Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Costa Atlántica Reserve stretching along the Atlantic coast in Argentina.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-refuge-for-migratory-birds-nbsp">A refuge for migratory birds&nbsp;</h2>



“At the far southern reaches of South America, a stretch of tidal flats, shoals, and beaches serves as a refuge for migratory shorebirds and copious aquatic life,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina extends for 220 kilometers (140 miles) along the eastern shore of Tierra del Fuego. The area was designated a Ramsar site in 1995 and a provincial nature reserve in 1998." 



According to NASA, the reserve is the southernmost site both on the Ramsar list and in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-costa-atlantica-reserve">Significance of the Costa Atlántica Reserve</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is an important conservation site that signifies Argentina's commitment to preserving its rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal biodiversity</a>. 



This vast expanse of protected area serves as a sanctuary for many species, ranging from migratory birds to marine mammals and diverse plant life.



“Tidal habitats along the coast support some 135 species of birds, while crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and cetaceans feed in the productive coastal waters,” said NASA.&nbsp;



“The topography inland of Costa Atlántica, stretching into Chile to the west, is blanketed in shrubs and grassland vegetation adapted to dry conditions - part of a semiarid ecosystem known as the Fuegian steppe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-ecological-balance-nbsp">Maintaining ecological balance&nbsp;</h2>



Established to safeguard the delicate ecosystems of dunes, estuaries, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-lagoons-have-high-loads-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal lagoons</a>, the reserve plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.&nbsp;



It provides critical habitats for numerous threatened species, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-right-whales-have-shifted-their-foraging-grounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Right Whale</a>, which finds refuge in these waters during its breeding season.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costa-atlantica-reserve-a-living-laboratory-nbsp">Costa Atlántica Reserve: A living laboratory&nbsp;</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is not only a refuge for wildlife but also a living laboratory for scientific research. Conservationists and researchers work within its bounds to monitor ecosystems, study species behaviors, and develop strategies for sustainable management.&nbsp;



This ongoing research is pivotal in understanding the impacts of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-river-deltas-face-major-threats-beyond-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal environments</a> and in devising measures to mitigate these effects.



Furthermore, the reserve illustrates the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts. Local communities are engaged in sustainable tourism and educational programs. 



Through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bird-photographers-improve-nesting-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-tourism</a> initiatives, visitors can experience the natural beauty of the reserve while contributing to its preservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tierra-del-fuego-archipelago">Tierra del Fuego archipelago</h2>



According to NASA, the broader landscape of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was shaped by glaciers.&nbsp;



“Ice advanced over the mountains and lowlands during cold climatic periods between the mid-Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum, about 20,000 years ago. San Sebastián Bay formed in a tectonic depression that was deepened by glacial erosion," noted NASA. 



“Further evidence of glaciation, including hummocky moraines and fields of glacial erratics, appears around the bay, though it is too small to be visible in this image.”



“Partially enclosed by a long, sandy peninsula, San Sebastián Bay attracts copious migratory birds, some of which shuttle seasonally between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.”



“Large populations of the Hudsonian godwit, white-rumped sandpiper, and other long-distance flyers congregate in the vast intertidal zones. This part of the reserve, however, is vulnerable to the impact of oil and gas extraction from onshore and offshore deposits.”



The image was captured on February 20, 2024 by the <a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLI-2</a> (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This galaxy is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.



In a study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas covering the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. 



"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”



Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study co-author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.



One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;



In the image, dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



The study also focused on understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy streams of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.



A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;



"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment.&nbsp;



These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>, which were common in the young universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Study co-author Torsten Böker of the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> emphasized the broader implications of these findings. 



“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;



“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”



The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Tropical Storm Francine moving across the Gulf of Mexico on the afternoon of September 10, 2024. 



Just hours after the photo was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-21 satellite, the storm intensified into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-hurricanes-are-intensifying-faster-due-to-climate-change/">hurricane</a> strength.



By September 11, Francine had become a Category 2 hurricane, reaching wind speeds of 100 miles per hour. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storms-fueled-by-rising-ocean-temperatures">Storms fueled by rising ocean temperatures</h2>



“Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are a fair predictor of the readiness of the ocean to fuel and sustain storms. Meteorologists generally agree that SSTs should be above 82 degrees Fahrenheit to sustain and intensify hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153309/francine-bears-down-on-louisiana" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“During the time of Francine’s development on September 8 to 10, temperatures in the southwestern Gulf were several degrees above that threshold and slightly above the 2003-2014 average for those dates, according to data from the Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MUR SST) project.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-hurricane-francine">Impacts of Hurricane Francine</h2>



Louisiana was hit hardest by Francine, with coastal areas experiencing life-threatening storm surges up to 10 feet, heavy rainfall, and significant flooding. In Terrebonne Parish, where Francine made landfall, more than 200,000 residents lost power.&nbsp;



Southern regions of Texas also experienced heavy rainfall and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>. Despite some weakening as Francine moved inland, Mississippi and other parts of the Gulf Coast still experienced flash flooding and strong winds as the system degraded into a tropical depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2024-atlantic-hurricane-season">2024 Atlantic hurricane season</h2>



The 2024 Atlantic hurricane season has been notably active, but with an unusual break in activity leading up to Hurricane Francine.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-start-for-storms">Early start for storms</h3>



The season officially began on June 1, 2024. By early September, there had been five named storms, including three hurricanes, with one reaching Category 5 status - Hurricane Beryl in July.&nbsp;



Beryl set an early-season record as it intensified rapidly due to exceptionally warm sea surface <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-calm">Surprising calm</h3>



While the early part of the season saw significant activity, including Beryl's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-causes-the-rapid-intensification-of-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explosive growth</a>, the basin has experienced a surprising calm since mid-August. 



From August 12 to September 3, there was no tropical activity, marking the quietest stretch in over 50 years. Experts attribute this inactivity to several factors, including cooling waters in parts of the Atlantic and shifts in atmospheric patterns over Africa that disrupted storm formation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-ahead">What's ahead</h3>



Looking ahead, forecasts are cautious but not pessimistic. Despite the quiet period, researchers still expect more activity, with potential for further storm development through September.



Predictions are pointing to up to 14 named storms - seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes - by the end of the 2024 season.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hurricanes-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-nbsp">Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



The location of the Gulf of Mexico makes it a hotspot for hurricane development and landfall. Warm sea surface temperatures, especially in late summer and early fall, provide the energy needed for these storms to grow in intensity.&nbsp;



When atmospheric conditions such as low wind shear and high moisture are favorable, hurricanes can rapidly intensify, becoming major threats to coastal regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-time-for-preparation-nbsp">Little time for preparation&nbsp;</h3>



The Gulf of Mexico's geography also means that hurricanes have a relatively short distance to travel before making landfall, often allowing little time for preparation.&nbsp;



Communities in coastal states like Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are frequently in the path of these storms.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastating-impacts">Devastating impacts</h3>



Over the years, hurricanes like Katrina, Harvey, and Ida have highlighted the devastating impacts, from storm surges and flooding to wind damage and disruption of infrastructure.&nbsp;



Due to the Gulf's importance as an economic hub, especially for oil production and shipping, hurricanes can also have significant economic repercussions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



The region's vulnerability to hurricanes is compounded by climate change, which has led to warmer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-ocean-heating-signals-alarm-for-a-3c-warmer-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> and more intense storms. 



