Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a plume of Saharan dust pouring off the coast of southern Morocco.



The Sahara Desert is the world's biggest source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-is-an-understudied-contributor-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">airborne dust</a>. Each year, it releases hundreds of millions of tons of mineral dust that are lifted into the atmosphere and transported across vast distances up to thousands of miles. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saharan-air-layer-nbsp">Saharan Air Layer&nbsp;</h2>



The transport of Saharan dust is primarily driven by the trade winds and atmospheric phenomena such as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL). This dry air mass often accompanies tropical storms across the Atlantic, sometimes even influencing the development and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saharan-dust-can-intensify-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hurricanes</a>.&nbsp;



“From late spring to early fall, it is common for the dry, dusty Saharan Air Layer to carry the particles westward across the Atlantic Ocean high in the atmosphere. With different wind patterns in the winter and spring, dust emerging from North Africa can drift over the United Kingdom and western Europe at relatively low altitudes,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153246/dust-pours-off-the-moroccan-coast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“Saharan Air Layer activity subsides after mid-August, according to NOAA, making it less likely that the plume shown here is bound for a transoceanic journey. Instead, it arcs to the north after blowing out over the ocean. Earlier in the summer, however, several clouds of fine dust from the Sahara reached the United States, creating hazy skies over Texas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-saharan-dust-nbsp">Impacts of Saharan dust&nbsp;</h2>



Saharan dust plays a crucial role in global climate and environmental systems. For example, Saharan dust can affect weather patterns by absorbing and scattering sunlight, influencing temperature and cloud formation. It also plays a role in fertilizing ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, by providing essential nutrients like iron and phosphorus.&nbsp;



However, Saharan dust also has more complex impacts. It can reduce air quality, leading to respiratory issues in people living downwind of the dust. In addition, the dust impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> health by contributing to algae blooms, which can create dead zones in marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-clouds-and-human-health">Dust clouds and human health</h2>



In a recent study from Texas A&amp;M University, researchers explored the potential health impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria and fungi</a> that travel within dust plumes.&nbsp;



The team found traces of several pathogens known to cause disease in humans, as listed by the World Health Organization (WHO).



Study co-author Dr. Daniel Spalink noted that while the DNA of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi were identified in African dust, it is not yet known if they can infect us and make us sick. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summertime-dust-events">Summertime dust events</h2>



“Scientists are interested in summertime Saharan dust events in part because of the influence they can have on large storm systems. Dry, stable, dust-laden air can inhibit tropical cyclone formation in the North Atlantic. And in a new study, researchers found that dust can modulate the amount of rainfall brought by these storms,” noted NASA.



“Using a machine-learning model based on meteorological data, NASA’s IMERG (Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM) precipitation estimates, and other satellite measurements, the study’s authors found that dust optical depth - a measure of how much light filters through a dusty plume - was a key predictor of rainfall from tropical cyclones.”



The researchers concluded that smaller amounts of dust particles promote the formation of rain clouds, while the sunlight-blocking effects of large dust clouds ultimately suppress precipitation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saharan-dust-storms">Saharan dust storms</h2>



Dust storms in the Sahara Desert are some of the most far-reaching in the world. These storms, also known as haboobs, occur when strong winds lift large quantities of sand and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-impacts-dust-levels-on-a-global-scale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> from the desert's surface into the atmosphere.&nbsp;



Saharan dust storms vary in intensity, with some being relatively mild while others are severe, reducing visibility to almost zero and creating hazardous conditions. They often happen in the spring and early summer when the temperature difference between the desert and the surrounding regions creates strong pressure gradients, fueling powerful winds.



Ultimately, these dust storms are a natural part of life. They shape the landscape over time by eroding rock formations and redistributing sand dunes. Despite their destructive potential, they are also a reminder of the dynamic and interconnected nature of Earth's climate systems.



The image was captured on August 24, 2024 by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Saharan dust launches off the Moroccan coast

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a false-color radar depiction of central Ethiopia.



According to ESA, the photograph is a blend of multiple Sentinel-1 images from spring, summer and autumn 2023, which have been overlaid to create this single image.



“Radar images capture surface texture rather than reflected light so they are naturally black and white but here images from each season have been assigned a different color: red, green and blue respectively,” explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“When the images are combined, the different colors reveal variations that occurred in the different seasons.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rugged-terrain-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Rugged terrain of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



ESA noted that Ethiopia’s terrain is one of the most rugged in Africa. The landscape is primarily characterized by highlands and plateaus.&nbsp;



The Ethiopian Highlands, also known as the Roof of Africa, dominate this region and include some of the highest peaks in Africa, such as Ras Dashen. The terrain features steep escarpments, deep valleys, and numerous rivers.&nbsp;



The central part of the country is also home to the Great Rift Valley, which runs through Ethiopia and includes a series of lakes and volcanic mountains. This region's varied topography contributes to its rich biodiversity and distinct climate zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lakes-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Lakes of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, water bodies appear dark in this image because flat water surfaces reflect the radar signal away from the satellite. “The various colors visible in some lakes are due either to the changing surface currents and sediments from rivers or to variations in water level.”



Lake Ziway is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-flamingos-at-risk-due-to-rising-lake-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> in the region. It is located about 160 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.&nbsp;



The lake is known for its rich bird diversity, including large populations of pelicans, cormorants, and herons. Lake Ziway also supports local fishing communities.



