern Hemisphere, where it can be seen in the summer months, though it is partially visible in the Northern Hemisphere as well. Its position along the Milky Way makes it a popular region for both amateur and professional astronomers to explore.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI



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Southern Ring Nebula in the constellation Vela 

As we bid farewell to the sweltering summer of 2024 and welcome the crisp fall, the twilight of September 17th offers us a celestial treat -- the Harvest Moon.



But what makes this particular full moon special? Unlike other full moons, the Harvest Moon rises soon after sunset for several consecutive evenings, providing extra light. This effect is due to the moon's orbital path.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harvest-moon-in-the-september-sky">Harvest Moon in the September sky</h2>



On September 17, as the sun takes its final bow, the Harvest Moon will rise - reaching its pinnacle of brilliance at 10:34 P.M. Eastern Time. The moon will alao appear full the night before and the night after its peak.



This year, the Harvest Moon is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-supermoon-blue-moon-will-outshine-and-outsize-all-other-moons-this-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermoon</a>, which means it will look much larger and brighter than usual as it reaches its closest point to Earth, known as perigee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A supermoon and a lunar eclipse&nbsp;</h2>



The 2024 Harvest Moon also coincides with a partial lunar eclipse, providing a rare opportunity to witness an eclipse during a supermoon.



During this event, only a small part of the Moon (about 3.5%) will pass through Earth's umbra, creating a slight darkened area, as if a "bite" has been taken out of the Moon.&nbsp;



Much of the event will appear as a penumbral eclipse, where the Moon's disk will subtly darken as it passes through Earth's penumbral shadow.&nbsp;The eclipse will begin at 8:41 PM Eastern Time on September 17, with the peak at 10:14 PM. 



The entire eclipse will be visible from western Europe, South America, and parts of North America, with partial visibility across most of the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-of-the-harvest-moon">Timing of the Harvest Moon</h2>



Each full moon bears a name that encapsulates the essence of the time in which it occurs. 



The Harvest Moon is the full moon closest to the autumnal equinox, making its grand entry either in September or October.



Thanks to its well-timed arrival with the harvest season, farmers can bask in the moon's light to gather their crops before the onset of the first frosts of fall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-names-of-the-september-full-moon">Names of the September full moon</h2>



Occasionally, a game of musical chairs happens in the lunar calendar. When October's full moon is closer to the equinox, it inherits the Harvest Moon title, and September's full moon becomes known as the Corn Moon.



This term refers to corn harvesting season in the late summer to early fall in the northern United States.



Native American tribes like the Western Abenaki and Dakota also used similar names in their languages. The Cree call it the Autumn Moon, while the Ojibwe refer to it as the Falling Leaves Moon. 



The names for the September full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-supermoon-blue-moon-will-outshine-and-outsize-all-other-moons-this-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a> also echo the mating season of wildlife like deer, elk, and moose, with some tribes calling it the Mating Moon or the Rutting Moon.



According to <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/skywatching/the-next-full-moon-is-a-partial-lunar-eclipse-a-supermoon-the-corn-moon-and-the-harvest-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, the first known written use of the name Harvest Moon in the English language was in 1706.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harvest-moon-a-time-of-celebration">Harvest Moon: A time of celebration </h2>



The Harvest Moon has traditionally been a time of celebration in many cultures around the world.



For centuries, communities have celebrated the abundance of food, giving thanks for the successful harvest. In Europe, this was often marked by harvest festivals, where feasting, singing, and dancing were common. 



In some Asian cultures, the Harvest Moon signals the Mid-Autumn Festival - a time for families to unite, share mooncakes, gaze at the moon, and reflect on unity and togetherness.



Simply put, the Harvest Moon is not just an astronomical showstopper; it's an invitation to bond with nature, loved ones, and age-old traditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-ready-to-view-the-2024-harvest-moon">Get ready to view the 2024 Harvest Moon</h2>



Eager to make the most of the Harvest Moon spectacle? Start by picking an open area, free from the intrusion of light pollution. 



