<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

<p>Recent research has shed light on a pressing environmental issue: the impact of abrupt permafrost thaw, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-identifies-thermokarst-areas-at-risk-of-releasing-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermokarst</a>, on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil. </p>



<p>A significant finding from the study is that soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-reached-unprecedented-highs-in-2021/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 emissions</a> are more sensitive to climate warming in areas where permafrost has collapsed than in regions where it remains intact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-depths-of-permafrost-carbon">Exploring the depths of permafrost carbon</h2>



<p>Permafrost regions, particularly those at high latitudes and altitudes, store about half of all below-ground organic carbon. </p>



<p>These areas are crucial in maintaining the balance of our climate system. However, with rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a>, permafrost is thawing rapidly. </p>



<p>Thermokarst, the sudden collapse of permafrost due to melting ice within the soil, affects roughly 20% of the northern permafrost region. </p>



<p>This type of thaw can drastically alter the land's morphology and the properties of the soil, potentially leading to significant changes in ecosystem carbon cycling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-warming-and-soil-co2-flux">Climate warming and soil CO2  flux</h2>



<p>Both thermokarst and non-thermokarst areas are experiencing ongoing warming, yet the effects on soil CO2 flux in these regions are markedly different. </p>



<p>This discrepancy has prompted a group of researchers led by Professor YANG Yuanhe from the <a href="http://english.ib.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> to delve deeper into the phenomenon. </p>



<p>Through field and laboratory studies, the team discovered that the warming-induced increase in soil CO2 release was approximately 5.5 times higher in thermokarst areas compared to adjacent non-thermokarst regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mechanisms-of-soil-co2-release">The mechanisms of soil CO2 release </h2>



<p>The team employed multiple scientific techniques, including soil physicochemical analyses, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and metagenomic sequencing. The researchers identified over 30 potential factors influencing the warming effects on soil carbon release. </p>



<p>They found that the greater response in thermokarst areas is primarily due to the lower quality of soil substrates and a higher abundance of microbial genes related to the decomposition of organic carbon.</p>



<p>Further analysis involved incubating soils from six additional thermokarst-affected sites along a 550-km permafrost transect. </p>



<p>Results from these experiments showed that thermokarst formation significantly increases the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon release, suggesting a stronger response of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-warming-climate-transforms-soil-into-a-carbon-emitter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil CO2</a> to warming in these landscapes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-study-implications">Broader study implications</h2>



<p>Professor YANG highlighted the broader significance of these findings: "As a preliminary exploration of its global importance, extrapolating the warming response of soil CO2 flux to all upland thermokarst regions in the Northern Hemisphere, there could be an additional 0.4 Pg C year-1 of soil carbon release." </p>



<p>This amount represents about a quarter of the projected permafrost soil carbon losses by the end of the 21st century.</p>



<p>Consequently, these insights are vital for accurately projecting future trajectories of permafrost carbon-climate feedback. </p>



<p>Understanding how thermokarst influences CO2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-emissions-cost-us-economy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> can help scientists and policymakers develop more effective strategies to address the challenges posed by climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-dynamics-and-global-warming">Permafrost dynamics and global warming </h2>



<p>The study provides compelling evidence that soil CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;loss becomes stronger upon abrupt permafrost thaw. This means that thermokarst areas are significantly more vulnerable to climate-induced increases in soil CO2 emissions than their non-collapsed counterparts. </p>



<p>The research is critical for enhancing our understanding of permafrost dynamics and their impact on global warming, paving the way for more informed environmental decision-making in the face of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-permafrost-thaw-and-co2-release">Impacts of permafrost thaw and CO2 release </h2>



<p>Permafrost thaw can lead to significant changes in an ecosystem, affecting the plants and animals adapted to permafrost environments. In addition, the infrastructure built on permafrost, like roads and buildings, faces increased risk of damage as the once-stable ground becomes unstable.</p>



<p>Moreover, permafrost contains vast amounts of organic carbon that have been frozen for millennia. When permafrost thaws, this carbon is exposed to bacteria and fungi that convert it into carbon dioxide and methane, potent greenhouse gases that further contribute to global warming. </p>



<p>This creates a feedback loop where warming leads to more thawing, which leads to more emissions, which leads to further warming.</p>



<p>The process and impacts of permafrost thaw are being intensely studied as they present critical challenges not only to local communities but also to global efforts in managing climate change impacts and maintaining sustainability.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01440-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



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Abrupt permafrost thaw releases more CO2 than expected

Recent research has shed light on a pressing environmental issue:...