Predictions suggest that while the overall number of hurricanes may not increase, the number of major hurricanes (Category 3 and above) could rise. This will make the Gulf Coast an even more dangerous area during hurricane season, which typically lasts from June to November.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Hurricane Francine makes landfall in Louisiana 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features an incredible new image of the Crab Nebula in bright neon colors. 



“The unusual image was produced by combining data from telescopes spanning nearly the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



Colored in red, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) provided information about the nebula gathered in the radio regime.



NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope took infrared images, which appear yellow, while the NASA/ESA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-captures-another-cosmic-masterpiece-in-galaxy-ngc-2217/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope provided images made in optical wavelengths, colored in green.&nbsp;



Blue colors represent ultraviolet observations made by ESA’s XMM-Newton telescope, and the purple colors are X-ray radiation data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-about-the-crab-nebula-nbsp">About the Crab Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Crab Nebula, located in the constellation Taurus, contains the remnants of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova explosion</a> first observed on Earth in 1054 AD. This explosion was recorded by Chinese astronomers and possibly by Native American rock art.&nbsp;



The nebula spans about 11 light-years across and lies approximately 6,500 light-years away from Earth. It is one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-crab-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studied objects</a> in the sky, largely due to its status as a bright and dynamic supernova remnant.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crab-pulsar">The Crab Pulsar</h2>



The Crab Nebula contains a pulsar at its center, which is a rapidly rotating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slow-spinning-neutron-star-completely-defies-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron star</a> that emits pulses of radiation. This pulsar, known as the Crab Pulsar, spins about 30 times per second and is a significant source of gamma rays and other forms of high-energy radiation.&nbsp;



The nebula itself is a complex structure of filaments and synchrotron radiation. The filaments are remnants of the original star's outer layers, while the synchrotron radiation emerges from electrons spiraling in the magnetic fields produced by the pulsar.



“Surrounding the pulsar lies a mix of material; some of it was originally expelled from the star before it went supernova, and the rest was ejected during the explosion itself,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



“Fast-moving winds of particles fly off from the neutron star, energizing the dust and gas around it. These different layers and intricacies of the nebula can be observed in all of the different wavelengths of light.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crab-nebula-observation-nbsp">Crab Nebula observation&nbsp;</h2>



Throughout its history, the Crab Nebula has provided critical insights into the processes of stellar death, the behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pulsars-are-helping-astronomers-pinpoint-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsars</a>, and the mechanics of supernova remnants.&nbsp;



Its continuous observation has revealed changes over time, such as the expansion of its filaments and variations in its brightness, offering a dynamic laboratory for astrophysical studies.



Overall, the Crab Nebula is a highly energetic and object, providing valuable insights into the processes following a supernova explosion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-nebulae">Fascinating facts about nebulae</h2>



Nebulae are some of the most breathtaking and intriguing structures in the universe. They are vast clouds of gas and dust, often considered stellar nurseries where new stars are born. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-of-nebulae">Colors of nebulae </h3>



One of the most fascinating aspects of nebulae is their ability to glow in different colors. This occurs because they either reflect the light of nearby stars or emit light due to the ionization of gases within them, particularly hydrogen. 



Some nebulae, like the famous Orion Nebula, are visible to the naked eye and serve as one of the nearest regions of active star formation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae">Planetary nebulae </h3>



Stars are born in dense regions of nebulae, and when they die, some will expel their outer layers, creating stunning structures known as planetary nebulae. The colorful clouds left behind can shine brightly for thousands of years. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-size">Massive size</h3>



Another amazing fact is that some nebulae are so vast that light can take years to travel from one side to the other, stretching across hundreds of light-years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-remnants">Star remnants </h3>



Perhaps even more mind-boggling is the fact that nebulae are the remnants of previous generations of stars. Supernova explosions of massive stars can create these glowing clouds of gas and dust, seeding the cosmos with the elements necessary for the formation of new stars and planets.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Dubner (IAFE, CONICET-University of Buenos Aires) et al.; A. Loll et al.; T. Temim et al.; F. Seward et al.; VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF; Chandra/CXC; Spitzer/JPL-Caltech; XMM-Newton/ESA; and Hubble/STScI



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Crab Nebula: The brilliant remains of a massive star explosion

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features wildfires in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. These fires have been some of the most devastating in recent history.&nbsp;



The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on September 9, 2024. “The infrared signal acquired by the mission’s multispectral instrument allows the extent of the burned areas to be seen and highlights where the fires were still active on the date of acquisition,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brazil-fires-of-2024">Brazil fires of 2024</h2>



2024 has shaped up to be one of Brazil's most intense fire seasons. The country is facing its worst drought since national measurements began, which has fueled a surge in wildfires across critical regions like the Amazon, the Pantanal wetlands, and the Cerrado savanna.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-amazon">The Amazon</h3>



By September 2024, Brazil had already recorded nearly 160,000 fires - the highest number since 2010. In the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/">Amazon</a>, the first half of the year saw the most wildfires in 20 years, with fire activity up by 40% compared to previous record years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-deforestation-nbsp">Climate change and deforestation&nbsp;</h3>



Climate change and human-driven deforestation are worsening the situation. The combination of extreme drought, slash-and-burn agriculture, and the ongoing degradation of forests has created ideal conditions for fire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a> to spread uncontrollably. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-in-the-pantanal-nbsp">Fires in the Pantanal&nbsp;</h2>



Regions like the Pantanal have been especially hard-hit, with large portions of the biome burned earlier than usual, long before the peak of fire season.



The fires have significantly impacted the fragile ecosystem of the Pantanal, which is one of the world’s largest tropical wetlands.&nbsp;



Between August 1 and 27, over 3,800 fires were recorded in the Pantanal, marking an alarming increase compared to the previous year.&nbsp;



These fires have led to severe damage to local wildlife, with hundreds of animals, including jaguars and anteaters, suffering from burns. Firefighters have been mobilized, but the scale of the fires and the vast, difficult-to-access areas have made containment efforts challenging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irreversible-impacts-on-biodiversity">Irreversible impacts on biodiversity</h2>



Furthermore, the fires have released toxic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a> that has spread across Brazil, affecting cities as far as São Paulo and Brasília. The use of satellite imagery from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has been crucial in monitoring the active fires and the extent of burned areas. 



