<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Earth Observatory features the Costa Atlántica Reserve stretching along the Atlantic coast in Argentina.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-refuge-for-migratory-birds-nbsp">A refuge for migratory birds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“At the far southern reaches of South America, a stretch of tidal flats, shoals, and beaches serves as a refuge for migratory shorebirds and copious aquatic life,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>“The Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina extends for 220 kilometers (140 miles) along the eastern shore of Tierra del Fuego. The area was designated a Ramsar site in 1995 and a provincial nature reserve in 1998." </p>



<p>According to NASA, the reserve is the southernmost site both on the Ramsar list and in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-costa-atlantica-reserve">Significance of the Costa Atlántica Reserve</h2>



<p>The Costa Atlántica Reserve is an important conservation site that signifies Argentina's commitment to preserving its rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal biodiversity</a>. </p>



<p>This vast expanse of protected area serves as a sanctuary for many species, ranging from migratory birds to marine mammals and diverse plant life.</p>



<p>“Tidal habitats along the coast support some 135 species of birds, while crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and cetaceans feed in the productive coastal waters,” said NASA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The topography inland of Costa Atlántica, stretching into Chile to the west, is blanketed in shrubs and grassland vegetation adapted to dry conditions - part of a semiarid ecosystem known as the Fuegian steppe.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-ecological-balance-nbsp">Maintaining ecological balance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Established to safeguard the delicate ecosystems of dunes, estuaries, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-lagoons-have-high-loads-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal lagoons</a>, the reserve plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It provides critical habitats for numerous threatened species, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-right-whales-have-shifted-their-foraging-grounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Right Whale</a>, which finds refuge in these waters during its breeding season.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costa-atlantica-reserve-a-living-laboratory-nbsp">Costa Atlántica Reserve: A living laboratory&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Costa Atlántica Reserve is not only a refuge for wildlife but also a living laboratory for scientific research. Conservationists and researchers work within its bounds to monitor ecosystems, study species behaviors, and develop strategies for sustainable management.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This ongoing research is pivotal in understanding the impacts of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-river-deltas-face-major-threats-beyond-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal environments</a> and in devising measures to mitigate these effects.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the reserve illustrates the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts. Local communities are engaged in sustainable tourism and educational programs. </p>



<p>Through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bird-photographers-improve-nesting-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-tourism</a> initiatives, visitors can experience the natural beauty of the reserve while contributing to its preservation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tierra-del-fuego-archipelago">Tierra del Fuego archipelago</h2>



<p>According to NASA, the broader landscape of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was shaped by glaciers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Ice advanced over the mountains and lowlands during cold climatic periods between the mid-Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum, about 20,000 years ago. San Sebastián Bay formed in a tectonic depression that was deepened by glacial erosion," noted NASA. </p>



<p>“Further evidence of glaciation, including hummocky moraines and fields of glacial erratics, appears around the bay, though it is too small to be visible in this image.”</p>



<p>“Partially enclosed by a long, sandy peninsula, San Sebastián Bay attracts copious migratory birds, some of which shuttle seasonally between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.”</p>



<p>“Large populations of the Hudsonian godwit, white-rumped sandpiper, and other long-distance flyers congregate in the vast intertidal zones. This part of the reserve, however, is vulnerable to the impact of oil and gas extraction from onshore and offshore deposits.”</p>



<p>The image was captured on February 20, 2024 by the <a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLI-2</a> (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This galaxy is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas covering the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study co-author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy streams of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> emphasized the broader implications of these findings. </p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Earth Observatory features Tropical Storm Francine moving across the Gulf of Mexico on the afternoon of September 10, 2024. </p>



<p>Just hours after the photo was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-21 satellite, the storm intensified into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-hurricanes-are-intensifying-faster-due-to-climate-change/">hurricane</a> strength.</p>



<p>By September 11, Francine had become a Category 2 hurricane, reaching wind speeds of 100 miles per hour. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storms-fueled-by-rising-ocean-temperatures">Storms fueled by rising ocean temperatures</h2>



