<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. </p>



<p>A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.</p>



<p>The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



<p>The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.</p>



<p>A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



<p>The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.</p>



<p>The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.</p>



<p>The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.</p>



<p>Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

<p>This image was taken in 1862, and we’re fortunate enough to have a few scant biographical details about the boy. This somber-looking youth’s name was Maximilian Cabanas. After enlisting with the Confederate States Army, he was captured by Union soldiers. Tragically, he later perished in a prisoner-of-war encampment in the North when he was just 16 years old. Photo Credit: Bettmann/Getty Images</p>

Confederate soldier

<p>In an unexpected and concerning development, researchers recently diagnosed a bottlenose dolphin in Florida with the highly pathogenic avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-h5n1-marine-mammals-spreading-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influenza</a> virus, commonly known as HPAIV.</p>



<p>This diagnosis marks the first documented case of this virus in a cetacean in North America, signaling a significant expansion in the known range of mammals susceptible to avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-killed-hundreds-of-seals-in-new-england-last-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flu</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avian-influenza-in-dolphins">Avian influenza in dolphins</h2>



<p>The situation was discovered after a marine animal rescue team responded to an emergency involving a dolphin in distress located in Dixie County, Florida. Unfortunately, the dolphin did not survive, and following its death, a comprehensive postmortem examination was performed by researchers to determine the cause.</p>



<p>During the autopsy, scientists took multiple tissue samples from various parts of the dolphin's body, including the brain, for detailed laboratory analysis. Initially, these samples were analyzed by a local zoological medicine diagnostic lab, which conducted tests to eliminate other possible diseases that might have caused the dolphin’s condition.</p>



<p>After other diseases were ruled out, further tests were conducted at the Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. It was here that they confirmed the presence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in the dolphin's lung and brain tissues, marking a significant finding as it indicated the virus's ability to infect species beyond birds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-the-invisible-enemy">Identifying the invisible enemy</h2>



<p>The National Veterinary Services Laboratory provided a detailed classification of the virus identified in the dolphin, specifying that it was the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus belonging to the HA clade 2.3.4.4b. This particular subtype is notorious for its strong virulence and remarkable ability to cross species barriers, making it a significant concern in terms of animal and potentially human health.</p>



<p>To further investigate this, the virus underwent additional scrutiny at a Biosafety Level 3 enhanced laboratory. </p>



<p>Laboratories of this level are equipped to handle pathogens that can cause serious or potentially lethal disease through inhalation, thus providing a safe and controlled environment for researchers. This setting enabled scientists to conduct more intensive and detailed examinations of the virus’s properties.</p>



<p>In this advanced laboratory setting, researchers were able to perform intricate studies that included genetic sequencing and viral behavior analysis under various conditions. These activities aimed to provide a clearer picture of how the virus infects cells, replicates, and spreads between hosts. </p>



<p>Understanding these aspects is crucial for developing effective control measures and anticipating potential future outbreaks that could affect other species. The work done in this enhanced biosafety environment was key to gaining a deeper understanding of the unique characteristics of the H5N1 virus found in the dolphin.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mystery">Unraveling the mystery </h2>



<p>Allison Murawski, D.V.M., led the research as part of her involvement with an aquatic animal medicine program and played a crucial role in developing the case report. She worked closely with Dr. Richard Webby, who directs the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds.</p>



<p>Together, they investigated the origins of the virus, its unique genetic mutations, and its potential to infect other mammals. Their research included sequencing genomes from local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-bird-flu-outbreak-requires-urgent-coordinated-response/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and analyzing viruses isolated from Northeast seal populations.</p>



<p>Despite their efforts, the experts could not determine the exact source of the dolphin's infection. "We still don’t know where the dolphin got the virus and more research needs to be done," Dr. Webby stated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-beyond-dolphin-avian-influenza">Research beyond dolphin avian influenza</h2>



<p>This case demonstrates the power of collaborative research. Mike Walsh, D.V.M., an associate professor of aquatic animal health and Murawski’s faculty mentor, highlighted the importance of this teamwork.</p>



<p>"This investigation was an important step in understanding this virus and is a great example where happenstance joins with curiosity, having to answer the ‘why’ and then seeing how the multiple groups and expertise took this to a fantastic representation of collaborative excellence," noted Walsh.</p>



<p>As a result, this research emphasizes the unpredictable nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-influenza-virus-hack-our-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influenza</a> viruses and their ability to spread across species. It also underscores the ongoing need for surveillance and research to better understand these pathogens and reduce their impact on wildlife and potentially, human health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06173-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a></em></em>.</p>



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Dolphin in Florida tests positive for avian influenza

In an unexpected and concerning development, researchers recently diagnosed a...