Environmentalists are warning that the destruction of native vegetation and animal habitats could have long-term, irreversible effects on the region’s biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-wildfires">Climate change and wildfires</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-attribute-extreme-heat-and-wildfires-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> and wildfires are deeply interconnected. As the Earth's climate warms due to the increase in greenhouse gases, many regions around the world are experiencing hotter, drier conditions. 



These changes create the perfect environment for wildfires to ignite and spread. Warmer temperatures dry out vegetation, making forests and grasslands more flammable.&nbsp;



When a spark - whether from a lightning strike, a human activity, or another source - hits this dry vegetation, fires can erupt rapidly and become difficult to control.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-fire-seasons">Longer fire seasons</h3>



In addition, changing weather patterns have led to longer fire seasons in many parts of the world. Areas that were once too wet or cool to experience frequent fires are now seeing them more often.&nbsp;



For example, the Arctic and subarctic regions, including parts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-in-siberia-are-a-growing-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Siberia</a> and Alaska, have experienced unusually intense wildfires in recent years, partly due to warming temperatures and thawing permafrost.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-severity">Fire severity</h3>



Climate change also affects the severity of fires. Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to more extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, which can generate lightning and ignite fires.&nbsp;



Furthermore, prolonged droughts caused by changing rainfall patterns make forests more susceptible to large, destructive wildfires. Once a fire starts, the hot, dry conditions fuel its rapid spread, often overwhelming firefighting efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinforcing-feedback-loop">Reinforcing feedback loop</h2>



The aftermath of wildfires further exacerbates climate change. When forests burn, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide stored in trees and soil into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.&nbsp;



This creates a feedback loop, where more fires lead to more carbon emissions, which in turn accelerate climate change, making future fires more likely and more intense. As climate change continues to progress, wildfires are expected to become more frequent, larger, and more destructive across many parts of the world.



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Brazil's devastating 2024 fire season rages on

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured on by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. 



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Recently, astronomers made an astonishing discovery -- a mysterious and powerful burst of radio waves reached Earth after traveling through space for 8 billion years. Dubbed FRB 20220610A, it is one of the most distant and energetic radio signals ever observed.



Fast radio bursts (FRBs), including this particular one, are extremely intense flashes of radio waves that last only milliseconds, yet their origins remain a source of great intrigue and perplexity. We still don't know what, or who, sends these energy bursts.



The nature of these signals challenges our understanding of the universe, as they can originate from regions <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-radio-bursts-from-space-may-be-signs-of-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">far beyond our Milky Way galaxy</a>, hinting at processes and events that we are only beginning to comprehend.



Dr. Stuart Ryder, an esteemed astronomer at <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Macquarie University</a> in Australia, is among the dedicated team of scientists working diligently to unravel the mysteries surrounding this cosmic enigma.



Through advanced technologies and collaborative efforts, they aim to decode the origins and implications of these fast radio bursts, potentially unlocking new insights into the fundamental workings of our universe and the forces that shape it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-fast-radio-bursts-frbs">Understanding fast radio bursts (FRBs)</h2>



Fast radio bursts, or FRBs, are intense flashes of radio waves that last for just milliseconds. They were first discovered in 2007, and ever since, they have captured the curiosity and fascination of the scientific community worldwide. 



For instance, this recent FRB emitted energy equivalent to what our sun produces over 30 years -- and all in less than a blink of an eye. 



Researchers speculate that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farthest-known-fast-radio-burst-traced-to-rare-cluster-of-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these cosmic events</a> might be linked to magnetars, the highly energetic remnants left behind by exploding stars.



Astronomers deployed the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (<a href="https://www.atnf.csiro.au/projects/askap/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ASKAP</a>) to detect the burst and track down its origin. 



"We used ASKAP’s radio dishes to skillfully pinpoint where the burst came from," says Dr. Ryder. 



The reveal didn't end there. The team also located the source galaxy using the European Southern Observatory’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Telescope</a>, discovering it to be older and more distant than any other FRB source found to date. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weighing-the-universe-with-frbs">'Weighing' the universe with FRBs</h2>



Believe it or not, these fleeting cosmic fireworks could help us 'weigh' the universe. There's a discrepancy between the amount of normal matter we can detect and what cosmologists theorize should exist. Could the answer be outside our visual spectrum? 



"More than half of the normal matter that should exist today is missing," says Professor Ryan Shannon. He suggests that this 'missing' matter might be hiding in the vast spaces between galaxies, where it's too hot and diffuse to see with conventional methods.



Enter FRBs. Their unique ability to 'sense' the ionized material in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-alien-radio-signals-may-be-caused-by-starquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nearly empty space</a> allows scientists to measure the matter located between galaxies. 



This method, established in 2020 by the late Australian astronomer Jean-Pierre Macquart, is now known as the Macquart relation. 



"This detection confirms the Macquart relation, even for bursts halfway across the known universe," adds Ryder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-telescopes-will-soon-join-the-search">New telescopes will soon join the search</h2>



Nearly 50 FRBs have been traced back to their origins, and about half were discovered using the ASKAP telescope. 



Despite the unknown causes of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glitching-star-explains-cosmic-radio-bursts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enormous bursts</a>, one thing is certain: FRBs are common events in the cosmos and have enormous potential for advancing our understanding of the universe.



Professor Shannon believes that future radio telescopes, currently under construction, will detect thousands more FRBs. 



"FRBs are common and hold great promise," he says. "We could use them to create a new map of the universe's structure and answer big questions about cosmology."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missing-matter-mystery">Missing matter mystery</h2>



The universe is enormous, and much of it still baffles us, especially the disparity between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origins-of-matter-discovered-by-recreating-the-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">observable and theoretical matter</a>. 



However, the discovery of FRBs and their ability to trace hidden matter could revolutionize how we understand the cosmos. 



As Professor Shannon points out, even in nearly empty space, FRBs can 'see' electrons and measure the matter present.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exciting-future-of-frb-research">Exciting future of FRB research</h2>



With more advanced radio telescopes on the horizon, the future of FRB research is looking bright. Each new detection brings us closer to unveiling the secrets of these powerful cosmic events. 



Beyond mapping the universe's structure, FRBs could guide us to fundamental questions about the inner workings of the universe -- aligning us closer with the cosmic forces and events that shape our cosmos.



Despite our growing knowledge base, FRBs remain one of the universe's great mysteries. As researchers venture deeper into the study of these cosmic flashes, one thing becomes clear: we still know very little about the universe in which we live.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf2678" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Deep space radio signal reaches Earth after 8 billion years

Recently, astronomers made an astonishing discovery -- a mysterious and...