Flashes,,Storms,On,The,Sun.,Elements,Of,This,Image,Furnished

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-2-2024-1412-utc">Update -- May 2, 2024, 1412 UTC</h2>



<p>On May 2, 2024, at 1412 UTC, a geomagnetic sudden impulse was observed by the HAD station, with a deviation of 29 nT. A Geomagnetic Sudden Impulse (SI) Expected Warning is issued when a shock has been observed in the upstream, in situ solar wind data. </p>



<p>Based on the post-shock velocity, space weather forecasters generate a warning period indicative of when this disturbance is expected at Earth. </p>



<p>The Geomagnetic Sudden Impulse Summary product is issued when the shock is actually observed at Earth, as indicated by the response of ground-based magnetic observatories. These products are useful in that they can confirm the actual arrival of anticipated coronal mass ejection (CME).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-g2-event-with-k-index-of-6-thus-far">G2 event with K-Index of 6 thus far</h2>



<p>This event has triggered a warning from the Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>), indicating that a geomagnetic K-Index of 6 is expected to occur between 1450 UTC and 2100 UTC on the same day.</p>



<p>According to the SWPC, this geomagnetic storm is classified as a G2 event on the NOAA Space Weather Scale, which is considered a moderate level of severity. The potential impacts of this storm are expected to be primarily felt in areas poleward of 55 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude.</p>



<p>For more information on the NOAA Space Weather Scales and their potential impacts, please visit <a href="http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-grid-fluctuations-and-voltage-alarms">Power grid fluctuations and voltage alarms</h2>



<p>One of the main concerns during a geomagnetic storm of this magnitude is the potential for power grid fluctuations. High-latitude power systems may experience voltage alarms, which could lead to disruptions in electrical service. </p>



<p>Utility companies in affected areas are advised to monitor their systems closely and take necessary precautions to minimize any potential damage or outages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-irregularities-and-increased-drag">Satellite irregularities and increased drag</h2>



<p>Spacecraft in orbit around Earth may also be affected by the geomagnetic storm. Satellite orientation irregularities may occur, which could temporarily disrupt communication and navigation services. </p>



<p>Additionally, low Earth-orbit satellites may experience increased drag due to the heightened activity in the Earth's magnetic field, which could cause them to slow down and require adjustments to their orbits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-frequency-radio-propagation-fading">High-frequency radio propagation fading</h2>



<p>Another potential impact of the geomagnetic storm is the fading of high-frequency (HF) radio propagation at higher latitudes. </p>



<p>This could affect long-distance communication, particularly in areas near the poles. Users of HF radio services should be prepared for possible disruptions and have alternative communication methods available if necessary.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aurora-visibility-expands">Aurora visibility expands</h2>



<p>On a more positive note, the geomagnetic storm may also bring the beautiful aurora borealis, or northern lights, to a wider range of locations than usual. The SWPC predicts that the aurora may be visible as far south as New York, Wisconsin, and Washington state during this event. </p>



<p>Skywatchers in these areas are encouraged to look to the northern horizon for a chance to catch a glimpse of this stunning natural phenomenon.</p>



<p>As the geomagnetic storm unfolds, the SWPC will continue to monitor the situation and provide updates as necessary. Stay tuned for more updates.</p>



<p>------</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-m9-5-flare-from-strong-solar-activity-causes-radio-blackouts-may-2-2024">Powerful M9.5 flare from strong solar activity causes radio blackouts (May 2, 2024)</h2>



<p>Solar activity has reached high levels, with five sunspot groups present on the visible solar disk. In addition, background X-ray flux levels have increased mostly in the low C-class levels, according to a forecast discussion prepared by the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>, and the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Weather Prediction Center</a> on May 1, 2024.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/r2-moderate-hf-radio-blackout-observed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3654</a>, located at solar coordinates S07W70 with a Fkc/beta-delta classification, has weakened slightly in its magnetic complexity, with the gamma configuration appearing to diminish. </p>



