Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means that NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies. This group includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.



The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. 



The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Young, massive stars in the Triangulum Galaxy

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a brilliant stellar nursery located about 163,000 light-years away.



According to ESA, the image is one of the most photogenic examples of the many stellar nurseries observed by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope during its 30-year lifetime. 



“The portrait features the giant nebula NGC 2014 and its neighbor NGC 2020 which together form part of a vast star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-stellar-nursery">What is a stellar nursery?</h2>



Stellar nurseries are regions in space where new stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">born</a> - often within vast clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds.&nbsp;



These areas are fascinating because they are cradles of stellar evolution, where gravity causes clumps of gas to collapse, eventually forming protostars.&nbsp;



Over time, the protostars will heat up and start the nuclear fusion process that powers a star.



One of the most well-known stellar nurseries is the Orion Nebula, which is visible to the naked eye and located about 1,350 light-years from Earth.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-a-stellar-nursery-nbsp">Dynamic nature of a stellar nursery&nbsp;</h2>



Within these nurseries, the balance between gravity and pressure determines the types of stars that form, from massive, luminous stars to smaller, cooler ones like our Sun.&nbsp;



The environment is incredibly dynamic, with powerful winds from young stars shaping the clouds and triggering the birth of even more stars.



These regions are often illuminated by the light from massive newborn stars - creating stunning, colorful displays. The light reveals the intricate structure of the dust and gas, sculpted by the energy of young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-stellar-nurseries-nbsp">Significance of stellar nurseries&nbsp;</h2>



Stellar nurseries are essential for understanding the early stages of planetary formation, as protoplanetary disks (the material from which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets form</a>) are often found around young stars in these regions.



Stellar nurseries play a crucial role in the ongoing evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. They are responsible for the continuous birth of new stars that enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements. This constant recycling of material is key to the development of future generations of stars and planets.&nbsp;



Furthermore, the study of these regions helps astronomers understand the fundamental processes that govern the life cycles of stars and the overall dynamics of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-local-group">The Local Group</h2>



The Local Group is a collection of over 80 galaxies that includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, along with numerous smaller dwarf galaxies. These galaxies are bound together by gravity and span a region roughly 10 million light-years across.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-thin-disk-is-billions-of-years-older-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> and Andromeda are the dominant members, with their respective satellite galaxies orbiting them.&nbsp;



The Local Group is part of a larger structure known as the Virgo Supercluster, and its galaxies are moving toward the gravitational center of the Local Group, contributing to its dynamic nature.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-magellanic-cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</h2>



The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group and can be seen with the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



This irregular dwarf galaxy is home to the Tarantula Nebula, one of the most active star-forming regions in our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;



The Large Magellanic Cloud played a key role in astronomical history, particularly when the supernova SN 1987A was observed, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution.&nbsp;



The LMC's interaction with the Milky Way, along with its own companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud, is believed to influence its shape and star formation activity. Its proximity and unique properties make it a crucial object of study for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>, star formation, and the dynamics of interacting galaxies.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and STScI



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Hubble captures a stunning stellar nursery

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a satellite view of the fires burning in Southern California.



“Five wildfires - the biggest of which are the Palisades and the Eaton fires - are still currently burning (as of January 10, 2025) in areas of north Los Angeles. At least 10 people are known to have lost their lives and many more properties have been burnt to the ground,” said <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Los_Angeles_struggles_to_contain_wildfires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“This image, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission on January 9, 2025, shows the Palisades fire at lower left and the Eaton fire at upper right, with smoke seen reaching Catalina Island and the Santa Barbara reserve to the south of the fire.”&nbsp;



The fires have now burned more than 37,000 acres - an area bigger than San Francisco - according to Cal Fire. More than 12,000 structures have been destroyed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tens-of-thousands-of-residents-displaced-by-fires">Tens of thousands of residents displaced by fires</h2>



The Palisades Fire is the largest at more than 21,000 acres, while the Eaton Fire has burned more than 14,000 acres. Those blazes are 11 percent and 15 percent contained, respectively.



Evacuation orders have displaced over 150,000 residents, with an additional 166,000 on alert. Temporary shelters are operating at full capacity, and widespread power outages have affected nearly 1.6 million homes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-winds-and-a-lack-of-resources-nbsp">Strong winds and a lack of resources&nbsp;</h2>



Firefighting efforts are being hampered by strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-more-toxic-than-other-sources-of-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winds</a>, with gusts reaching up to 100 miles per hour, and a lack of resources. Some fire hydrants have run dry, complicating containment efforts.&nbsp;



In response to the crisis, President Biden has approved federal disaster assistance, and additional firefighters from neighboring states are joining the efforts.&nbsp;



The California National Guard has been deployed, and the Department of Defense is providing personnel and equipment. Despite these measures, the fires continue to pose a significant threat to the region.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-threats-from-the-palisades-fire-nbsp">New threats from the Palisades Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Palisades Fire, which began near the Pacific Palisades neighborhood in Los Angeles, has rapidly expanded, prompting new evacuation orders for areas including Tarzana and Encino in the San Fernando Valley.&nbsp;



The fire's swift progression has been exacerbated by strong winds, causing it to grow by "three football fields of land per minute." This rapid expansion has led to mandatory evacuations along sections of the Pacific Coast Highway and surrounding areas.&nbsp;



The Los Angeles Fire Department reported that more than 10,000 houses and 13,000 buildings are under threat.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-behavior-of-the-fires">Unpredictable behavior of the fires</h2>



In response to the advancing flames, evacuation orders were extended into Tarzana and Encino on January 10. Residents in these areas have been advised to evacuate promptly due to the fire's unpredictable behavior and the potential for further spread.&nbsp;



The situation remains critical, with firefighting efforts ongoing to contain the blaze and protect threatened communities.&nbsp;