2024 is shaping up to be the hottest year in recorded history, leaving its predecessors in the dust. Unyielding scorchers, it seems, are the new normal with a surge in temperatures across the globe. 



However, the data aren't in to crown 2024 as the hottest year just yet; 2023 still holds that dubious honor. Can we take a breather? Not really. Last month was far hotter than expected. Recording the 15th consecutive month high, this cruel summer did not spare us. 



The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NASA have confirmed the record high temperatures in August. 



According to the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), the sweltering heat of August 2024 ties with the record set in August 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2024-set-to-be-the-hottest-year">2024 set to be the hottest year</h2>



We've been sweating through the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scorching-summer-of-2024-could-make-it-the-hottest-year-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">"hottest" summer</a> with July unleashing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-earths-hottest-day-ever-was-recorded-on-july-22-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hottest day ever recorded</a> on Earth. The Mercury in July and August for 2023 and 2024 didn't just tip-toe past the previous record, it took a running leap.



The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is gearing up to drop its State of the Global Climate 2024 report at the UN Climate Change conference, COP29, happening in Azerbaijan this November.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-alarming-sign-of-the-times">An alarming sign of the times</h2>



And it wasn't just heat, August was a tough month. Think extreme precipitation, drought, floods, and wildfires. 



Hats off to the&nbsp;<a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>, stepping up the fight against climate change with the Early Warnings for All Campaign. Also, keep an eye out for the Global Greenhouse Gas Watch initiative.



But the overall picture remains bleak, looking at indicators like ocean heat, sea ice and glaciers.



Global sea ice extent was alarmingly low in August. Arctic sea ice was the fourth lowest and Antarctic sea ice was the second lowest ever recorded, according to C3S and NOAA reports.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worrisome-reality-of-the-hottest-year">Worrisome reality of the hottest year</h2>



The global ocean was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">piping hot</a>&nbsp;this August. Even though most of the equatorial Pacific Ocean had near-average sea surface temperatures and forecasts suggest a possible transition to La Niña this autumn, sea surface temperatures remained unusually high over many regions.



As far as the global land surface, Alaska, eastern Russia, southern South America, central Africa, and west-central Asia were the only regions that did not experience above-average temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-rainfall-patterns-nbsp">Shifting rainfall patterns&nbsp;</h2>



Rainfall patterns are undergoing drastic shifts. This departure from historical norms has <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wide-reaching implications</a>. 



Regions once accustomed to steady precipitation are now enduring prolonged dry spells, while others face relentless monsoons with unexpected timing and intensity.



Alterations in rainfall not only affect agriculture - disrupting crop cycles and threatening food security - but also challenge infrastructure, with cities worldwide grappling with outdated systems ill-equipped to handle irregular deluges or droughts. 



Alarmingly, these changes contribute to increasing incidents of flood and desertification, revealing the intricate ripple effects of climate imbalance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-renewable-energy-and-climate-mitigation">Renewable energy and climate mitigation </h2>



Amidst the climate chaos, renewable energy emerges as a ray of hope. As coal and oil industries grapple with their environmental toll, renewable options like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are sustainable alternatives with significantly reduced carbon footprints. 



Countries advancing in renewable energy adoption demonstrate not only environmental benefits but also economic gains through job creation and technological innovation. The transition to cleaner energy sources is pivotal in mitigating global warming.&nbsp;



Prominent investments and policies aimed at bolstering this shift will play a critical role in the collective endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality by mid-century, showcasing the synergy between ecological responsibility and economic opportunity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperatures-are-steadily-climbing">Temperatures are steadily climbing</h2>



Temperatures are continuing their steady climb. With 2023 and 2024 reaching higher anomalies, the picture is coming into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-is-expected-to-exceed-the-1-5c-warming-limit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clear and terrifying focus</a>.



Rising temperatures are not just about feeling uncomfortable or the increased need for air conditioning in our homes and workplaces. They represent a critical issue that affects the very fabric of our planet.



The consequences of climate change extend far beyond personal discomfort. They include severe weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems that threaten biodiversity.



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2024 is likely the hottest year in recorded history

2024 is shaping up to be the hottest year in...

We've entered an age when a once demonized plant is experiencing a resurgence in acceptance. It’s an era of fading misconceptions and growing understanding. Just as the scent of change permeates the air, so too does the aroma of cannabis among older adults.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-no-barrier-to-cannabis-use">Age: No barrier to cannabis use </h2>



Older adults are not hiding their affinity for the herb. A recent study by the University of Michigan <a href="https://www.healthyagingpoll.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Poll on Healthy Aging</a> reveals that 21% of individuals aged 50 and above have used some form of cannabis in the past year.



THC, the component that gives cannabis its distinguishing "buzz," is a common ingredient in products ranging from edibles to topical creams.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-older-adults-using-cannabis">Older adults using cannabis</h2>



What's fascinating is the consistency of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-production-may-soon-get-a-major-boost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis ventures</a>. More than half of the respondents admitted to frequent use, with 12% of adults aged 50 and above admitting to monthly use. 



The study showed that individuals aged 50-64, those in lesser health, or in lower-income households were more likely to report monthly cannabis use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-driving-the-trend">What is driving the trend?</h2>



The question beckons, "why"? Many older adults turn to cannabis for sleep aid (68%), pain relief (63%), mental health support (53%), or simply to unwind or feel at ease (81%).



However, this newfound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endorsement of cannabis</a> comes with its share of hitches. The most concerning results disclose that 20% of annual users admitted to driving within two hours of usage.



This percentage jumps to a startling 27% among monthly users. In addition, nearly half of frequent users have not discussed their use with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-directly-linked-to-head-and-neck-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthcare professionals</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-risk-of-cannabis">Growing risk of cannabis</h2>



Dr. Erin E. Bonar is a psychologist affiliated with IHPI, the University of Michigan <a href="https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/psychiatry/programs/addiction-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Addiction Center</a>, and the University of Michigan <a href="https://injurycenter.umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Injury Prevention Center</a>.



"With some form of cannabis use now legalized in 38 states and on the ballot this November in several others, and the federal rescheduling process under way, cannabis use is likely to grow,” noted Dr. Bonar.



“But as this poll shows, it is not risk-free, and more attention is needed to identify and reduce those risks."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-beliefs-on-cannabis">Changing beliefs on cannabis</h2>



Dr. Bonar emphasized the need for heightened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public awareness</a>. With their knowledge of cannabis rooted in the past, older adults may not realize the changes in potency and addictive potential of modern cannabis.



This gap is reflected in the finding that 21% of older adults do not believe cannabis is any stronger now than it was two to three decades ago. Over a quarter were unaware of the possibility of cannabis addiction.



For those who use cannabis, especially those who use it frequently, poll director&nbsp;Dr. Jeffrey Kullgren said the findings show the importance of communicating with a health care provider about their use.



