<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.</p>



<p>Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.</p>



<p>Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



<p>"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said NASA.</p>



<p>"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020. </p>



<p>Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."</p>



<p>When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. "This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.</p>



<p>“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



<p>The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. This glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.</p>



<p>A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. </p>



<p>This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe. </p>



<p>Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.</p>



<p>The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. </p>



<p>The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Corbassière glacier: Earth's climate archives are melting away

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

<p>Tiger sharks are found in many tropical and temperate waters, especially around central Pacific islands. Its name derives from the dark stripes down its body, which resemble a tiger's pattern, but fade as the shark matures.</p>



<p>Size – 6.5 to 10.5 ft<br>Weight – 200 to 350 pounds<br>Lifespan – 12 years</p>

Tiger Shark

<p>A team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.uco.es/internacional/extranjeros/en/">University of Cordoba</a> (UCO) has recently undertaken a comprehensive study to analyze the blooming patterns in oak trees of the Quercus genus in Andalusia and their implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollen-allergies-will-be-intensified-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">allergy season</a>, particularly in light of climate change. </p>



<p>This research, conducted by the Systemic and Applied Botany group, focused on the impact of global warming on the flowering times and pollen production of various oak species, using data on pollen concentrations collected across Andalusian capitals.</p>



<p>“We chose Quercus because it is the most representative tree in Andalusia in the natural environment, and it is an anemophilic tree (pollinated by the wind) found where there are very high concentrations of pollen in the atmosphere, so it is a good bioindicator to study the impact of climate change on blooming,” said co-author Pura Alcázar, a botanist at UCO.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oak-trees-and-more-intense-allergy-seasons">Oak trees and more intense allergy seasons</h2>



<p>The findings indicate a shift towards longer and more intense pollen seasons for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-third-of-oak-tree-species-are-threatened-with-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quercus species</a>, including holm, cork, common, Portuguese, and kermes oaks. </p>



<p>“Fundamentally, there has been an increase in the blooming of these species, and in their intensity, because there is a higher concentration of pollen in Andalusia,” Alcázar explained. Notably, the season starts earlier for species like the holm oak, which are more temperature-sensitive, leading to an extended pollen season overall. However, variations were noted, such as in Granada, where the expected earlier onset did not occur, likely due to pre-spring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-rainfall-patterns-impact-plants-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> during the study period.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-factors-and-allergy-season-nbsp">Climate factors and allergy season&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers attribute these changes directly to climate factors such as rising temperatures and increased CO2 levels, which not only prompt earlier blooming but also enhance the intensity of the pollen seasons. “Plants need CO2 to photosynthesize; if more is available, they are more active,” Alcázar said, highlighting the dual impact of temperature and CO2 on plant behavior.</p>



<p>While Quercus pollen is not traditionally considered a major allergen, its increasing presence and the prolongation of its season could heighten its impact on those with sensitivities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“If we are increasingly exposed and our immune system is more sensitive, the same thing can happen with other species, such as the cypress, which years ago featured harmless pollen, and now represents the main problem in terms of winter allergy,” added senior author Carmen Galán, a professor of botany at UCO.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gauging-the-duration-of-pollen-season">Gauging the duration of pollen season</h2>



<p>The data for this study were collected using volumetric devices that capture air samples to measure daily pollen concentrations. This methodology is critical for accurately gauging the onset and intensity of pollen seasons and for ensuring that the findings are comparable with other studies.</p>



<p>Ultimately, this research, part of the CLIMAQUER project, highlights the necessity of a standardized approach to defining and calculating pollen seasons to ensure consistency across different studies and to better understand the evolving challenges posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-pollen-may-help-clouds-form-impacting-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> on public health related to pollen allergies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-oak-trees">More about oak trees</h2>



<p>Oak trees are a diverse group of trees and shrubs known for their strength, longevity, and distinctive hardwood. They are primarily found in the northern hemisphere, thriving in a range of habitats from cool temperate to tropical regions in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Oak trees are ecologically significant, providing essential habitats and food sources for various wildlife species through their acorns and leaves.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-oak-trees">Types of oak trees</h3>



<p>Oaks can be either deciduous or evergreen, depending on the species and the climate of their environment. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deciduous-trees-can-offset-carbon-emissions-from-forest-fires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deciduous oaks</a> shed their leaves annually, while evergreen oaks retain their foliage year-round, which can be a survival advantage in less fertile soils or drier climates. The leaves of oak trees are typically lobed and vary in size and shape among species, contributing to their widespread identification.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wood-of-oak-trees-nbsp">Wood of oak trees&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The wood of oak trees is highly valued for its density and durability, making it a popular choice for furniture, flooring, and barrel-making, particularly in the wine and whiskey industries where oak barrels are prized for imparting flavor. Oak wood is also used in construction due to its resistance to fungal and insect attacks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-nbsp">Ecological role&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-we-cut-down-all-the-oak-trees-a-disturbing-discovery-makes-this-question-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oaks</a> play a crucial role in their ecosystems. Their acorns are a vital food source for many animals, including birds, mice, and larger mammals like deer and bears. Oaks also form a complex root system that helps stabilize soil, preventing erosion and promoting water quality in watersheds by filtering rainwater and reducing runoff.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02181-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Regional Environmental Change</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Oak trees show that allergy season is becoming longer and more intense 

A team of researchers led by the University of Cordoba...