Authorities continue to monitor the fire's progression and are urging residents to stay informed and adhere to evacuation orders for their safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-in-southern-california-nbsp">Wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dry-lightning-sparks-the-most-destructive-california-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Southern California are particularly severe due to a combination of factors. The region’s hot, dry climate creates ideal conditions for fires, especially during the summer and fall when vegetation is parched.&nbsp;



Seasonal Santa Ana winds exacerbate the problem by driving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flames</a> rapidly across the landscape, making fires difficult to contain. The area’s diverse and often dense vegetation, such as chaparral and grasslands, provides abundant fuel.&nbsp;



Furthermore, Southern California’s growing urban footprint increases the risk of fires igniting due to human activity, while also placing more people and infrastructure in harm’s way.&nbsp;



Climate change intensifies these challenges by extending fire seasons and increasing the frequency of extreme heat and drought events, creating a feedback loop that makes wildfires increasingly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/californias-forests-are-losing-their-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destructive</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-california-fires">Impacts of the California fires</h2>



The Palisades and Eaton Fires are among the most destructive wildfires in California's history, both in terms of structures destroyed and economic impact. Fortunately, however, they have not surpassed the Camp Fire in terms of human fatalities.



The Camp Fire of 2018 remains the deadliest wildfire in the state of California, with 85 fatalities. 



The financial impact of the current fires is unprecedented. Estimates suggest that the damages could reach between $135 billion and $150 billion, potentially making these wildfires the costliest in U.S. history.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Satellite captures devastating fires in Southern California

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.



Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;



"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.



"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."



The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.



The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.



Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.



Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. 



Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.



The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.



Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. 



The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.



The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.



Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. 



The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.



The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.



In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.



I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.



“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;



According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” said ESA.



“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;



ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.



Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;



“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;



ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;



“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. 



Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. 



One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.



Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features massive amounts of smoke rising from multiple wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;



The largest blaze is the Palisades Fire, which ignited near the Pacific Palisades neighborhood in Los Angeles on January 7, 2025.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-wildfire-conditions">Explosive wildfire conditions</h2>



The Palisades Fire spread rapidly due to severe drought conditions and strong Santa Ana winds, with gusts reaching up to 100 miles per hour.&nbsp;



Within hours, the fire expanded from 200 acres to over 2,900 acres, threatening thousands of structures and prompting mandatory evacuations for thousands of residents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-ferocious-winds-in-years">Most ferocious winds in years</h2>



A report from Fox Weather noted: “More than 260,000 people are under some sort of evacuation statement as multiple uncontained wildfires consume everything in their path.”



The news agency said that the fires are fueled by the “most ferocious Santa Ana winds in over 14 years.” The report further noted that “the level of destruction extends both north and south along the coast, with hurricane-force winds that are incredibly strong, dry, and unpredictable.”&nbsp;



As of January 8, the Palisades Fire had rapidly exploded to over 5,000 acres and remained uncontained. The cause of the fire is currently under investigation.&nbsp;



“This image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission vividly depicts the smoke billowing from the fire near Santa Monica at 10:36 local time on January 7, 2025, not long after the fire broke out. The blaze has since caused widespread damage and concern,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Los_Angeles_ablaze" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-damage-and-concern">Widespread damage and concern</h2>



The Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD) has deployed over 1,400 firefighters to combat the blaze. However, the intense winds have hindered aerial firefighting efforts, as aircraft were grounded for safety reasons.&nbsp;



The fire has destroyed more than 1,000 structures, including several homes in Malibu, and has led to significant traffic congestion as residents evacuate the area.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-for-extreme-fire-behavior-nbsp">Warning for extreme fire behavior&nbsp;</h2>



On Monday, before the fires broke out, the weather service office in Los Angeles warned that wind gusts could reach 100 miles per hour in some areas this week - creating the potential for "extreme fire behavior.” 



In addition to the Palisades Fire, three other significant blazes include the Eaton Fire in the Altadena region and the Hurst Fire in northern Sylmar. These fires have prompted further evacuations and continue to threaten numerous structures.&nbsp;



"L.A. County and all 29 fire departments in our county are not prepared for this type of widespread disaster," LA County Fire Chief Anthony C. Marrone said at a news conference. "There are not enough firefighters in L.A. County to address four separate fires of this magnitude."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-hurricane-of-fire">A hurricane of fire</h2>



High wind warnings and red flag warnings in effect across the region indicate that the critical fire weather conditions are ongoing.&nbsp;



Residents are advised to remain vigilant, adhere to evacuation orders, and stay informed through official channels as the situation evolves.



"Winds will not die down much until noon on Wednesday around Los Angeles," said meteorologist Ryan Maue on X. "The worst is yet to come in next few hours with 80-105 mph gusts. This is a hurricane of fire."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-in-southern-california-nbsp">Wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;</h2>



Wildfires in Southern California are particularly severe due to a combination of factors. The region’s hot, dry climate creates ideal conditions for fires, especially during the summer and fall when vegetation is parched.&nbsp;



Seasonal Santa Ana winds exacerbate the problem by driving flames rapidly across the landscape, making fires difficult to contain. The area's diverse and often dense vegetation, such as chaparral and grasslands, provides abundant fuel.&nbsp;



Furthermore, Southern California’s growing urban footprint increases the risk of fires igniting due to human activity, while also placing more people and infrastructure in harm’s way.&nbsp;



Climate change intensifies these challenges by extending fire seasons and increasing the frequency of extreme heat and drought events, creating a feedback loop that makes wildfires increasingly destructive.



—----



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Explosive wildfires in California fueled by hurricane-force winds

The Arosa Bear Sanctuary officially opened in early August of 2018. It is a three-hectare site containing species-appropriate enclosures and room for up to five bears. Looks like Napa won't be the only bear in town for much longer! Photo Credit: @arosabaerenland / Instagram

No Longer Alone

Astronomers have taken another step forward in their search for the universe’s most elusive titans: supermassive black holes. 