<p>However, the mixed polarity delta spot in the intermediate section has retained its magnetic shear, and the instability was evident as it produced an <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/m9-5_solar-flare_region-3654_GOES_043024_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">M9.5/2b flare at 30/2346 UTC</a> and a long duration <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GVRo2WxRHc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">C5.8 at 01/0758 UTC</a>. </p>



<p>An associated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CME</a> was observed with the long duration C5.8 flare, but analysis suggests an Earth-directed component is unlikely due to the region's far west location.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-region-3663-emerges-and-undergoes-slow-growth">New region 3663 emerges and undergoes slow growth</h2>



<p>New Region 3663, located at N25E27 with a Bxo/beta classification, emerged and underwent slow growth but remained stable. The remaining regions were inactive and had little change.</p>



<p>The forecast predicts that solar activity is likely to be moderate, with a slight chance of low-level <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-alert-severe-geomagnetic-solar-storm-warning-issued/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-class flares</a> (R3; Strong) on May 1, primarily due to the magnetic complexity of Region 3654 and its history of flare production. </p>



<p>However, as the region rotates closer to the limb, M-class flare probabilities decrease to a chance on May 2 and further decrease as the region rotates beyond the limb on May 3.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energetic-particle-flux-remains-normal-to-moderate">Energetic particle flux remains normal to moderate</h2>



<p>The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was normal to moderate, and the greater than 10 MeV proton flux remained at background levels. </p>



<p>The forecast expects the greater than 2 MeV electron flux to continue at normal to moderate levels from May 1-3, while the greater than 10 MeV proton flux is expected to maintain at background levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-wind-environment-experiences-disturbance">Solar wind environment experiences disturbance</h2>



<p>The solar wind environment was indicative of a slow regime until a disturbance in the field occurred near 30/1130 UTC. Total IMF increased from ambient levels and peaked at 14 nT, while the Bz component underwent a prolonged southward deflection with a maximum negative deviation of -8 nT. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar wind</a> speed underwent a slight escalation but peaked around 425 km/s. The cause of the disturbance is uncertain, but a possible candidate is an isolated negative polarity CH HSS or a transient passage.</p>



<p>The forecast anticipates a disturbed and variably enhanced solar wind field over the next three days due to possible weak transient passages followed by additional CH HSS effects from an isolated positive polarity CH HSS that should become geoeffective on May 3. </p>



<p>Additionally, a CME that departed the Sun on April 29 with mainly a westward component may cause near proximity influences or weak flanking effects later on May 3.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-field-reaches-active-levels">Geomagnetic field reaches active levels</h2>



<p>The geomagnetic field reached active levels for a few periods in response to the disturbed solar wind field. The forecast expects G1 (Minor) geomagnetic storming during the early hours of May 1 due to transient-like effects. </p>



<p>Active levels, with a chance of G1 (Minor) storms, are anticipated from May 2-3 in varying response to CH HSS effects and possible transient passages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minor-geomagnetic-storming-anticipated-as-solar-wind-fluctuates">Minor geomagnetic storming anticipated as solar wind fluctuates</h2>



<p>In summary, the Space Weather Prediction Center's forecast discussion reveals a dynamic and ever-changing solar environment. As Region 3654 continues to generate flares and new regions emerge, solar activity remains high. </p>



<p>The forecast predicts moderate activity with a chance of strong X-class flares, while particle flux levels remain stable. The solar wind environment experiences disturbances, potentially causing geomagnetic storming in the coming days. </p>



<p>As these events unfold, scientists continue to monitor and analyze the data, providing crucial information to help us understand and prepare for the impacts of solar activity on our planet.</p>



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NOAA Warning: Geomagnetic sudden impulse, disruptions probable

Update -- May 2, 2024, 1412 UTC On May 2,...

<p>For the first time in over a century, a new species of Japanese <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossilized-lily-115-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lily</a>, known locally as sukashiyuri, has been identified by Dr. Seita Watanabe and his team from the Botanical Gardens and the Graduate School of Science at <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/">Osaka Metropolitan University</a>. </p>