<p>“Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are a fair predictor of the readiness of the ocean to fuel and sustain storms. Meteorologists generally agree that SSTs should be above 82 degrees Fahrenheit to sustain and intensify hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153309/francine-bears-down-on-louisiana" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>“During the time of Francine’s development on September 8 to 10, temperatures in the southwestern Gulf were several degrees above that threshold and slightly above the 2003-2014 average for those dates, according to data from the Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MUR SST) project.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-hurricane-francine">Impacts of Hurricane Francine</h2>



<p>Louisiana was hit hardest by Francine, with coastal areas experiencing life-threatening storm surges up to 10 feet, heavy rainfall, and significant flooding. In Terrebonne Parish, where Francine made landfall, more than 200,000 residents lost power.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Southern regions of Texas also experienced heavy rainfall and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>. Despite some weakening as Francine moved inland, Mississippi and other parts of the Gulf Coast still experienced flash flooding and strong winds as the system degraded into a tropical depression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2024-atlantic-hurricane-season">2024 Atlantic hurricane season</h2>



<p>The 2024 Atlantic hurricane season has been notably active, but with an unusual break in activity leading up to Hurricane Francine.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-start-for-storms">Early start for storms</h3>



<p>The season officially began on June 1, 2024. By early September, there had been five named storms, including three hurricanes, with one reaching Category 5 status - Hurricane Beryl in July.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Beryl set an early-season record as it intensified rapidly due to exceptionally warm sea surface <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-calm">Surprising calm</h3>



<p>While the early part of the season saw significant activity, including Beryl's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-causes-the-rapid-intensification-of-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explosive growth</a>, the basin has experienced a surprising calm since mid-August. </p>



<p>From August 12 to September 3, there was no tropical activity, marking the quietest stretch in over 50 years. Experts attribute this inactivity to several factors, including cooling waters in parts of the Atlantic and shifts in atmospheric patterns over Africa that disrupted storm formation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-ahead">What's ahead</h3>



<p>Looking ahead, forecasts are cautious but not pessimistic. Despite the quiet period, researchers still expect more activity, with potential for further storm development through September.</p>



<p>Predictions are pointing to up to 14 named storms - seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes - by the end of the 2024 season.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hurricanes-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-nbsp">Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The location of the Gulf of Mexico makes it a hotspot for hurricane development and landfall. Warm sea surface temperatures, especially in late summer and early fall, provide the energy needed for these storms to grow in intensity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When atmospheric conditions such as low wind shear and high moisture are favorable, hurricanes can rapidly intensify, becoming major threats to coastal regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-time-for-preparation-nbsp">Little time for preparation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Mexico's geography also means that hurricanes have a relatively short distance to travel before making landfall, often allowing little time for preparation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Communities in coastal states like Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are frequently in the path of these storms.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastating-impacts">Devastating impacts</h3>



<p>Over the years, hurricanes like Katrina, Harvey, and Ida have highlighted the devastating impacts, from storm surges and flooding to wind damage and disruption of infrastructure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Due to the Gulf's importance as an economic hub, especially for oil production and shipping, hurricanes can also have significant economic repercussions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The region's vulnerability to hurricanes is compounded by climate change, which has led to warmer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-ocean-heating-signals-alarm-for-a-3c-warmer-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> and more intense storms. </p>



<p>Predictions suggest that while the overall number of hurricanes may not increase, the number of major hurricanes (Category 3 and above) could rise. This will make the Gulf Coast an even more dangerous area during hurricane season, which typically lasts from June to November.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Hurricane Francine makes landfall in Louisiana 

<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features an incredible new image of the Crab Nebula in bright neon colors. </p>



<p>“The unusual image was produced by combining data from telescopes spanning nearly the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. </p>



<p>Colored in red, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) provided information about the nebula gathered in the radio regime.</p>



<p>NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope took infrared images, which appear yellow, while the NASA/ESA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-captures-another-cosmic-masterpiece-in-galaxy-ngc-2217/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope provided images made in optical wavelengths, colored in green.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Blue colors represent ultraviolet observations made by ESA’s XMM-Newton telescope, and the purple colors are X-ray radiation data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-about-the-crab-nebula-nbsp">About the Crab Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Crab Nebula, located in the constellation Taurus, contains the remnants of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova explosion</a> first observed on Earth in 1054 AD. This explosion was recorded by Chinese astronomers and possibly by Native American rock art.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The nebula spans about 11 light-years across and lies approximately 6,500 light-years away from Earth. It is one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-crab-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studied objects</a> in the sky, largely due to its status as a bright and dynamic supernova remnant.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crab-pulsar">The Crab Pulsar</h2>



