Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of the city of Bentiu in South Sudan.



"The country has always experienced a degree of seasonal flooding, which normally recedes in the dry season. However, four consecutive years of incessant flooding have submerged villages, farmlands and roads. In 2023, flood waters reached almost 2 meters in some places," said ESA.



"This false-color image, captured in January 2023, clearly shows the extent of the flooded areas around Bentiu. Information from the mission’s near-infrared channel was used to process this image so water bodies appear in dark blue or black. Sediment in the waters is bright blue, while the vibrant shades of red, mainly bordering rivers, denote vegetation."



According to ESA, the yellowish area in the center of the image is the city of Bentiu - standing out like an island surrounded by floods.&nbsp;



"From Bentiu, the Bahr el-Ghazal River meanders through the inundated floodplain in a northeasterly direction. It can be traced in black in the right of the image flowing through Lake No into the White Nile," said ESA.



"Fed by the White Nile, the large, swampy area running from the centre of the image to the bottom right is the Sudd. It is a network of channels, lakes and swamps and one of Africa’s largest floodplains, providing watering and feeding grounds for many endemic mammals and birds, as well as for large populations of migratory species."



Bentiu is known for its significance in the oil industry. It's the capital of Unity State, an area rich in oil fields, making it a crucial economic hub for South Sudan. However, this wealth in natural resources has also made Bentiu a focal point of conflict, particularly during the South Sudanese Civil War.



The city's history has been shaped by its strategic importance in the region. It has seen significant development in the oil sector, but this has been marred by political and ethnic conflicts. These conflicts have often resulted in severe humanitarian crises, affecting the local population with issues like displacement and shortages of basic necessities.



Despite its challenges, Bentiu is a key player in South Sudan's economy and its future development. The city's role in the oil industry cannot be overstated, and efforts are ongoing to stabilize the region and improve living conditions for its residents.



The city's demographics are diverse, reflecting the ethnic variety of South Sudan, but this diversity has also been a source of tension at times. Efforts towards peace and reconciliation in Bentiu and the wider Unity State are crucial for the long-term stability and prosperity of South Sudan.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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The city of Bentiu in South Sudan

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska. With a size of approximately 1,680 square miles, Malaspina is the world’s largest piedmont glacier. It covers an area larger than the state of Rhode Island.&nbsp;



"To human eyes, glacial ice typically looks white tinged with blue. But in this false-color satellite image, the rippled ice of Alaska’s Malaspina Glacier appears more fiery than frosty," said NASA.



"In this configuration, watery features are displayed in reds, oranges, and yellows; vegetation appears green; and rock is shown in shades of blue."



A piedmont glacier forms when steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, where they spread out into bulbous, lobate shapes. Malaspina is fed by the Seward Ice Field and other smaller glaciers.&nbsp;



Despite its size, it's relatively thin for a glacier of its magnitude, averaging only about 600 meters (2,000 feet) in thickness.



The Malaspina Glacier is a classic example of a glacier experiencing significant retreat and thinning due to climate change. This has raised concerns about its long-term stability and the broader implications for sea-level rise.&nbsp;



The glacier's meltwater contributes to the Gulf of Alaska, and its changes are closely monitored by scientists.



Most of the Malaspina Glacier is located within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Its visually striking nature, including crevasses and moraines, makes it a subject of interest not only for scientists but also for photographers and nature enthusiasts.&nbsp;



The image was captured on October 27, 2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151929/indonesian-fires-return-in-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Moon peeking over Earth's horizon. The image was captured as the International Space Station was orbiting over Iraq. 



"Taken at an oblique angle from an altitude of 406 kilometers (252 miles), the photo has a perspective that highlights Earth’s atmospheric limb, or the edge of the atmosphere," says NASA.



"The blue-toned haze that fades into the darkness of space is the mesosphere, which reaches an altitude of about 80 kilometers (50 miles). Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. Although this layer is part of Earth’s atmosphere, it is commonly considered part of outer space."



According to NASA, the Moon is about 405,500 kilometers (251,000 miles) away from Earth at its furthest point, or apogee.



"Below the wispy clouds in the middle of the view is Lake Assad, a Euphrates River reservoir in northern Syria," notes NASA.



"Lake Assad is Syria’s largest lake and a primary source of the region’s drinking and irrigation water. The Tabqa Dam, which created the lake, is the largest hydroelectric dam in the country."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Moon peeks over Earth's horizon

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a rare view of Elephant Island off the coast of Antarctica. The photo was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission in February 2023.



Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island in the Southern Ocean. It is located in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands.



"The highest peaks are Mount Pendragon, which reaches around 970 meters, visible on the southern end, and, moving northeast, Mount Elder, which reaches around 945 meters," said ESA.



"North of Mount Elder, the wide Endurance Glacier can be seen in the centre of the image. It is the main discharge glacier on the island and drains to the south and into the Weddel Sea. Thin sea ice, visible in light blue in front of the calving front, separates the glacier terminus from the open ocean waters."