Only 56% of monthly users have had this conversation with their doctor. Such discussions can help spot <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risky drug interactions</a> and early indications of dependence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-dependence">Signs of dependence</h2>



Cannabis dependence is more common than perceived. In the study, 22% of monthly users increased their consumption to achieve the desired effect, and 21% reported a decreased effect from the same amount. 



Furthermore, 17% increased the frequency or quantity of cannabis use and 13% reported strong cravings or desires to use THC-rich cannabis.



Dr. Kullgren, a primary care physician at the <a href="https://www.va.gov/ann-arbor-health-care/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System</a> and associate professor of internal medicine at U-M, emphasized the need for transparency about cannabis use. Such dialogue could help avoid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-linked-to-elevated-risk-of-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unexpected drug interactions</a> and diagnose potential signs of dependence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-the-landscape-of-cannabis-policy">Navigating the landscape of cannabis policy</h2>



The evolving landscape of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis legislation</a> remains a decisive factor in its acceptance and usage among older adults.



As more states and countries relax legal restrictions, there is an increasing need for policies that also address the healthcare needs of the aging population. 



These policies must provide a solid framework for healthcare professionals to guide patients safely and foster informed use.



The delicate balance between enabling access and ensuring safety highlights the urgency for comprehensive public health guidelines and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-cannabis-capitals-people-these-us-cities-consume-most-marijuana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">educational initiatives</a>.



As legislation advances, policymakers must consider the unique needs of older adults who often utilize cannabis for therapeutic purposes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pathway-to-future-research">Pathway to future research</h2>



As federal cannabis restrictions shift, research constraints may relax, potentially paving the way for more clinical trials involving cannabis products and human participants.



In conclusion, while the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-smokers-not-lazy-unmotivated-despite-stereotypes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">acceptance and use of cannabis</a> are on the rise, it is crucial we do so responsibly.



Regular communication with healthcare providers, awareness of risks, understanding potential dependencies, and staying updated with the latest research are key elements to focus on.



The report is published by <a href="https://www.healthyagingpoll.org/reports-more/report/how-older-adults-use-think-about-and-discuss-cannabis">National Poll on Healthy Aging</a>.



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Cannabis use is rising significantly among older adults

We've entered an age when a once demonized plant is...

Fierce winds of change are reshaping the world as we know it, and nowhere is this more apparent than in the rapid ice melt of Greenland. 



A recent, eye-opening study reveals that climate change is accelerating the melting of ice in Greenland at a rate that sends chills down one's spine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-greenland-ice-melt">Climate change and Greenland ice melt</h2>



The researchers from the <a href="https://web.ub.edu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Barcelona</a> paint a chilling picture of the extreme melting episodes -- periods of rapid snow and ice melt -- becoming about twice as commonplace during recent summers than in the 1950-1990 era.



But how severe are these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scorching-summer-of-2024-could-make-it-the-hottest-year-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">summertime</a> thaw sessions, exactly? Well, let's take 2012 and 2019 as examples. 



During these peak years of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-transformation-ice-melt-plant-growth-vegetation-cascading-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme melting</a> in Greenland, the equivalent of 244 million and 224 million Olympic-size swimming pools of ice vanished, respectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenland-s-ice-admits-climate-change">Greenland's ice admits climate change</h2>



The study has been a deep dive into the extreme melt episodes in Greenland between 1950 and 2022. Shockingly, meltwater loss figures have averaged around 300 gigatonnes annually -- about 48 million Olympic-size swimming pools a year -- between 1980 and 2010.



Also, almost half of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting episodes</a> have been extreme in recent decades, especially in the coldest areas in the north and northwest of the island.



To add fuel to the fire or in this case, water to the ocean, the UB researchers remind us that the loss of surface glacial melt is merely the tip of the iceberg. 



Increasing melting reels in the detachment of icebergs directly into the sea and the flow of glaciers into the ocean, thereby upping the ante for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domino-effect">Domino effect</h2>



Another troubling twist to the tale is the escalating risk of large ice blocks breaking off. As the UB researchers explain, the extent of melting has ascended to higher areas of the ice cap where no ice melt was previously observed. 



The resulting cracks and structural changes in the ice sheet set the stage for more chunks of ice to break off into the ocean.



What’s worse, the team warns us about the grim forecast for the polar regions: a significant upswing in temperatures, which would accelerate the trend shown in this study.



“These atmospheric patterns keep the air over Greenland stagnant during the summer, increase solar radiation and reduce the albedo (sunlight reflectance) of snow and ice, which further accelerates warming and melting", the authors add.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripples-across-the-atlantic">Ripples across the Atlantic</h2>



The melting ice in Greenland due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> has rippling effects across the globe as a predominant accelerator of sea level rise, as well as a perturbator of atmospheric circulation patterns. 



These changes, the researchers note, might tinker with Europe’s climate, potentially impacting socio-economic activities, ecosystems, and potentially exacerbating climate extremes in nearby regions of the North Atlantic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-amplification">Arctic amplification</h2>



A phenomenon known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-amplification-is-destabilizing-the-delicate-balance-of-the-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic amplification</a>, where warming in the Arctic is occurring twice as fast as the global average, stands as both a catalyst and a consequence of the crises unfolding in Greenland.



This rapid warming exacerbates the melting processes, resulting in a feedback loop that intensifies the impacts seen today. 



As the ice melts, it exposes darker surfaces, decreasing the albedo effect and absorbing more heat.



The cycle perpetuates, reshaping the Arctic ecosystem and creating further challenges for the global climate. 



These scientists emphasize the need for detailed climate modeling to understand these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-influences-us-weather-patterns-ai-machine-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">accelerating patterns and implications</a> on a finer scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



In light of these alarming findings, the international community faces a crucial juncture in addressing the ramifications of Greenland's thaw. 



Efforts must be doubled to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitigate climate change effects</a> through policy implementation, technological innovation, and global cooperation. 



The study's results call for a reinvigoration of strategies such as carbon sequestration and alternative energy adoption. 



Moreover, fostering resilience in affected communities and engaging in inclusive dialogues are pivotal steps toward constructing pathways for sustainable futures. 



The stakes have never been higher, and the actions taken now will define the contours of the Earth's climate trajectory for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-projections-and-greenland-ice-melt">Climate projections and Greenland ice melt</h2>



The study leaves us with a stark warning: the expected climate scenarios predict a rising frequency of these melt episodes. 



It’s a harsh reality that underscores the need for sprucing up our efforts to cut down greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change's impacts in the coming decades.



Isn’t it high time we put our best foot forward to lessen our carbon footprint and save our rapidly thawing world? The choice, and the future, is in our hands.



-----



The research has been conducted by the Antarctica, Arctic and Alpine (<a href="https://www.ub.edu/antalp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANTALP</a>) research group of the UB’s Department of Geography, spearheaded by Josep Bonsoms and Marc Oliva.