Lake Shala is the deepest lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley and is known for its volcanic origins. It has a maximum depth of 266 meters and is surrounded by hot springs and steep, rocky cliffs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Climate of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



Central Ethiopia features a diverse climate, primarily influenced by its elevation and geographical location within the tropics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highland-climate">Highland climate</h3>



Much of central Ethiopia consists of highlands, with elevations ranging from 1,500 to over 3,000 meters above sea level. These highlands experience a temperate climate, with cooler <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-in-africa-are-rising-above-levels-that-rhinoceros-can-tolerate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> compared to the lowlands.&nbsp;



The average temperatures range from 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. The higher elevations, such as those found in the Ethiopian Highlands, can experience temperatures that are close to freezing at night.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rainy-seasons">Rainy seasons</h3>



Central Ethiopia has two main rainy seasons. The primary rainy season, known as the "Kiremt," occurs from June to September and brings the majority of the annual rainfall.&nbsp;



The "Belg," or short rainy season, occurs from March to May. The rainfall during these periods supports agriculture, which is a key part of the region's economy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-season">Dry season</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-wet-forests-have-seen-an-alarming-rise-in-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dry season</a>, known as the "Bega," spans from October to February.&nbsp;During this time, the region experiences significantly less rainfall, and the weather tends to be sunny and dry. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Culture of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-animals-that-create-their-own-culture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> of central Ethiopia is a dynamic blend of ancient traditions and modern influences. This culture is characterized by a strong sense of community and a profound connection to the region's historical and spiritual roots.



The Amhara people have played a significant role in the cultural and political life of central Ethiopia. The Amhara are known for their rich heritage, which includes the Amharic language, a Semitic tongue that serves as one of the country's official languages.



Orthodox Christianity is a key aspect of central Ethiopian culture, particularly among the Amhara and other highland communities.&nbsp;



This part of East Africa is also known for its traditional music and dance, which reflect the region's historical depth and cultural diversity.&nbsp;



The cuisine of central Ethiopia is another significant cultural aspect, with injera (a spongy flatbread made from teff) being a staple food.&nbsp;Injera is typically served with a variety of stews (wats) and salads.



The communal eating experience, where meals are shared from a single large plate, emphasizes the importance of community and togetherness.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The vibrant seasons of central Ethiopia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Costa Atlántica Reserve stretching along the Atlantic coast in Argentina.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-refuge-for-migratory-birds-nbsp">A refuge for migratory birds&nbsp;</h2>



“At the far southern reaches of South America, a stretch of tidal flats, shoals, and beaches serves as a refuge for migratory shorebirds and copious aquatic life,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina extends for 220 kilometers (140 miles) along the eastern shore of Tierra del Fuego. The area was designated a Ramsar site in 1995 and a provincial nature reserve in 1998." 



According to NASA, the reserve is the southernmost site both on the Ramsar list and in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-costa-atlantica-reserve">Significance of the Costa Atlántica Reserve</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is an important conservation site that signifies Argentina's commitment to preserving its rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal biodiversity</a>. 



This vast expanse of protected area serves as a sanctuary for many species, ranging from migratory birds to marine mammals and diverse plant life.



“Tidal habitats along the coast support some 135 species of birds, while crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and cetaceans feed in the productive coastal waters,” said NASA.&nbsp;



“The topography inland of Costa Atlántica, stretching into Chile to the west, is blanketed in shrubs and grassland vegetation adapted to dry conditions - part of a semiarid ecosystem known as the Fuegian steppe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-ecological-balance-nbsp">Maintaining ecological balance&nbsp;</h2>



Established to safeguard the delicate ecosystems of dunes, estuaries, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-lagoons-have-high-loads-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal lagoons</a>, the reserve plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.&nbsp;



It provides critical habitats for numerous threatened species, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-right-whales-have-shifted-their-foraging-grounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Right Whale</a>, which finds refuge in these waters during its breeding season.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costa-atlantica-reserve-a-living-laboratory-nbsp">Costa Atlántica Reserve: A living laboratory&nbsp;</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is not only a refuge for wildlife but also a living laboratory for scientific research. Conservationists and researchers work within its bounds to monitor ecosystems, study species behaviors, and develop strategies for sustainable management.&nbsp;



This ongoing research is pivotal in understanding the impacts of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-river-deltas-face-major-threats-beyond-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal environments</a> and in devising measures to mitigate these effects.



Furthermore, the reserve illustrates the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts. Local communities are engaged in sustainable tourism and educational programs. 



Through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bird-photographers-improve-nesting-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-tourism</a> initiatives, visitors can experience the natural beauty of the reserve while contributing to its preservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tierra-del-fuego-archipelago">Tierra del Fuego archipelago</h2>



According to NASA, the broader landscape of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was shaped by glaciers.&nbsp;



“Ice advanced over the mountains and lowlands during cold climatic periods between the mid-Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum, about 20,000 years ago. San Sebastián Bay formed in a tectonic depression that was deepened by glacial erosion," noted NASA. 



“Further evidence of glaciation, including hummocky moraines and fields of glacial erratics, appears around the bay, though it is too small to be visible in this image.”



“Partially enclosed by a long, sandy peninsula, San Sebastián Bay attracts copious migratory birds, some of which shuttle seasonally between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.”



“Large populations of the Hudsonian godwit, white-rumped sandpiper, and other long-distance flyers congregate in the vast intertidal zones. This part of the reserve, however, is vulnerable to the impact of oil and gas extraction from onshore and offshore deposits.”



The image was captured on February 20, 2024 by the <a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLI-2</a> (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This galaxy is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.



In a study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas covering the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. 



"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”



Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study co-author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.



One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;



In the image, dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



The study also focused on understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy streams of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.



A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;



"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment.&nbsp;



These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>, which were common in the young universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Study co-author Torsten Böker of the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> emphasized the broader implications of these findings. 



“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;



“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”



The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Tropical Storm Francine moving across the Gulf of Mexico on the afternoon of September 10, 2024. 



Just hours after the photo was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-21 satellite, the storm intensified into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-hurricanes-are-intensifying-faster-due-to-climate-change/">hurricane</a> strength.