Elephant Island holds a special place in polar exploration history because of its role in the Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914-1917). After their ship, the Endurance, was trapped and then crushed by ice in the Weddell Sea, Shackleton and his crew sailed lifeboats over treacherous seas to reach Elephant Island. It was an inhospitable place with no sources of food or shelter, but it was land.



Realizing that there was no chance of rescue from Elephant Island, Shackleton and a few crew members set out in a small lifeboat, the James Caird, to sail 800 miles to South Georgia Island where they hoped to find help. This journey is considered one of the greatest boat journeys ever accomplished. They did eventually reach South Georgia, and Shackleton was able to return to Elephant Island and rescue the remaining crew members.



Though it's largely ice-covered, Elephant Island is home to various wildlife, particularly seals, penguins, and seabirds. The island is uninhabited by humans, but it is a popular destination for expedition cruises and is often visited by those interested in polar exploration history.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Elephant Island off the coast of Antarctica

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Tunulliarfik Fjord, which is located along the southern perimeter of Greenland.



"On March 13, 2023, the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 acquired these natural-color images of Tunulliarfik Fjord. The images have been pan-sharpened to bring out more detail," says NASA.



"At the time, the fjord’s waters were capped with a layer of sea ice. Atop the ice there are several long, straight lines connecting the towns of Narsarsuaq and Qassiarsuk, and running the length of the fjord. Though cracks and ridges can form naturally in the ice, there are indications that people were likely involved with producing some of the tracks pictured here."



The images were reviewed by Nathan Kurtz and several other scientists in the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The experts determined that many of the tracks were produced by vehicles like snowmobiles. 



“It seems likely that residents from the town or nearby were out on the ice, possibly hunting or traveling,“ said Kurtz.



Tunulliarfik Fjord, also known as Erik's Fjord, is historically significant because it's close to the site where Erik the Red, the Norse explorer, established the first Norse settlements in Greenland around the year 985 AD. These Norse settlements, particularly Brattahlíð, were key starting points for the Norse exploration of the region and are the reason Greenland has its name.



The fjord offers picturesque landscapes typical of Greenland, with steep cliffs, icebergs, and vast open waters. The region is rich in history, and there have been numerous archaeological digs uncovering remnants of the old Norse settlements.



Today, the nearby town of Qaqortoq is one of the primary settlements in the area, providing modern amenities while retaining a deep connection to the region's historical and cultural significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tunulliarfik Fjord in southern Greenland 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the west coast of South America. The photo was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station while orbiting over the Atacama Desert and Central Andes Mountains near the border of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.



"Over the Pacific Ocean, marine stratocumulus clouds develop over cold water that rises from the ocean depths as the Peru current (Humboldt current) flows north along the west coast of South America," says NASA. "The coastline is marked by low mountains that are dissected by canyons carved by rivers that flow down the western side of the Andes."



The Atacama Desert receives less than 0.2 inches of rain per year on average. According to NASA, this dry environment provides an ideal setting to conduct Mars analog studies.



"Active and inactive volcanoes comprise the Central Andean Volcanic Arc within the Atacama Desert and Andes Mountains. One of the inactive volcanoes visible in this photo is Bolivia’s Nevado Sajama, which has a maximum elevation of 6,542 meters (21,463 feet). Nevado Sajama and other volcanoes in the region often have <a href="http://glaciers">glaciers</a> and snow cover due to their high elevation."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Atacama Desert on the west coast of South America

Researchers from <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> have investigated the climate history of the San Joaquin Valley. The study reveals a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/">climate</a> marked by intense weather extremes of droughts and floods.



For the investigation, the researchers used <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-confirm-the-historic-significance-of-2021-heat-wave/">tree ring</a> data from over 600 years to reconstruct an extensive record of weather and streamflow scenarios.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weather-extremes">Weather extremes</h2>



This innovative research method, which combined paleoclimatic data with synthetic weather generation, ultimately provides a new lens through which to prepare for climate-related risks.



The study sheds light on the weather extremes that have historically plagued the San Joaquin Valley in central California. These climate extremes include prolonged periods of both drought and floods, surpassing anything recorded in recent history in terms of severity and duration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study insights are particularly important given the valley's status as a major agricultural center and a crucial source of produce for the nation.



Over the last few years, the region has seen a wild swing between severe drought and significant atmospheric rivers. This makes the valley a bellwether for the climate hazards that are facing the rest of California and much of the world, noted study co-senior author Patrick Reed, professor of Engineering at Cornell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights">Critical insights</h2>



One of the key findings of the study is the role of natural variability in influencing short-term weather extremes. However, human-induced climate change becomes a significant factor over periods exceeding 30 years.&nbsp;



The last six centuries have witnessed prolonged phases of heavy rainfall and severe drought that can persist for decades.&nbsp;



Surprisingly, the severity of droughts in the past 30 years rivals some of the worst in the 600-year record, but with a slightly shorter duration. The experts noted that hydroclimatic risks may be underestimated when they are based exclusively on modern records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-variability">Natural variability</h2>



One of the most significant implications of this research is its potential impact on policy and planning.&nbsp;



“Folks typically want to separate out internal variability versus climate change, just to get a sense of the signal change with anthropogenic warming,” said Professor Reed. 