<p>The Crab Nebula contains a pulsar at its center, which is a rapidly rotating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slow-spinning-neutron-star-completely-defies-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron star</a> that emits pulses of radiation. This pulsar, known as the Crab Pulsar, spins about 30 times per second and is a significant source of gamma rays and other forms of high-energy radiation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The nebula itself is a complex structure of filaments and synchrotron radiation. The filaments are remnants of the original star's outer layers, while the synchrotron radiation emerges from electrons spiraling in the magnetic fields produced by the pulsar.</p>



<p>“Surrounding the pulsar lies a mix of material; some of it was originally expelled from the star before it went supernova, and the rest was ejected during the explosion itself,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Fast-moving winds of particles fly off from the neutron star, energizing the dust and gas around it. These different layers and intricacies of the nebula can be observed in all of the different wavelengths of light.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crab-nebula-observation-nbsp">Crab Nebula observation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Throughout its history, the Crab Nebula has provided critical insights into the processes of stellar death, the behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pulsars-are-helping-astronomers-pinpoint-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsars</a>, and the mechanics of supernova remnants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Its continuous observation has revealed changes over time, such as the expansion of its filaments and variations in its brightness, offering a dynamic laboratory for astrophysical studies.</p>



<p>Overall, the Crab Nebula is a highly energetic and object, providing valuable insights into the processes following a supernova explosion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-nebulae">Fascinating facts about nebulae</h2>



<p>Nebulae are some of the most breathtaking and intriguing structures in the universe. They are vast clouds of gas and dust, often considered stellar nurseries where new stars are born. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-of-nebulae">Colors of nebulae </h3>



<p>One of the most fascinating aspects of nebulae is their ability to glow in different colors. This occurs because they either reflect the light of nearby stars or emit light due to the ionization of gases within them, particularly hydrogen. </p>



<p>Some nebulae, like the famous Orion Nebula, are visible to the naked eye and serve as one of the nearest regions of active star formation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae">Planetary nebulae </h3>



<p>Stars are born in dense regions of nebulae, and when they die, some will expel their outer layers, creating stunning structures known as planetary nebulae. The colorful clouds left behind can shine brightly for thousands of years. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-size">Massive size</h3>



<p>Another amazing fact is that some nebulae are so vast that light can take years to travel from one side to the other, stretching across hundreds of light-years.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-remnants">Star remnants </h3>



<p>Perhaps even more mind-boggling is the fact that nebulae are the remnants of previous generations of stars. Supernova explosions of massive stars can create these glowing clouds of gas and dust, seeding the cosmos with the elements necessary for the formation of new stars and planets.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Dubner (IAFE, CONICET-University of Buenos Aires) et al.; A. Loll et al.; T. Temim et al.; F. Seward et al.; VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF; Chandra/CXC; Spitzer/JPL-Caltech; XMM-Newton/ESA; and Hubble/STScI</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Crab Nebula: The brilliant remains of a massive star explosion

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features wildfires in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. These fires have been some of the most devastating in recent history.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on September 9, 2024. “The infrared signal acquired by the mission’s multispectral instrument allows the extent of the burned areas to be seen and highlights where the fires were still active on the date of acquisition,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brazil-fires-of-2024">Brazil fires of 2024</h2>



<p>2024 has shaped up to be one of Brazil's most intense fire seasons. The country is facing its worst drought since national measurements began, which has fueled a surge in wildfires across critical regions like the Amazon, the Pantanal wetlands, and the Cerrado savanna.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-amazon">The Amazon</h3>



<p>By September 2024, Brazil had already recorded nearly 160,000 fires - the highest number since 2010. In the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/">Amazon</a>, the first half of the year saw the most wildfires in 20 years, with fire activity up by 40% compared to previous record years.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-deforestation-nbsp">Climate change and deforestation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Climate change and human-driven deforestation are worsening the situation. The combination of extreme drought, slash-and-burn agriculture, and the ongoing degradation of forests has created ideal conditions for fire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a> to spread uncontrollably. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-in-the-pantanal-nbsp">Fires in the Pantanal&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Regions like the Pantanal have been especially hard-hit, with large portions of the biome burned earlier than usual, long before the peak of fire season.</p>