By September 11, Francine had become a Category 2 hurricane, reaching wind speeds of 100 miles per hour. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storms-fueled-by-rising-ocean-temperatures">Storms fueled by rising ocean temperatures</h2>



“Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are a fair predictor of the readiness of the ocean to fuel and sustain storms. Meteorologists generally agree that SSTs should be above 82 degrees Fahrenheit to sustain and intensify hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153309/francine-bears-down-on-louisiana" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“During the time of Francine’s development on September 8 to 10, temperatures in the southwestern Gulf were several degrees above that threshold and slightly above the 2003-2014 average for those dates, according to data from the Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MUR SST) project.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-hurricane-francine">Impacts of Hurricane Francine</h2>



Louisiana was hit hardest by Francine, with coastal areas experiencing life-threatening storm surges up to 10 feet, heavy rainfall, and significant flooding. In Terrebonne Parish, where Francine made landfall, more than 200,000 residents lost power.&nbsp;



Southern regions of Texas also experienced heavy rainfall and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>. Despite some weakening as Francine moved inland, Mississippi and other parts of the Gulf Coast still experienced flash flooding and strong winds as the system degraded into a tropical depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2024-atlantic-hurricane-season">2024 Atlantic hurricane season</h2>



The 2024 Atlantic hurricane season has been notably active, but with an unusual break in activity leading up to Hurricane Francine.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-start-for-storms">Early start for storms</h3>



The season officially began on June 1, 2024. By early September, there had been five named storms, including three hurricanes, with one reaching Category 5 status - Hurricane Beryl in July.&nbsp;



Beryl set an early-season record as it intensified rapidly due to exceptionally warm sea surface <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-calm">Surprising calm</h3>



While the early part of the season saw significant activity, including Beryl's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-causes-the-rapid-intensification-of-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explosive growth</a>, the basin has experienced a surprising calm since mid-August. 



From August 12 to September 3, there was no tropical activity, marking the quietest stretch in over 50 years. Experts attribute this inactivity to several factors, including cooling waters in parts of the Atlantic and shifts in atmospheric patterns over Africa that disrupted storm formation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-ahead">What's ahead</h3>



Looking ahead, forecasts are cautious but not pessimistic. Despite the quiet period, researchers still expect more activity, with potential for further storm development through September.



Predictions are pointing to up to 14 named storms - seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes - by the end of the 2024 season.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hurricanes-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-nbsp">Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



The location of the Gulf of Mexico makes it a hotspot for hurricane development and landfall. Warm sea surface temperatures, especially in late summer and early fall, provide the energy needed for these storms to grow in intensity.&nbsp;



When atmospheric conditions such as low wind shear and high moisture are favorable, hurricanes can rapidly intensify, becoming major threats to coastal regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-time-for-preparation-nbsp">Little time for preparation&nbsp;</h3>



The Gulf of Mexico's geography also means that hurricanes have a relatively short distance to travel before making landfall, often allowing little time for preparation.&nbsp;



Communities in coastal states like Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are frequently in the path of these storms.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastating-impacts">Devastating impacts</h3>



Over the years, hurricanes like Katrina, Harvey, and Ida have highlighted the devastating impacts, from storm surges and flooding to wind damage and disruption of infrastructure.&nbsp;



Due to the Gulf's importance as an economic hub, especially for oil production and shipping, hurricanes can also have significant economic repercussions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



The region's vulnerability to hurricanes is compounded by climate change, which has led to warmer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-ocean-heating-signals-alarm-for-a-3c-warmer-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> and more intense storms. 



Predictions suggest that while the overall number of hurricanes may not increase, the number of major hurricanes (Category 3 and above) could rise. This will make the Gulf Coast an even more dangerous area during hurricane season, which typically lasts from June to November.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Hurricane Francine makes landfall in Louisiana 

Over 39 million people could die from antibiotic-resistant infections by 2050, according to a recent study. The research reveals a troubling rise in deaths related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and provides forecasts for its impact over the next few decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-analysis-of-antimicrobial-resistance">Global analysis of antimicrobial resistance</h2>



Conducted by the <a href="https://www.tropicalmedicine.ox.ac.uk/gram" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (GRAM) Project</a>, the study is the first comprehensive global analysis of antimicrobial resistance trends over time. 



The research shows that from 1990 to 2021, more than one million people died each year due to antimicrobial resistance.&nbsp;



By 2050, the number of annual deaths directly caused by AMR could rise to 1.91 million, representing a nearly 70% increase compared to 2022.&nbsp;



Furthermore, the overall role of antimicrobial resistance in contributing to deaths is expected to grow significantly, with the number of deaths where AMR plays a role projected to increase from 4.71 million to 8.22 million per year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trends-in-antimicrobial-resistance-deaths">Trends in antimicrobial resistance deaths</h2>



The study highlights that while AMR-related deaths among children under five have halved during this period, there has been a disturbing rise in deaths among those aged 70 and older, increasing by more than 80 percent.&nbsp;



This trend is predicted to continue, with the elderly population bearing the brunt of the future AMR burden. By 2050, AMR deaths among people aged 70 and older are expected to more than double, while deaths in children under five will continue to decline globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-interventions-are-needed">Urgent interventions are needed</h2>



The authors emphasize the need for urgent interventions to prevent this forecasted surge in AMR-related deaths. These interventions include stronger infection prevention measures, increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-vaccination-reduces-mortality-risk-but-only-for-6-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> efforts, reducing inappropriate antibiotic use, and accelerating research into new antibiotics.



Mohsen Naghavi leads the AMR Research Team in the <a href="https://www.healthdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Health Metrics</a> (IHME), University of Washington.



“Antimicrobial medicines are one of the cornerstones of modern healthcare, and increasing resistance to them is a major cause for concern. These findings highlight that AMR has been a significant global health threat for decades and that this threat is growing,” said Naghavi.



“Understanding how trends in AMR deaths have changed over time, and how they are likely to shift in future, is vital to make informed decisions to help save lives.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-antimicrobial-resistance-over-time">Tracking antimicrobial resistance over time</h2>



The study also reveals that while antimicrobial resistance has long been recognized as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global health</a> challenge, this is the first in-depth analysis to track the historical trends of AMR over time and provide future projections. 



The first GRAM study, published in 2022, highlighted the global scale of the issue, revealing that AMR-related deaths in 2019 were higher than those from HIV/AIDS or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-model-predicts-malaria-trends-in-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">malaria</a>.



The new GRAM study analyzed data from 204 countries and territories, covering 22 pathogens, 84 pathogen-drug combinations, and 11 infectious syndromes.&nbsp;



The estimates were based on 520 million individual records sourced from hospital data, death records, and antibiotic use data.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-direct-and-indirect-deaths">Direct and indirect deaths  </h2>



Using statistical modeling, the researchers produced estimates of deaths directly caused by AMR and those where AMR played a role. These trends provided projections for AMR's global and regional health impacts from 2022 until 2050.