Other notable contributors include Juan Ignacio López-Moreno from the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), and Xavier Fettweis, joining in from the <a href="https://www.uliege.be/cms/c_8699436/en/uliege" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liège</a> in Belgium.



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/18/JCLI-D-23-0396.1.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Climate</a>. 



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Speed of Greenland's ice melt confirmed to be rapidly increasing

Fierce winds of change are reshaping the world as we...

In one of nature's most stunning examples of hiding in plain sight, a new species of fanged fighting frog has been discovered in the Philippines, quietly coexisting with its near-identical counterparts for decades.



Despite being collected numerous times, this elusive amphibian managed to avoid detection, blending seamlessly into the diverse frog population.



It's a fascinating story of how a creature can remain camouflaged not by its physical appearance, but by the long-held assumptions of human observers. 



Misidentifications over the years highlight just how much remains hidden in nature, waiting to be uncovered through deeper scientific exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fanged-frog-limnonectes-cassiopeia">Fanged frog Limnonectes cassiopeia</h2>



Researchers from the <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a> have made a groundbreaking discovery with the identification of a new species of fanged frog, Limnonectes cassiopeia, on the Philippine island of Luzon.



What makes this discovery remarkable is that specimens of the new species have been collected a dozen times over the last 20 years, but were mistakenly identified as juvenile versions of the well-known <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/frog_fighting-fang-toothed_luzon_credit-UKansas_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luzon Giant Fanged Frog</a>.



“They’re called that because the males of some species have large, bony protuberances, like fangs, in their lower jaw -- it’s pretty unique,” said lead author Mark Herr, a doctoral student at KU’s Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum.



“It’s still a bit of a mystery, but it’s become generally assumed that these fangs are used for male-to-male combat. The males’ fangs are much larger than the females'. These males have big heads, and a lot of these frogs can be huge -- some as large as chickens elsewhere in Southeast Asia.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-survey-leads-to-fanged-frog-discovery">Genetic survey leads to fanged frog discovery</h2>



The discovery of Limnonectes cassiopeia came amidst a comprehensive genetic survey of all Philippine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-tiniest-fanged-frogs-lay-their-eggs-on-leaves-and-guard-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fanged</a> frogs.



Herr’s genetic analysis revealed that this new species formed a distinct branch separate from two other known species of fanged frogs in Luzon. 



“I sequenced many of them to establish a good genetic dataset, allowing me to examine their patterns of relatedness,” said Herr. 



His findings prompted an intensive study of physical specimens to identify any distinguishing traits from the Luzon Giant Fanged Frog. One key physical trait emerged that set the new species apart: smaller, unpigmented white toe discs.



“The discs are important,” Herr said. “Statistically, in comparison to their body size, they may have smaller toe pads. Not only are the toe pads smaller, but they’re white. They’re pale, completely unpigmented, which sets them apart from Limnonectes macrocephalus, which has dark gray pigmented toe pads.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Unveiling Limnonectes cassiopeia</h2>



The discovery of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-of-fanged-frog-found-in-the-philippines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a>, named Limnonectes cassiopeia after the five-star constellation, marks an exciting step forward in understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-biodiversity-affect-species-interactions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> of the Philippines.



Herr also discovered that Limnonectes cassiopeia develops its characteristic large head and fangs earlier in its growth compared to Limnonectes macrocephalus, adding another layer to the complexity of its identification.



“Now that we know they're different, we can go out and watch them and study their natural history in detail,” Herr said. “Maybe they're doing something totally different in the wild, you know? That's exciting for me.”



This new revelation opens a door to further research on Limnonectes cassiopeia, offering fresh insights into its behavior, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/darwins-frogs-are-breeding-in-highly-unusual-places/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding patterns</a>, and ecological role within Luzon’s unique ecosystem.



By understanding how this newly identified species interacts with its environment, scientists can gain a deeper appreciation of the region’s biodiversity and the evolutionary pressures that shaped the fanged frog’s development over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-studies-on-limnonectes-cassiopeia">Future studies on Limnonectes cassiopeia</h2>



Now that Limnonectes cassiopeia has been formally identified, researchers are eager to study the fanged frog in its natural habitat.



Understanding how it interacts with its environment, its role in the local ecosystem, and its unique behavioral traits -- such as the use of fangs in combat -- could reveal even more about the species.



Herr and his team hope to track its behavior in the wild, studying its diet, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-frogs-wave-their-hands-and-feet-to-attract-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mating habits</a>, and possible interactions with other fanged frog species.



This further research promises to shed light on how this elusive species has adapted to its environment, potentially uncovering new aspects of the fascinating fanged frogs of the Philippines.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://bioone.org/journals/ichthyology-and-herpetology/volume-112/issue-2/h2022094/A-Long-Overlooked-New-Species-of-Fanged-Frog-Genus-Limnonectes/10.1643/h2022094.short" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ichthyology &amp; Herpetology</a>.



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New 'fanged fighting frog' species has been hiding in plain sight

In one of nature's most stunning examples of hiding in...

Jupiter's moon Io, the most geologically active spot in the solar system, has gained a dramatic new volcanic feature that has left scientists astounded by its scale and complexity.



Known for its constant volcanic eruptions, Io continues to challenge our understanding of planetary geology with this latest discovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-junocam-finds-active-volcano-on-io">JunoCam finds active volcano on Io</h2>



Recent high-resolution images captured by the JunoCam instrument on <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/juno/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Juno mission</a> reveal a newly formed volcano. 



It is complete with multiple expansive lava flows and surrounding volcanic deposits, spanning an area of approximately 112 by 112 miles -- an impressive addition to Io's volatile surface.



This discovery not only marks the first close-up examination of Io's surface in over 25 years, but also adds to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/io-jupiter-moon-juno-mission-discovers-fire-mountains-polar-cyclones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ever-evolving story of this dynamic moon</a>.



JunoCam wasn’t meant to be a scientific tool, but it’s really become a standout feature of the Juno mission. 



Originally designed to engage the public, JunoCam takes amazing pictures of Jupiter’s swirling clouds, wild storms, and polar regions as the Juno spacecraft zooms close to the planet during its orbits.



The findings were presented this week at the Europlanet Science Congress (<a href="https://www.epsc2024.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPSC</a>) in Berlin, offering exciting new insights into Io's relentless volcanic activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-changes-discovered-on-io">Many changes discovered on Io</h2>



The newly spotted volcano is situated just south of Io’s equator in a region previously thought to be inactive.