Find a spot with a clear view of the eastern horizon, as the Harvest Moon will appear low and large near the horizon just after sunset. A wide, open space like a hilltop, beach, or park away from buildings and trees is ideal.



Binoculars could further enhance your stargazing experience, unveiling the moon's craters and seas.



The Harvest Moon may appear orange or reddish when it first rises due to the scattering of light through the atmosphere. As it climbs higher, it will shift to its usual bright white or yellow.



Its glowing presence reminds us of the natural rhythms that shape our journey on Earth. Isn’t it amazing how our lives are so connected to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-moon-had-active-volcanoes-just-120-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and planets above us?



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Harvest Moon 2024 will feature a partial lunar eclipse

As we bid farewell to the sweltering summer of 2024...

Fathers with unhealthy, high-cholesterol diets can predispose their daughters to cardiovascular disease (CVD), according to a new study led by the University of California, Riverside.



Diets play a critical role in shaping overall health, and poor dietary habits - especially those high in cholesterol and saturated fats - have been linked to numerous chronic conditions.



The research demonstrates that unhealthy diets can carry profound consequences for future generations, particularly by increasing the risk of heart disease in offspring. The study is the first to demonstrate this effect, which seems to be exclusive to daughters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fathers-diets-alter-sperm">Fathers' diets alter sperm</h2>



Changcheng Zhou is a professor of biomedical sciences at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> and the study's lead author.



"It had been previously thought that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-sperm-structure-offers-new-insights-on-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> contribute only their genome during fertilization," said Zhou.



"However, recent studies by us and others have demonstrated that environmental exposures, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unhealthy-diet-leaves-brain-feeling-foggy-frazzled-sad/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unhealthy diets</a>, environmental toxicants, and stress, can alter the RNA in sperm to mediate intergenerational inheritance."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unhealthy-diets-and-heart-disease">Unhealthy diets and heart disease</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-and-cardiovascular-diseases-are-genetically-linked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CVD</a>, the leading cause of death globally, impacts the heart and blood vessels - with conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart attacks being primary contributors.



These conditions often develop silently over time, fueled by poor lifestyle choices, including unhealthy diets high in fats and cholesterol, which can lead to significant blockages in the arteries. 



In 2022, nearly 703,000 people in the United States died from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-conditions-linked-hidden-brain-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a>. This highlights the urgent need for better dietary awareness and prevention strategies.



The study sheds light on how fathers' diets, specifically high-cholesterol intake, can have long-lasting effects on the health of their children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-small-rna-molecules-in-sperm">The role of small RNA molecules in sperm</h2>



The researchers found that small RNA molecules in sperm are significantly altered by exposure to a high-cholesterol diet.



Small RNAs, which play a critical role in gene regulation, can be reshaped by paternal dietary habits, potentially setting off a chain reaction of changes in biological processes.



These modifications influence gene expression in embryonic stem cells, which can have lasting effects on the health of offspring.



The altered small RNAs increase the offspring’s vulnerability to conditions like atherosclerosis, a serious disease characterized by plaque buildup in arteries, which raises the risk of heart attacks and strokes. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paternal-health-factors-are-often-overlooked">Paternal health factors are often overlooked </h2>



Zhou further emphasized that paternal factors must be considered in chronic disease studies, as research has historically centered on maternal influences, leaving the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-fathers-diet-impacts-the-health-of-his-future-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fathers' health</a> on future generations underexplored.



"Men who plan to have children should consider eating a healthy, low-cholesterol diet and reducing their own CVD risk factors," said Zhou. "These factors appear to affect their sperm in influencing the health of their female offspring."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gender-specific-findings-in-the-lab">Gender-specific findings in the lab</h2>



According to the researchers, it is unclear why only female offspring are affected with cardiovascular disease. 



In laboratory experiments, genetically engineered mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet. This caused the mice to develop hyperlipidemia, a disorder that can lead to heart disease and stroke. 