Using multiple NASA telescopes, scientists have found a better estimate for the ratio of hidden to visible black holes, thus shedding more light on the enigmatic structures that lie at the heart of most galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-supermassive-black-holes">Searching for supermassive black holes</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Supermassive</a> black holes can weigh billions of times more than the Sun. However, many of these cosmic giants are hidden behind dense clouds of gas and dust, making them difficult to detect. 



Researchers estimate that every large galaxy harbors a supermassive black hole at its center.



Yet, identifying the total population of these behemoths is challenging. Instead, scientists study smaller samples and extrapolate to the larger population.



The latest study, published in the Astrophysical Journal, revealed that about 35% of supermassive black holes are obscured by dense gas and dust that blocks even low-energy X-ray light.



This contrasts with earlier surveys that identified less than 15% as obscured. Scientists believe the true ratio may approach 50/50, a finding that could reshape theories about how galaxies and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powerful-magnetic-fields-may-be-key-features-of-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a> grow together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-monsters-in-the-dark">Bright monsters in the dark</h2>



Supermassive black <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fastest-feeding-black-hole-found-in-the-early-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">holes</a> are completely dark because no light can escape their immense gravitational pull. However, the matter swirling around a black hole glows intensely.



As gas spirals closer to the black hole, the huge gravitational force heats it to extremely high temperatures. This causes the gas to shine so brightly that it can outshine all the stars in the galaxy.



Despite this brightness, the glow can be hidden if the black hole is surrounded by a thick ring of gas and dust, called a "torus." 



The torus resembles a doughnut, with the bright center at its core. Whether we can see the black hole or not depends on the angle of this torus.



If we are looking straight into the doughnut hole, the bright emissions are visible. If we see it edge-on, the torus blocks most of the light, which means that the black hole is hidden. 



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="pHhHzAqFJG-4222335-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infrared-and-x-ray-telescopes">Infrared and X-ray telescopes</h2>



To study these hidden black holes, NASA used data collected in 1983 by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/infrared-astronomical-satellite-iras/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IRAS</a>). The IRAS detected infrared light, which is emitted by the heated gas in the torus, even when the black hole itself was obscured.



NASA’s <a href="https://www.nustar.caltech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NuSTAR</a> telescope complemented this data by detecting high-energy X-rays that can penetrate the dense gas and dust.



Combining data from both telescopes allowed scientists to locate and study hidden <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-finds-a-surge-of-black-holes-after-the-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a> with much greater precision, and offered a clearer understanding of these cosmic giants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-holes-and-galactic-evolution">Black holes and galactic evolution</h2>



Supermassive black holes play a huge role in shaping how galaxies grow and change over time. When matter gets too close to a supermassive black hole, it spirals in and heats up, creating bright energy emissions that can influence the entire galaxy. 



This intense energy can regulate the formation of new stars by either triggering it through shockwaves or suppressing it by blowing away the gas needed for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pillars-of-creation-new-3d-video-nasa-created-as-never-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star creation</a>. 



Essentially, the black hole acts like a cosmic governor, controlling how busy or quiet the galaxy is in terms of star production.



Beyond just star formation, supermassive black holes also help shape the overall structure and behavior of their host galaxies. 



They can launch <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-jets-are-like-million-light-year-long-jedi-lightsabers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">powerful jets of particles and radiation</a> that stretch far beyond the galaxy’s core, impacting the surrounding environment. 



These jets can heat up the gas in the galaxy, preventing it from cooling down and forming new stars, which influences the galaxy’s size and brightness. 



Additionally, the interaction between the black hole and the galaxy can lead to the growth of the galaxy’s central bulge, making it more rounded and stable.



“If we didn’t have black holes, galaxies would be much larger,” noted <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/people/5xd2nb/professor-poshak-gandhi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Poshak Gandhi</a>, a coauthor of the study. “Without a supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-suggests-that-dark-energy-comes-from-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> in the Milky Way, there might be many more stars in the sky.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



This study demonstrates the lasting importance of data collected by telescopes, even decades after their initial operation. 



By combining observations from multiple instruments that work across different wavelengths of light, scientists can uncover details that a single telescope alone might miss.



“It amazes me how useful IRAS and NuSTAR were for this project, especially despite IRAS being operational over 40 years ago,” said study lead author Peter Boorman of <a href="https://www.caltech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a>.



The IRAS provided critical infrared data, while the more modern NuSTAR telescope added complementary X-ray observations. Together, these tools created a fuller picture of hidden supermassive black holes.



This study is not just about uncovering hidden black holes; it’s a testament to the ingenuity and innovation that drive astronomical research. 



By leveraging these tools and techniques, scientists gain deeper insights into how hidden <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-massive-early-universe-black-hole-stuns-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a> influence the growth of galaxies and, ultimately, into the universe’s structure.



The study is published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad8236" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Astrophysical Journal</a>.&nbsp; 



Video Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



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Many supermassive black holes can't be seen with current technology

Astronomers have taken another step forward in their search for...

A nationwide survey has shed light on how illness impacts the winter experiences of Americans. Conducted by Talker Research and commissioned by Zipfizz, the survey reveals a striking truth: most Americans spend less than half of their winter days feeling truly healthy.



The average winter month leaves many feeling unwell for the majority of the time. Respondents report being 100% fit for only 16 days each month. The study paints a clear picture of how winter's chilly grip affects both individual health and relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-illness-and-health-struggles-in-winter-months">Illness and health struggles in winter months</h2>



The survey uncovered that a lack of energy is the most widespread complaint during the winter months. It affects 58% of participants. Common cold symptoms follow, with 42% reporting coughing, 40% struggling with sore throats, and 38% battling congestion.



For many, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-infectious-disease-landscape-is-changing-and-we-must-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ailments</a> are more than just physical inconveniences. They disrupt daily life, impacting work and social interactions.



“Winter’s a tough time of year and often busy, so feeling off-form can really hamper us,” said Marcela Kanalos, a spokesperson for Zipfizz. 