The analysis reveals that deaths directly caused by AMR rose slightly from 1.06 million in 1990 to 1.14 million in 2021.&nbsp;



During this time, there was a significant age-related shift: deaths among children under five dropped by more than 50%, while deaths in people aged 70 and older increased by 80%.&nbsp;



This rise in older adults' deaths is largely attributed to aging populations and their increased vulnerability to infections.



Certain regions have experienced the highest increases in AMR deaths over the past three decades. These include western sub-Saharan Africa, Tropical Latin America, high-income North America, Southeast Asia, and South Asia.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-threat-to-older-populations-nbsp">Increasing threat to older populations&nbsp;</h2>



Despite advances in reducing AMR deaths in children, infections have become harder to treat when they occur, particularly in older populations. This underscores the importance of further action.



Study co-author Kevin Ikuta is an assistant professor of infectious diseases at the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.



“The fall in deaths from sepsis and AMR among young children over the past three decades is an incredible achievement,” said Professor Ikuta.



“However, these findings show that while infections have become less common in young children, they have become harder to treat when they occur. Further, the threat to older people from AMR will only increase as populations age.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-trends-uncovered">Alarming trends uncovered</h2>



The study also reveals alarming trends regarding bacterial pathogens and resistance.&nbsp;



Deaths due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) more than doubled globally from 57,200 in 1990 to 130,000 in 2021.&nbsp;



Among Gram-negative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>, carbapenem resistance increased from 127,000 deaths in 1990 to 216,000 in 2021. These increases highlight the need for new antibiotics to combat the most resistant strains.



Future projections indicate that, without significant intervention, AMR deaths will continue to rise steadily, with an estimated 1.91 million annual deaths directly caused by AMR by 2050.&nbsp;



The broader role of AMR in contributing to deaths is expected to affect over 8 million deaths annually by mid-century. Cumulatively, AMR is forecasted to lead to more than 39 million direct deaths and be associated with 169 million deaths between 2025 and 2050.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antimicrobial-resistance-deaths-could-be-avoided">Antimicrobial resistance deaths could be avoided</h2>



The study also suggests that action could avert many of these deaths. Improved infection care and increased access to antibiotics could prevent 92 million deaths between 2025 and 2050.&nbsp;



This would be especially impactful in regions like South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Southeast Asia, where millions of lives could be saved.&nbsp;



Developing new antibiotics targeting Gram-negative bacteria could prevent over 11 million AMR-attributable deaths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-strategies-are-urgently-needed-nbsp">New strategies are urgently needed&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Stein Emil Vollset, study author from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, stressed the urgency of addressing antimicrobial resistance.



“There has been real progress in tackling AMR, particularly among young children, but our findings indicate more must be done to protect people from this growing global health threat,” said Dr. Vollset.



“By 2050, resistant infections could be involved in some 8 million deaths each year. To prevent this from becoming a deadly reality, we urgently need new strategies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-challenge-of-antimicrobial-resistance">Growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance</h2>



Despite the progress, the authors note several limitations in their study. A lack of data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) calls for better data collection and infrastructure to improve the accuracy of future AMR forecasts.&nbsp;



Additionally, some of the individual records used in the study may contain biases or errors, and limited reporting of AMR data before 2000 may have affected the accuracy of historical estimates.



In a related comment, Professor Samuel Kariuki of the <a href="https://www.kemri.go.ke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kenya Medical Research Institute</a>, who was not involved in the study, praised the model for effectively assessing the changing trends in AMR mortality. 



“These data should drive investments and targeted action towards addressing the growing challenge of AMR in all regions,” concluded Professor Kariuki.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Antibiotic meds resistance could cause 39 million deaths by 2050

Over 39 million people could die from antibiotic-resistant infections by...

Psilocybin, the psychedelic compound found in "magic mushrooms," is rapidly capturing the attention of healthcare experts and policymakers as a potential treatment for chronic depression.



As the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers approving psilocybin for depression treatment in the near future, we are inching closer to what could be a transformative milestone in modern medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-would-benefit-from-psilocybin-therapy">Who would benefit from psilocybin therapy?</h2>



The possibility of legalizing psilocybin therapy brings a compelling question to the forefront: how many individuals could truly benefit?



A peer-reviewed study led by researchers at <a href="https://www.emory.edu/home/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emory University</a>, the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>, and <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Berkeley</a>, offers unprecedented insight.



The findings suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-a-history-of-depression-tend-to-process-more-negative-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> could have a substantial impact in the United States.



The study estimates that between 56 and 62 percent of patients currently receiving treatment for depression - about 5.1 to 5.6 million individuals - could qualify for this therapy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-of-psilocybin-therapy">The potential of psilocybin therapy</h2>



“Our findings suggest that if the FDA gives the green light, psilocybin-assisted therapy has the potential to help millions of Americans who suffer from depression,” said Syed Fayzan Rab, an Emory MD candidate and lead author of the study.



The researchers analyzed national data, revealing that nearly 15 million adults in the U.S. are affected by depression, with about 9 million currently receiving treatment each year.



Using recent clinical trial criteria, the experts assessed this population to determine eligibility for psilocybin therapy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eligibility-for-psilocybin-treatment">Eligibility for psilocybin treatment </h2>



The findings present a range of possibilities. A conservative estimate indicates that 24% of patients will be eligible if strict trial criteria is applied, while a more moderate scenario estimates that 56% of patients will be eligible under real-world medical conditions.



At the higher end, 62% of patients could qualify for psilocybin treatment, factoring in additional considerations such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/korean-red-ginseng-may-alleviate-alcohol-addiction-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-maltreatment-triples-the-risk-of-substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substance use</a> disorders.



Notably, the inclusion of these co-occurring conditions, which evidence suggests psilocybin may treat effectively, accounted for nearly a third of the increased eligibility. 



Even so, the 62% figure might still be an understatement, as it only includes individuals who are already receiving treatment and does not consider the potential influx of new patients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-real-world-implementation">Challenges in real-world implementation</h2>



While the potential impact of psilocybin therapy is promising, the researchers caution that several real-world factors could limit its widespread adoption. 