“But when we’re planning in complex water systems, both are occurring. And we need a sense of what happens when they come together. And what happens is we get extremes we’ve never seen. This opens the envelope of plausible futures in a much wider sense.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study suggests that the convergence of natural variability and anthropogenic climate change is likely to result in more frequent, severe, and protracted flood and drought extremes than have been seen in the past 600 years.&nbsp;



The research provides invaluable insights into California's climate history and serves as a crucial tool for future climate resilience planning.



The study was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. The results are published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF003909" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s Future</a>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.



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California’s weather extremes found in 600-year-old tree rings

Researchers from Cornell University have investigated the climate history of...

An important discovery in the study of the Sun's behavior was released today by researchers at the Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India (<a href="http://www.cessi.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CESSI</a>). Their work has unveiled a new relationship between the Sun’s magnetic field, solar flares, and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-archipelago-15-times-wider-than-earth-spotted-by-nasa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspot</a> cycle. This discovery holds significant promise for predicting solar activities with greater accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-s-magnetic-field-and-sunspot-cycle">Sun’s magnetic field and sunspot cycle</h2>



The Sun, our nearest star, is a massive sphere of hot ionized gas, or plasma. Within it, immense plasma flows and convection currents interact to form magnetic fields. These fields surface as sunspots, dark patches comparable in size to Earth. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a> are centers of intense magnetism, possessing a magnetic strength about 10,000 times greater than Earth's.



Occasionally, these sunspot magnetic fields undergo violent disruptions, giving rise to solar magnetic storms such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-massive-solar-flare-struck-earth-on-monday-but-what-does-this-mean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flares</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejections</a>. These phenomena emit high-energy radiation and expel vast amounts of magnetized plasma into space. The most intense of these storms can wreak havoc on satellites, power grids, and communication networks on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-predicting-solar-flares">Challenge of predicting solar flares</h2>



Sunspot observation, dating back to the early 1600s, reveals a cyclic pattern. Approximately every 11 years, the number of sunspots and the intensity of solar activity peak, leading to heightened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather disturbances</a>. However, accurately predicting these peaks has been a longstanding challenge.



A dynamo mechanism, powered by plasma flows inside the Sun, drives the solar cycle. This mechanism involves two primary magnetic field components. 



One component manifests in <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/sunspots_SDO-NASA_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a>. The other component is active in recycling the Sun's large-scale dipole field, similar to Earth's magnetic field. Every 11 years, this dipole field also reverses its poles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-on-waldmeier-s-discovery">Expanding on Waldmeier’s discovery</h2>



In 1935, Swiss astronomer Max Waldmeier discovered a relationship known as the Waldmeier effect. Waldmeier found that the faster a sunspot cycle rises, the stronger the strength of the solar storms. This relationship has been pivotal in forecasting the strength of sunspot cycles based on early observations.



Priyansh Jaswal, Chitradeep Saha, and Dibyendu Nandy of <a href="https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/web/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IISER Kolkata</a> have discovered a complementary relationship. They found that the rate of decrease in the Sun’s dipole magnetic field correlates with the rate of rise of the ongoing sunspot cycle. 



This discovery, leveraging data from decades-old solar observatories, connects the two primary components of the Sun's magnetic field. In addition, it supports the notion that sunspots are integral to the solar dynamo process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictions-for-the-current-sunspot-cycle">Predictions for the current sunspot cycle</h2>



The IISER Kolkata team demonstrates how monitoring the Sun's dipole magnetic field's rate of decrease, combined with sunspot observations, can predict the peak of an ongoing cycle. Their analysis suggests that the peak of solar cycle 25 is likely to occur in early 2024, with a range of uncertainty extending to September 2024.



In summary, this new discovery opens a window for more accurate forecasting of solar cycle peaks. These are times when the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intense solar activity</a> and space weather disturbances are expected. Such advancements in understanding the Sun's magnetic dynamics are not only pivotal for space weather prediction but also essential for protecting Earth's technological infrastructure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-solar-flares">More about the solar flares</h2>



As discussed above, solar storms and solar flares are powerful eruptions of electromagnetic energy and matter from the Sun. They significantly influence the solar system, particularly impacting <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetic field</a> and atmosphere. Let's dig a little deeper.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-solar-storms">Types of solar storms</h3>



The Sun's magnetic field drives solar storms. Complex magnetic field interactions, often occurring near sunspots, lead to a sudden release of energy, causing these different types.



Solar Flares -- Intense bursts of radiation, are the Sun's most common type of solar storm. They emanate from the release of magnetic energy stored in the Sun's atmosphere and can last from minutes to hours.



Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) -- Massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. CMEs can eject billions of tons of coronal material and carry an embedded magnetic field stronger than the background solar wind interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).



Solar Proton Events -- These involve large quantities of high-energy protons released by the Sun. These particles can reach Earth within minutes to hours of a major solar flare, posing a risk to astronauts and satellites.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-solar-storms-on-earth">Impact of solar storms on Earth</h3>



Solar storms can disrupt satellite operations, communications signals, and navigation systems. They can induce electrical currents in power lines, leading to power outages.



The interaction of solar storm particles with Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere creates spectacular light shows known as auroras, predominantly visible near the polar regions.



In summary, solar storms are dynamic and powerful expressions of the Sun's energy. Understanding them is crucial for protecting Earth's technological infrastructure and furthering our knowledge of solar-terrestrial interactions.



The full study was published in&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/528/1/L27/7441123">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters</a>



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Solar flares will pummel Earth as the sunspot cycle reaches its peak

An important discovery in the study of the Sun's behavior...

Car,Pipe,With,Co2,Carbon,Dioxide,Emissions.,Combustion,Fumes,Coming

A troubling study reveals startling statistics on the impact of air pollution caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>. The new research estimates that 5.1 million extra deaths occur annually worldwide due to this issue. 



This figure represents a staggering 61% of the total 8.3 million deaths attributed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-research-proves-that-air-pollution-causes-heart-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ambient air pollution</a> from all sources in 2019. The study emphasizes the significant health benefits that could be realized by replacing fossil fuels with clean, renewable energy sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-estimating-fossil-fuel-pollution-deaths">Estimating fossil fuel pollution deaths</h2>



While ambient air pollution is recognized as a major environmental threat to health and longevity, pinpointing deaths to specific sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/safe-levels-of-air-pollution-can-negatively-impact-the-developing-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> has been a complex task with varying outcomes in worldwide studies.



In response to this challenge, a team of international researchers devised a novel model. This model aimed to calculate both general and specific mortality rates linked to fossil fuel-related air pollution. Additionally, it evaluated the potential health advantages of adopting policies that transition from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a> to clean, renewable energy alternatives.



This team conducted their analysis by determining the surplus of deaths (the count exceeding the expected number in a specific timeframe). They employed the <a href="https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Burden of Disease 2019</a> study's findings, data on fine particulate matter from <a href="https://ww.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> satellites, population statistics, and advanced simulations in atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, and risk factors for the year 2019. Their analysis encompassed four distinct scenarios.



In the initial scenario, they hypothesized a complete elimination of emissions from fossil fuels. The second and third scenarios considered reductions in exposure by 25% and 50%, respectively, as steps towards complete fossil fuel elimination. The final scenario envisaged the removal of all human-caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-makes-it-difficult-for-bees-to-find-flowers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution sources</a>, leaving only natural elements like desert dust and wildfires as contributors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



The study revealed that in 2019, the global death toll linked to ambient air pollutants like fine particles and ozone amounted to 8.3 million, with fossil fuels responsible for 61% of these deaths (5.1 million). This number represents 82% of the total possible deaths from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/short-term-exposure-to-air-pollution-increases-stroke-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> that could be avoided if all human-made emissions were controlled.



The most significant impact of ambient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> was observed in South and East Asia, especially in China, which experienced 2.44 million deaths annually, and India with 2.18 million. Over half of these deaths (52%) were associated with prevalent health issues, including ischemic heart disease (30%), stroke (16%), chronic obstructive lung disease (16%), and diabetes (6%). 



Approximately 20% of the deaths could not be specifically categorized, but they are suspected to be partly related to conditions like high blood pressure and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elimination-of-fossil-fuel-pollution">Elimination of fossil fuel pollution</h2>



Eradicating fossil fuels would lead to the most substantial decrease in deaths attributed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-link-between-air-pollution-and-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> in South, South East, and East Asia, potentially preventing about 3.85 million deaths each year. This figure is equivalent to 80-85% of the deaths that could potentially be avoided from all human-made air pollution sources in these areas.



In wealthier nations, which largely rely on fossil fuels, about 460,000 deaths per year could be prevented by phasing out these energy sources. This number constitutes roughly 90% of the preventable deaths from all human-caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-increases-the-risk-of-non-lung-cancers-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> sources in these countries.



The researchers noted that their new model produced higher death estimates compared to previous studies. This increase is attributed to the inclusion of both general and disease-specific mortality and basing their estimates exclusively on studies of ambient air pollution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cop28-and-the-paris-agreement">COP28 and the Paris agreement</h2>



Despite some remaining uncertainties, the researchers emphasize that replacing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-orphaned-oil-and-gas-wells-litter-the-world-and-must-be-cleaned-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a> with clean, renewable energy aligns with the Paris Climate Agreement's 2050 climate neutrality goal, offering significant benefits for both public health and the environment.