“The results show many people are feeling less than their best for half of the season, and that takes its toll on our moods, energy, and overall enjoyment of life.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-illness-on-couples">Impact of illness on couples</h2>



The survey also reveals how winter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-isolation-and-loneliness-trigger-changes-in-blood-proteins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">illness</a> affects relationships, particularly among couples. When one partner gets sick, it often leads to noticeable changes in behavior.



About one-third of respondents described their sick partner as "a baby," which suggests that some people might act needy or dramatic when unwell.



Other behaviors that annoyed respondents included stubbornness (25%), where the sick partner refuses to follow advice, and acting overly dramatic (23%) about their symptoms. Additionally, 22% of people reported that their partner completely denies being sick, ignoring their illness altogether.



The survey also pointed out that illness doesn't only affect the sick person. Partners and loved ones notice it too. Nearly one-third (29%) of people said they mix up the days of the week when sick. 



Others (21%) reported getting into arguments with their partners or family members. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-odd-behaviors-when-sick">Odd behaviors when sick</h2>



The survey on winter illnesses also revealed some unexpected behaviors from participants when they were sick. 



Here are 12 unusual actions respondents said they’ve done:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Put shoes in the refrigerator</li>



<li>Can’t remember their own name</li>



<li>Forgot to make coffee</li>



<li>Put on two different high heels (same color) in a rush</li>



<li>Forgot to pick up the kid from school</li>



<li>Drove with pizza on the roof of the car</li>



<li>Left groceries on the bus</li>



<li>Forgot why they left the house</li>



<li>Went to work on a day off</li>



<li>Forgot an important doctor’s appointment</li>



<li>Left wallet/purse with ID at home</li>



<li>Accidentally threw phone away with trash</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-managing-winter-illness">Managing winter illness</h2>



The survey also examined how Americans manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-threats-of-climate-change-have-hit-record-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">illness</a> and take proactive steps to prevent it. 



The most common preventive measure is staying hydrated, with 80% of respondents emphasizing its importance. Other top strategies include taking vitamins and supplements (77%) and getting adequate rest (75%).



Once illness strikes, most Americans focus on recovery by prioritizing rest (61%), hydration (58%), and medication (46%).



“Taking little steps ahead of feeling sick in order to set yourself up well from a health perspective can make all the difference,” Kanalos said. “Just simply staying on top of your hydration can make or break your winter season.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-winter-illnesses">Preventing winter illnesses</h2>



Winter health struggles are common for many Americans, as the colder months often bring a variety of physical ailments, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-flu-emerges-as-a-public-health-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colds</a> and fatigue. 



The survey highlights the impact these health issues have on both the body and personal relationships. Illness can make it harder to stay active and engaged, which affects daily routines and interactions with family or partners.



The good news is that there are steps people can take to manage their health better during winter. Simple measures like staying hydrated, getting enough sleep, and maintaining good nutrition can help reduce the effects of illness and make winter a little easier to handle. 



By being proactive, people can keep themselves healthier, both physically and emotionally, throughout the season.



The study, conducted by <a href="https://talkerresearch.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Talker Research</a> and involving 2,000 Americans, sheds light on these common health challenges. It specifically examined the difficulties people face during the winter months and how they cope with them. 



Of the participants, 951 were individuals living with a partner. The research was commissioned by Zipfizz, a company focused on wellness, to understand the most common health struggles and how people manage them.



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Winter illness: Americans feel sick for more than half the season

A nationwide survey has shed light on how illness impacts...

"Windows to the soul" - a phrase often used to describe the eyes - takes on new significance with a recent study. The research reveals that the pupil and iris, essential parts of the eye, play a crucial role in influencing how others perceive us.



The team behind this discovery was led by Juan Olvido Perea-Garcia at <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leiden University</a>. The researchers found that our eyes have a profound influence over how our attractiveness and generosity are perceived. 



It's not all about eye color, though. In fact, pupil size and iris brightness are pivotal contributors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-eye-features-shape-impressions">Subtle eye features shape impressions</h2>



While eye color is often the most noticeable feature of the eyes, this study focuses on two other important aspects:&nbsp;pupil size&nbsp;and&nbsp;iris brightness. 



These features, though less discussed, have a significant impact on how others perceive a person’s personality and appearance. 



The researchers discovered that larger pupils and brighter irises can make individuals appear friendlier, more attractive, and even influence the level of generosity they inspire in others. 



These subtle traits go beyond eye color in shaping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survival-of-the-friendliest-social-animals-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social impressions</a> and emotional responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-changes-in-eye-morphology">Small changes in eye morphology </h2>



In the study, participants looked at photos of non-human primates whose eyes had been digitally modified. Some images showed primates with brighter irises and larger pupils. 



These primates were consistently rated as more attractive and friendly compared to those with smaller pupils or less bright irises. 



Additionally, primates with larger pupils inspired participants to donate more money, highlighting how even small changes in eye appearance can influence human behavior.



“Our results demonstrate that small changes in perceived eye morphology impact behavior and affective responses,” the researchers explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-larger-pupils-make-us-seem-friendlier">Larger pupils make us seem friendlier</h2>



The researchers conducted two experiments on irises and pupil size. In the first experiment, participants were shown photos of 32 different primate species. 



The researchers digitally adjusted the pupil sizes in these images, making some pupils larger and others smaller.



The results revealed that primates with&nbsp;larger pupils&nbsp;were consistently rated higher for qualities like cuteness, friendliness, and attractiveness. This showed that pupil size alone has a strong influence on how appealing or approachable the animals appeared.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-irises-and-large-pupils">Bright irises and large pupils</h2>



In the second experiment, the researchers examined the combined effects of&nbsp;iris brightness&nbsp;and&nbsp;pupil size. They modified both features in the images. 



The experts noted that bright irises enhanced the animals’ attractiveness and friendliness ratings, but only when the pupils were dilated (larger).



When paired with small pupils, the positive effects of bright irises were diminished. This highlighted the importance of the interaction between these two eye features in shaping perceptions.