<p>This discovery marks the first addition to the sukashiyuri species list since 1914, challenging these visually striking flowers’ traditional classifications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-japanese-lily-species-diversity-nbsp">Japanese lily species diversity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Previously, sukashiyuri, typically recognized for their vibrant orange blossoms, were grouped into four taxonomic categories. These lilies are highly prized for ornamental use and have been a popular export from Japan for over two centuries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, Watanabe believed that the existing classification did not accurately reflect the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-will-decline-along-with-rainfall-in-dry-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> within the species. To investigate this hypothesis, he and his research team embarked on a detailed exploration across Japan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-japanese-lily-species-nbsp">New Japanese lily species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team's journey involved observing the lilies in their natural habitats, capturing images, collecting specimens, and extracting DNA from the plants for analysis. Through meticulous examination of both the physical form and genetic makeup of these lilies, the researchers have expanded the classification to include eight distinct taxons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among these, they identified a new species named <em>Lilium pacificum</em>, which thrives along the Pacific coastlines from Ibaraki Prefecture in the north to Shizuoka Prefecture and the Izu Islands in the south.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-traits-and-adaptations-nbsp">Unique traits and adaptations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“It has an interesting characteristic: the tips of its leaves are curved into a claw-like shape,” Watanabe explained. “Based on the new understanding of these eight taxonomic groups, we found that seven are endemic to Japan, each adapted to its environment, whether coastal or mountainous, and evolving unique traits.”</p>



<p>“Our research shows that these plants have differentiated through complex processes, and we hope that our work will provide clues for speciation studies. In the past, individual differences may have been overlooked because of the apparent simplicity of the plants. Through this research, I was reminded of the importance of morphological observation.”</p>



<p>This breakthrough not only enriches our understanding of the biodiversity within the sukashiyuri lilies but also underscores the significance of detailed taxonomic research in uncovering the hidden complexities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-evolution-drastically-changed-earths-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant evolution</a> and adaptation.</p>



<p>&nbsp;Japanese lilies</p>



<p>Japanese lilies are renowned for their beauty and variety, featuring prominently in both cultivation and cultural symbolism in Japan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One of the most iconic species is the Lilium auratum, often called the "golden-rayed lily of Japan," which is celebrated for its large, fragrant white flowers that have golden rays and speckled burgundy markings. Another important species is Lilium speciosum, or the "Japanese lily," which is admired for its striking pink to red petals and heavy scent.</p>



<p>Lilium japonicum, also known as "Yamayuri," is native to the cool mountain regions of Japan and bears elegant, trumpet-shaped flowers. This species tends to thrive in forest environments. The red spider lily, Lycoris radiata, is another visually striking species, famous for its red flowers that bloom in late summer and early autumn, often associated with the end of the Buddhist Bon Festival.</p>



<p>These lilies not only contribute to the biodiversity of Japan's flora but also hold significant places in Japanese gardening and festival celebrations, embodying themes of purity, renewal, and transition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-in-japanese-culture-nbsp">Flowers in Japanese culture&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-orchid-found-hiding-in-plain-sight-in-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flowers</a> hold a profound significance in Japanese culture, permeating various aspects of life, art, and rituals with a deep-rooted symbolism and aesthetic importance. The appreciation of flowers is so integral that it has its own traditional practice known as "hanami," which is the seasonal viewing of flowers, primarily cherry blossoms. </p>



<p>This practice is not just about enjoying the transient beauty of blooms but also reflects deeper themes of impermanence and the graceful acceptance of life and death cycles, as symbolized by the brief yet spectacular blooming period of the sakura.</p>



<p>Floral motifs are prevalent in Japanese art and design, including kimono fabrics, ceramics, and classical paintings. These motifs often carry symbolic meanings; for example, the cherry blossom represents beauty and the ephemeral nature of life, while the plum blossom stands for perseverance and renewal, often blooming vibrantly even in cold winter.</p>



<p>In the realm of traditional Japanese tea ceremonies, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-90-of-flowering-plant-species-rely-on-animal-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowers</a> play a subtle yet essential role, where they are carefully chosen to complement the season and setting, enhancing the spiritual and aesthetic experience. This practice underscores the Japanese philosophy of harmony between nature and human-made beauty.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.13141" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Taxon</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Image Credit: Osaka Metropolitan University</p>



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Japanese lily species discovered after more than a century

For the first time in over a century, a new...