<p>The fires have significantly impacted the fragile ecosystem of the Pantanal, which is one of the world’s largest tropical wetlands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Between August 1 and 27, over 3,800 fires were recorded in the Pantanal, marking an alarming increase compared to the previous year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These fires have led to severe damage to local wildlife, with hundreds of animals, including jaguars and anteaters, suffering from burns. Firefighters have been mobilized, but the scale of the fires and the vast, difficult-to-access areas have made containment efforts challenging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irreversible-impacts-on-biodiversity">Irreversible impacts on biodiversity</h2>



<p>Furthermore, the fires have released toxic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a> that has spread across Brazil, affecting cities as far as São Paulo and Brasília. The use of satellite imagery from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has been crucial in monitoring the active fires and the extent of burned areas. </p>



<p>Environmentalists are warning that the destruction of native vegetation and animal habitats could have long-term, irreversible effects on the region’s biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-wildfires">Climate change and wildfires</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-attribute-extreme-heat-and-wildfires-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> and wildfires are deeply interconnected. As the Earth's climate warms due to the increase in greenhouse gases, many regions around the world are experiencing hotter, drier conditions. </p>



<p>These changes create the perfect environment for wildfires to ignite and spread. Warmer temperatures dry out vegetation, making forests and grasslands more flammable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When a spark - whether from a lightning strike, a human activity, or another source - hits this dry vegetation, fires can erupt rapidly and become difficult to control.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-fire-seasons">Longer fire seasons</h3>



<p>In addition, changing weather patterns have led to longer fire seasons in many parts of the world. Areas that were once too wet or cool to experience frequent fires are now seeing them more often.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, the Arctic and subarctic regions, including parts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-in-siberia-are-a-growing-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Siberia</a> and Alaska, have experienced unusually intense wildfires in recent years, partly due to warming temperatures and thawing permafrost.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-severity">Fire severity</h3>



<p>Climate change also affects the severity of fires. Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to more extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, which can generate lightning and ignite fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, prolonged droughts caused by changing rainfall patterns make forests more susceptible to large, destructive wildfires. Once a fire starts, the hot, dry conditions fuel its rapid spread, often overwhelming firefighting efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinforcing-feedback-loop">Reinforcing feedback loop</h2>



<p>The aftermath of wildfires further exacerbates climate change. When forests burn, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide stored in trees and soil into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This creates a feedback loop, where more fires lead to more carbon emissions, which in turn accelerate climate change, making future fires more likely and more intense. As climate change continues to progress, wildfires are expected to become more frequent, larger, and more destructive across many parts of the world.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Brazil's devastating 2024 fire season rages on

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured on by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."</p>



<p>"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. </p>



<p>Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.</p>



<p>One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. </p>



<p>Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. </p>



<p>These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. </p>



<p>This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. </p>



<p>Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



<p>Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. </p>



<p>However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>We live in a world where screens have become as common as dinner plates, projecting our desires, dreams, and daily news right before our eyes. But, have you ever stopped to ponder how these ubiquitous screens might be affecting our children’s mental development, particularly their language skills?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-screens-and-language-skills">Screens and language skills</h2>



<p>A team of scientists set out to investigate the connection between family screen time and the language skills of children. The research was focused on more than 400 families in Estonia.</p>



<p>The experts conducted a detailed survey on the screen use of parents and their children. The goal was to explore any possible correlation between language abilities in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-under-two-should-not-be-exposed-to-tv-or-screen-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children and the use of screen-based technology</a>.</p>



<p>The analysis revealed that children, much like silent observers, mimic their parents' screen habits. </p>



<p>The repercussions were clear. Children who spent more time glued to screens struggled with their language skills compared to those who used screens less frequently.</p>



<p>"Our study reveals that children’s screen use patterns are similar to those of their parents," said Dr. Tiia Tulviste from the <a href="https://ut.ee/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tartu</a>, who led the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-screen-time-and-language-development">Screen time and language development</h2>



<p>In numerous societies, children's language development is rooted in candid conversations with adults.</p>