<p>Global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> has declined by 2% to 11% during the 20th century due to land-use changes alone. As we progress into the mid-21st century, climate change is projected to become the primary driver of biodiversity loss.</p>



<p>This is the conclusion of a comprehensive multi-model study led by the <a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research</a> (iDiv) and <a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a> (MLU).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss">Primary drivers of biodiversity loss</h2>



<p>The researchers utilized thirteen models to evaluate the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-use-changes-expose-the-amazon-to-environmental-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land-use</a> and climate change on four different biodiversity metrics and nine ecosystem services. The findings highlight the substantial influence of human activity on natural environments.</p>



<p>Land-use change has long been recognized by the <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> (IPBES) as a significant factor affecting biodiversity. This study's detailed modeling of land-use impacts over the last century indicates that these changes alone could have reduced global biodiversity by as much as 11 percent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“By including all world regions in our model, we were able to fill many blind spots and address criticism of other approaches working with fragmented and potentially biased data,” said lead author Henrique Pereira, a conservation biologist at iDiv and MLU.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-and-ecosystem-services-nbsp">Land-use changes and ecosystem services&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In addition to biodiversity metrics, the study also explored the effects of land-use change on ecosystem services.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The analysis revealed that, while provisioning services like food and timber production saw significant increases, regulating services such as pollination, nitrogen retention, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> experienced declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">Future drivers of biodiversity loss &nbsp;</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the study combined the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> with land-use changes to project future biodiversity and ecosystem service trends.&nbsp;</p>



<p>All scenarios - from sustainable development to high emissions - suggest that biodiversity loss will occur across all global regions due to the compounded effects of these two factors.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, the purpose of examining long-term scenarios is not to predict what will happen, but to understand alternatives, and thus avoid the trajectories that are least desirable, and select those that have positive outcomes. These trajectories depend strongly on the policies we choose.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-biodiversity-in-the-coming-decades">Safeguarding biodiversity in the coming decades</h2>



<p>“Our analysis shows that a truly integrated approach considering the different sustainability dimensions in a consistent framework is needed to reduce conflicts between policies and safeguard biodiversity in the coming decades,” said study co-author Petr Havlík, the program director of <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIASA Biodiversity and Natural Resources</a>.</p>



<p>“For instance, while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioenergy-can-slow-climate-change-but-the-window-is-closing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioenergy</a> deployment is still a critical element of the majority of climate stabilization scenarios, it also poses a threat to species habitats.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-conservation-and-restoration-efforts">Prioritizing conservation and restoration efforts</h2>



<p>“Given the potentially synergistic negative effects of land use and climate change on biodiversity, our findings suggest that conservation and restoration efforts should be prioritized globally as necessary natural climate solutions,” noted study co-author Piero Visconti, the <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr/bec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity, Ecology, and Conservation Research Group</a> leader at IIASA.</p>



<p>“This underscores the importance of effectively implementing area-based conservation targets for integrated planning, ecological restoration, and protected areas under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-human-induced-biodiversity-loss">Addressing human-induced biodiversity loss</h2>



<p>According to the scientists, evaluating the effects of specific policies on biodiversity is crucial for pinpointing the most effective strategies to protect and enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite uncertainties in modeling, the results unequivocally demonstrate that existing policies fall short of achieving international biodiversity targets. This highlights the urgent need for intensified efforts to address human-induced biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">More about biodiversity loss&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Biodiversity loss refers to the ongoing decline in the variety of life across the planet, encompassing species, genetic variants, and ecosystems. The drivers of biodiversity loss include human activities such as deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of natural resources. </p>



<p>The impact of losing biodiversity is profound and multifaceted, affecting everything from ecosystem stability and resilience to the availability of resources like food, clean water, and medicines. As species disappear, so do crucial ecosystem services, leading to challenges that affect climate regulation, flood control, and the pollination of plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This loss also has significant cultural impacts, especially for indigenous communities who depend directly on their local ecosystems. The fight against biodiversity loss involves conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and international agreements aimed at preserving the natural world for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn3441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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What are the biggest drivers of biodiversity loss?

Global biodiversity has declined by 2% to 11% during the...