The researchers acknowledge some uncertainties in their model but emphasize the significant public health benefits of replacing fossil fuels. The upcoming <a href="https://unfccc.int/cop28" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COP28</a> climate change negotiations in the United Arab Emirates are seen as a pivotal opportunity to advance the fossil fuel phase-out agenda.



Accompanying the study, an editorial by researchers from Finland and Norway highlights that preventing deaths is just one aspect of the issue. Improved air quality could also reduce the burden of several major diseases. They advocate for a just and equitable phase-out of fossil fuels, emphasizing the role of high-income countries in leading this transition.



In summary, as COP28 approaches, the call for an accelerated phase-out of fossil fuels is clear. The potential health benefits, alongside the positive impact on the climate, make this an urgent and necessary commitment for global leaders.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2023-077784" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMJ</a>.



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Air pollution from fossil fuels kills 5 million people each year

A troubling study reveals startling statistics on the impact of...

Scientists at the <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Munich</a> (TUM) have discovered that a day on Earth could eventually extend to 25 hours. The research marks a significant advancement in understanding Earth's rotation through rotational dynamics.



Contrary to common belief, Earth's rotation does not adhere to a precise 24-hour cycle. This inconsistency is attributed to the Earth's heterogeneous composition - a blend of various solids and liquids, each influencing the planet's rotational speed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-climate-models">Improving climate models</h2>



“Fluctuations in rotation are not only important for astronomy, we also urgently need them to create accurate climate models and to better understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/">weather</a> phenomena like El Niño,” said Ulrich Schreiber, the project lead at the Observatory for TUM. “And the more precise the data, the more accurate the predictions.”



TUM's breakthrough centers on the enhancement of a ring laser, a sophisticated device capable of measuring the Earth's rotation with remarkable precision.&nbsp;



This laser, housed within the <a href="https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/hydrology/infrastructure/geodetic-observatory-wettzell" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geodetic Observatory Wettzell</a>, operates within a specially designed pressurized chamber buried 20 feet underground. It comprises a laser ring gyroscope and a 13.1-foot-wide "racetrack," all meticulously calibrated to ensure that external factors minimally influence the laser's readings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-rotation-speed-varies">Earth's rotation speed varies</h2>



The device uses a complex system of lasers and mirrors to accurately detect variances in the speed of Earth’s rotation. These differences are indicated by the fluctuating frequencies between two laser beams, with larger discrepancies signifying faster rotation. 



For instance, at the equator, where the Earth rotates at 15 degrees per hour, the ring laser records a frequency of 348.5 Hz, which subtly changes by mere millionths of a Hertz daily.&nbsp;



However, achieving exact measurements with this technology is challenging due to the inherent asymmetry in the device's design.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precise-measurements-of-earth-s-rotation">Precise measurements of Earth's rotation </h2>



Over the past four years, geodesists have developed a theoretical model for laser oscillations to account for these systematic effects.&nbsp;



By incorporating a corrective algorithm, they can now precisely eliminate these discrepancies from their measurements, enabling them to measure Earth's rotation to an astonishing nine decimal places. This equates to a variance of approximately a fraction of a millisecond each day.



"In geosciences, time resolution levels this high are absolutely novel for standalone ring lasers. In contrast to other systems, the laser functions completely independently and doesn't require reference points in space," said Professor Urs Hugentobler.



"With conventional systems, these reference points are created by observing the stars or using satellite data. But we're independent of that kind of thing and also extremely precise."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-dynamics">Evolving dynamics</h2>



Interestingly, the Earth's day length has been gradually increasing over time. During the era of the dinosaurs, a day lasted only 23 hours, and 1.4 billion years ago, it was a mere 18 hours and 41 minutes.&nbsp;



Projections suggest that in 200 million years, a day will extend to 25 hours. This evolving dynamic of Earth's rotation underscores the importance of advanced measurements, though it leaves one to wonder who or what might be around to witness these changes in the distant future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-earth-s-rotation">More about Earth's rotation</h2>



As previously discussed, Earth's rotation, a fundamental aspect of our planet's existence, presents a fascinating subject combining aspects of astronomy, physics, and geology. Let's now dive deeper into the intricate details of how and why Earth rotates, the effects this rotation has on life and the environment, and the scientific methods used to study it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-earth-s-rotation">Understanding Earth's rotation</h3>



Earth rotates on its axis, an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, which is how we have the recurring cycle of day and night. This rotation occurs in a counterclockwise direction when viewed from above the North Pole, and it takes approximately 24 hours to complete one full turn. Although, as we learned above, that time period is slowly increasing.



The rotation of Earth stems from the planet's formation. About 4.6 billion years ago, Earth formed from a cloud of gas and dust. As this material coalesced under gravity, it began to spin, leading to the rotation we observe today. The conservation of angular momentum, a principle in physics, dictates that Earth maintains this rotation unless acted upon by an external force.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-of-earth-s-rotation">Effects of Earth's rotation</h3>



The most direct effect of Earth's rotation is the alternation between day and night. As Earth spins, different parts of the planet face the Sun, experiencing daylight, while others turn away, falling into night.