“While our analysis is a crucial first step, we've only scratched the surface in understanding the true public health impact psilocybin therapy may have,” said study co-author Dr. Charles Raison.



Insurance coverage, regional access to care, and availability of trained practitioners could significantly affect its uptake.



Moreover, if the FDA approval includes off-label use for conditions beyond depression, the demand for psilocybin therapy could surge unpredictably.



As the psychedelic renaissance continues to gain momentum, further research will be critical in refining our understanding and ensuring equitable access to this potentially transformative treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-the-therapy">The science behind the therapy</h2>



Psilocybin, the naturally occurring compound found in certain species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-psilocybin-mushrooms-got-their-magic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mushrooms</a>, has long fascinated scientists for its profound effects on the human brain. 



When ingested, psilocybin is converted into psilocin and interacts with serotonin receptors - particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, which is known to play a role in mood regulation. This unique interaction is believed to produce the intense sensory and emotional experiences that are characteristic of psychedelic trips.



Recent research has suggested that psilocybin could offer more than just temporary changes in perception. 



Scientific evidence indicates that psilocybin might facilitate deeper, long-lasting shifts in the brain’s neural connectivity, potentially "rewiring" pathways associated with depression, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lsd-can-treat-crippling-anxiety-with-a-single-dose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a>, and addiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-psilocybin-treatment">The future of psilocybin treatment </h2>



According to previous research, a single guided session with psilocybin can lead to significant reductions in depressive symptoms, with some patients reporting relief lasting several months.



However, while the therapeutic potential is exciting, psilocybin therapy requires careful supervision in controlled settings, ensuring that patients receive proper guidance before, during, and after treatment. 



The success of psilocybin-assisted therapy hinges not just on the chemical effects but also on the therapeutic environment, often referred to as the "set and setting," which significantly influences the patient's experience and outcomes.



As research into psychedelics continues to evolve, psilocybin remains at the forefront, holding promise as a potentially transformative treatment for a range of mental health disorders. Yet, questions about the scalability, accessibility, and long-term effects of such therapies remain. 



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Psilocybin mushrooms could help millions who suffer from depression

Psilocybin, the psychedelic compound found in "magic mushrooms," is rapidly...

Agriculture is facing unprecedented challenges as our world undergoes a whirlwind of changes fueled by the escalating effects of climate change. 



This environmental upheaval has brought global agriculture to the forefront, as its impacts are becoming impossible to overlook. 



From shifting weather patterns to increasing pressure on food systems, the industry is in the crosshairs of a rapidly changing planet.



Even more alarmingly, research published in the journal Science suggests that climate change and agriculture are locked in a dangerous dance - one that threatens to spiral into a self-perpetuating feedback loop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agriculture-and-public-health">Agriculture and public health </h2>



As climate change intensifies, it forces farmers to adopt practices that could further degrade the environment, creating a vicious cycle that amplifies both global warming and the strain on our food supply.



Dr. Lewis Ziska is an associate professor of environmental health sciences at <a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia Mailman School of Public Health</a>.



"It is important to recognize that the impact of agriculture on public health, from pesticide usage to water quality, is almost certainly going to be exacerbated with climate change," noted Dr. Ziska. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-rise-in-agricultural-emissions">Rapid rise in agricultural emissions</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> from agriculture have skyrocketed at an alarming rate, and are now 18 times higher than they were in the 1960s. Agriculture has become a significant contributor to about 30% of the total global warming effect.



This rapid rise in emissions emphasizes the urgent need for changes in farming practices to curb their environmental impact.



A significant portion of these emissions comes from excess fertilizer left on farm soils, which is broken down by bacteria into nitrous oxide - a potent greenhouse gas that is 300 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-environmentally-friendly-agriculture">Need for environmentally friendly agriculture </h2>



The widespread use of synthetic fertilizers, combined with inefficient management practices, exacerbates the problem - pushing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a> closer to dangerous thresholds.



The stakes are high, with climate-agriculture feedback pathways poised to dramatically increase agricultural emissions.



"We need agriculture, but the future of humanity also requires that we reduce agriculture’s environmental harms," said David Tilman, a professor at the <a href="https://system.umn.edu/dearmn?gad_source=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Minnesota</a> College of Biological Sciences and co-author of the study. 



Professor Tilman emphasized the need for policies like a farm bill that rewards both food production and environmental stewardship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unseen-consequences-of-climate-change">Unseen consequences of climate change</h2>



Beyond rising temperatures, climate change affects agricultural practices by increasing water usage and scarcity, soil degradation, and emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. 



The research team also found that pest pressure, biodiversity loss, and pollution from pesticides and nitrogen further complicate the issue.



The feedback loop between agriculture and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> could make it nearly impossible to meet the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global warming to 1.5–2 degrees Celsius.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sustainable-future-for-agriculture">A sustainable future for agriculture</h2>



Despite the challenges, the research offers hope. Emerging sustainable agricultural practices and technologies can significantly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reduce emissions</a> if implemented on a large scale.



By removing socioeconomic barriers, governments can make climate-resilient solutions more accessible to farmers and food producers.



The researchers emphasize the importance of exploring an integrated approach that includes farming efficiency and pollutants like nitrous oxide alongside <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a>. 



Practices such as precision fertilizer use, crop rotation, and nitrogen fixation can help prevent the climate-agriculture feedback loop from developing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-agricultural-practices">Transforming agricultural practices</h2>



To ensure a more stable future for agriculture, stakeholders should accelerate the adaptation of climate-friendly techniques, such as agrivoltaics, perennial crop integration, and on-farm robots. 



Research on feedback pathways and new technologies will be critical to transforming the industry and safeguarding the global food supply.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-the-destructive-cycle">Breaking the destructive cycle</h2>



As the agricultural industry grapples with the escalating effects of climate change, it becomes clear that a coordinated, global effort is essential to avoid the destructive feedback loop between agriculture and the environment. 



Collaboration between governments, farmers, researchers, and private industries is vital to ensure the widespread adoption of sustainable farming practices. 