These male mice were then mated with female mice that were on low-cholesterol diet. Even though the offspring were also fed a low-cholesterol diet, he females were found to have double or triple the risk of atherosclerosis.



The team, including researchers Rebecca Hernandez, Xiuchun Li, Junchao Shi, and Tejasvi R. Dave, will continue their investigations to better understand the gender-specific effects observed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-implications-of-the-study">Further implications of the study</h2>



The research opens the door to further investigations into the role of paternal health in shaping future generations' risk of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease.



"Our study contributes to understanding the etiology of chronic diseases originating from parental exposures," Zhou concluded. "We hope our findings stimulate investigations of the impact of paternal exposures on offspring cardiovascular health in humans."



The findings of this study highlight the lasting consequences that unhealthy diets can have, not just on the individual but across generations.



With cardiovascular disease continuing to be a major global health concern, these results emphasize the importance of early intervention and dietary changes, particularly for those planning to have children. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.179291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JCI Insight</a>.



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Fathers’ diets impact the heart health of their daughters

Fathers with unhealthy, high-cholesterol diets can predispose their daughters to...

Experts at Klick Labs have developed a novel, non-invasive technique that taps into the health screening potential of our voices. The researchers have demonstrated that it is possible to detect chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) with impressive accuracy using just a person's voice.



With its effortless simplicity, the new method could lead to substantial advancements in early detection of hypertension, a widespread health condition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-voice-biomarkers-and-blood-pressure">Voice biomarkers and blood pressure</h2>



In this unique study, 245 individuals were assigned a straightforward task. Over two weeks, they recorded their voices multiple times a day using a specialized mobile app.



This app, a homegrown project from the Klick scientists, works on the principles of machine learning. The voice technology has exhibited an impressive 84 percent accuracy for females and 77 percent for males in detecting high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-less-than-seven-hours-high-blood-pressure-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood pressure</a>.



The magic lies in its unique capability to analyze vocal biomarkers that escape human ears. This includes pitch variations, patterns in speech energy distribution, and the distinctness in sound alterations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-blood-pressure-and-voice-recordings">High blood pressure and voice recordings</h2>



Yan Fossat is the senior vice president of Klick Labs and principal investigator of the study.



"By leveraging various classifiers and establishing gender-based predictive models, we discovered a more accessible way to detect hypertension, which we hope will lead to earlier intervention for this widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-raises-your-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global health issue</a>," said Fossat.



"Hypertension can lead to a number of complications, from heart attacks and kidney problems to dementia."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battle-against-the-silent-killer">Battle against the silent killer</h2>



Hypertension, referred to as the "silent killer" by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a global health concern affecting over a quarter of the world's population.



Alarmingly, half of these people are not even aware of their condition. Furthermore, over 75 percent of those diagnosed with hypertension live in low or middle-income countries.



Traditionally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-blood-pressure-drug-called-rilmenidine-dramatically-slows-aging-in-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood pressure</a> is measured using an arm cuff or an automatic device, methods that need specialized equipment and expertise. Unfortunately, these are often inaccessible for people in disadvantaged areas. 



"Early diagnosis and behavioral interventions have been shown to mitigate morbidity and mortality associated with this condition," noted the researchers.



"However, conventional methods of measuring blood pressure and accordingly identifying hypertension, such as sphygmomanometry, require technical expertise and may not be readily accessible, particularly in remote or underserved areas."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research">Broader implications of the research </h2>



The introduction of voice-based high blood pressure detection extends beyond individual health assessments; it has significant implications for public health strategies. 



With the ability to uncover undiagnosed cases of hypertension through a simple app, healthcare systems can redirect resources toward prevention and education initiatives. 



The technology could empower individuals with the information they need to seek further evaluation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genes-influence-blood-pressure-from-early-childhood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatment</a>. This is particularly the case in regions where traditional access to healthcare is limited.