<p>A comprehensive analysis involving data from over one million individuals has identified more than 2,000 genetic signals associated with blood pressure, including 113 newly discovered genomic loci.</p>



<p>As one of the largest studies of its kind, the research expands our understanding of how blood pressure is regulated and sets the stage for future breakthroughs in medical research and treatment strategies. </p>



<p>Supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), the research was a collaborative effort across multiple prestigious institutions and utilized data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).</p>



<p>These studies collectively examined the genetic makeup of large groups to identify variants linked to blood pressure and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypertension</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-genetic-foundations-of-blood-pressure">Exploring the genetic foundations of blood pressure</h2>



<p>By merging four extensive datasets, the researchers were able to paint a clearer picture of the genetic underpinnings of blood pressure. </p>



<p>The findings revealed a complex network of genetic factors that contribute to blood pressure levels, highlighting the intricate nature of genetic influence on this common yet critical health indicator.</p>



<p>Dr. Helen Warren is a Senior Lecturer in Statistical Genetics at <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>. “We have now revealed a much larger proportion of the genetic contribution to blood pressure than was previously known," said Dr. Warren. </p>



<p>This revelation is crucial as it opens the door to potential new drug targets and advances in precision medicine, particularly in the early detection and prevention of hypertension.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polygenic-risk-scores">Polygenic risk scores</h2>



<p>One of the significant outputs of this study is the development of polygenic risk scores, which combine the effects of numerous genetic variants to predict an individual's blood pressure and their risk for hypertension. </p>



<p>Consequently, individuals with the highest genetic risk show mean systolic blood pressure levels approximately 17 mmHg higher than those with the lowest genetic risk, and they face a sevenfold increased risk of developing hypertension.</p>



<p>Study senior author Professor Patricia Munroe highlighted the utility of these new scores. “Our results provide new resources for understanding biological mechanisms and importantly, new polygenic risk scores for early identification and stratification of people at risk for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-and-cardiovascular-diseases-are-genetically-linked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular diseases</a>.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emphasizing-diversity-in-genetic-research">Emphasizing diversity in genetic research </h2>



<p>This study represents a significant advancement in genetic research while also highlighting the critical need for more diverse genomic data. Most of the analyzed data came from individuals of European ancestry - a frequent limitation in genetic studies. </p>



<p>Nevertheless, the researchers confirmed the relevance of their findings for individuals of African ancestry by utilizing data from the National Institute of Health’s All of Us Research Program.</p>



<p>The inclusion of this diverse data is essential for the broader applicability of polygenic risk scores in routine healthcare, ensuring that advancements in medical science benefit a globally diverse population.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-continuing-challenge-of-hypertension">The continuing challenge of hypertension</h2>



<p>High blood pressure, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adults-high-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypertension</a>, affects nearly one billion people worldwide and poses a significant risk factor for numerous health conditions, including heart and kidney diseases. </p>



<p>Environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle exacerbate the genetic component of this condition, underscoring the importance of ongoing research in this area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-high-blood-pressure">Understanding high blood pressure</h2>



<p>The collaboration of over 140 investigators from more than 100 universities, institutes, and government agencies worldwide underscores the global commitment to understanding and combating high blood pressure. </p>



<p>The study not only advances our genetic knowledge but also paves the way for innovative treatment and prevention strategies that could significantly impact public health. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-high-blood-pressure">More about high blood pressure </h2>



<p>High blood pressure is a common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-blood-pressure-is-commonly-shared-by-couples-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">condition</a> where the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. The condition is often called the "silent killer" because it doesn't usually cause symptoms until it has done significant damage to the heart and arteries. </p>



<p>Generally, blood pressure readings are given in two numbers. The top number, systolic pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. The bottom number, diastolic pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries between beats.</p>



<p>Risk factors for developing high blood pressure include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overweight-children-high-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>, drinking too much alcohol, smoking, family history, and a diet high in salt but low in potassium. High blood pressure is manageable and treatable through lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, limiting alcohol intake, and eating a balanced diet. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-024-01714-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Genetics</a></em>.</p>



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Study reveals over 2,000 genetic markers that affect blood pressure

A comprehensive analysis involving data from over one million individuals...