<p>We've long understood the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-health-and-diet-nutrition-helps-lower-dementia-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> on our weight, heart health, and risk of diseases like diabetes. However, a growing body of research, including a landmark study from the <a href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Warwick</a> emphasizes a lesser-known but equally vital connection – the profound relationship between what we eat and the health of our brains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-brain-function">Diet and brain function</h2>



<p>The researchers tapped into the UK Biobank, a massive database containing medical and lifestyle information from hundreds of thousands of people. The research team combined detailed food surveys with a wealth of objective health data, including:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Blood tests:</strong>&nbsp;These reveal metabolic markers that can be influenced by diet, such as cholesterol and blood sugar levels.</li>



<li><strong>Brain scans:</strong>&nbsp;These images provide insights into brain structure and potential changes influenced by health factors like nutrition.</li>



<li><strong>Genetic testing:</strong>&nbsp;This analyzes an individual's DNA to understand variations in genes that might affect food preferences or how the body processes certain nutrients.</li>



<li><strong>Mental well-being assessments:</strong>&nbsp;Participants completed questionnaires designed to measure aspects of mood, anxiety, and overall mental health.</li>



<li><strong>Cognitive tests:</strong>&nbsp;Participants took tests designed to evaluate problem-solving abilities, memory, attention, and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walk-20-minutes-daily-to-boost-your-brain-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> functions.</li>
</ul>



<p>By using advanced computer tools (machine learning) to analyze all this data, the researchers aimed to find reliable patterns linking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary</a> choices to various aspects of physical and mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-impacts-mental-well-being-and-brain-structure">Diet impacts mental well-being and brain structure</h2>



<p>The study's findings strongly suggest that eating a balanced diet plays a significant role in supporting our brains. People who made whole foods like fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and fish a priority in their diets showed several key benefits:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improved mental health:</strong>&nbsp;These individuals were less likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. Eating a nutritious diet may influence the production of brain chemicals involved in regulating mood and managing stress.</li>



<li><strong>Enhanced cognitive function:</strong>&nbsp;A healthy diet was linked to better scores on tests measuring problem-solving skills, memory, and attention. This suggests that the nutrients found in whole foods help support the brain's ability to process information effectively.</li>



<li><strong>Higher volumes of gray matter:</strong>&nbsp;Gray matter is a type of brain tissue packed with nerve cells that are essential for thinking, learning, and decision-making. Those who ate a balanced diet had more gray matter, potentially impacting overall intelligence and cognitive abilities.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-gradual-changes-in-diet">Importance of gradual changes in diet</h2>



<p>The researchers stress that fad <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-your-secret-weapon-against-aging-and-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> or restrictive eating plans are unlikely to provide long-term benefits for brain health. Instead, they recommend focusing on creating sustainable changes that you can maintain over time. </p>



<p>Small, gradual shifts, like slowly cutting back on added sugar or overly processed fats, can be impactful. This approach has a few advantages:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Reduced cravings:</strong>&nbsp;When you make gradual adjustments, your body has time to adapt, potentially reducing strong cravings for unhealthy foods.</li>



<li><strong>Natural preference shift:</strong>&nbsp;Over time, as you introduce more whole foods, your taste buds might adjust, making healthier options seem more appealing and enjoyable.</li>



<li><strong>Habit formation:</strong>&nbsp;Making small and consistent changes can more easily become lifelong habits than attempting drastic overhauls that depend solely on willpower, which often proves unsustainable over time.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-environment-and-socioeconomic-factors">Genetics, environment, and socioeconomic factors</h2>



<p>The study underscores the intricate interplay between nature and nurture. While our genes can influence food preferences, access to healthy food is just as important. </p>



<p>"Since dietary choices can be influenced by socioeconomic status, it's crucial to ensure that this does not hinder individuals from adopting a healthy balanced dietary profile," noted Professor Jianfeng Feng, the study's lead author.</p>



<p>The research highlights the potential for food policy to shape public health. Governments play a role in making nutritious options affordable and accessible to all. On a more personal level, schools and families are also crucial for instilling healthy eating habits from a young age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-diet-brain-connection">Significance of diet brain connection</h2>



<p>While this study provides compelling evidence about the link between nutrition and brain health, it's important to remember that this is a complex and evolving field of research. There's still much to learn. One particularly fascinating area that scientists are exploring is the role of the gut microbiome. </p>



<p>Our digestive system houses trillions of bacteria, collectively known as the gut microbiome. These microbes play vital roles in digestion and immune function. Researchers are discovering that the bacteria in our gut communicate with our brains in surprising ways. </p>



<p>Changes in the composition of our gut microbiome, influenced by diet, could potentially affect our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bright-light-instantly-enhances-brain-function-alertness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> function and even our mood.</p>



<p>Scientists are investigating how a healthy diet fosters a beneficial gut microbiome, which in turn could have positive implications for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-focus-with-so-many-distractions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains</a>. This research might lead to exciting new approaches to promote mental well-being and cognitive health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-024-00226-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Mental Health</a></em>.</p>



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Healthy diet linked to positive changes in brain structure

We've long understood the impact of diet on our weight,...