Earth's rotation also influences climate and weather patterns. The Coriolis effect, resulting from the rotation, causes moving air and water to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This deflection plays a crucial role in shaping weather systems and ocean currents.



The division of Earth into 24 time zones relates directly to its rotation. Each zone represents the section of Earth that experiences a particular hour of the day, aligning daily activities with the position of the Sun in the sky.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-earth-s-rotation">Studying Earth's rotation</h3>



Scientists use astronomical observations to study Earth's rotation. By monitoring the positions of stars and other celestial bodies, they can measure the precise rate and changes in Earth's spin.



Satellites equipped with advanced sensors provide another means to study Earth's rotation. These instruments can detect subtle changes in the rotation speed and the orientation of the Earth's axis.



Geological records, such as sediment layers and ice cores, also offer insights into historical changes in Earth's rotation. These records help scientists understand how the rotation has varied over millions of years.



In summary, Earth's rotation is a dynamic process with profound impacts on the planet. It shapes our daily experience of time, influences weather and climate patterns, and plays a key role in the functioning of our world. Through a combination of astronomical, satellite, and geological studies, scientists continue to unravel the complexities of Earth's rotation, deepening our understanding of this fundamental planetary feature.



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Earth's rotation is shifting towards a 25-hour day

Scientists at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have discovered...

NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter, a veteran in Martian exploration, has achieved yet another milestone in its long-standing mission.&nbsp;



Celebrating its 22nd year at Mars, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-has-left-a-metal-mark-on-earths-stratosphere/">spacecraft</a> has captured a series of awe-inspiring panoramic images of the red planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brand-new-perspective-nbsp">Brand new perspective&nbsp;</h2>



Jonathon Hill of Arizona State University is the operations lead for Odyssey’s camera, called the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS).&nbsp;



“If there were astronauts in orbit over Mars, this is the perspective they would have,” said Hill. “No Mars spacecraft has ever had this kind of view before.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-achievement">Remarkable achievement</h2>



The collection of ten images, taken from approximately 250 miles above Mars, showcases a breathtaking view of the Martian landscape enveloped in layers of clouds and dust.&nbsp;



These visuals not only provide a stunning representation of Mars but will greatly improve our scientific understanding of the planet’s atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behind-the-scenes-nbsp">Behind the scenes&nbsp;</h2>



Creating such an expansive view wasn't without its challenges. Engineers at <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> and Lockheed Martin Space, the teams responsible for managing and operating Odyssey, invested three months in planning these observations.&nbsp;



THEMIS, an infrared camera sensitive to warmth, typically points straight down and is fixed in place on the orbiter. Its primary function involves mapping ice, rock, sand, and dust on Mars’ surface, along with monitoring temperature changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-operation">Complex operation</h2>



To capture a unique perspective of Mars, the entire spacecraft had to be rotated almost 90 degrees – a maneuver that required precise calculations to ensure the solar panels remained sunlit without overheating sensitive equipment.&nbsp;



This reorientation temporarily cut off communication with Earth, adding another layer of complexity to the operation.



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-martian-atmosphere">The Martian atmosphere</h2>



The innovative method allowed for the observation of details in the Martian atmosphere that would otherwise remain unseen from a typical overhead perspective.



“I think of it as viewing a cross-section, a slice through the atmosphere,” said Jeffrey Plaut, Odyssey’s project scientist at JPL. “There’s a lot of detail you can’t see from above, which is how THEMIS normally makes these measurements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-images-of-phobos-nbsp">Images of Phobos&nbsp;</h2>



Apart from capturing Mars, the mission also focused on Phobos, one of Mars’ moons.&nbsp;



By altering the angle and lighting conditions under which Phobos was observed, the team added unique data to their existing collection, which could potentially contribute to understanding the moon's origin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



These efforts are not only significant for the Odyssey mission but also for the upcoming Mars Moon eXplorer (MMX) mission, a collaborative effort between NASA and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency).&nbsp;



MMX aims to return samples from Phobos and Deimos, and insights gained from Odyssey’s observations of Phobos will be invaluable.



Odyssey's latest accomplishment marks a significant milestone in Mars exploration, offering unprecedented views of the Martian horizon and contributing vital data that could shape future missions and scientific understanding of the red planet and its moons.&nbsp;



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Odyssey orbiter captures unprecedented images of Mars

NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter, a veteran in Martian exploration,...

A team of astronomers led by <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UChicago</a> scientist Rafael Luque has made a fascinating discovery in a nearby star system, revealing a unique and rhythmic orbital dance of six planets around their central star. This rare sight offers a fascinating glimpse into the intricate and harmonious movements of celestial bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-six-planet-gravitational-waltz">Six-planet gravitational waltz</h2>



The discovery presents a rare case of an “in sync” gravitational lockstep among the planets. The six planets orbit a star known as HD110067, located approximately 100 light-years away in the constellation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_Berenices" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coma Berenices</a>. What makes this system extraordinary is the rhythmic beat of its planetary orbits, so precise that it could be set to music.