By promoting greater awareness and early intervention, communities could effectively mitigate the risks associated with hypertension, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-blood-pressure-detection">Beyond blood pressure detection</h2>



Klick Labs is not a newcomer in the field of health tech. With a track record of using voice technology for detecting conditions like diabetes, the lab is continually expanding its research base.



Collaborations with numerous hospitals, academic institutions, and public health authorities globally are a testament to the lab's commitment to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-over-2000-genetic-markers-that-affect-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthcare advancements</a>.



Klick Labs previously demonstrated the effectiveness of AI algorithms combined with voice analysis in accurate screening for Type 2 diabetes. The research was published in <a href="https://www.mcpdigitalhealth.org/article/S2949-7612(23)00073-1/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health</a> in October 2023. 



The lab also identified a link between blood glucose levels and voice pitch. The research was published last week in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69620-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



"Voice technology has the potential to exponentially transform healthcare, making it more accessible and affordable, especially for large, underserved populations,” said Jaycee Kaufman, <a href="https://appliedsciences.klick.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Klick</a> Labs research scientist.



"Our ongoing research increasingly demonstrates the significant promise of vocal biomarkers in detecting hypertension, diabetes, and a growing list of other health conditions.”



By subtly wearing the cloak of technology, healthcare is quietly tiptoeing into the future. Only time will tell how these advancements will shape our lives.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10669945" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IEEE Access</a>.



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AI can detect high blood pressure by listening to your voice

Experts at Klick Labs have developed a novel, non-invasive technique...

Ever wondered why some girls seem to grow up faster than others? The puzzle of early puberty in girls is getting a fresh look, and you may be surprised by the suspects being rounded up -- environmental chemicals. 



This isn't a simple case of kids maturing too soon; the implications are far more profound and problematic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trend-on-early-puberty">Trend on early puberty</h2>



In the last few decades, girls have been reaching puberty earlier. This isn't just a matter of growing up quickly; it's a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/younger-generations-getting-their-menstrual-periods-earlier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health concern</a> that could spell trouble. 



It turns out, early puberty may increase the risk of several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/younger-generations-getting-their-menstrual-periods-earlier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health complications</a> like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and even breast cancer. And, recent research indicates that certain environmental toxins might be behind this trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unmasking-the-culprits">Unmasking the culprits</h2>



The culprits are Endocrine-disrupting chemicals or EDCs. These sneaky substances can mimic, block, or interfere with our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-lockdowns-caused-premature-aging-of-adolescent-brains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body's hormones</a>. 



Studies suggest that exposure to some EDCs may cause early puberty in girls. But, how does a chemical in your detergent or perfume impact human biology?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-mystery-of-early-puberty">Unveiling the mystery of early puberty</h2>



Natalie Shaw, M.D., M.M.Sc., of the National Institutes of Health’s (<a href="https://www.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIH</a>) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (<a href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIEHS</a>) in Durham, N.C., was lead author of this study.



“We conducted a comprehensive screen of 10,000 environmental compounds with extensive follow-up studies using human brain cells that control the reproductive axis, and our team identified several substances that may contribute to early puberty in girls," Shaw explained.



The study identified some substances, such as musk ambrette (commonly found in detergents, perfumes, etc.) and a medication type called cholinergic agonists, that are potential contributors to early puberty in girls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-musk-ambrette">Musk ambrette</h2>



Musk ambrette is a scent often found in personal care products. Studies have hinted that it can cross the blood-brain barrier, making it a real concern. 



But take heart, some countries and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (<a href="https://www.fda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FDA</a>) are aware of it, taking steps for its regulation.



Shaw's team employed a Tox21 compound library containing licensed pharmaceuticals, environmental toxins, and dietary supplements against a human cell line. 



Menghang Xia, Ph.D., highlighted the crucial role of using human hypothalamic neurons and zebrafish in identifying environmental substances that stimulate key receptors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-changes-in-early-puberty">Physical changes in early puberty</h2>



Early puberty isn't just about premature physical transformation. It can affect adolescents' psychosocial development and well-being. 