These experiments demonstrate how subtle changes in eye appearance - like the size of the pupils and the brightness of the irises - can significantly impact how others perceive traits such as friendliness, cuteness, and attractiveness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-features-and-emotional-responses">Eye features and emotional responses</h2>



The study’s findings uncover a fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ai-could-protect-millions-of-people-from-vision-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connection</a> between the physical features of eyes and the emotional responses they evoke.



According to the researchers, both cuteness and&nbsp;friendliness&nbsp;ratings closely followed the same trend, suggesting that&nbsp;pupil size&nbsp;plays the most significant role in shaping these perceptions.



When irises were&nbsp;bright, they made the animals appear much cuter - but only if their pupils were&nbsp;large&nbsp;(dilated).



Conversely, when the same bright irises were paired with&nbsp;constricted&nbsp;(smaller) pupils, the perceived cuteness dropped noticeably. This indicates that the combination of bright irises and large pupils creates the strongest positive emotional response.



On the other hand,&nbsp;dark irises, which tend to make it harder to distinguish pupil size, produced more neutral reactions. 



This suggests that the visibility of the pupil is crucial in influencing how others perceive traits like friendliness and cuteness. The findings emphasize how even small changes in eye morphology can significantly affect emotional and social judgments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-humans">Implications for humans</h2>



Although this study was focused on non-human primates, its implications extend to humans. Our eyes play a pivotal role in social interactions, subtly shaping how others judge us.



Whether through a kind gaze or bright, welcoming irises, our eyes might convey more than we realize.



As science uncovers these hidden dynamics, it becomes clear that the eyes truly are a powerful tool for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-power-are-more-likely-to-cheat-on-their-partners/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connection</a>.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a class="" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699931.2024.2427340#abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cognition and Emotion</a>.



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Specific eye features influence how others perceive us

"Windows to the soul" - a phrase often used to...

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered species Mycena crocata, they often imagine tropical rainforests where such exotic wonders may be more commonly found. 



However, bioluminescent fungi are not limited to tropical regions - they also live in unexpected places.



In Zurich, artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf have dedicated more than ten years to studying and showcasing these glowing organisms. 



Their work highlights the beauty and presence of bioluminescent fungi close to home, and proves that extraordinary natural phenomena can be found even in familiar surroundings.



"We want to show that these bioluminescent mushrooms are present in Swiss forests and that we do not have to travel far to find them," said Baggenstos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-glowing-mushrooms">Mycena crocata - glowing mushrooms</h2>



One evening, while exploring a forest in Zurich’s Albisrieden neighborhood, the duo spotted green light through their camera. 



"Nowadays we always have our mobile phones or a flashlight, but to see bioluminescence in the forest, it has to be pitch black," Rudolf explained.



Initially, they believed the glowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-can-think-and-make-smart-decisions-without-a-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> to be Mycena haematopus. Upon closer investigation in their studio, however, they identified it as Mycena crocata, the saffron drop bonnet mushroom. 



This species, known for its saffron-colored milk, had never been described as bioluminescent before.



The artists documented their findings with photographs and light measurements, uncovering this hidden brilliance. 



In darkness, the mycelium - the underground network of the mushroom - emits a green glow that even causes decaying wood to light up.



Under ideal conditions, their cultivated mycelia glowed for 164 days.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crossing-art-and-science">Crossing art and science</h2>



Collaborating with mycologist Renate Heinzelmann from the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (<a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WSL</a>), the artists published their discovery in&nbsp;Mycoscience. 



"Most of the experiments were conducted by the artists. They collected the samples, took the photographs, and made the light measurements," Heinzelmann said, praising their dedication.



Through their research, the artists discovered that the fruiting body (the mushroom itself) of Mycena crocata emits little to no light. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1s.webp" alt="Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf" class="wp-image-1956533"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf</figcaption></figure>



Instead, the underground mycelium - the root-like network of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-all-fungi-matter-not-just-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus</a> - is the primary source of its bioluminescence.



This glowing mycelium is capable of lighting up the decaying wood it grows on. When the wood is split open in the dark, it emits a green glow, which can last for up to four hours before gradually fading as the wood dries. 



This fascinating discovery highlights how the less-visible parts of fungi can hold some of their most extraordinary features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-glowing-fungi">Mystery of glowing fungi</h2>



Bioluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-and-fungi-communicate-using-a-silent-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> happens because of a chemical reaction. A substance called&nbsp;luciferin&nbsp;reacts with an enzyme called&nbsp;luciferase. 



This reaction creates an unstable product that gives off energy as light, allowing the fungi to glow. Unlike other glowing effects like fluorescence, this process doesn’t need light or energy from outside sources; it happens naturally within the fungi.



Although scientists know how this reaction works, they are still unsure why fungi glow. One idea is that the light attracts insects, which might help spread the fungal spores.



However, this doesn’t fully explain the glow of the mycelium, which is hidden underground and doesn’t interact with insects. This mystery suggests there might be another, as yet unknown reason for fungal bioluminescence.



"It seems that bioluminescence has been maintained for a long time, so we assume it has some function," Heinzelmann says. "But it's still a mystery."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-and-swiss-forests">Mycena crocata and Swiss forests</h2>



The discovery of&nbsp;Mycena crocata&nbsp;as a glowing, bioluminescent fungus highlights how much we still don’t know about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural world</a> around us. Local ecosystems hold countless secrets waiting to be explored. 



Bioluminescent fungi, for instance, have fascinated humans for thousands of years. Aristotle described their glow as a “cold fire” over 2,000 years ago, and even now, their mysteries continue to intrigue scientists.



According to mycologist <a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/staff/heinzelm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Renate Heinzelmann</a>, the field of bioluminescence is still in its early stages. She believes that as more people study fungi, more glowing species will be uncovered. "Bioluminescence is under-researched, and the more people look, the more they will find," she states.



The collaborative work of artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf with scientists demonstrates how blending art and science can reveal nature’s hidden marvels. 