Rafael Luque comments on the discovery's importance, saying, “This discovery is going to become a benchmark system to study how sub-Neptunes, the most common type of planets outside of the solar system, form, evolve, what are they made of, and if they possess the right conditions to support the existence of liquid water on their surfaces.”



The planets were initially detected by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (<a href="https://tess.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TESS</a>) in 2020, which observed dips in the brightness of HD110067, indicating planets passing in front of the star. Further analysis using data from TESS and the European Space Agency’s CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cheops" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cheops</a>) led to the discovery of this unique configuration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-and-precise-6-planet-dance">Rare and precise 6-planet dance</h2>



While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-delicate-balance-of-our-solar-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multi-planet</a> systems are common in our galaxy, those in tight gravitational formation known as “resonance” are much rarer. 



In this system, the planet closest to the star completes three orbits for every two of the next planet -- a 3/2 resonance. This pattern is repeated among the four closest planets. The outermost planets follow a 4/3 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-moons-are-warming-each-other-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resonance pattern</a>, repeated twice.



Luque emphasizes the rarity of such systems. He says, “We think only about one percent of all systems stay in resonance, and even fewer show a chain of planets in such a configuration.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-resonant-planetary-systems">Importance of resonant planetary systems</h2>



Orbitally resonant systems are crucial for understanding planetary formation and evolution. Planets around stars typically form in resonance but can be easily perturbed by massive planets, close encounters with other stars, or giant impacts. 



As a result, many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-planetary-system-that-resembles-tatooine-from-star-wars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multi-planet</a> systems known to astronomers are not in resonance but may have once been. HD110067 stands out as it has preserved its resonant configuration, providing a window into the early stages of planetary system formation.



To gain a deeper understanding of this system, more precise measurements of these planets' masses and orbits are needed. This will help refine theories on how the system formed and provide insights into the nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-exoplanet-k2-18-have-the-right-conditions-to-support-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sub-Neptunes</a> and their potential to support life.



In summary, the discovery of this harmoniously dancing planetary system not only captivates the imagination but also serves as a crucial benchmark for understanding the complexities of planet formation and evolution in the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extrasolar-multi-planetary-systems">Extrasolar multi-planetary systems</h2>



The discovery of extrasolar multi-planetary systems -- systems with more than one planet orbiting a star other than our Sun -- has revolutionized our understanding of the universe and the diversity of planetary systems. 



With advancements in technology and dedicated missions, astronomers are now uncovering these distant worlds, offering insights into their formation, evolution, and potential for harboring life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-hunt-for-extrasolar-worlds">The hunt for extrasolar worlds</h2>



Astronomers use various methods to detect and study extrasolar planets, or exoplanets. The most successful techniques include the transit method, where a planet passes in front of its host star, causing a slight dimming in the star's brightness, and the radial velocity method, which detects the gravitational influence of a planet on its star.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-transit-method">The transit method</h4>



The transit method has been instrumental in identifying numerous multi-planetary systems. Missions like NASA's Kepler Space Telescope and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) have discovered thousands of exoplanets by monitoring the brightness of stars for periodic dips.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radial-velocity">Radial velocity</h4>



The radial velocity method complements the transit method by measuring the slight back-and-forth wobbles of a star caused by the gravitational pull of orbiting planets. This technique not only confirms the existence of planets but also provides estimates of their masses.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-multi-planetary-systems">Diversity of multi-planetary systems</h3>



Extrasolar multi-planetary systems exhibit remarkable diversity in terms of the number of planets, their sizes, compositions, and orbital configurations. Some systems closely resemble our solar system, with a mix of rocky inner planets and gas giants further out, while others are entirely different, featuring "hot Jupiters" or "super-Earths."



As discussed previously in this article, some extrasolar systems display resonant orbits, where planets exhibit orbital periods in a precise ratio, creating a stable gravitational interaction. These systems provide crucial information about the processes of planetary migration and the early stages of planetary system formation.



One of the most intriguing aspects of studying extrasolar multi-planetary systems is the search for habitable planets – worlds that could potentially support life. The habitable zone, or the "Goldilocks zone," is the region around a star where conditions might be right for liquid water to exist on a planet's surface.



The discovery of Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone of their stars fuels the hope of finding life beyond Earth. The characterizing atmospheres of these planets, especially for signs of water vapor or gases like oxygen and methane, which could indicate biological processes, is a key focus of ongoing research.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-exploration-of-multi-planetary-systems">Future exploration of multi-planetary systems</h3>



Future missions are expected to further our understanding of extrasolar multi-planetary systems. By analyzing the light from these distant worlds, astronomers will delve deeper into their atmospheres, surface conditions, and potentially even signs of life.