Incentivizing climate-friendly agriculture, promoting education, and investing in innovative technologies like genome editing and precision farming are just a few strategies that can significantly reduce agriculture’s environmental impact.



In the face of these challenges, the path forward requires bold actions. Governments must prioritize policies that support both agricultural productivity and environmental conservation, while farmers need access to the tools and knowledge to implement more efficient practices. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn3747" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Climate and agriculture are locked in a destructive feedback loop

Agriculture is facing unprecedented challenges as our world undergoes a...

You know that feeling, when you lock eyes with a pooch and feel an unspoken connection? Well, it's not just a feeling, it turns out. Experts have found out that human and canine brains sync up in these moments, proving we share a more profound connection with dogs at a neurological level.



Researchers in China have broken new ground, discovering a unique inter-species neural synchronization between humans and dogs. The research builds upon past studies that show similar brain activity synchronization among humans, particularly when they communicate or work together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-activities-of-dogs-and-humans">Brain activities of dogs and humans</h2>



The research team, led by biologist Wei Ren from the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, employed a set of ingenious experiments to uncover this phenomenon.



Teams of human-dog pairs were put together and had their brain activities recorded. To do so, electrodes were placed over their heads. These pairs then engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-imitate-human-actions-from-2d-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nonverbal communication</a> such as mutual gazing, or a friendly pat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-test-and-control">Test and control </h2>



In one set of tests, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interacting-with-dogs-can-ease-physical-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-dog</a> duos interacted with each other, while during other tests they shared the same space but did not interact. 



The researchers noticed an increase in inter-brain correlations in the frontal and parietal regions of the brain during the mutual gaze.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frontal-and-parietal-brain-regions">Frontal and parietal brain regions</h2>



In human brains, joint attention is associated with activity in both the frontal and parietal regions. Previous research has shown that human frontal lobe activity increases when we pet our dogs, signaling emotional engagement and focused attention. 



However, it was unclear whether similar activity was happening in dogs' brains. The study has finally shed light on this unknown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-and-dog-brains-sync-up">Human and dog brains sync up</h2>



To pinpoint whether the human or dog was initiating the neural sync, the researchers used a unique mathematical algorithm to analyze the data.



The results indicated that it was the human brains that led this harmonized neural activity — revealing that the more we interact, the stronger our bond grows.



When participants were asked to simultaneously pet the dogs and gaze into their eyes, the study found even greater connectivity in the inter-brain activity.



"We observed that inter-brain correlations in frontal and parietal regions dramatically increased during mutual gaze," noted the study authors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-do-dog-brains-mirror-humans">Do dog brains mirror humans?</h2>



Interestingly, the study has implications beyond just understanding our bond with dogs. Experts hypothesize that social cognition deficits found in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) might result from diminished brain synchronization.



To test this, the team repeated the experiments, but this time with dogs that exhibited similar characteristics to humans with ASD.



In this new set of tests, the human-dog pairs showed lessened synchronization, which suggested reduced joint attention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lsd-and-neural-synchronization">LSD and neural synchronization?</h2>



Diving deeper into the ASD connection, dogs with ASD-like characteristics were given a dose of LSD. This drug has been known to enhance social behavior in mice in past studies.



Interestingly, the LSD seemed to improve the dogs' synchronization with their paired humans in this study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-oxytocin-the-bonding-hormone">Role of oxytocin - the bonding hormone</h2>



Oxytocin, often dubbed the "love hormone," plays a crucial role in establishing social bonds, including those between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-provide-insight-into-human-cognition-and-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans and dogs</a>. 



This hormone is released in response to close interactions and has been shown to promote trust and social connections. The study further revealed that both human and dog brains experience increased oxytocin levels during mutual interactions, such as petting and eye contact.



This hormonal surge not only strengthens the emotional connection but also supports the neural synchronization observed in the experiments. 



The findings highlight the biological underpinnings of the human-dog bond and suggest that oxytocin might be a key player in facilitating the enhanced inter-species neural connectivity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



While more extensive research is called for, this study contributes significantly to our understanding of the social deficits associated with ASD. It suggests that such dogs, along with studying the brains of humans, could provide valuable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying these social deficits.



The research also opens up the possibility of using inter-brain activity as potential biomarkers for diagnosing ASD. This pioneering work could lead to the development of specially engineered, non-hallucinogenic versions of LSD to correct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-smell-human-stress-and-it-makes-them-feel-gloomy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social deficits</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202402493" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Dog and human brains sync up during eye contact

You know that feeling, when you lock eyes with a...

Recent research took a plunge into a tale about the discovery of a new species of fish that's less than 2 centimeters long and carries a 'grumpy' demeanor. The tiny creature sports a perpetually disgruntled face, hence its fitting name: the grumpy dwarfgoby.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fierce-grumpy-dwarfgoby">Fierce grumpy dwarfgoby</h2>



The grumpy dwarfgoby, in spite of its small size, doesn’t do subtle. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a>’s large canines and intense expression pull off a macho vibe. 



"I imagine in its own tiny world, it is a fearsome predator. Its grumpy expression and large canines certainly make it look the part, despite its small size," remarks Lucía Pombo-Ayora, who gifted the species its unique common name.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-in-the-deep-camouflage-or-statement">Red in the deep: Camouflage or statement?</h2>



What's fascinating about the grumpy dwarfgoby is its coloration strategy. The species boasts a vibrant red color, which sticks out to us -- however, in their natural environment, it's a perfect camouflage.



They frequent sections of coral reefs blanketed in red coralline algae, and use the algae as a hideout, hopping from one small hole or crevice to another. 



Additionally, those large canines aren't just for show; they’re used to capture tiny invertebrates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-the-grumpy-dwarfgoby">Finding the grumpy dwarfgoby</h2>



The research was led by Dr. Viktor Nunes Peinemann who was at the forefront of this discovery during a diving expedition intended to explore the diversity of coral reef <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-lionfish-global-domination-mediterranean-sea-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishes</a>. 