<p>A recent global study has shed light on a long-debated question in the world of entomology: are <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-insects-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> populations more active during the day or night? The findings, led by <a href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/mark-wong" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Mark Wong</a> of <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a>, reveal a surprising pattern – insect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-has-increased-seasonal-insect-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a> increases by a third (31.4%) at night.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-activity-cycles">Insect activity cycles</h2>



<p>Insects play vital roles in ecosystems across the globe. Many flowering plants rely on insects to transfer pollen between blooms, ensuring the fertilization of seeds and the production of fruits and vegetables. Without insects like bees, butterflies, and flies, our food supply would be dramatically limited.</p>



<p>Insects help break down organic matter such as decaying leaves, fallen logs, and animal waste. This releases essential nutrients back into the soil, promoting plant growth and supporting the health of whole ecosystems.</p>



<p>Diverse animals, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals, rely on insects as a primary food supply. Insects help to transfer energy up the food chain and support biodiversity at multiple levels.</p>



<p>Understanding their activity patterns across the day-night cycle is thus essential for comprehending broader ecological processes.&nbsp;When insects are more active directly influences their ability to carry out these vital roles in the ecosystem. </p>



<p>Knowing whether certain species are predominantly nocturnal or diurnal helps us understand factors like pollination timing, predator-prey relationships, and how ecosystems respond to environmental change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-activity-at-night-and-day">Insect activity at night and day</h2>



<p>Dr. Wong's research provides a comprehensive picture of which insect groups favor nocturnal or diurnal lifestyles:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nocturnal-insects">Nocturnal insects</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Mayflies:</strong> Delicate insects with large, transparent wings. They are vital to aquatic ecosystems - their nymph stage is spent underwater and they are a key food source for fish. Adult mayflies have a famously short lifespan, emerging just to mate and lay eggs.</li>



<li><strong>Caddisflies:</strong>&nbsp;Similar to small moths, their aquatic larvae often build cases around themselves from materials like leaves and twigs for protection. They play a crucial role in processing organic matter in streams and rivers.</li>



<li><strong>Moths:</strong>&nbsp;While some moths are diurnal, many species are nocturnal. They are important pollinators, especially for night-blooming flowers, and serve as food for bats and other nocturnal predators.</li>



<li><strong>Earwigs:</strong>&nbsp;Identified by their distinctive pincers, these insects are mostly nocturnal scavengers. They help control pest populations and contribute to the breakdown of decaying matter.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diurnal-insects">Diurnal insects</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Thrips:</strong>&nbsp;Tiny, slender <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-insect-species-face-the-greatest-declines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> that feed on plants. While some species can damage crops, many are beneficial as they pollinate flowers or prey on other insect pests.</li>



<li><strong>Bees:</strong> Perhaps the most famous pollinators. Bees live in structured colonies and collect pollen and nectar to feed their young, facilitating the reproduction of countless plant species.</li>



<li><strong>Wasps:</strong>&nbsp;While often considered pests, many wasps are actually predators of other insects, helping control populations of flies, caterpillars, and other potential crop pests. Some wasps are also important pollinators.</li>



<li><strong>Ants:</strong>&nbsp;Social insects that live in highly organized colonies. They have diverse roles, from seed dispersal and pollination to preying on smaller insects or scavenging for food.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-drivers-of-insect-activity-patterns">Ecological drivers of insect activity patterns</h2>



<p>Insects have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid becoming a meal. One key strategy is to be most active when their main predators are not. This explains why many aquatic insects have higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-variables-can-predict-future-mosquito-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a> levels at night, given that fish are primarily visual daytime hunters.</p>



<p>Moreover, terrestrial insects face a different set of predators, particularly nocturnal creatures like bats, which often use echolocation to find prey. This is a major reason why terrestrial insects often exhibit increased activity during daylight hours.</p>



<p>Nocturnal activity was found to be significantly higher in aquatic habitats like rivers and streams. Conversely, terrestrial ecosystems, particularly grasslands and savannas, showed higher concentrations of insects during the day.</p>



<p>"Fish tend to hunt aquatic insects during the day, whereas nocturnal animals such as bats make life on land more hazardous at night," explained Dr. Wong. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-trends-in-insect-activity">Global trends in insect activity</h2>