While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brilliant-new-images-of-jupiters-moon-io-captured-by-juno-spacecraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Io</a> is well known for its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lava-trails-captured-jupiters-volcanic-moon-io-new-images-shark-vis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intense volcanic activity</a>, with hundreds of active volcanoes dotting its surface, images captured during NASA's Galileo mission in 1997 revealed no evidence of volcanic structures in this particular area. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Io_jupiter-moon_new-active-volcano_JunoCam_credit-Europolanet_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Io_jupiter-moon_new-active-volcano_JunoCam_credit-Europolanet_1s.webp" alt="A comparison of JunoCam data from February 2024 with imagery from the Galileo mission of the same area in November 1997 (greyscale insert) reveals a new volcanic feature on the surface of Jupiter’s moon, Io. Credit: NASA/ESA/Europlanet" class="wp-image-1944573"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A comparison of JunoCam data from February 2024 with imagery from the Galileo mission of the same area in November 1997 (greyscale insert) reveals a new volcanic feature on the surface of Jupiter’s moon, Io. Credit: NASA/ESA/Europlanet</figcaption></figure>



Instead, the region appeared as a smooth, featureless landscape, devoid of any signs of the violent geological processes that now define it.



Michael Ravine is the advanced projects manager at <a href="https://www.msss.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malin Space Science Systems, Inc</a>., the team responsible for designing and operating JunoCam for the NASA Juno Project.



“Our recent JunoCam images show many changes on Io, including this large, complicated volcanic feature that appears to have formed from nothing since 1997,” said Ravine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-characteristics-of-io-s-new-volcano">Distinct characteristics of Io's new volcano </h2>



The eastern side of the volcano is marked by a diffuse red stain, the result of sulfur vented by the volcano and later settling back onto the surface. 



On the western side, two dark lava flows stretch across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/io-jupiter-moon-juno-mission-discovers-fire-mountains-polar-cyclones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon's landscape</a>, each extending about 62 miles.



At the edges of the lava flows, intense heat has vaporized frozen surface material, creating two distinct grey circles where the lava has pooled.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-junocam-s-unparalleled-view-of-io">JunoCam’s unparalleled view of Io</h2>



JunoCam captured the best images of this feature on February 3, 2024, from a distance of 2,530 kilometers. 



The image, taken in low light conditions with illumination provided solely by reflections from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-fresh-look-at-jupiter-through-an-ultraviolet-lens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter</a>, offers an unparalleled view of Io's nightside. The new volcanic feature lies just east of a previously known volcano, Kanehekili.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Io_jupiter-moon_new-active-volcano_JunoCam-Galileo-comparison_credit-Europolanet_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Io_jupiter-moon_new-active-volcano_JunoCam-Galileo-comparison_credit-Europolanet_1s.webp" alt="A side-by-side comparison of Galileo spacecraft imagery in November 1997 (left) with JunoCam data of the same area from February 2024 (right), reveals a new volcanic feature on the surface of Jupiter’s moon, Io. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS." class="wp-image-1944575"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A side-by-side comparison of Galileo spacecraft imagery in November 1997 (left) with JunoCam data of the same area from February 2024 (right), reveals a new volcanic feature on the surface of Jupiter’s moon, Io. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS.</figcaption></figure>



The observations are part of three recent flybys of Io in 2023 and 2024, during which JunoCam gathered close-up images of nine volcanic plumes.



The camera also documented new lava flows and surface changes, highlighting the ongoing geological transformations on Jupiter's moon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-juno-mission">Understanding the Juno Mission</h2>



NASA kicked off the Juno mission in 2011 with the exciting goal of uncovering the mysteries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amalthea-jupiter-tiny-moon-captured-juno-spacecraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter and its moons</a>, the largest and most intriguing planet in our Solar System.



After a five-year journey, Juno reached Jupiter in July 2016, settling into a polar orbit that allows it to get up close to the planet’s cloud tops every 53 days.



With a range of scientific tools onboard, Juno is all about exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-radiation-revealed-by-juno/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter’s unique atmosphere</a>, magnetic field, and gravitational dynamics, helping us understand how this gas giant came to be.



Since arriving, Juno has delivered a treasure trove of data that has completely changed how we see Jupiter.



The mission has revealed massive, swirling cyclones at the planet's poles, mapped out its complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-magnetosphere-will-help-us-predict-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic and gravitational fields</a>, and hinted that Jupiter’s core might be larger and more spread out than we thought.



It's also shed light on the complexities of Jupiter’s atmosphere, filled with ammonia-rich upwellings and broad bands that reach deep into the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-junocam-s-data-is-publicly-accessible">JunoCam’s data is publicly accessible</h2>



Interestingly, JunoCam’s data is made available to the public almost immediately after being received on Earth. This means that anyone with an interest in space exploration can dive into the mission’s findings.



The public is encouraged to access this data through the mission’s <a href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">website</a> and create their own images of Jupiter and its moons, promoting a collaborative spirit that allows space enthusiasts to participate in the discovery process.



“JunoCam images are created by people from all walks of life, providing a way for anyone to join our science team and share in the excitement of space exploration,” said Scott Bolton, principal investigator of NASA’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-radiation-revealed-by-juno/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juno</a> mission at <a href="https://www.swri.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southwest Research Institute</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-of-jupiter-s-moon-io">Scientific significance of Jupiter’s moon Io</h2>



Ongoing observations of Jupiter’s moon Io, particularly its volcanic activity, provide valuable insights into the internal processes of one of the most geologically active celestial bodies in the solar system.



Io’s extreme volcanic behavior, driven by tidal forces from Jupiter's gravity, helps scientists better understand how such forces shape the geology of moons and planets.



The new volcano on Io also offers clues about the moon's evolution and its unique volcanic landscape. Continued monitoring of Io will further reveal how its surface is constantly being reshaped by its fiery interior.



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Juno captures photo of huge new volcano on Jupiter's moon Io

Jupiter's moon Io, the most geologically active spot in the...

Every cloud has a silver lining, even on Mars. For any space enthusiast or sky observer fascinated by the Red Planet's atmospheric beauty, scientists have invented a comprehensive and browsable image database containing two decades worth of Martian sky-splendor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-cloud-atlas">Mars Cloud Atlas</h2>



The research begins in Berlin, at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), where this database or the "Mars Cloud Atlas," as it is fondly called, was created.



The goal? To better comprehend the Martian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-lost-most-of-its-water-but-where-did-it-go/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric conditions</a>, the origins of specific features, and most importantly, to answer what these "tell-tale" signs reveal about not just Mars, but also the climates of other heavenly bodies in our solar system.



The Atlas, which was presented by Daniela Tirsch of DLR at the <a href="https://www.epsc2024.eu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europlanet Science Congress</a> in Berlin, is free for public access and features brilliant photos of clouds, storms and more, across the Martian skies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-express-continues-to-dazzle">Mars Express continues to dazzle</h2>



The images in the Cloud Atlas are indeed a sight to behold, captured over 20 years by the High Resolution Stereo Camera <a href="https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2004/01/the_high_resolution_stereo_camera_hrsc/10113150-2-eng-GB/The_High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera_HRSC_article.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">(HRSC) instrument</a>.