<p>These discussions expose them to a treasure trove of words and structural grammar, thereby nurturing their language abilities. However, the omnipresent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toddler-screen-time-linked-to-atypical-sensory-behaviors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">screens</a> seemed to be limiting these precious moments of conversation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parent-and-child-screen-habits">Parent and child screen habits</h2>



<p>The survey, conducted by Dr. Tulviste and his colleague Dr. Jaan Tulviste, was exhaustive. It probed into the weekend screen habits of the chosen families. </p>



<p>Parents were asked to evaluate their child's language abilities through a questionnaire. The screen use was divided into three categories - high, low, and moderate.</p>



<p>The data, once analyzed, confirmed a direct link between parents' and children's screen habits. The narrative was unmistakable - children who spent less time in front of screens showed better language ability. </p>



<p>The overwhelming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-who-watch-screens-in-bed-have-the-most-disrupted-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">screen time</a> seemed to cast a shadow over language skills, regardless of the type of content consumed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-connection-or-building-walls">Bridging connection or building walls? </h2>



<p>The researchers acknowledged that though some educative and interactive games or e-books could potentially assist language learning, the evidence points to more personal, face-to-face interactions as the primary driver of language development in early years.</p>



<p>The team also investigated the effects of video games on language skills, and the results were not encouraging. Screen time dedicated to video games seemed to detract from a child's language skills, irrespective of whether the child or the parent was gaming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-screen-time-during-the-pandemic">Screen time during the pandemic</h2>



<p>“The study has a cross-sectional design - we studied each participant only once and did not follow their developmental trajectory over a longer time period,” noted Dr. Tulviste.</p>



<p>“Also, the data were collected before the Covid-19 pandemic. It will be interesting to look at future research findings addressing language development and the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interactive-screen-time-has-a-big-impact-on-sleep-among-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">screen use</a> during the pandemic.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>As families worldwide had to adapt to a new, screen-intensive lifestyle amid COVID-19, it's crucial to investigate how these changes might influence language skills in children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-of-virtual-classrooms">Age of virtual classrooms</h2>



<p>Since the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional classrooms have largely transitioned into digital environments. This shift to virtual learning platforms introduced children to a new realm of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/screen-time-damages-childrens-health-reduces-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">screen</a> usage, both amplifying opportunities and challenges.</p>



<p>While online classes ensure continuity in education amidst restrictions, the reliance on screens could lead to diminished interpersonal interactions - a critical component for language acquisition.</p>



<p>Educators observed that students who struggled with language concepts experienced heightened difficulties in grasping complex syntax and vocabulary via virtual platforms.</p>



<p>The need for a balanced approach arises, where educators and parents can work together to supplement screen-based learning with interactive, face-to-face communication to enrich children's language skills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collateral-damage-of-screen-time">Collateral damage of screen time</h2>



<p>As digital natives grow up in an age brimming with technological wonders, the role of parents as guides is more pivotal than ever. It is essential for parents to establish healthy screen-time habits, recognizing their influence as primary role models. </p>



<p>By actively engaging in conversation-rich activities, such as reading together or playing language-based games offline, parents can create an engaging linguistic environment for their children. </p>



<p>Furthermore, setting intentional screen-free times can foster moments of spontaneous dialogue, sparking creativity and curiosity. </p>



<p>Armed with awareness and proactive strategies, parents can help bridge the gap between screens and speech, steering children's development towards a more holistic, communicative future.</p>



<p>In summary, increased screen time is a part of our new normal. However, as Dr. Tulviste warns, it's crucial to look at the collateral damage – particularly on children's language development.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/developmental-psychology/articles/10.3389/fdpys.2024.1404235/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Developmental Psychology.</em></a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Kids with too much screen time struggle to gain language skills

We live in a world where screens have become as...