<p>In the hustle of college life, where the pressure is constantly on, students often find themselves battling with several mental challenges. Birdwatching, a simple yet effective solution to stress and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-issues-have-increased-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health issues</a>, may just be right outside the windows of many college students. A recent study sheds light on how this activity can help.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birdwatching-and-mental-mends">Birdwatching and mental mends</h2>



<p>The study highlights that actively participating in nature activities, especially birdwatching, substantially enhances mental wellness and decreases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychological-distress-increases-the-risk-of-long-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychological distress</a>. This discovery is particularly promising for college students, who often face high levels of mental health issues. </p>



<p>Engaging with birds and natural environments is a valuable tool for young adults to improve their overall psychological state. Birdwatching may provide a much-needed source of relief in their stressful academic and personal lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-impact-on-well-being">Nature's impact on well-being</h2>



<p>Conducted by a team of environmental and forestry researchers, the study compared the mental health outcomes of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-time-in-nature-improves-physical-and-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature-based activities</a>. To do this, they structured an experiment where participants were categorized into three distinct groups. </p>



<p>The first group participated in regular guided nature walks, the second group engaged in organized birdwatching sessions, and the third group, serving as the control, did not partake in any structured natural interactions.</p>



<p>To measure the impact of these activities on mental health, the researchers employed the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). This index is a straightforward survey tool that prompts individuals to evaluate their current state of well-being by reflecting on their recent emotions and feelings. The objective was to obtain a clear measurement of each participant's mental well-being through their personal assessments.</p>



<p>In addition to the WHO-5, the study also utilized the STOP-D questionnaire. This tool is specifically designed to gauge psychological distress. It provided a crucial data set that helped the researchers identify and compare levels of stress and distress across the three groups. </p>



<p>By integrating both the WHO-5 and the STOP-D questionnaire, the study aimed to offer a comprehensive analysis of how different nature-based interventions could influence mental health outcomes among the participants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-benefits-of-birdwatching">Unique benefits of birdwatching</h2>



<p>The findings were quite illuminating. While all groups showed improvements in their WHO-5 scores, those who participated in birdwatching reported more significant gains in well-being and greater reductions in distress than those who simply took walks or were in the control group.</p>



<p>Nils Peterson, the study's corresponding author and a professor of Forestry and Environmental Resources at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a>, emphasized the importance of these findings. </p>



<p>"There has been a lot of research about well-being during the pandemic, suggesting adolescents and college-aged individuals are struggling the most," noted Peterson. He highlighted the ubiquity of birdwatching and its accessibility on college campuses, even in urban areas, as a significant advantage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-birdwatching-in-mental-well-being">Role of birdwatching in mental well-being</h2>



<p>The study's results are particularly compelling because they offer a contrast to previous research, which often compared natural sounds to more stressful urban noises. </p>



<p>"One of the studies we reviewed in our paper compared people who listen to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birdwatching-boosts-alaskas-economy-by-hundreds-of-millions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bir</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-presence-of-birds-can-improve-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ds</a> to people who listened to the sounds of traffic, and that’s not really a neutral comparison,” said Peterson. </p>



<p>This study used a neutral control, providing a clearer picture of the benefits of positive engagement with nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>The implications of this research are vast. Not only does birdwatching serve as an effective tool for improving mental health among college students, but it also opens many avenues for further research. </p>



<p>Future studies could explore why birdwatching has such a positive impact on mental health and how factors like race, gender, and other demographic elements might moderate its effects. For students and educational institutions, this study provides a compelling case for promoting birdwatching and similar activities. </p>



<p>By integrating more nature-based experiences into their daily routines, students may find a powerful ally in their ongoing battle with stress and mental health issues. </p>



<p>Birdwatching, with its ease of access and profound impact, could indeed be a key strategy for enhancing student well-being on campuses across the globe.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494424000793?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Environmental Psychology</a></em></em>.</p>



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Birdwatching can significantly improve students' mental health

In the hustle of college life, where the pressure is...