<p>"We found peak levels of nocturnal activity in the warmer regions of the world, as more insects likely sought refuge from the heat of the day," said Dr. Wong. This highlights the sensitivity of nighttime insect populations to temperature fluctuations.</p>



<p>The study emphasizes the potential threats posed by climate change and artificial light pollution. Rising temperatures could further disrupt nocturnal insect populations in warmer climates, while artificial lighting can interfere with the natural behaviors of many nocturnal insects.</p>



<p>"Such research can be exhausting, as traps need to be installed and replaced multiple times over days and nights, across many different locations," noted Dr. Wong.</p>



<p>"But it is absolutely indispensable. Insects are among the most diverse and important organisms on our planet, and studying their intricate rhythms represents not just a scientific endeavor, but an imperative for conserving biodiversity on a rapidly changing planet."</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47645-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.</p>



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Nighttime buzz: Insect activity increases by 31.4% at night

A recent global study has shed light on a long-debated...

<p>Ko Mochizuki, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, has made a significant discovery challenging the common belief about the pollination of the genus <em>Angelica</em>, traditionally seen as having a broad range of pollinators. The findings reveal that two species within this genus, <em>Angelica decursiva</em> and <em>Angelica hakonensis</em>, are primarily pollinated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-hornets-so-successful-as-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hornets</a>, a rarity in the plant world where hornets are seldom seen as main pollinators.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-of-the-apiaceae-family">Flowers of the Apiaceae family</h2>



<p>The typical flowers of the Apiaceae family, to which <em>Angelica</em> belongs, are white, small, open, and produce nectar and pollen that attract diverse insect species. It's not uncommon for over 100 different insect species to visit the flowers of some plants in this family, categorizing them as generalists.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, Mochizuki's observations in Nagano Prefecture in 2015 and later in 2018 at the Nikko Botanical Garden showed a different story for these two specific <em>Angelica</em> species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“I observed a fierce visitation by hornets for the first time in 2015 in Nagano Prefecture and then again in 2018 in the Nikko Botanical Garden where they were feeding on the nectar of the inflorescences of <em>A. decursiva</em> and <em>A. hakonensis</em>," he reported.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apiaceae-species-and-hornet-pollinators-nbsp">Apiaceae species and hornet pollinators&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Mochizuki embarked on a detailed study. He was motivated to investigate whether these species are predominantly pollinated by hornets, a belief contrary to the established view that Apiaceae species are generalists.</p>



<p>The research method involved quantifying the number and type of "visitors" to the flowers, capturing some to check the amount of pollen on their bodies, and conducting experiments with different mesh covers to isolate the influence of hornets and other insects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wasps-are-undervalued-as-predators-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-hornets-as-pollinators-nbsp">Importance of hornets as pollinators&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results from all three approaches confirmed that hornets were the most frequent visitors. Interestingly, Mochizuki found that excluding hornets from the flowers resulted in higher than expected seed production.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Excluding the hornets allowed other visitors to gather on the flowers. Especially considering that I had previously observed hornets hunting and killing other insect visitors when they encountered each other on the inflorescence,” he said.</p>



<p>The findings highlight the need to reconsider the ecological roles of hornets, often viewed only as pests or invasive species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Hornets are generally considered pests in their native range and problematic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tweets-provide-insights-on-how-invasive-insects-spread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> in some areas such as North America. Nevertheless, this study underscores the importance of hornets as pollinators, opening new avenues for research and conservation,” Mochizuki concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hornets-as-pollinators">Hornets as pollinators</h2>



<p>Hornets, though often associated with their stinging ability and predatory habits, also play a role in pollination. Unlike bees, which are primary pollinators, hornets are considered secondary pollinators. Here's how they contribute to pollination:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incidental-pollination">Incidental pollination</h3>



<p>While hornets primarily feed on other insects, they also visit flowers for nectar. In the process of feeding on nectar, pollen can stick to their bodies and get transferred from one flower to another, facilitating pollination.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flower-visits">Flower visits</h3>



<p>Certain species of hornets are more likely to visit flowers than others. For instance, the Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) has been observed visiting flowers, though it is less common compared to smaller species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-role">Limited role</h3>



<p>Compared to bees, butterflies, and other dedicated pollinators, hornets' overall contribution to pollination is relatively minor. Their body structure is not as well adapted for carrying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carrying-pollen-increases-bumblebees-body-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> as that of bees, and they do not have behaviors specifically aimed at pollination.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impact">Ecological impact</h3>