<p>For the first time, researchers have harnessed the power of big data to comprehensively assess the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-airplane-contrail-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate impact</a> of global air travel. The experts meticulously calculated greenhouse gas emissions from aviation for 197 countries, shedding light on previously unreported data. The research is crucial for future environmental policy and planning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unreported-aviation-emissions">Unreported aviation emissions</h2>



<p>The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) mandated that high-income nations report their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aviation-has-greater-environmental-impact-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aviation</a> emissions. However, many countries, including economic giants like China and India, were not required to report their aviation emissions but could do so voluntarily. </p>



<p>This created a notable gap in global emissions data, which is problematic since the UNFCCC uses these reports to guide emissions reduction negotiations.</p>



<p>Jan Klenner, a PhD candidate at <a href="https://www.ntnu.no/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU’s Industrial Ecology Programme</a> and the lead researcher of the study, emphasized the importance of this new data. "Our work fills the reporting gaps, so that this can inform policy and hopefully improve future negotiations," he stated. </p>



<p>The findings reveal that countries like China, which did not report its 2019 air travel-related emissions, ranked second only to the United States in total aviation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/next-up-for-epa-regulating-aircraft-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>, highlighting a critical area of concern.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clarity-in-aviation-emissions">Clarity in aviation emissions</h2>



<p>The study brings to light the per-country aviation emissions, including those previously unreported. This clarity is essential for understanding the global distribution of aviation emissions and strategizing reduction efforts.</p>



<p>"Now we have a much clearer picture of aviation emissions per country, which tells you something about how we can go about reducing them," noted Helene Muri, a research professor and one of Klenner’s supervisors. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-revelations">Surprising revelations</h2>



<p>The study revealed that the United States leads in the total sum of aviation emissions from both international and domestic flights. </p>



<p>Interestingly, the per capita distribution of emissions indicates that economic well-being correlates with increased aviation activity. With a population of just 5.5 million, Norway ranked third (behind the US and Australia) in per capita domestic emissions.</p>



<p>Klenner's 2022 study, using data from Norway, showed that domestic flights between major cities accounted for a significant portion of emissions, contradicting the assumption that geographical challenges are the primary drivers of high aviation emissions in Norway. </p>



<p>"The per person emissions in Norway were incredibly high. With this data set, we can confirm that from a Norwegian perspective we have a lot of work to do," said Muri.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-data-s-role-in-air-travel-regulation">Big data's role in air travel regulation</h2>



<p>Anders Hammer Strømman, another co-supervisor of the project, highlighted the transformative role of big data in environmental regulation. "This model allows us to do instant emissions modeling - we can calculate the emissions from global aviation as it happens," he noted. </p>



<p>This capability is particularly valuable as the aviation industry seeks to decarbonize, with big data providing insights into where new fuels and technologies could be most effectively tested.</p>



<p>The model, named AviTeam, is notably the first to provide emissions data for 45 lesser-developed countries that had never before inventoried their greenhouse gas emissions from aviation. </p>



<p>This innovation not only fills crucial data gaps but also equips these countries with vital information that was previously inaccessible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aviation-emissions-and-climate-action">Aviation emissions and climate action</h2>



<p>The research serves as a key example of how big data can revolutionize our approach to understanding and mitigating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feds-airliners-are-contributing-greatly-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. </p>



<p>“Despite national pledges and international agreements, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from aviation have been increasing, and aviation is estimated to have contributed 2.4 percent to global anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in recent years,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Non-CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from aviation fuel combustion comprise nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, non-volatile particulate matter, and organic carbon. These emissions also affect the climate, increasing aviation's contribution to human-induced global warming to date to about 4 percent.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Non-CO<sub>2</sub> emissions can also affect air pollution and human health, the environment, and contribute to condensation trail formation.”</p>



<p>With a more comprehensive and immediate picture of global aviation emissions, policymakers and members of the aviation industry can coordinate targeted efforts to reduce their environmental impact.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3a7d" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Aviation emissions: Big data analysis sparks new concerns

For the first time, researchers have harnessed the power of...

<p>In the world of science, there's something especially captivating about an anomaly that defies expectations. The sudden appearance of a vast hole in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic</a> sea ice – the Maud Rise polynya – in 2016 and 2017 was precisely that kind of mystery. </p>



<p>Now, a team of scientists has pieced together the intricate chain of events behind this extraordinary phenomenon. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polynyas">Polynyas</h2>



<p>The Antarctic Ocean stretches out like a vast, white expanse, a seemingly unbroken sheet of ice. However, this frozen landscape isn't entirely uniform. Closer inspection reveals occasional cracks and gaps in the ice cover, like tears in a giant white canvas. These openings, known as polynyas, are far less common than the surrounding ice, but they are much larger than the occasional crack. They are essentially sprawling stretches of unfrozen water amidst the vast sea ice.</p>