<p>On a clear Friday evening, as the sun dipped below the horizon, a significant milestone in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-plans-to-inhabit-a-space-station-on-the-moon-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon exploration</a> occurred on the shores of Hainan, China. Named after the mythical Chinese moon goddess, the Chang'e-6 lunar probe launched into space with an unprecedented mission - to delve into the less-explored far side of the moon. </p>



<p>This initiative, a key part of China's ambitious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-landing-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar agenda</a>, aims to explore and unravel the mysteries of a region hidden from Earth's view.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pioneering-science-and-international-cooperation">Pioneering science and international cooperation</h2>



<p>The journey of Chang'e-6 is not just a testament to China's technological prowess but also a beacon of international collaboration in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-space-exploration-could-be-shut-down-by-orbiting-debris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space exploration</a>. </p>



<p>Equipped with scientific instruments from France, Italy, and the European Space Agency, and carrying a small Pakistani satellite, this mission underscores the spirit of global partnership. </p>



<p>Zhang Zuosheng, the mission commander, announced at the launch: "I declare this launch mission a complete success," marking a precise entry into the moon's orbit as planned.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-objectives-of-the-far-side-mission">Objectives of the far side mission</h2>



<p>The objectives of the mission are as intriguing as they are vital. The far side of the moon, shielded from Earth's electromagnetic interference, offers pristine conditions for radio astronomy and could yield insights into the universe's dark ages. </p>



<p>By drilling into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-cotton-seeds-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon’s surface</a> and returning samples, scientists hope to understand the differences in composition between the moon's far side and its more familiar counterpart.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-china-s-moon-missions-and-strategic-space-goals">China's moon missions and strategic space goals</h2>



<p>This mission is a cornerstone of China's broader space strategy. Following a historic achievement in 2020, when China became the first country in nearly half a century to return moon samples, the nation now sets its sights higher. </p>



<p>The ongoing plans include not just additional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-anthropocene-how-humans-have-impacted-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar</a> missions but also ambitious endeavors such as manned lunar landings by 2030 and the exploration of Mars.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, China continues to expand its capabilities closer to home. The Tiangong space station, orbiting Earth, serves as a hub for scientific research and technological testing. </p>



<p>Unlike the International Space Station, from which China was excluded due to U.S. national security concerns, Tiangong operates under Chinese governance, potentially becoming a sole operational space station in the future as the ISS nears retirement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-stage-of-space-exploration">The global stage of space exploration</h2>



<p>As spectators and scientists alike watched the rocket's successful launch, the event was not without its international dimensions. </p>



<p>The Philippine Space Agency monitored for debris, which fell within expected zones, highlighting the complexities and responsibilities of spacefaring nations. </p>



<p>This mission also occurs against a backdrop of intensifying global competition in space, particularly between China and the U.S., which plans to return astronauts to the moon by 2026 in collaboration with private entities like SpaceX and Blue Origin.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Envisioning moon missions and beyond</h2>



<p>China's journey in space, beginning with its inaugural manned spaceflight in 2003, has quickly established it as a significant player in cosmic exploration. </p>



<p>Looking ahead, China envisions constructing a permanent base on the moon and possibly offering access to its space station to international astronauts and tourists. </p>



<p>As the global community watches, each successful mission further illuminates our understanding of the moon and sets new standards for our achievements in space.</p>



<p>Through ongoing explorations, China is not only expanding its technological reach but also enriching our collective knowledge of space. </p>



<p>Inviting the world to join in its celestial journey, China's space endeavors, especially the ongoing Chang'e-6 mission, are poised to unveil new secrets of our nearest celestial neighbor, the moon. This mission could unlock mysteries that have remained hidden in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/shadows-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar shadows</a> for millennia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The far side of the moon</h2>



<p>The far side of the moon, often referred to as the "dark side" despite it receiving just as much sunlight as the side facing Earth, remains a place shrouded in mystery largely due to its constant orientation away from our planet. </p>



<p>This side of the moon is never visible from Earth because of the phenomenon of tidal locking, where the moon's rotational period matches its orbit around Earth perfectly, always showing the same face to us.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Terrain</h3>



<p>The terrain of the far side is notably different from the familiar near side with its prominent dark volcanic maria. Instead, it features a rougher landscape with more craters and less basaltic plains. </p>



<p>Notably, it houses one of the largest and oldest impact features in the solar system, the South Pole-Aitken basin, which is about 2,500 kilometers in diameter and 13 kilometers deep.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Composition&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The far side's composition also includes a thicker crust and a scarcity of maria, which may be due to a difference in the thickness of the moon’s crust between the near side and the far side. This difference is significant enough that it might have influenced the volcanic activity and the consequent lack of maria.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Exploration&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Scientific exploration of the far side began in earnest with the Soviet Luna 3 spacecraft in 1959, which was the first to send back images.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since then, several missions have targeted this less-studied half, culminating in the Chinese Chang’e 4 mission, which made history in 2019 by achieving the first soft landing on the far side. </p>



<p>This mission, along with its rover Yutu-2, has been investigating the surface and subsurface, providing invaluable data that helps scientists better understand the moon's geology and history.</p>



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China has launched a spacecraft to the far side of the moon

On a clear Friday evening, as the sun dipped below...