<p>Hornets can impact ecosystems through their predatory behavior on other insects, including some pollinators. This can indirectly affect pollination dynamics, especially if they reduce the numbers of primary pollinators in an area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-apiaceae-species">More about Apiaceae species</h2>



<p>The Apiaceae family, commonly known as the carrot or parsley family, is a diverse and significant group of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-are-not-just-attracted-to-plants-by-scent-but-also-by-humidity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>, primarily recognized for its aromatic members that are often used in cooking and traditional medicine.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Apiaceae family contains about 3,700 species spread across 434 genera. These plants are widely distributed across the globe, particularly in temperate regions. They thrive in a variety of habitats, from mountainous areas to flat plains.</p>



<p>Plants in this family are usually aromatic herbs with hollow stems. The leaves are often compound and the flowers are typically small, clustered in umbels, which is a defining characteristic of the family. These umbels present as a series of short flower stalks spreading from a common point, somewhat like the ribs of an umbrella, hence the name.</p>



<p>Many Apiaceae species are cultivated for their edible roots, seeds, or leaves. Familiar examples include carrots (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and dill (Anethum graveolens). Several species also have medicinal properties and have been used in traditional remedies for a variety of ailments.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4311" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Ecology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Image Credit: Mochizuki 2024</p>



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Hornets are the most important pollinators for some plants

Ko Mochizuki, a researcher from the University of Tokyo, has...

<p>Measles, a once-declining infectious disease, is experiencing a worrying resurgence. New data from the World Health Organization (<a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHO</a>) reveals a dramatic increase in measles cases worldwide, raising concerns about the potential for a major public health crisis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measles-cases">Measles cases</h2>



<p>Global measles cases nearly doubled in 2023 compared to 2022:&nbsp;This startling increase in cases indicates that measles is spreading at an alarming rate. It underscores the urgency of addressing factors contributing to the decline in vaccination coverage.</p>



<p>The number of countries experiencing large, disruptive measles outbreaks has tripled in the past year:&nbsp;This means more countries are struggling to contain measles outbreaks, which significantly strains their healthcare systems and puts countless lives at risk. The increasing geographical spread makes global containment much more difficult.</p>



<p>In 2024, nearly half of all reported cases originated in the WHO European Region:&nbsp;This surprising statistic reveals that even regions previously making progress towards measles elimination are now experiencing major setbacks. It highlights the need to strengthen immunization programs and address vaccine hesitancy across all regions.</p>



<p>Overall, these figures paint a grim picture of the global measles situation. If unchecked, this trend has the potential to undo decades of progress and trigger a devastating global health crisis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-measles-virus">The measles virus</h2>



<p>Measles is a highly contagious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/virus-lifespan-and-transmission-boosted-by-high-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral</a> illness that primarily affects the respiratory system. It presents with symptoms such as:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>High fever:</strong>&nbsp;A significant increase in body temperature, often reaching 104°F (40°C) or higher.</li>



<li><strong>Characteristic rash:</strong>&nbsp;A widespread, red, or reddish-brown rash that usually starts on the face and head before spreading to the rest of the body. Individual spots may join together, giving the skin a blotchy appearance.</li>



<li><strong>Runny nose:</strong>&nbsp;A persistent discharge from the nose, indicating inflammation in the nasal passages.</li>



<li><strong>Red, watery eyes:</strong>&nbsp;Eyes may become bloodshot and produce excessive tears due to irritation and inflammation.</li>
</ul>



<p>In some cases, measles can progress into severe and potentially life-threatening complications. These can include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Pneumonia:</strong>&nbsp;An infection of the lungs that causes inflammation and difficulty breathing. This is a common complication of measles, especially in young children.</li>



<li><strong>Blindness:</strong>&nbsp;Measles can cause permanent vision loss due to damage to the eyes or optic nerves.</li>



<li><strong>Encephalitis:</strong>&nbsp;Inflammation of the brain, which can result in seizures, neurological problems, and even death.</li>



<li><strong>Death</strong>&nbsp;In rare cases, measles can be fatal, particularly in young children with weakened immune systems.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measles-vulnerability-in-children">Measles vulnerability in children</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/india-avoid-child-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Children</a> under five years of age are particularly susceptible to measles and its complications. Their immune systems are still developing, making them more likely to experience severe illness, hospitalization, and long-term health problems.</p>



<p>In severe cases, complications like pneumonia, blindness, and even death can occur. Children under five are especially vulnerable to these complications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-contributing-to-the-resurgence">Factors contributing to the resurgence</h2>