It's been linked to higher rates of mental health disorders like depression and low self-esteem. Therefore, it's essential that we understand and address these social implications, not just the physical ones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-families-and-communities">Empowering families and communities</h2>



Now that we know about EDCs, it's time to fight back. Families can lessen EDC exposure by preferring natural or organic personal care products, limiting the use of plastic containers, and avoiding known EDC products. 



Communities can empower parents and caregivers through educational programs about potential risks and making informed decisions.



Endocrinologists are leading the charge in solving some top health issues of our time, like this one. This research is a significant stride in understanding how environmental toxins influence early puberty in girls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-policy-and-regulation">Role of policy and regulation</h2>



Addressing early puberty caused by environmental chemicals needs a comprehensive approach, especially in policy and regulations. 



Governments and health organizations play a key role in managing risks from endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).



This involves not only monitoring harmful substances but also supporting research to identify new risks. 



By collaborating with scientists, lawmakers can establish clear guidelines for safe chemical use in everyday products, prioritizing public <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunger-hormones-in-the-gut-can-change-our-eating-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>.



Taking these proactive steps will help create a safer environment for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battling-challenges-in-early-puberty">Battling challenges in early puberty</h2>



The world of endocrinology is fascinating, albeit slightly eerie. It's like solving a complex jigsaw puzzle where even the tiniest changes can affect something as significant as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-with-behavioral-issues-have-high-cortisol-levels-in-their-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human development</a>. 



But there's hope on the horizon. The dedicated efforts of scientists worldwide make us optimistic about navigating these health issues and working towards a healthier world.



Let's remember, every small choice we make, whether it's the personal care products we use or the food we eat, impacts our health. 



So the next time you pick up something, ask yourself, "What's in the stuff?" It might just be the first step towards a healthier future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/165/10/bqae103/7749689" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endocrinology</a>.



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More girls are starting puberty early due to exposure to chemicals

Ever wondered why some girls seem to grow up faster...

The universe is filled with secrets waiting to be unveiled. IC 4709, a spiral galaxy approximately 240 million light-years away in the southern constellation Telescopium, is one such cosmic mystery.



The <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a> has revealed its stunning composition, featuring a faint halo and a swirling disk of stars and dust bands.



But what truly sets IC 4709 apart is its bustling active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by a supermassive black hole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-hidden-giant-of-ic-4709">The hidden giant of IC 4709</h2>



Contrary to expectations, the core of IC 4709 isn't merely a congregation of stars. Its unparalleled brightness is rather courtesy of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-black-holes-are-very-messy-eaters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gargantuan black hole</a>, impressively 65 million times more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive than our Sun</a>.



A spectacle occurs as a disk of gas spirals towards this colossal black hole, heating up due to intense collisions. 



The disk eventually reaching such immense temperatures that it emits a vast spectrum of electromagnetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/x-ray-radiation-from-black-holes-explained-after-50-year-struggle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiation</a>. This spectrum extends from infrared to visible, ultraviolet light, and as far as X-rays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interactions-between-the-galaxy-and-its-nucleus">Interactions between the galaxy and its nucleus</h2>



In the midst of the galaxy, a lane of dark dust is barely visible. This dust lane works as a barrier, blocking any visible light emission from the active galactic nucleus and obscuring it from view.



Fortunately, thanks to Hubble's spectacular resolution, astronomers are able to observe the interaction between the active galactic nucleus and its host galaxy.



This ability is instrumental in the study of supermassive black holes in more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-finds-a-second-lensed-supernova-in-a-distant-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distant galaxies</a>, where such fine details are challenging to discern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-multi-telescope-approach">A multi-telescope approach</h2>



Further enhancing our comprehension of IC 4709 is a combination of data from two Hubble surveys of nearby AGNs, initially identified by NASA’s Swift telescope. 