They first found specimens in Saudi Arabia's Farasan Banks, and later near Thuwal in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-fish-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red Sea</a>. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fish_Grumpy-dwarfgoby_Sueviota-aethon_new-species_credit-UWashington_1b.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fish_Grumpy-dwarfgoby_Sueviota-aethon_new-species_credit-UWashington_1s.webp" alt="Specimens of Sueviota aethon sp. nov. a UW 203365, holotype, freshly collected b UW 203367, freshly collected, showing the yellow variation of the species c UW 203365, holotype, preserved in 75% ethanol. Credit: University of Washington/Pensoft" class="wp-image-1944840"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Specimens of Sueviota aethon sp. nov. a UW 203365, holotype, freshly collected b UW 203367, freshly collected, showing the yellow variation of the species c UW 203365, holotype, preserved in 75% ethanol. Credit: University of Washington/Pensoft</figcaption></figure>



Initially, the team believed they'd rediscovered the fiery dwarfgoby, Sueviota pyrios, a solitary specimen known from a 1972 collection. However, they were in for a fascinating surprise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-so-deja-vu">Not so déjà vu</h2>



Upon further analysis, the team from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KAUST</a>) and the University of Washington (<a href="https://www.washington.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UW</a>) realized they were swimming in uncharted waters -- a brand-new species they'd never seen before.



"The ongoing discovery of distinctive new species like this grumpy dwarfgoby shows how much biodiversity remains undiscovered in the Red Sea," underlines Peinemann.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eroding-edifice-of-biodiversity">Eroding edifice of biodiversity</h2>



The Red Sea is celebrated for its rich endemic species, with our little grump adding to its roster. However, the sea's environment has taken a severe hit due to climate change, leading to widespread coral bleaching and mortality. 



The fact we're still discovering new species in this volatile ecosystem underlines the urgency for continued research and conservation efforts.



"This is concerning given the recent environmental changes in the region. In some cases, species could go extinct before we even describe them," Peinemann encapsulates the issues and stakes aptly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-the-grumpy-dwarfgoby">Preserving the grumpy dwarfgoby</h2>



In light of the ecological challenges that beset the Red Sea, initiatives to preserve its unique marine life have never been more critical. 



Conserving the grumpy dwarfgoby involves not only protecting its immediate habitat but also strengthening broader reef ecosystems.



Efforts encompass strategic measures such as establishing marine protected areas, regulating fishing activities, and promoting responsible tourism. 



Additionally, advancing scientific understanding through research and fostering education on the importance of marine biodiversity can galvanize public support for conservation. 



Each new species we uncover should be a reminder of the delicate intricacies that make up our planet's biodiversity, and the imperative to shield them from harm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-discoveries-await">Future discoveries await</h2>



"The ongoing discovery of distinctive new species like this grumpy dwarfgoby shows how much biodiversity remains undiscovered in the Red Sea," Viktor Nunes Peinemann explains. 



"This is concerning given the recent environmental changes in the region. In some cases, species could go extinct before we even describe them." The identification of the grumpy dwarfgoby heralds a promising future for marine exploration and biodiversity research. 



The Red Sea, though significantly studied, harbors countless mysteries that, when unraveled, might revolutionize current biological frameworks and conservation methodologies. 



Peinemann and his team are committed to continuing their exploration, paving the way for a deeper comprehension of marine life and its vulnerabilities. 



"It's a thrilling time for marine biology," says Peinemann, "as each discovery offers not just answers, but intriguing new questions."



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ZooKeys</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Scientists discover 'grumpy dwarfgoby,' a tiny fish with a big attitude

Recent research took a plunge into a tale about the...

A new study suggests that microplastics can infiltrate the base of the brain. The research team confirmed the presence of plastic particles and fibers in the olfactory bulbs of human cadavers. 



"The presence of microplastics in the human olfactory bulb suggests the olfactory pathway as a potential entry route for microplastics into the brain, highlighting the need for further research on their neurotoxic effects and implications for human health," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-in-the-human-body">Microplastics in the human body</h2>



Our lives are more intertwined with plastic than we realize. From our morning cup of coffee to the clothes we wear, plastic has stealthily slipped into almost every aspect of our daily lives. 



Yet, there's another side to this story that's far less visible but markedly more invasive: the threat of microplastics. These tiny tormentors have made their way into our bodies.



The recent study on human cadavers was led by Luís Fernando Amato-Lourenço, a respected microplastics investigator at the <a href="https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Free University of Berlin</a>. The team discovered timy shards of plastic lodged in human nose tissue, precisely in the olfactory bulb.



This discovery poses the scary question, could these particles travel to other parts of the brain?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-evidence-of-our-plastic-crisis">More evidence of our plastic crisis </h2>



The trajectory of these microplastic intrusions within our bodies is dictated by factors like their size, shape, and the body's defensive responses.



Logic suggests that the smaller the enemy, the easier it is for it to go unnoticed by our body's defense system to breach our brain and spinal cord. The study has confirmed that this is, in fact, the case. 



For Phoebe Stapleton, a professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology at <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers University</a>, this revelation is but a reflection of our plastic cumulated reality.



“I’m not really surprised,” Stapleton told CNN. “I really do think that plastics are going to be in every place in the body that we look. This is just more evidence.”



Yet, not every scientist is buying into the microplastic scare. The skeptics demand concrete evidence and reliable studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hazardous-chemicals-in-microplastics">Hazardous chemicals in microplastics</h2>



A wave of recent studies is reinforcing one truth: our bodies are playing unwilling hosts to these nearly invisible invaders. 



From unsuspected areas like our brain, testes, lung tissues to places as sacred as a mother's milk and a child's placenta, these minuscule enemies, smaller than a strand of hair, are everywhere.



What really ups the ante of their threat level is the sinister cargo they carry: hazardous chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, flame retardants, and heavy metals.



Sherri “Sam” Mason is the director of sustainability at Penn State Behrend in Erie, Pennsylvania. 



“The chemicals can be carried to your liver and your kidney and your brain and even make their way across the placental boundary and end up in an unborn child,” noted Mason, who was not involved in the study. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-and-olfactory-bulbs">Microplastics and olfactory bulbs</h2>



The recent study brought to light microplastics in the olfactory bulbs of more than half of the cadavers studied. However, the experts could not pinpoint the source of exposure or why only some cadavers carried this evidence.