<p>Have you ever wondered how people living centuries ago, without phones or radios, managed to coordinate their activities across vast landscapes? In the American Southwest, archaeologists have discovered a surprisingly sophisticated ancient solution – the resonant call of conch shell trumpets. </p>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diets-early-humans-richer-berries-nuts-plants-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient</a> instruments, seemingly out of place in the desert, were more than just curiosities; they may have been central to how entire communities organized themselves.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chaco-canyon-and-traces-of-ancient-conch-shells">Chaco canyon and traces of ancient conch shells</h2>



<p>At the heart of this story lies Chaco Canyon, a remarkable nexus of Pueblo culture that flourished centuries ago. The presence of conch shells in this region, far removed from their coastal origins, is intriguing. </p>



<p>These instruments would have produced a sound unlike anything naturally occurring in the desert environment, a deep and resonant call that could carry across vast distances. </p>



<p>The discovery of conch shells in burial sites, along with their continued presence in contemporary Pueblo rituals, reveals a profound significance placed on this unique auditory experience. </p>



<p>It suggests the sound of the conch may have held power to evoke a sense of the sacred, to signal important events, to unite communities, or perhaps a combination of all of these within the complex belief systems of the ancient Pueblo people.</p>



<p>Professor Ruth Van Dyke and her team suspected that the role of sound and hearing extended beyond the heart of Chaco Canyon itself. "Chaco Canyon is surrounded by over one hundred understudied great house <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-impacted-earth-than-previously-thought-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a>," noted Professor Van Dyke. </p>



<p>This sparked the question: did the outlying settlements also demonstrate a deliberate acoustic connection to their central great houses?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soundshed-analysis">Soundshed analysis</h2>



<p>To explore this possibility, the team turned to an innovative tool called Soundshed Analysis. This sophisticated modeling technique goes beyond simply visualizing the spread of sound. </p>



<p>Researchers can input details about the conch shell's acoustic properties using the model. They also consider environmental factors like wind patterns, temperature, and vegetation density. </p>



<p>These factors crucially influenced how sound traveled and affected how listeners in different locations experienced the sound.</p>



<p>Focusing on five outlying Chacoan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-early-humans-learned-to-walk-from-an-ancestor-called-lufengpithecus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a>, the researchers' simulation revealed a compelling pattern. In each case, a carefully executed conch shell trumpet blast from the central great house could have reached almost every dwelling within the settlement. </p>



<p>This finding illustrates communities designed with soundscapes in mind. Buildings and natural features likely amplified or directed the conch's call. This design ensured the sound reached across the entire settlement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-functions-of-the-conch-shell">Ancient functions of the conch shell</h2>



<p>What might have been the purpose of this sound-based coordination? The conch trumpet could have been a multifaceted communication tool, with its evocative sound possibly serving these purposes:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-gatherings">Community gatherings</h3>



<p>The conch's call may have summoned people for a variety of purposes beyond the purely ceremonial. It could have signaled the start of communal work projects like building repairs, agricultural tasks, or preparations for festivals. The sound may also have announced shared meals, providing a sense of rhythm to the day and reinforcing a sense of belonging within the settlement.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ceremonial-signaling">Ceremonial signaling </h3>



<p>In a world deeply intertwined with spirituality, the conch held a special place. Its unique and powerful sound would have stood apart from everyday noises. This quality makes it likely the conch played a role in announcing important rituals, holy days, or sacred events. Its call could have drawn people from their individual dwellings to a central location, preparing them for a shared spiritual experience.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-coordination">Practical coordination</h3>



<p>The conch's potential as a tool for practical communication shouldn't be underestimated. Conch blasts could have quickly disseminated important information such as warnings of approaching threats, changes in weather patterns that might affect crops, or even the simple announcement of a visitor arriving at the settlement's edge. </p>



<p>In a time before written messages or long-distance signals, sound would have been vital to coordinate activities and ensure the community's well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-ancient-conch-shell-study">Broader implications of ancient conch shell study</h2>