<p>Some polynyas form near coastlines where winds push ice from the shore. Others emerge in the open ocean, far from land. These open-ocean polynyas are much rarer and pose a bigger scientific mystery. Unlike their coastal counterparts, their formation isn't readily explained by simple wind patterns. Instead, they seem to be triggered by a complex interplay of factors beneath the ocean's surface.</p>



<p>These open water areas act like temporary windows, allowing for a significant exchange of heat and carbon dioxide to occur. Cold, deep ocean water interacts with the atmosphere at the surface, releasing heat and potentially influencing the amount of carbon dioxide the ocean absorbs. This exchange creates hotspots of activity within the icy landscape, potentially impacting regional climate patterns in the area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maud-rise-polynya-the-antarctic-sea-ice-hole">Maud rise polynya: The Antarctic sea ice hole</h2>



<p>In the frigid expanse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-suffered-extremely-rapid-ice-loss-after-the-last-ice-age-alarming-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic</a> Ocean, a peculiar phenomenon emerged during the winters of 2016 and 2017. A massive hole, named the Maud Rise polynya after the submerged mountain beneath it, appeared in the sea ice. </p>



<p>This anomaly was particularly baffling due to its sheer scale – encompassing an area more than double the size of Wales. Furthermore, unlike most polynyas that come and go seasonally, the Maud Rise polynya persisted for multiple winters, leaving scientists thoroughly perplexed.</p>



<p>A new study has shed light on this icy enigma, meticulously reconstructing the sequence of events that culminated in the formation of this massive polynya. By piecing together the puzzle, researchers hope to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing this rare phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceanic-forces-and-antarctic-sea-ice-hole">Oceanic forces and Antarctic sea ice hole</h2>



<p>The story of the Maud Rise polynya begins with an oceanic change far below the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-levels-in-antarctica-have-reached-an-unprecedented-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">icy surface</a>. An intensification in the Weddell Sea's large-scale ocean circulation system - imagine a powerful underwater whirlpool - had a significant impact. </p>



<p>This swirling intensification caused a layer of warmer and saltier water to rise from the depths. This upwelling of warm, salty water created conditions that could potentially alter the balance between freezing and melting at the surface.</p>



<p>Maud Rise played a critical role. Turbulent currents, like underwater rapids, churned and interacted with the mountain's slopes. This turbulence effectively transported salt from the surrounding waters towards the summit of the mountain.</p>



<p>The physics of wind-driven ocean currents, known as Ekman transport, became a major player in the polynya's formation. The complex mechanics of this phenomenon result in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-ocean-water-discovery-is-unlocking-secrets-of-earths-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean water</a> being deflected at a right angle to the direction of the blowing wind. This deflection propelled the salt concentrated around Maud Rise towards its northern side. The influx of salt proved to be a crucial factor in creating the opening within the sea ice.</p>



<p>"Ekman transport was the essential missing ingredient that was necessary to increase the balance of salt and sustain the mixing of salt and heat towards the surface water,” explained Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato, a co-author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



<p>The story of the Antarctic ice hole Maud Rise polynya doesn't end with the unraveling of its origins. Understanding these events is key to decoding broader changes in the Southern Ocean. Polynyas can leave lasting "footprints" on the ocean, shaping how water moves and distributes heat.</p>



<p>"The dense waters that form here can spread across the global ocean,” noted Professor Sarah Gille. This study serves as a reminder of the complex and far-reaching consequences of even localized phenomena in the context of our planet's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-oceans-hidden-influence-on-global-weather-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate system</a>.</p>



<p>The Maud Rise polynya reminds us that even in the most remote and desolate corners of Earth, dynamic processes are at play. Scientists' relentless pursuit of knowledge sheds light on delicate balances within polar environments and the potential global consequences of change in these icy realms.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj0777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory </p>



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Experts solve the mystery of a giant hole in Antarctic sea ice

In the world of science, there's something especially captivating about...