Their discovery serves as a powerful reminder that extraordinary phenomena aren’t always far away - they might be right in our local forests, waiting for someone curious enough to notice them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mycosci/65/4/65_MYC633/_article" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycoscience</a>.



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New species of glowing mushrooms discovered

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered...

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adding-coffee-grounds-during-the-construction-process-could-reinforce-buildings/">coffee</a>, and other plant-based foods. They have gained increased recognition in the recent past for their potential health benefits.&nbsp;



These vibrant plant chemicals are thought to support heart health, enhance metabolism, and sharpen cognitive function, making them an intriguing area of research for those seeking ways to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-coffee-drinkers-have-a-lower-risk-of-heart-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maintain overall wellness</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broad-range-of-benefits-from-polyphenols">Broad range of benefits from polyphenols</h2>



Polyphenols have been explored for their potential to enhance health in numerous ways, yet much about them remains to be discovered. “Green tea and its bioactive components, especially polyphenols, possess many health-promoting and disease-preventing benefits … [but] have not been well studied,” as one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8234133/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> noted. 



Despite these gaps in understanding, researchers are increasingly intrigued by their possibilities. Studies suggest that polyphenols could play a role in supporting healthy blood pressure, improving skin health, and even aiding in waist size management.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/f.amati" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Federica Amati</a> from the School of Public Health at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/school-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>, these compounds go beyond traditional nutrients like fiber and vitamins, and offer a fascinating glimpse into the complex chemistry of the plants we eat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-and-tastes">Colors and tastes</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/">Plant foods</a> vary in appearance. Some have bright or deep pigments, while others boast a bitter flavor or a peppery kick. That color or pungent quality sometimes indicates a higher presence of polyphenols.&nbsp;



Black olives, deep purple eggplants, and richly colored spinach are believed to contain helpful substances. Tea, coffee, and dark chocolate are also recognized for contributing certain polyphenols, though they shouldn’t be seen as cure-alls.



Polyphenols are a subset of <a href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/food-composition/phytonutrients#:~:text=What%20are%20Phytonutrients%3F,other%20types%20of%20phytonutrients%20below." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytonutrients</a>. This wide-ranging family of molecules includes flavonoids, flavanones, lignans, and more. 



Some research highlights the potential of specific varieties, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green tea</a> polyphenols, resveratrol in red wine, catechins in tea, and ellagic acid in walnuts. Scientists are still mapping how each type interacts with the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-and-heart-support">Metabolic and heart support</h2>



Several studies have examined whether consuming more polyphenols aligns with measurements tied to heart wellness, weight control, and broader metabolic function.&nbsp;



One <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401650/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review</a> found that foods containing green tea polyphenols might help sustain immune function and manage inflammatory activity. Such findings have led many people to embrace green tea in their daily routine.



Although caution is wise, especially when interpreting any single study, experts agree on the value of a balanced approach. 



The array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant chemicals</a> in items like blackberries, apples, walnuts, and spinach appears to do more than deliver vitamins or fiber. 



There’s an ongoing conversation about how these interactions may help with general health maintenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-skin-and-healthy-aging">Polyphenols, skin and healthy aging</h2>



The possibility of smooth, glowing skin catches everyone’s attention. Polyphenols have drawn the attention of the anti-aging research community over the past decade. 



The science behind this is still emerging, but one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583891/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> suggested that these compounds may support the body’s natural defense processes in response to everyday stressors that contribute to aging.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthier-chocolate-created-by-using-the-entire-cocoa-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dark chocolate</a>, green tea, and certain berries might be especially appealing in this regard. Each offers unique polyphenols that researchers are eager to examine further. 



Daily habits matter, of course, so variety in your diet helps spread out the range of phytonutrients you take in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-gut-connection">The gut connection</h2>



<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8747136/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> often connect polyphenols with gut microbes. Plant molecules can get modified in the intestines, which may amplify or change their effects. 



Some speculate that the interplay between these molecules and our gut environment could be a big factor in everything from mental clarity to how we break down food.



Experts stress that we’re just beginning to understand how these compounds work once they’re exposed to digestive juices and gut bacteria. 



The best advice? Enjoy a diverse menu full of colorful produce, herbs, spices, nuts, and seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensible-approaches-to-daily-life">Sensible approaches to daily life</h2>



Again, many professionals suggest that variety is key. People who regularly reach for a mix of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes stand to reap wider benefits from the synergy of different nutrients. Relying on any one food is not recommended.



Lifestyle factors like moderate exercise, stress management, and avoiding excessive processed fare remain fundamental. It’s no secret that good health often hinges on consistent, balanced efforts rather than any one miracle source.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foods-that-contain-polyphenols">Foods that contain polyphenols</h2>



Deeply hued fruits like blackberries, blueberries, and plums are believed to hold an array of plant compounds. 



Dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/keeping-leafy-green-vegetables-safe-until-ready-to-eat/">green vegetables</a> and legumes bring color and variety to the plate. Spices such as cloves, cinnamon, and oregano are often praised for their robust polyphenol content. Dark chocolate and coffee remain popular picks, but they should be enjoyed in moderation.



Anyone concerned about medical conditions should consult a qualified practitioner before adjusting their diet. If you get the green light, sprinkling extra herbs on your soup or adding a handful of bright vegetables to your lunch bowl may be a simple start.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-and-human-health">Polyphenols and human health</h2>



Polyphenols offer a fresh perspective on why color, aroma, and taste in nature’s foods might matter more than we ever realized. 



From green tea to bright spices, there is a growing curiosity about how these substances could contribute to long-term well-being. 



A plate that’s bursting with color might not just be pleasing to the eye - it might be quietly working to support overall health, one forkful at a time.



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How polyphenols promote heart health, youthful skin and a healthy waistline

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea,...

Cockatoos are often celebrated as vibrant symbols of the wild, yet their true stories are far from ordinary. What if the assumptions we've held about them for over a century were wrong? What if their differences extend beyond appearances - reaching all the way down to their genes? 