<p>The insights from this study extend far beyond the specific case of ancient Pueblo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a>. "Soundscapes were meaningful dimensions of past experiences, landscapes, and environments and are important facets of social interaction in the ancient world," said Professor Van Dyke.</p>



<p>In reconstructing history, we often overlook the sounds that once filled the air. We miss imagining the bustle of marketplaces and the clang of blacksmiths' hammers. We also overlook the songs and calls that shaped everyday life.</p>



<p>This research serves as a reminder to incorporate the study of sound when interpreting archaeological sites for a more complete understanding of the sensory experiences of our ancestors.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/seashells-and-sound-waves-modelling-soundscapes-in-chacoan-greathouse-communities/97D342C537508DEC87A85C18EBCA0DAB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antiquity</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Ancient humans used conch-shell sounds to organize communities

Have you ever wondered how people living centuries ago, without...

<p>While pollution often evokes images of plastics or oil spills, a more insidious threat lurks in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-baltic-sea-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltic Sea</a>. Thallium, a highly toxic heavy metal, is increasing, and human activities are the prime suspect. A recent study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (<a href="https://www.whoi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHOI</a>) reveals the extent of this contamination, raising serious ecological concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thallium-the-underestimated-pollutant">Thallium: The underestimated pollutant</h2>



<p>Thallium, despite being less widely recognized than heavy metal hazards like lead and mercury, possesses a potent toxicity that demands attention. </p>



<p>Historically, thallium found employment in various industries, including the production of rodenticides and electronic components. As awareness of the severe health risks associated with thallium exposure grew, its use in industrial settings has significantly diminished. </p>



<p>Nonetheless, the legacy of past practices, combined with ongoing releases from certain industries, continues to pose a threat to both human health and the delicate balance of ecosystems. Even trace amounts of thallium can have far-reaching and damaging consequences, making it a persistent environmental concern.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-baltic-sea-and-thallium">Baltic Sea and thallium</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-methane-leaks-discovered-in-the-baltic-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltic Sea</a> possesses several unique characteristics that make it acutely susceptible to the damaging effects of pollution. As a semi-enclosed body of water, its limited exchange with the open ocean leads to slower dilution of contaminants, allowing them to linger and accumulate for extended periods. This stagnation exacerbates the impact of pollutants on the sea's delicate ecosystem.</p>



<p>The Baltic Sea is already under significant environmental stress due to human activities. Oxygen depletion, known as hypoxia, poses a major threat with widespread consequences for marine life and the health of the overall ecosystem. </p>



<p>The introduction of thallium pollution compounds this existing crisis. Thallium's toxic properties and potential for bioaccumulation add a new dimension of danger to the Baltic's already compromised state.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-disturbing-timeline">A disturbing timeline</h2>



<p>The WHOI study exposes a deeply concerning reality: human activity plays a dominant role in the rising levels of toxic thallium entering the Baltic Sea ecosystem. This pollution trend is both alarming and undeniable.</p>



<p>Study lead author Chadlin Ostrander conducted the study as a postdoctoral investigator in WHOI's Department of <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/what-we-do/understand/departments-centers-labs/mcg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry</a>.</p>



<p>"Humans are releasing a lot of thallium into the Baltic Sea, and people should be made aware of that. If this continues - or if we further change the chemistry of the Baltic Sea in the future or if it naturally changes - then more thallium could accumulate. That would be of concern because of its toxicity," said Ostrander.</p>



<p>The research explicitly links the significant release of toxic thallium with human actions. The evidence shows that our activities directly impact the health of the Baltic Sea. Moreover, the study pinpoints a sharp increase in thallium entering the Baltic Sea, starting around 1947. This surge highlights the environmental consequences of the rapid industrial expansion that followed World War II. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-thallium-pollution-in-baltic-sea">Significant thallium pollution in Baltic Sea</h2>



<p>The research data strongly suggests that industries such as cement production and coal combustion play a significant role in thallium pollution. This underscores the environmental burden accompanying industrial activities.</p>



<p>The study's most concerning revelation is that 20-60% of thallium buildup in the Baltic Sea ecosystem can be attributed to human activity. This massive contribution highlights the urgent need to understand the potential repercussions of this contamination. These findings paint a sobering picture of our impact on the Baltic Sea. </p>



<p>They further emphasize the need for proactive strategies to mitigate thallium release, alongside research to better understand the long-term consequences of this toxic heavy metal's presence in a fragile marine environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thallium-in-the-baltic-sea-leads-to-sulfide-paradox">Thallium in the Baltic Sea leads to sulfide paradox</h2>



<p>The story of thallium in the Baltic Sea takes an unexpected turn when we consider the sea's widespread hypoxic zones, areas with extremely low oxygen levels. These oxygen-depleted regions create a unique situation.</p>