The Swift telescope, which houses multiwavelength telescopes, plays a critical role in collecting data in visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray light. In particular, its X-ray component will enable Swift to see the X-rays from IC 4709’s AGN breaking through the obscuring dust.



Meanwhile, ESA’s Euclid telescope is currently surveying the dark universe in optical and infrared light and will also image IC 4709 and other local AGNs. 



The data collated from these telescopes, alongside that from Hubble, provides astronomers with an all-encompassing view across the electromagnetic spectrum.



This comprehensive view is crucial for improving our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-binary-black-holes-secrets-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a> and the significant influence they have on their host galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-black-holes-in-galaxy-evolution">The role of black holes in galaxy evolution</h2>



Understanding supermassive black holes, such as the one at the core of IC 4709, is pivotal for unraveling the intricate relationship between these colossal entities and their host galaxies. 



Observational evidence suggests that as galaxies form and evolve over cosmic time, supermassive black holes grow in tandem, influencing their surroundings through processes like the outflows they generate.



Such interactions can regulate star formation rates, ultimately sculpting the evolutionary path of the galaxy.



Recent studies also indicate that the mass of a supermassive black hole is closely linked to the properties of its host galaxy, particularly its bulge mass. This correlation, often referred to as the M-sigma relation, indicates that more massive black holes reside in galaxies with more substantial bulges.



This intriguing relationship invites scholars to consider whether black holes act as catalysts in the formation and evolution of galaxies, suggesting a symbiotic existence that shapes the very fabric of our universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-frontier-in-cosmic-research">The next frontier in cosmic research</h2>



As technology progresses, new telescopes and observational techniques hold promise for advancing our understanding of IC 4709 and galaxies like it. 



Next-generation observatories, such as the James Webb Space Telescope, will refine our capabilities to study cosmic phenomena across various wavelengths, including infrared light, which is pivotal for observing the dust-enshrouded regions surrounding active galactic nuclei. 



The wealth of data generated by these initiatives will undoubtedly amplify our knowledge, paving the way for discoveries that could potentially redefine our comprehension of the universe.



Collaborative international research efforts are also essential. By pooling resources and expertise, astronomers can undertake ambitious studies that explore the interplay between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies on a cosmic scale, ultimately illuminating the mysteries that lie hidden in the depths of space.



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA, M. Koss, A, Barth



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Hubble reveals the supermassive black hole powering IC 4709

The universe is filled with secrets waiting to be unveiled....

Iron has played a fundamental role in life on Earth since the earliest days of single-celled organisms navigating the planet’s primitive seas. 



Employed in minute amounts, metals like iron support crucial biological processes, including respiration, DNA transcription, and metabolism. 



Nearly half of all enzymes - proteins that drive cellular chemical reactions - depend on metals, particularly transition metals, named for their position on the periodic table.



New research from a multidisciplinary team at the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Institute of Technology</a>, and UCLA suggests that iron was the inaugural and exclusive transition metal of early life forms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iron-life-s-only-transition-metal">Iron: Life’s only transition metal</h2>



"We make a radical proposal: Iron was life’s original and only transition metal," said Jena Johnson, assistant professor in the U-M Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. 



The researchers argue that early life relied on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/metals-have-doubled-in-streams-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metals</a> that it could interact with in the iron-rich early ocean, leaving other transition metals practically invisible.



To explore this idea further, Johnson collaborated with <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a> bioinorganic chemist Joan Valentine, whose curiosity about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-ocean-water-shaped-early-life-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early life’s evolution</a> and metal usage sparked the study. 



"When these guys told me that iron wasn't a trace element, that blew my mind," said Valentine, highlighting how surprising the iron-rich ancient oceans were in the context of biochemistry.



Ted Present from Caltech contributed to the study by designing a model to estimate metal concentrations in early Earth's oceans, which revealed the stark decrease in dissolved iron levels following the Great Oxygenation Event.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-oceans-of-iron">Navigating oceans of iron</h2>



This radical proposition arose from the intersection of diverse research interests. 