These questions are transforming our understanding of these charismatic birds and redefining conservation efforts. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockatoo-conservation-efforts">Cockatoo conservation efforts</h2>



Scientists at <a href="https://www.hku.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Hong Kong</a> are leading this charge, making remarkable strides in preserving two cockatoo species: the sulphur-crested cockatoo and the critically endangered yellow-crested cockatoo.



With fewer than 2,000 yellow-crested cockatoos remaining in the wild, their survival hangs in the balance, threatened by habitat loss, illegal trade, and a rapidly changing environment.



These remarkable birds, once misunderstood, are now at the center of cutting-edge genetic research that could redefine their future and inspire more targeted, effective conservation strategies for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-have-a-unique-voice-print-similar-to-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot</a> species worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-discoveries-and-cockatoo-conservation">Genetic discoveries and cockatoo conservation</h2>



The researchers conducted a genomic analysis, a cutting-edge tool that's redefining our understanding of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and setting the path for more efficient conservation efforts.



This innovation doesn't stop at improving our understanding. It nudges global legislation towards a much-needed update to align with the latest scientific insights.



The revelations could shape future cockatoo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> strategies, offering actionable solutions to prevent biodiversity loss, and could also influence laws protecting these and many other parrot species globally, ensuring their long-term survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triton-cockatoo-s-distinct-identity">Triton cockatoo’s distinct identity</h2>



In a surprising turn of events, the research led to the confirmation of the Triton cockatoo as a distinct species, after a century of confusion.



The Triton and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cockatoos-learn-by-copying-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sulphur-crested cockatoos</a>, due to their uncanny resemblance, were believed to be a single species occupying Australia and New Guinea.



The new study has clarified that the Triton cockatoo is unique to the majority of New Guinea, while the sulphur-crested cockatoo is prevalent in Australia and a minuscule portion of southern New Guinea.



"Introducing the wrong species in the wrong place could jeopardize their long-term survival in the wild through hybridization or competition between the Triton cockatoo and the sulphur-crested cockatoo, potentially even disrupting ecosystems in the long term," noted Dr. Arthur Sands, the study's principal author.



He emphasized the need for reintroduction plans to be based on genetic information to avert such costly mistakes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-museomics-and-the-yellow-crested-cockatoo">Museomics and the yellow-crested cockatoo</h2>



The second part of the study focused on the critically endangered yellow-crested cockatoo.



Using a novel approach called "museomics," the researchers identified three genetically distinct groups across the Wallacean region. In the process, they drew on DNA from 100-year-old museum specimens. 



This approach enables scientists to gather critical biological data without disturbing endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-day-using-technology-to-protect-our-natural-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>.



Based on the analysis, the researchers broadened their understanding of the genetic makeup of the yellow-crested cockatoo. The results also raised some intriguing questions about the cockatoo's evolution, distribution and conservation.



"One of the benefits of museomics is the ability to examine genetic data from taxa that are extinct, rare or inaccessible. In this case, it provides valuable information to inform conservation efforts, such as translocation, genetic rescue and breeding - steps that are crucial to avoid global extinction of&nbsp;C. sulphurea," noted Dr. Astrid Andersson, who led the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockatoo-conservation-relies-on-genetic-research">Cockatoo conservation relies on genetic research</h2>



At the heart of these advanced studies is a simple truth: understanding the uniqueness of each creature is vital for their survival.



"Accurate identification of evolutionarily significant units and species is essential for the effective management and conservation of rare and threatened species," said study co-author Professor Juha Merilä.



"Our research highlights the genetic diversity within and among these iconic cockatoo species and highlights the importance of incorporating genetic data into conservation planning."



As we tread deeper into the 21st century, embracing such a refined approach towards conservation could be our best bet at preserving the planet’s diversity.



Without accurate genetic considerations, re-wilding initiatives and translocations could have harmful consequences, concluded the researchers.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/41/11/msae222/7840323" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a>.



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Genetic discoveries offer new hope for cockatoo conservation

Cockatoos are often celebrated as vibrant symbols of the wild,...

Archaeologists have uncovered what may be the oldest tools ever used on Earth, and they weren't created by direct human ancestors. 



These ancient artifacts, found in Kenya’s Homa Peninsula - which is dubbed "the cradle of humankind" - date back three million years. 



The tools, consisting of sharpened stone flakes, are believed to have been made by early hominins named Paranthropus, who are considered to be the first pre-human species to walk upright.



This region where these tools were found has long been a treasure trove for discoveries about humanity's beginnings.



It’s where researchers found "Lucy," the fossil of a female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lucy-could-barely-run-what-does-that-say-about-our-ancestors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australopithecus afarensis</a>, which was a pre-human species that lived over three million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-tools-reveal-human-survival">First tools reveal human survival</h2>



The sharpened stones, part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-made-the-earliest-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oldowan toolkit</a>, were used by early humans to peel and cut fruits, slice vegetables, and butcher animals.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.cuny.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City University of New York</a> confirmed that these tools represent a technological breakthrough that enabled hominins to access new food sources, thus fueling both physical and cognitive evolution.



Lead archaeologist Tom Plummer called the Oldowan toolkit a turning point. 



“In terms of technology, I think the Oldowan technology is the most important technological innovation that ever happened in human history,” he said. 



This innovation paved the way for the development of more complex tools and behaviors, and ultimately shaped the course of human evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-ancestors-didn-t-invent-tools">Human ancestors didn't invent tools</h2>



Plummer told <a href="https://youtu.be/P9Zc2noSsWw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBS News</a> that alongside these tools they also discovered a tooth fossil from an early hominin called Paranthropus - an early hominin that is not a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.



This suggests that advanced tool-making was not a technology created by human ancestors, but one that was copied, then used to dominate early hominins, essentially wiping them off the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-paranthropus-the-basics">Understanding Paranthropus -- the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-species-of-human-ancestors-literally-crossed-paths-1-5-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranthropus</a> is an intriguing group of early human relatives that roamed Africa between about 2.7 and 1.2 million years ago. 