<p>When oxygen is scarce, chemical compounds called sulfides become more prevalent in the water. These sulfides have a strong affinity for thallium, acting like a natural trap. Thallium readily binds with sulfides, effectively getting locked away in the seafloor sediments.</p>



<p>This natural process of thallium sequestration by sulfides offers a temporary reprieve. However, researchers caution that disturbing this delicate balance could have dire consequences.</p>



<p>Efforts to improve the Baltic Sea's health by addressing hypoxia, while well-intentioned, might inadvertently trigger the release of trapped thallium. If the oxygen levels in the water were to rise significantly, the chemical bond between thallium and sulfides could weaken, potentially causing a surge of thallium back into the water column.</p>



<p>Such a scenario could lead to a significant increase in the amount of freely circulating thallium in the Baltic Sea. This, in turn, would pose a much greater threat to marine life as thallium becomes more bioavailable, meaning it can more easily enter the food chain and accumulate in organisms.</p>



<p>This complex interplay between hypoxia and thallium contamination highlights the need for a nuanced approach to environmental remediation in the Baltic Sea. Addressing one issue must be done with careful consideration of potential secondary effects on other environmental factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thallium-s-path-through-the-food-web">Thallium's path through the food web</h2>



<p>One of the most insidious aspects of thallium contamination is its potential to bioaccumulate. This means that organisms absorb thallium from their environment, but their bodies have limited ability to excrete it. As a result, the toxic metal builds up within their tissues over time.</p>



<p>The food chain amplifies the threat of thallium:</p>



<ul>
<li>Tiny organisms like algae and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/phytoplankton-transform-the-baltic-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a> can absorb thallium directly from the water. These primary producers form the base of the Baltic Sea food web.</li>



<li>Small fish consume algae and plankton, ingesting the accumulated thallium. Due to bioaccumulation, the concentration of thallium within the fish's tissues increases as they feed throughout their lives.</li>



<li>Predatory fish higher in the food chain then eat these smaller fish, leading to an even greater concentration of thallium in their bodies. Humans, as potential consumers of these fish, face the risk of ingesting significant levels of this toxic metal.</li>
</ul>



<p>The bioaccumulative nature of thallium poses a multi-faceted threat. High thallium levels in fish can cause illness or death, disrupting marine populations and destabilizing the intricate web of predator and prey relationships.</p>



<p>Consumption of contaminated seafood can have significant and potentially long-term health consequences for humans, as thallium's toxicity can lead to a range of neurological and developmental problems.</p>



<p>The increase in thallium in the Baltic Sea necessitates vigilant monitoring and careful assessment of its potential effects on the ecosystem and its implications for human health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-warning">Global warning</h2>



<p>"We predict, based on activities in the region, that the source of the thallium pollution is historic cement production in the region. As cement production continues to rise globally, this research could serve to caution manufacturers about the need to mitigate potential downstream effects of cement kiln dust on surrounding aquatic and marine ecosystems," said study co-author Colleen Hansel, a senior scientist in WHOI's Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxygen-loss-baltic-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltic Sea</a> is not unique. Thallium contamination could be happening in other coastal regions near industrial activities. This study highlights the urgent need for stricter environmental monitoring and proactive pollution control, particularly in the context of growing industries like cement manufacturing.</p>



<p>The increase in thallium levels in the Baltic Sea is a stark reminder of humanity's footprint on the environment. It demonstrates how a legacy of past practices and ongoing industrial activities can have unforeseen, long-term consequences for delicate ecosystems. </p>



<p>Further research is crucial for identifying mitigation strategies, protecting the Baltic Sea, and raising awareness of the underappreciated threat of thallium pollution worldwide.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c01487" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Toxic thallium levels are rising in the Baltic sea

While pollution often evokes images of plastics or oil spills,...

<p>Hate hitting the gym? There might be a solution in the works. Scientists are unraveling the mysteries of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> benefits the body. This research isn't just about feeling better; it could lead to a pill that gives you all those workout perks <em>without</em> the sweat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-superpower-of-sweat">The superpower of sweat</h2>



<p>Scientists with the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (<a href="https://www.motrpac.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MoTrPAC</a>) have dedicated significant effort to deciphering the intricate ways exercise influences our bodies on a molecular level. </p>



<p>To achieve this, they analyzed an astonishing 9,000+ samples, carefully tracking the changes that take place throughout our systems during endurance exercise (like running, cycling, and swimming).</p>



<p>Their discoveries unveiled that exercise instigates a complex chain of reactions. This activity doesn't simply make us stronger or faster; it even modifies how our genes express themselves. The reach of these changes is vast, impacting a multitude of biological processes. </p>