Valentine, intrigued by how early life evolved, wondered what metals were incorporated into enzymes during primitive times to support essential life functions. She repeatedly encountered evidence suggesting the oceans were full of iron for the first half of Earth's history.



Johnson, whose team studies iron formations and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-ocean-water-discovery-is-unlocking-secrets-of-earths-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient ocean</a> biogeochemistry, worked closely with Valentine and Present to explore these early conditions. 



Geological evidence points to an iron-dense ocean during the Archean Eon from about 4 to 2.5 billion years ago when Fe(II), a soluble form of iron, was the dominant metal.



Present's model allowed the team to estimate the availability of various metals like iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc in the oceans when life first emerged.



"The thing that changed most dramatically as the Great Oxygenation Event occurred was not really the concentration of these other trace elements," Present explained. 



"The thing that changed the most dramatically was a decrease in dissolved iron concentrations. The implications for what that meant for life and how it 'sees' elements in water hadn't really been wrestled with."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-s-unseen-lifeline-of-iron">Life’s unseen lifeline of iron</h2>



The study revealed that early biomolecules likely interacted almost exclusively with iron and magnesium, given the high concentrations of Fe(II) in early oceans. 



"We realized iron would have to do almost everything. Biomolecules could capture magnesium and iron, but zinc's not getting in - maybe nickel can get into some biomolecules in the right circumstances, but zinc's not competitive. Cobalt is invisible. Manganese is pretty invisible," Johnson noted.



This understanding challenged the prevailing view that certain metals were irreplaceable in biological processes. For example, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zinc-plays-an-overlooked-role-in-ocean-processes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zinc</a>, which is crucial for life today, was not widely available in the iron-saturated ancient oceans. 



"The idea of life without zinc was really hard for me to think about until we dug into this and realized that as long as you have no oxygen around to oxidize your iron from Fe(II) to Fe(III), iron is often better than zinc in these enzymes," Valentine explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-diversity">Evolution of diversity</h2>



As oxygen levels increased following the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/it-took-200-million-years-for-earth-to-get-its-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Oxygenation Event</a>, the dominant metal in the oceans became less soluble, prompting life forms to adapt by incorporating other elements into their enzymes.



"Life, in the face of orders of magnitude more iron than other metals, couldn't know to evolve toward such a sophisticated way of managing them," said Present. 



"The fall of the abundance of iron forced life to manage these other metals to survive, but that also enabled new functions and the diversity of life we have today."



The study, published in the <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2318692121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, offers a new perspective on the elemental composition of early life forms and the evolution of life on Earth.



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Iron was life’s first essential metal and shaped early evolution

Iron has played a fundamental role in life on Earth...

The dawn of a new era in space exploration is upon us, and it's not led by seasoned astronauts but a crew of civilians. The successful launch of SpaceX's latest endeavor, Polaris Dawn, just took to the skies in what can only be described as a blend of bravery and cutting-edge technology.



The mission was launched at 5:23 a.m. ET, a sight captured live on X, the social media platform acquired by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk in 2022.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-successful-launch-of-polaris-dawn">Successful launch of Polaris Dawn</h2>



SpaceX launch director Frank Messina and his team of ground controllers watched with bated breath as the capsule began its journey into Earth's orbit. 



The Polaris Dawn crew, comprising the first ever <a href="https://www.spacex.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SpaceX</a> employees to voyage into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/take-a-glimpse-at-our-planets-new-ai-satellite-phsat2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a>, was showered with words of encouragement as they embarked on their mission. 



The message was clear - the crew's courage would pave the way for future explorers, with their bravery and teamwork trusted to carry out the mission at hand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weather-delays-and-other-challenges">Weather delays and other challenges</h2>



The launch, following several weather delays, was not without its fair share of complications. 