<p>Several factors have likely played a role in the rising measles cases:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-vaccination-rates">Declining vaccination rates</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Misinformation and vaccine hesitancy:</strong>&nbsp;The spread of inaccurate or misleading information about the safety and effectiveness of measles vaccines has eroded public trust and reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaccines-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> acceptance in some communities.</li>



<li><strong>Impact on herd immunity:</strong>&nbsp;When a large portion of a population is immune to a disease (through vaccination), it becomes very difficult for the virus to spread, protecting even those who are unvaccinated. Falling vaccination rates undermine this 'herd immunity', increasing the risk of significant outbreaks.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-19-pandemic-disruptions">COVID-19 pandemic disruptions</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Focus on COVID-19 mitigation:</strong>&nbsp;Public health resources and attention were understandably diverted to combating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/measles-outbreaks-are-back-and-covid-19-will-make-them-worse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, leading to temporary disruptions in routine healthcare services, including childhood immunization programs.</li>



<li><strong>Missed vaccinations and immunity gaps:</strong>&nbsp;Children who missed their scheduled measles vaccinations during the pandemic have developed gaps in their immunity, leaving them susceptible to infection and creating a larger pool of potential carriers of the virus.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-instability">Global instability</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Disruptions to healthcare systems:</strong>&nbsp;Conflicts, natural disasters, and other humanitarian crises often cause severe disruptions to essential healthcare services. Immunization programs frequently become casualties in these situations, as resources are diverted and access to care becomes challenging.</li>



<li><strong>Vulnerability of displaced populations:</strong>&nbsp;People who have been displaced due to conflict or crises are often living in crowded, unsanitary conditions with limited access to healthcare. These conditions are ripe for the rapid transmission of measles and other infectious diseases.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-to-elimination-under-threat">The path to elimination under threat</h2>



<p>"Significant progress was made toward measles elimination in recent years. However, the current surge in cases jeopardizes these gains," noted Dr. Patrick O'Connor of the WHO. He emphasized the importance of maintaining high, consistent, and equitable vaccination coverage to prevent future outbreaks.</p>



<p>While there are challenges, Professor Hanna Nohynek from the <a href="https://thl.fi/en/main-page" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare</a> highlighted the success of the Americas region, which achieved measles elimination in 2016. Their strategy focused on intensive vaccination campaigns, strengthening routine immunization, and robust surveillance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommendations-for-action">Recommendations for action</h2>



<p>To reverse the measles resurgence, experts emphasize the following interventions:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Prioritize vaccination:</strong>&nbsp;Ensure you and your family are fully vaccinated against measles according to recommended immunization schedules.</li>



<li><strong>Promote reliable information:</strong>&nbsp;Share accurate, science-based information about the safety and efficacy of measles vaccines. Counter misinformation that fuels vaccine hesitancy.</li>



<li><strong>Support global vaccination efforts:</strong>&nbsp;Donate to or advocate for organizations working to improve access to vaccines in low- and middle-income countries.</li>
</ul>



<p>Measles is a preventable disease. By working together and prioritizing vaccination, we can protect ourselves and communities worldwide from this potentially devastating illness.</p>



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Global measles crisis: Cases nearly doubled in 2023

Measles, a once-declining infectious disease, is experiencing a worrying resurgence....

<p>The captivating image of dinosaurs – especially apex predators like <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> – as cunning, highly intelligent creatures has long been a staple of both scientific inquiry and popular imagination. </p>



<p>But a new study led by the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> is shaking the foundations of this long-held belief, suggesting that these prehistoric giants might not have been the intellectual powerhouses we envisioned.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-previous-claims-on-intelligent-dinosaurs">Previous claims on intelligent dinosaurs</h2>



<p>The study has shed light on the cognitive abilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megaraptor-species-named-fujianipus-yingliangi-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>. Previous research hinted at exceptionally high neuron densities in the brains of certain species. These findings led to compelling hypotheses suggesting that dinosaurs might possess intelligence levels similar to primates. </p>



<p>This revelation opened the possibility of remarkably complex behaviors, previously considered unique to mammals. Scientists began to envision dinosaurs engaging in behaviors such as tool use, passing down knowledge within their groups, and even demonstrating rudimentary problem-solving skills. </p>



<p>These implications have the potential to significantly transform our understanding of dinosaur behavior and evolution as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurons-determine-dinosaur-intelligence">Neurons determine dinosaur intelligence</h2>



<p>An international team of experts, including paleontologists, behavioral scientists, and neurologists, conducted a thorough analysis of the techniques used to estimate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-dinosaur-fossils-discovered-from-the-end-of-cretaceous-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> brain size and the number of neurons within those brains. </p>