<p>From bolstering our immune defenses to improving our body's ability to manage stress, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slow-motion-exercise-changes-our-perception-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> even exerts a positive influence on our mental sharpness and brain function.</p>



<p>"This is the first whole-organism map looking at the effects of training in multiple different organs. The resource produced will be enormously valuable, and has already produced many potentially novel biological insights for further exploration," said Steven Carr, co-senior author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-every-organ-is-involved">Every organ is involved</h2>



<p>The researchers were astounded to find significant changes across all 19 organs investigated. This highlights how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-achieve-greater-benefits-from-exercise-with-less-effort/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> profoundly reaches beyond just the muscles we feel working.</p>



<p>Your heart becomes more efficient, your brain's processing speed improves, and even organs like your lungs and liver undergo beneficial adaptations. Exercise wields extraordinary power, initiating a comprehensive biological overhaul that extends well beyond what's visible to the naked eye.</p>



<p>Perhaps one of the most unexpected revelations was the profound impact exercise has on the body's stress-response mechanisms. "Heat shock proteins," vital molecules that protect and maintain cellular health, were significantly boosted after workouts. </p>



<p>The research suggests that exercise may act as a form of "training" for our cells, enhancing their resilience to stress. This could mean better protection against everyday wear and tear and even a reduced risk of long-term health issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dream-an-exercise-pill">The dream: An "exercise pill"</h2>



<p>The ultimate question many are asking: Could this research pave the way for a pill that replicates the advantages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sit-stand-exercise-sleep-this-amount-each-day-optimal-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>, eliminating the need to break a sweat? While it may seem like something out of a futuristic fantasy, this study brings us significantly closer to that possibility.</p>



<p>By meticulously identifying the precise cellular and molecular changes triggered by exercise, scientists might one day be able to develop targeted therapies or medications. These medications could theoretically activate the same biological pathways within our bodies, even in individuals who are unable to engage in regular physical activity. </p>



<p>This would be a monumental breakthrough, particularly for those with limitations that prevent them from exercising traditionally. Imagine the impact on people recovering from injuries, battling chronic health conditions, or facing mobility limitations. An "exercise pill" derived from this research could potentially revolutionize the way we approach health and wellness for countless individuals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-exercise-pill-on-each-organ">Potential of exercise pill on each organ</h2>



<p>Beyond the body-wide benefits, each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/metamorphosis-exercise-triggers-molecular-changes-in-major-organs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organ</a> had its own workout benefits:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lungs">Lungs</h3>



<p>Exercise acts as a natural anti-inflammatory, reducing harmful inflammation within the lungs. This translates directly to easier breathing, a major benefit for anyone with respiratory conditions or those seeking to enhance their athletic performance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut">Gut</h3>



<p>Surprisingly, our intestines demonstrate a robust immune response to exercise, particularly in women. This implies that regular workouts could promote a healthier gut environment with potential far-reaching effects. A healthy gut microbiome benefits overall well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-amp-muscles">Heart &amp; muscles</h3>



<p>These hardworking tissues undergo a remarkable transformation, becoming vastly more efficient at producing energy. This is the foundation of improved strength and endurance, allowing you to push harder and go longer during your workouts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liver">Liver</h3>



<p>While not directly involved in exercise, the liver still undergoes subtle yet important changes that enhance its overall function. These adaptations likely contribute to improved metabolic health and a reduced risk of various liver-related diseases.</p>



<p>"This highlights why we deploy all of these different molecular modalities – exercise is a very complex process, and this is just the tip of the iceberg." explained co-first author of the study Pierre Jean-Beltran.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-exercise-pill">Significance of exercise pill</h2>



<p>While the potential of an "exercise pill" is undeniably exciting, it's imperative to remember that nothing rivals the comprehensive benefits of actual workouts. This study serves as a powerful reminder of the extraordinary impact exercise has on our bodies and minds. From cellular improvements to enhanced organ function, the positive effects of physical activity are truly remarkable. </p>



<p>Until the day a pill can fully replicate these multifaceted benefits, lacing up your sneakers and getting your body moving remains the most effective way to optimize your health and achieve your fitness goals.</p>



<p>"Now we are seeing the results of our work: biologically insightful findings that are yielding from the high quality data we and others have generated. That's really fulfilling," noted study co-author Hasmik Keshishian.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06877-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Exercise in a pill is now closer to reality

Hate hitting the gym? There might be a solution in...