These ancient hominins stood out because of their strong, robust features, including large jaws and hefty molar teeth designed for crunching tough, fibrous plants. 



Unlike modern humans, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranthropus</a> had relatively small brains, but their skulls were built to handle the heavy chewing required by their diet. 



Scientists have identified several species within this group, such as Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus, each showcasing unique adaptations that highlight the diversity of our evolutionary family.



Researchers believe that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranthropus</a> lived alongside other early human species, like Homo habilis, occupying a different ecological niche thanks to their specialized eating habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-evolution-began-3-million-years-ago">Dietary evolution began 3 million years ago</h2>



Researchers uncovered ancient hippo bones near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/400000-year-old-stone-tools-show-technological-adaptations-of-prehistoric-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tools</a>, and noted that the bones had distinct cut marks.



These marks confirm that early hominins used their tools for butchery, demonstrating that they could cut and process meat. 



This ability gave them access to a critical food source that enabled them to expand their diet and improve their chances of survival.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_discovery-analysis_Credit-Science_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_discovery-analysis_Credit-Science_1s.webp" alt="(A) Photos of a dorsal flake, ventral flake, and core from Nyayanga next to a principal component analysis based on major technological attributes of Early Stone Age artifact assemblages and a capuchin-derived assemblage. Assemblages are plotted according to principal component 1 (x axis) and principal component 2 (y axis). The Nyayanga assemblage (NYA) falls within the shaded ellipse that represents the 95% confidence interval for Oldowan sites. A scree plot with eigenvalue percentage of variance for principal components 1 through 11, and a loadings plot showing the contribution of each variable are shown to the right. (B) The frequency of cores in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) and photos of two Nyayanga cores (bottom). (C) The frequency of artifacts with percussion damage in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) with photos of a Nyayanga pounded piece. Credit: Science" class="wp-image-1956476"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">(A) Photos of a dorsal flake, ventral flake, and core from Nyayanga next to a principal component analysis based on major technological attributes of Early Stone Age artifact assemblages and a capuchin-derived assemblage. Assemblages are plotted according to principal component 1 (x axis) and principal component 2 (y axis). The Nyayanga assemblage (NYA) falls within the shaded ellipse that represents the 95% confidence interval for Oldowan sites. A scree plot with eigenvalue percentage of variance for principal components 1 through 11, and a loadings plot showing the contribution of each variable are shown to the right. (B) The frequency of cores in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) and photos of two Nyayanga cores (bottom). (C) The frequency of artifacts with percussion damage in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) with photos of a Nyayanga pounded piece. Credit: Science</figcaption></figure>



Rick Potts, director of the Smithsonian's human origins program, highlighted the significance of this discovery. 



He noted that such evidence sheds light on the transformative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/476000-year-old-ancient-woodworking-discovery-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journey of human survival</a>, showing how early innovations like tool use played a crucial role in adapting to a challenging environment.



Potts also reflected on how this emphasizes the delicate balance of life and the adaptability required throughout human history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-and-death-of-early-humans">Life and death of early humans</h2>



The famous fossilized skeleton of Lucy was discovered in 1974. She lived over three million years ago and her fossilized remains have provided key insights into early human evolution.



Recent research revealed that Lucy likely died from injuries sustained in a fall from a tree - a poignant reminder of the challenges faced by early hominins as they navigated both arboreal and terrestrial environments.



Anthropologist <a href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/anthropology/faculty/jwk5664" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Kappelman</a>, who studied Lucy’s remains, noted her extensive injuries. 



“It is ironic that the fossil at the center of a debate about the role of arborealism in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a> likely died from injuries suffered from a fall out of a tree,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-innovation-began-6-million-years-ago">Human innovation began 6 million years ago</h2>



The discovery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_Paranthropus-tooth_CBS-news_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient tools</a> and fossils in Kenya’s Homa Peninsula has reshaped our understanding of human evolution.



While modern humans (Homo sapiens) emerged about 300,000 years ago, the roots of innovation extend far further back in time, according to Rick Potts, a leading expert. 



These findings suggest that key behaviors, like tool-making, didn’t happen quickly but evolved gradually over a very long period of six million years.



This challenges earlier views that technological and cognitive milestones occurred in a shorter timeframe. Instead, it reveals that early hominins developed critical skills much earlier, and this laid the foundation for later advances.



Potts emphasized how this extended timeline helps us appreciate the complexity and depth of our evolutionary journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-early-tools-shaped-human-evolution">How early tools shaped human evolution</h2>



The discoveries in Kenya highlight how early technological innovations by hominins were pivotal in shaping humanity's evolutionary path. 



The Oldowan tools, that date back three million years, represent one of the earliest examples of humans using technology to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solve problems</a>.



These tools allowed early humans to process food, such as cutting meat and peeling fruits, which significantly expanded their diet and improved their ability to survive in challenging environments.



Tom Plummer emphasized the far-reaching impact of these innovations, and described the Oldowan tools as a cornerstone of human progress. 



These tools not only helped early hominins adapt to their environment but also set the stage for further advances in technology and survival strategies.



These findings remind us of the resilience and ingenuity of our ancestors, traits that have defined human history. The ability to innovate and adapt has always been central to our survival and continues to shape the future of humanity.



The study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7452" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Discovery: First tools ever used on Earth were not made by early humans

Archaeologists have uncovered what may be the oldest tools ever...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Something that Napa now loves to do is go swimming in his own personal pond. He can be seen entering the pond and then joyfully splashing around below. He&#8217;s definitely making up for all the time he lost in that cage!

Finally Having Fun

Napa stepped out to explore his new home which provided over an acre of land just for him. The sanctuary was filled with slopes, trees, and ponds for his enjoyment. We can't begin to imagine how exciting it must have been for the bear who'd spent his whole life in a cage! Photo Credit: FOUR PAWS