<p>The study highlighted significant issues with previous assumptions. The team's findings suggest that earlier studies may have overstated both the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-explore-the-brain-of-a-160-million-year-old-dinosaur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> size and the density of neurons. This casts doubt on the previously assumed direct link between high neuron counts and advanced intellectual abilities.</p>



<p>“We present revised estimates of encephalization and telencephalic neuron counts in dinosaurs, which we derive from phylogenetically informed modeling and an amended dataset of endocranial measurements. For large-bodied theropods in particular, we recover significantly lower neuron counts than previously proposed,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Furthermore, we review the suitability of neurological variables such as neuron numbers and relative brain size to predict cognitive complexity, metabolic rate and life history traits in dinosaurs, coming to the conclusion that they are flawed proxies for these biological phenomena." </p>



<p>"Instead of relying on such neurological estimates when reconstructing Mesozoic dinosaur biology, we argue that integrative studies are needed to approach this complex subject.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-capabilities-and-limitations">Dinosaur capabilities and limitations</h2>



<p>How do we understand the minds of extinct creatures? The researchers emphasized the importance of a multi-faceted approach. </p>



<p>“Determining the intelligence of dinosaurs and other extinct animals is best done using many lines of evidence ranging from gross anatomy to fossil footprints instead of relying on neuron number estimates alone,” explained study co-author Hady George.</p>



<p>Scientists can use multiple sources of information: skeletal anatomy, bone structure analysis, comparisons with the behavior of modern-day relatives, and even the trace fossils left behind by these ancient creatures. Together, these tools paint a more complete picture of dinosaur capabilities and potential limitations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-intelligent-reptiles">Highly intelligent reptiles</h2>



<p>While it may seem less thrilling to imagine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossilized-dinosaur-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> without primate-level intellect, this study offers a compelling shift in perspective. “They were more likely akin to highly intelligent reptiles, which presents a different, but equally fascinating picture of their capabilities.” explained Dr. Darren Naish, co-author of the study.</p>



<p>Dinosaurs were not failures; they were incredibly successful within the context of their evolutionary journey. This means we should focus on their strengths as dinosaurs instead of comparing them to mammals who evolved along a different path millions of years later.</p>



<p>Importantly, dinosaurs were the apex lifeforms for a vast swath of Earth's history. They weren't competing with mammals but rather occupied the dominant ecological niches on the planet. Their success depended on the ability to evolve traits suited to their environment. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaurs-were-intelligent-for-their-time">Dinosaurs were intelligent for their time</h2>



<p>Dinosaurs thrived for millions of years because they weren't merely surviving, but mastering their environments. This mastery was achieved through a stunning array of adaptations. Their physical adaptations, like immense size, protective armor, or specialized teeth, are easily visible in fossils. </p>



<p>They also evolved complex behavioral adaptations such as herding for safety, migration to follow resources, and intricate nesting behaviors to care for their young. Additionally, their physiological adaptations, such as unique metabolic processes or highly specialized sensory systems, allowed them to exploit specific ecological niches.</p>



<p>Traditionally, judging dinosaurs as "failed mammals" implies a narrow view of evolution where our own intelligence is the only worthwhile endpoint. A more insightful approach recognizes that dinosaurs were incredibly successful, evolving within the distinct challenges and opportunities of their specific eras. </p>



<p>Dinosaurs represent a unique evolutionary trajectory, demonstrating the remarkable ability of lifeforms to adapt and flourish within Earth's ever-changing environment.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25459#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Anatomical Record</a></em>.</p>



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Dinosaurs were less intelligent than modern day monkeys

The captivating image of dinosaurs – especially apex predators like Tyrannosaurus...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>Away from the reservations, though, people in the U.S. tried to grab their piece of the American Dream. That included the folks in the postbellum Deep South, even as they battled against years of economic underdevelopment and racial friction. And these images – many from the earliest days of photography – give an unrivaled insight into what life was truly like in that part of the world more than a century ago. Featuring everything from abundant peanut harvests to Mississippi steamers laden with cotton, the powerful snapshots show a region gradually getting back on its feet. Photo Credit: Lewis W. Hine/Buyenlarge/Getty Images</p>


Piece of the American Dream

<p>Red Hawk (Cetan Luta) was an Oglala Lakota from the Oyahpe band who fought alongside Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull at Little Bighorn. He witnessed plenty of violent conflicts as the European colonists forced their way across the&nbsp;U.S. Indigenous tribes faced an unprecedented strife in this time period. Photo Credit: Buyenlarge/Getty Images</p>