<p>The health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribbean-coral-reef-symbiotic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caribbean reefs</a> is under threat from a virulent disease known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mysterious-disease-is-destroying-floridas-coral-reef/">stony coral tissue loss disease</a> (SCTLD). Initially reported near Miami in 2014, this disease has since affected coral populations across 18 countries and territories in the region. </p>



<p>Stony coral tissue loss disease devastates coral colonies, leaving behind barren skeletons where vibrant life once thrived.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-caribbean-reefs">Transforming Caribbean reefs</h2>



<p>A recent study has shed light on the profound shifts occurring within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef ecosystems</a> due to SCTLD. The disappearance of susceptible coral species is paving the way for more opportunistic organisms - such as macroalgae, cyanobacteria, and fire coral - to dominate.</p>



<p>These "weedy" species, thriving in the absence of their traditional coral competitors, create a landscape vastly different from the once calcified structures of coral reefs.</p>



<p>The ripple effects of these changes are significant. Coral reefs, once bustling with diverse marine life, are transforming into environments dominated by seaweed.</p>



<p>While this new setting benefits certain herbivores, it fails to provide the complex habitat structure needed by other marine species for activities such as hiding, mating, and growing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broad-ecological-changes">Broad ecological changes</h2>



<p>“In less than 10 years, a deadly infectious agent called stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) has emerged as a leading threat to Caribbean coral reefs,” wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“Although its etiology is not fully understood, the discovery of bacterial disease indicators and the success of probiotic treatments suggest that bacteria are involved.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Other evidence suggests that SCTLD is caused by a virus that attacks some corals’ endosymbiotic algae, but not others. SCTLD has reduced coral cover by 30 to 60% in affected regions, pushing a few coral species toward local extinction.”</p>



<p>“Because diseases are most likely to have indirect community effects when they affect connected, unique, or widespread host species, we hypothesized that SCTLD-caused coral loss could trigger broad changes in diverse coral reef ecosystems.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Long-lasting consequences</h2>



<p>Sara Swaminathan, the lead author and a PhD candidate in Environmental Engineering Sciences at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>, explained the critical implications of these changes. "While some fast-growing organisms might initially thrive, the broader ecological balance is tipped, potentially leading to long-lasting repercussions," she noted.</p>



<p>Further studies involving data from various U.S. territories, including Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, have highlighted additional consequences. </p>



<p>For instance, the disease impacts crustose coralline algae, vital for reef building, thereby inhibiting the structural integrity and resilience of the reefs themselves.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-and-their-changing-habitats">Fish and their changing habitats</h2>



<p>The research team also discovered that the impact of the coral disease on fish populations is nuanced. Some fish species find new advantages in the altered environments, while others suffer due to the loss of their habitats. </p>



<p>The roughness of the coral, or rugosity, now plays a more significant role in determining the suitability of these habitats for different fish species, regardless of whether the coral is alive.</p>



<p>Kevin Lafferty, a senior scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, highlighted the complexity of SCTLD's impact. "Some infectious diseases reshape entire ecosystems, and SCTLD is a prime example, creating a mix of winners and losers among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exotic-marine-species-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine species</a>," he remarked.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-efforts-to-preserve-caribbean-reefs">Collaborative efforts to preserve Caribbean reefs</h2>



<p>The international community, including marine biologists and conservationists, has rallied to address this crisis. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind the disease and develop potential treatments are ongoing. Promising approaches like the application of probiotics to affected corals show potential in mitigating the disease's progression.</p>



<p>Andrew Altieri, an assistant professor and associate director at the Center for Coastal Solutions, emphasized the broader implications of coral loss. "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral reefs</a> are not just biodiversity hotspots; they are crucial for the survival of numerous marine species and for the protection of coastal economies relying on fishing and tourism," he stated.</p>



<p>The collective efforts of researchers and conservationists are crucial in preserving these vital ecosystems. </p>



<p>As the battle against stony coral tissue loss disease continues, the commitment to understanding and combating this disease remains paramount, not only for the health of the coral reefs but for the countless human and marine lives that depend on them.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk6808" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Coral disease is pushing Caribbean reefs toward extinction

The health of Caribbean reefs is under threat from a...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>The great white shark is an apex predator, as it has no known natural predators other than, on very rare occasions, the orca. It is arguably the world&#8217;s largest-known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals, up to the size of large baleen whales.</p>



<p>Size – more than 20 ft<br>Weight – 2.5 tons<br>Lifespan – 70 years</p>


Great White Shark

<p>The leatherback sea turtle is a species with a cosmopolitan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/highest-points-of-greenland-are-now-affected-by-global-warming/">global </a>range. Of all the extant sea turtle species, D. coriacea has the widest distribution, reaching as far north as Alaska and Norway and as far south as Cape Agulhas in Africa and the southernmost tip of New Zealand.</p>



<p>Size – 4 – 6 ft<br>Weight – 660 – 1100 pounds<br>Life Span – 30 years</p>