For two decades, HRSC has been aboard the European Space Agency’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Express</a> spacecraft, orbiting the red planet since 2005, recording atmospheric conditions.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_cloud-streets_Vastitas-Borealis_Mars-Express_ESA_Cowart_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_cloud-streets_Vastitas-Borealis_Mars-Express_ESA_Cowart_1s.webp" alt="An example of cloud streets over Vastitas Borealis, a large area near the North Pole mostly devoid of craters. Credit: ESA/Cowart" class="wp-image-1944565"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">An example of cloud streets over Vastitas Borealis, a large area near the North Pole mostly devoid of craters. Credit: ESA/Cowart</figcaption></figure>



Despite Mars having a considerably thin atmosphere, the HRSC has done a fascinating job of capturing numerous cloud formations and dust storm phenomena. 



These formations are made up of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> and carbon dioxide ice crystals, alongside dust particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-express-the-basics">Mars Express -- the basics</h2>



The Mars Express spacecraft is packed with cool scientific instruments aimed at studying Mars from orbit, focusing on its atmosphere, surface, and what lies beneath.



Its main goal? To uncover clues about Mars' past environment, especially when it comes to water, to figure out if the planet ever had conditions that could support life.



Mars Express has sent back some amazing high-resolution images of the Martian surface, showing everything from massive canyons and ancient river valleys to icy polar caps and stunning cloud formations.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_lee-waves_mars-express_ESA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_lee-waves_mars-express_ESA_1s.webp" alt="Lee waves are a special type of cloud created by the wind encountering obstacles and build up on the ‘leeward‘ or downwind side. The geometries of the lee waves depend on the shape of the obstacles. Credit: ESA" class="wp-image-1944569"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Lee waves are a special type of cloud created by the wind encountering obstacles and build up on the ‘leeward‘ or downwind side. The geometries of the lee waves depend on the shape of the obstacles. Credit: ESA</figcaption></figure>



Over the years, Mars Express has made some really amazing discoveries. It picked up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-is-letting-out-mysterious-methane-burps-but-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane in the Martian atmosphere</a>, sparking exciting questions about the potential for microbial life hiding beneath the surface.



The mission also found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of liquid water</a> under the south polar ice cap, a finding that could really change how we think about Mars' habitability.



Almost two decades later, Mars Express is still orbiting Mars, sending back valuable data that deepens our understanding of the planet and keeps the dream of future human exploration alive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mesmerizing-martian-spectacles">Mesmerizing Martian spectacles</h2>



Clouds on Mars are just as diverse and fascinating as those we see in our skies on Earth, with some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-express-ice-spiders-surface-angustus-labyrinthus-inca-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">features unique to the Red Planet</a>. 



"One of my favorite phenomena are the beautiful 'cloud streets' -- linear rows of fleecy clouds that develop around the huge volcanic Tharsis rise and the northern lowlands in northern spring and summer," noted Tirsch.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_gravity-wave-clouds_mars-express_ESA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_gravity-wave-clouds_mars-express_ESA_1s.webp" alt="This image displays two atmospheric phenomena: the white curved lines are gravity wave clouds, while the brown areas are dust lifted from the ground by wind. The colour shift visible in the dust lifting event might be indicative of very fast winds. Credit: ESA" class="wp-image-1944571"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This image displays two atmospheric phenomena: the white curved lines are gravity wave clouds, while the brown areas are dust lifted from the ground by wind. The colour shift visible in the dust lifting event might be indicative of very fast winds. Credit: ESA</figcaption></figure>



"While they resemble cumulus clouds on Earth, they are formed under different atmospheric conditions. We also see impressive dust clouds that can spread hundreds of kilometers -- a phenomena we luckily don’t experience on Earth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-clouds-and-dust">Mars clouds and dust</h2>



Dust plays a leading role in Mars's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> and climate. Uncommon upwelling events can lead to the formation of beige, dust-filled blobs that linger in the atmosphere. 



At specific seasons, large temperature and air pressure differences can trigger stronger-than-usual winds. 



These powerful gusts lift enormous amounts of dust from the Martian surface, forming clouds that, from the vantage point of giant dormant volcanoes, mimic eruption clouds.



Cyclone systems and large spiral dust storms are annual phenomena near the Martian North pole. Studying these atmospheric marvels is vital for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-plan-terraform-mars-nanoparticles-would-make-it-habitable-for-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air mass circulation on Mars</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-cloud-types">Mars cloud types</h2>



On both Mars and Earth, "gravity clouds" are common. They appear in mid-latitudes during the winter for both hemispheres. 



Also, these clouds are frequently observed over the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-frost-detected-on-mars-enormous-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tharsis volcanic plateau</a> in the southern Martian winter.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_elongated_Arsia-Mons-mountains_Mars-Express_ESA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_elongated_Arsia-Mons-mountains_Mars-Express_ESA_2s.webp" alt="This elongated cloud has formed as a result of wind encountering the Arsia Mons mountains. It forms almost every day during a specific season, from early morning until noon. Credit: ESA/Cowart" class="wp-image-1944567"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This elongated cloud has formed as a result of wind encountering the Arsia Mons mountains. It forms almost every day during a specific season, from early morning until noon. Credit: ESA/Cowart</figcaption></figure>



A particular type of gravity cloud, the "Lee waves," form on the downwind side of ridges, mountains and other hurdles, resulting in repeating ridge formations.



While some clouds are location and season-specific, other types like 'twilight clouds' can magically appear in the early morning, at any time of year, any place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-martian-weather">Understanding Martian weather</h2>



The HRSC Cloud Atlas, thus, is an incredible tool offering valuable insights into the physical characteristics of Martian clouds and storms, their timing and locations. 



This knowledge contributes to our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and climate cycles on Mars, further providing basis for climate studies on other planets, including Earth and Venus.



Daniela Tirsch confirms that the DLR team has already used the database to create global maps that indicate the occurrence of various cloud types, based on season and location.



She also shared that Mars Express will continue its mission till at least 2026, meaning the database will keep expanding, further refining our understanding of Mars's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-desert-moss-might-help-humans-live-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>. 



Delightfully, papers on the database and its scientific applications are already underway.



Explore the <a href="https://hrscteam.dlr.de/public/data.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian Cloud Atlas</a>&nbsp;for amazing Mars data.



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Twenty years of Mars cloud photos catalogued in a stunning new online Atlas

Every cloud has a silver lining, even on Mars. For...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Most animals are also skeptical of outsiders, especially those of the human variety, and gorillas are no exception. If a scientist simply walked up to a troop of apes in the wild, things would get pretty ugly.

Look Out!