Besides needing clear weather conditions, calm waters and winds were crucial for the safe return of the crew from their five-day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cwise-j1249-unknown-object-found-speeding-over-1-million-miles-per-hour/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> adventure. 



With a spacewalk planned that will deplete oxygen supplies, timing the spacecraft's return was imperative to ensure there will be enough life support for five or six days in space.



When the countdown clock finally read zero, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket came alive, lighting up the launch site at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida with a blinding blaze. The civilian crew was strapped inside a SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule, an igloo-shaped structure about 13 feet across at its base.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategy-to-save-fuel">Strategy to save fuel</h2>



The bottommost part of the Falcon 9 rocket, called the first stage, spent most of its fuel in the first 2 ½ minutes of the journey. 



As the first stage separated from the second, the upper portion fired up its engine, propelling the Crew Dragon spacecraft at an accelerated speed into space. 



The first stage, meanwhile, guided itself back to Earth, to be refurbished and reused - a typical SpaceX strategy that helps lower the cost of rocket launches.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/polaris-mission_spacex-dragon-launchpad_091024_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/polaris-mission_spacex-dragon-launchpad_091024_1s.webp" alt="On September 10, the crew of Polaris Dawn began their historic mission aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft to expand commercial space exploration at 5:23:49 AM EDT as SpaceX’s Falcon 9 lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Credit: SpaceX" class="wp-image-1944240"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">On September 10, the crew of Polaris Dawn began their historic mission aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft to expand commercial space exploration at 5:23:49 AM EDT as SpaceX’s Falcon 9 lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Credit: SpaceX</figcaption></figure>



To enter Earth's orbit, the Falcon 9 rocket had to hit over 17,000 miles per hour, a velocity required to maintain a stable orbit around the Earth. 



Upon reaching the desired speed, the Crew Dragon set its course into space, relying solely on its onboard thrusters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polaris-dawn-is-breaking-records">Polaris Dawn is breaking records</h2>



Polaris Dawn is the brainchild of Jared Isaacman, billionaire founder of financial technology firm Shift4 Payments. 



Along with Isaacman, former US Air Force pilot Scott “Kidd” Poteet and SpaceX engineers Anna Menon and Sarah Gillis form the ambitious team on this mission.



The objective was to break the height record for an Earth orbit held by NASA’s 1966 Gemini 11 mission while also setting the record for the highest any woman has ever ventured into space.



By Tuesday, the second day of the trip, the team smashed these records. Polaris Dawn officially flew higher than the 853-mile-high altitude achieved by astronauts Pete Conrad and Richard Gordon during the Gemini 11 mission.



In addition, Gillis and Menon have now ventured farther from Earth than any other women in history. 



On day three, the crew, while orbiting at about 435 miles (700 kilometers) above Earth, will attempt to make history with a commercial spacewalk. The endeavor, though fraught with risks, signifies a crucial step in the democratization of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/space-exploration-progress-impact-forecast/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space exploration</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spacex-and-civilians-uniting-for-exploration">SpaceX and civilians uniting for exploration</h2>



The Polaris Dawn mission is not merely a solitary venture; it embodies a spirit of collaboration that unites experts across various fields. 



The involvement of SpaceX engineers alongside the civilian crew illustrates a growing trend in space exploration, wherein traditional boundaries are blurred, allowing for a more inclusive approach.



This collaboration fosters innovation, leveraging diverse skill sets and perspectives, which, in turn, enhances the robustness of the mission's execution. 



As we witness this evolution, it becomes increasingly clear that the future of space exploration thrives on unity, where every contributor plays a vital role in unlocking the mysteries of the cosmos.



Each stride taken by missions like Polaris Dawn redefines our boundaries, both literally and metaphorically.



Space explorations, once restricted to highly trained astronauts, are now becoming increasingly accessible to civilians, ushering in a new age in our quest for knowledge and understanding of the cosmos.



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SpaceX launches Polaris Dawn civilian crew on historic spacewalk mission

The dawn of a new era in space exploration is...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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