<p>The Eta Aquarid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-eta-aquarids-meteor-shower-peaks-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteor shower</a> will dazzle stargazers this weekend, reaching its peak from the evening of May 4 to the early hours of May 5. During this peak, spectators can expect to see up to 50 shooting stars per hour, according to astronomers.</p>



<p>The Eta Aquarids are known for their speed, traveling into Earth's atmosphere at about 66 kilometers per second. They are also known for producing a high percentage of persistent trains - luminous trails that last for several seconds after the meteor itself has disappeared.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-eta-aquarids-nbsp">The Eta Aquarids&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The shower is named after its radiant point, which is located in the constellation Aquarius, near one of its brightest stars, Eta Aquarii. This is the point in the sky from which the meteors appear to emerge.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The best viewing times are between midnight and dawn, and while the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-taurid-meteor-showers-will-peak-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteor shower</a> is visible worldwide, it will be more pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere - where the Aquarius constellation is more prominently positioned in the sky.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debris-from-halley-s-comet-nbsp">Debris from Halley’s Comet&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“The Eta Aquarids are pieces of debris from Halley’s Comet, which is a well-known comet that is viewable from Earth approximately every 76 years,” <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> experts said. “Also known as 1P/Halley, this comet was last viewable from Earth in 1986 and won't be visible again until the middle of 2061.”</p>



<p>Halley's Comet has been observed for millennia, but the specific connection between the comet and the Eta Aquarid meteor shower was made in the late 19th century. The meteor shower itself has likely been observed as long as people have been watching the skies, but scientific recognition of its origin connected to Halley's Comet helped define its annual predictability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eta-aquarid-meteor-shower-visibility-nbsp">Eta Aquarid meteor shower visibility&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Active from April 15 to May 27, the Eta Aquarid meteor shower's visibility may be influenced by lunar brightness. Fortunately, with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a> waning to a thin crescent, conditions this weekend are optimal for meteor viewing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For the best experience, the <a href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmer's Almanac</a> recommends looking southeast to see the meteors as they enter the atmosphere and burn up in a brilliant display. If observers miss the peak on May 5, there will still be excellent opportunities to view the meteor shower until May 10.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-best-way-to-view-the-eta-aquarids-nbsp">Best way to view the Eta Aquarids&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“To view the Eta Aquarids, find an area well away from city or street lights,” NASA astronomers explained. “Come prepared with a sleeping bag, blanket, or lawn chair. Lie flat on your back with your feet facing east and look up, taking in as much of the sky as possible. After about 30 minutes in the dark, your eyes will adapt and you will begin to see meteors. Be patient – the show will last until dawn, so you have plenty of time to catch a glimpse.”</p>



<p>Meteors, commonly referred to as shooting stars, originate from leftover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bouncing-comets-could-deliver-lifes-building-blocks-to-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet</a> particles and broken asteroid bits. As comets orbit close to the sun, they emit dust that spreads into a dusty trail along their paths. Each year, the Earth passes through these debris trails, which causes the debris to collide with our atmosphere and disintegrate, creating vivid streaks of light in the sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite their dramatic appearance, these celestial events pose no threat to Earth, as the particles almost always burn up before they can reach the surface.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-halley-s-comet">More about Halley's Comet</h2>



<p>The Eta Aquarids, along with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orionids-meteor-shower-peaks-this-weekend-heres-what-to-expect/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orionids</a> in October, provide two opportunities each year to see remnants of Halley's Comet, linking modern skywatchers with an astronomical legacy that spans human history.</p>



<p>The comet is named after the English astronomer Edmond Halley, who first predicted its periodic return in 1705. Halley didn't discover the comet, but he determined that reports of comets appearing in 1531, 1607, and 1682 were actually sightings of the same comet returning at regular intervals. Using Newton's recently formulated laws of motion, he predicted the comet would return in 1758. Halley died before this return, but the comet's punctual appearance helped to solidify his prediction.</p>



<p>Halley's Comet was the first comet to be recognized as periodic, changing the understanding of comets from atmospheric phenomena to celestial bodies in solar orbit. Its appearances have provided valuable opportunities for scientific study, helping to advance knowledge about the nature of comets, their composition, and their interaction with solar wind and the solar system.</p>



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Eta Aquarids: See up to 50 shooting stars per hour this weekend

The Eta Aquarid meteor shower will dazzle stargazers this weekend,...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>With Barrie back in his arms, Sean returned home to Hornchurch, Essex. She settled in immediately — a far cry from the scared puppy that wouldn&#8217;t come out of the ruined school. Thanks to a stable home and steady diet, Barrie grew like a weed too! Photo credit:   Mercury Press and Media</p>


Happy together