Amato-Lourenço hypothesizes that a swollen nasal lining might pave the way for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles</a>. According to him, airborne microplastics could originate from synthetic fabrics and common household items.



The most frequently found culprit was polypropylene, a commonly used plastic that is generally considered safe. But a conflicting study presents an alarming connection between polypropylene microplastics and accelerated progression of breast cancer in human bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-concern">A global concern</h2>



Amid this alarming reality, there's a shred of hope. Guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that we can minimize our chemical exposure by reducing the use of disposable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-microplastics-are-here-to-stay-so-what-can-we-do-now/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> and switching to reusable alternatives.



Microplastics are a global concern, as they continue to spread across continents and ecosystems. They are polluting our marine ecosystems, threatening our soil through wastewater sludge, and indirectly affecting us through seafood consumption.



The scale of this problem demands a united global response and comprehensive policy-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



The disturbing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">presence of microplastics</a> bears crucial importance on the need to strategize effective ways to minimize exposure and comprehend the long-term health implications.



By harmonizing scientific exploration with practical interventions, we can aim to mitigate microplastic pollution.



The discovery of microplastics in the base of the human brain is a wake-up call. Until the scientific community reaches a solid consensus on the impact of this invasion, it's up to us to limit our exposure and take proactive measures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2823787" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Microplastics are infiltrating the human body - even the brain

A new study suggests that microplastics can infiltrate the base...

The beauty of nature lies in its intricate, minute details, and a small yet profoundly significant part of this beauty is owed to the diverse microbes residing in the mysterious depths of our oceans.



These tiny, often-overlooked beings, each with their own unique food preferences, play a crucial role in the vast, complex, and seemingly invisible process of carbon sequestration, a process vital to regulating Earth's climate and supporting life on the planet.



Recent insights from a Science publication titled "Microbial dietary preference and interactions affect the export of lipids to the deep ocean" shed light on how the dietary preferences of bacteria influence the efficiency of carbon storage in the oceanic depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-microbes-dietary-preferences">Ocean microbes' dietary preferences</h2>



"In our study, we found incredible variation in what the different microbes preferred to digest. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-form-memories-and-pass-them-on-to-future-generations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bacteria</a> seem to have very distinct diet preferences for different lipid molecules," explained Benjamin Van Mooy, senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (<a href="https://www.whoi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHOI</a>).



"This has real implications for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-a-new-ocean-carbon-sequestration-process/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> and the biological carbon pump." 



The biological carbon pump refers to the process where sinking biomass transports carbon from the ocean surface to the deep ocean.



Lipids, carbon-rich fatty acid biomolecules, make up about 5 to 30% of the surface ocean’s particulate organic matter, serving as a crucial component in marine ecosystems.



These lipids not only act as energy storage but also play a key role in facilitating essential cellular functions for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-microbes-can-tell-us-about-global-changes-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes that inhabit the ocean</a>.



As the organic matter sinks to the deep sea, diverse and complex communities of resident microbes degrade and utilize these lipids, significantly influencing global CO2 concentrations and contributing to the regulation of Earth's climate system.



Understanding this process is crucial to improve our ability to forecast global carbon fluxes in changing ocean regimes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbes-and-deep-ocean-carbon-regulation">Microbes and deep ocean carbon regulation</h2>



"Bacteria isolated from marine particles exhibited distinct dietary preferences, ranging from selective to promiscuous degraders," the study explains. 



These dietary choices modulate lipid degradation and, consequently, affect how efficiently lipids are transported through the ocean's mesopelagic zone, which extends about 200-1000 meters below the surface.



"I was thrilled to see how much there is to learn about the functioning of the ocean by combining two technologies -- high-end chemical analysis and microscale imaging -- that have historically never been used together," noted co-author Roman Stocker, professor at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>.



"I believe that work at the interface between these exciting technologies will continue to yield important insights into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes shape our oceans</a>, now and into the future," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lipid-preferences-in-ocean-microbes">Lipid preferences in ocean microbes</h2>



"Scientists are starting to understand that lipids in the ocean can vary significantly depending on different environments, such as the coast versus the open ocean, and the season," Van Mooy enthused.



Researchers can now begin to consider whether some regions efficiently sequester lipids, while others may see inefficient sequestration.



"What excites me about this paper is that it shows bacteria are not just eating any type of lipid but are very specialized and, like us, have specific food preferences," added Lars Behrendt, associate professor at <a href="https://www.uu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uppsala University</a>.



"This changes how we think about how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-greenland-ice-sheet-is-teeming-with-microorganisms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microorganisms</a> consume food in their natural environment." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacterial-communities-and-degradation-dynamics">Bacterial communities and degradation dynamics</h2>



The study also examined how multispecies communities of bacteria affect degradation rates, revealing that co-cultures exhibit different dynamics compared to species in isolation. 



This complexity emphasizes the importance of understanding microbial interactions in natural environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbes-and-the-huge-carbon-sink">Microbes and the huge carbon sink</h2>



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-heatwaves-have-complex-effects-on-phytoplankton-food-web/">Phytoplankton</a> are the main reason the ocean is one of the biggest carbon sinks, absorbing as much carbon as all the plants on land combined," said Uria Alcolombri, senior lecturer at <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. 



These microscopic organisms and their interactions with deep-sea microbes play a crucial role in regulating global carbon levels.



-----



This research was funded by a variety of international organizations, including the Moore Foundation, Simons Foundation, and National Science Foundation, underscoring the global recognition of the importance of understanding the role of ocean microbes in carbon sequestration.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aab2661" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Ocean microbes eat a different diet that affects climate change

The beauty of nature lies in its intricate, minute details,...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

After fifteen minutes of watching his yard expel water from its underbelly, James began to notice something strange. On the opening hole, a black piece of plastic stuck out from beneath the grass. James approached the hole and grabbed the piece of plastic. He tried to pull it out but it wouldn’t budge. It looked like the edge of a black trash bag.

Strange Plastic