In summary, the study of extrasolar multi-planetary systems opens a window into the vast and varied universe beyond our solar system. As we continue to discover and analyze these distant worlds, we expand our knowledge of how planetary systems form and evolve, and inch closer to answering the age-old question: Are we alone in the universe?



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06692-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Rare six-planet star system moves in strange, perfect synchrony

A team of astronomers led by UChicago scientist Rafael Luque...

Honey,Bee,Flying,To,The,Flower

Venoms, remarkable for their complexity and potency, have independently evolved in numerous animal groups, including bees. Within the diverse insect order Hymenoptera, which encompasses over 6,000 bee species alone, venomous species are notably abundant. 



Despite their ecological and economic significance, the evolutionary development of hymenopteran venoms has remained largely unexplored. A recent study led by Dr. Björn von Reumont, a visiting scientist at <a href="https://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>, has made significant strides in understanding this mysterious evolutionary path.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-bee-venom-evolution">Studying bee venom evolution</h2>



The research, grounded in comparative genomics, marks the first systematic exploration of the evolution of bee and other hymenopteran venoms. 



The team identified prevalent peptides and proteins in hymenopteran venom using protein databases. They then analyzed venoms from two wild bee species -- the violet carpenter bee (Xylocopa violacea) and the great-banded furrow-bee (Halictus scabiosae) -- as well as of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). 



Twelve peptide and protein families were found to be common across the hymenopteran venoms studied, suggesting these are fundamental "common ingredient" of their venom cocktails.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-genetic-discoveries">Surprising genetic discoveries</h2>



In collaboration with institutions like the <a href="https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/en/institutes/leibniz-institutes-all-lists" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute</a>, <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TUM</a>, and <a href="https://tbg.senckenberg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LOEWE TBG</a>, the researchers examined the genes of these 12 families in 32 hymenopteran taxa. 



This group included sweat bees and stingless bees, and also wasps and ants such as the notorious fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). The genetic differences were sometimes as minute as a single letter change in the genetic code. Nonetheless, this enabled the team to trace relationships and compile a lineage of venom genes using artificial intelligence and machine learning.



A key revelation was the presence of many venom genes across all hymenopterans, indicating a common ancestral origin. Bees, it seems, have been venomous from their beginnings. 



This finding challenges current debates in other groups, such as Toxicofera, about the independent evolution of venoms. “This makes it highly probable that hymenopterans are venomous as an entire group,” concludes von Reumont. “For other groups, such as Toxicofera, which includes snakes, anguids (lizards) and iguania, science is still debating whether the venoms can be traced back to a common ancestor or whether they evolved separately.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hymenoptera-specialization">Hymenoptera specialization</h2>



In the Hymenoptera order, it's specifically the stinging insects like bees, wasps, and ants that are equipped with a stinger for venom delivery. In contrast, the ancient parasitic sawflies, such as the sirex wood wasp (Sirex noctilio), employ a different method. They use their ovipositor, in conjunction with laying eggs, to introduce substances that modify the physiology of their host plants. 



A notable example is the sirex wood wasp, which not only injects a fungus aiding its larvae in colonizing the wood but also delivers its unique blend of venomous proteins, as highlighted in the study. 



These proteins are crucial in preparing the plant environment to be conducive for the larvae's growth. Dr. von Reumont points out, "Based on this, we can categorize the sirex wood wasp as venomous too."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-venom-components-in-bees">Novel venom components in bees</h2>



Particularly intriguing was the discovery related to the peptide melittin in bees. Contrary to previous beliefs that multiple gene copies were responsible for its diversity and abundance in bee venom, the study revealed it is encoded by a single gene. 



This discovery refutes the hypothesis of melittin belonging to the postulated aculeatoxins group, emphasizing the importance of genome data in understanding venom evolution.



Additionally, the study identified anthophilin-1 as a new protein family in bee venom, further enriching our understanding of venom composition and evolution.



Dr. von Reumont explains, “Not only are there many different variants of melittin, but the peptide also accounts for up to 60 percent of the dry weight of bee venom. That is why science previously assumed that there must be many gene copies. We were able to disprove this quite clearly.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-venom-evolution-research">Future venom evolution research</h2>



This important study by Dr. von Reumont and his team offers unprecedented insights into the origin and evolution of venom genes in Hymenoptera. It sets the stage for future research in tracing venom gene evolution in the ancestors of Hymenoptera and understanding specializations within the group. 



However, large-scale comparative genomics will require the automation of analysis methods for the expansive protein families involved. 



This research illuminates the evolutionary paths of venoms, while also opening new avenues for understanding the intricate relationships between genetics and ecology in one of the most diverse and ecologically significant insect orders.



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Which came first, bee venom or bee stingers?

Venoms, remarkable for their complexity and potency, have independently evolved...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Sean also believes that having Barrie around gave him an escape from the stress and trauma of the military life. Whereas some of his comrades developed mental illness or PTSD, Sean at least had an outlet and companion.

Emotional relief