<p>Pathogens traveling on the wind may be more common than we realize.&nbsp;A recent study has revealed a surprising discovery - potentially harmful microbes, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, travel vast intercontinental distances on high-level winds.</p>



<p>The study, which is the first of its kind, focused on data from tropospheric aircraft surveys. </p>



<p>Scientists led by Professor Xavier Rodó at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.isglobal.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barcelona Institute for Global Health</a>&nbsp;uncovered an unexpected diversity of bacteria and fungi, some of which are pathogenic to humans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Around 30-40% of the microbes were potentially pathogenic species, either well-recognized human pathogens or opportunistic pathogens," noted Professor Rodó. This can affect people with weakened immune systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-flying-pathogens">High-flying pathogens</h2>



<p>While concentrations of microbes in the air are too low to cause immediate illness, Professor Rodó warned that the real concern lies in the potential for these airborne microbes to introduce&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-have-been-found-in-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic-resistant</a>&nbsp;genes into new environments.</p>



<p>"The genes are transported in living organisms, so they have a greater likelihood of passing once the aerosol settles," added Dr. Allen Haddrell of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, who was not involved in the study.</p>



<p>The resilient&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-deadly-microbes-travel-around-the-world-so-quickly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a>&nbsp;were found covering distances up to 1,200 miles, attached to dust particles in a study conducted over Japan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These dust particles, originating from farm fields in northeastern China, transported more than 300 species of bacteria and 260 types of fungi across the skies.&nbsp;Similar wind patterns likely carry microbes across other regions of the globe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pathogens-and-winds-of-resistance">Pathogens and winds of resistance</h2>



<p>The sheer number of microbial species surprised the researchers, as their initial goal was simply to analyze the chemistry of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-salt-lake-drying-up-causing-major-dust-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>&nbsp;particles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This is a word of caution that we should be changing our view of the air," said Professor Rodó. He pointed out that these microbes endured extreme environmental conditions, protected by the dust particles they traveled with.</p>



<p>Some of the species identified include well-known&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-vegetables-often-harbor-human-pathogens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human pathogens</a>&nbsp;such as E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Clostridium difficile.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Protected from ultraviolet light and dehydration, these pathogens remained viable and capable of replicating after long journeys.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pathogens-in-the-wind-samples">Pathogens in the wind samples</h2>



<p>Dust samples were collected at altitudes between 0.6 and 1.9 miles above Japan, beyond the planetary boundary layer (PBL). At these altitudes, winds travel faster and farther due to reduced friction with the ground.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Chemical analysis confirmed the dust’s long-range origin, containing rare elements such as zirconium and hafnium, which were traced to agricultural regions in China.</p>



<p>"The chances of getting an infectious dose (via high-level winds) must be considerably less than when encountering an infected person on an airplane," noted Professor Chris Thomas from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>.</p>



<p>However, Professor Thomas noted that the dust and chemicals accompanying the microbes may pose a greater health risk as air pollution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-this-mean-for-humans">What does this mean for humans?</h2>



<p>Though the immediate risk of infection from these high-altitude travelers is low, the presence of antibiotic-resistant microbes raises concerns about global health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Professor Rodó emphasized that the findings reveal an underappreciated dimension of antibiotic resistance. The experts concluded that the troposphere could act as a reservoir and long-distance transporter of various microbial species, including harmful ones.</p>



<p>This highlights the potential for airborne pathogens to contribute to antibiotic resistance, posing significant public health concerns that require further investigation. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to combat the spread of resistant bacteria.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pathogens-and-antibiotic-resistance">Pathogens and antibiotic resistance</h2>



<p>The research opens up new questions about the spread of antibiotic resistance via wind-borne pathogens and dust particles.</p>



<p>Dr. Haddrell warned that this is going to be a problem over the long term as more resistant&nbsp;strains of bacteria&nbsp;may find new environments in which to thrive.</p>



<p>The study also raises broader concerns about air pollution, with dust and chemicals contributing to airborne health risks.</p>



<p>While the airborne pathogens may not pose an immediate threat to most people, their ability to survive long-distance travel and carry antibiotic-resistant genes should prompt further investigation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study adds yet another layer of complexity to our global ecosystem, highlighting the need for ongoing research into the invisible travelers riding the wind.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404191121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Pathogens ride high-altitude winds over vast distances

Pathogens traveling on the wind may be more common than...

<p>Jupiter's moon Io, the most geologically active spot in the solar system, has gained a dramatic new volcanic feature that has left scientists astounded by its scale and complexity.</p>



<p>Known for its constant volcanic eruptions, Io continues to challenge our understanding of planetary geology with this latest discovery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-s-juno-mission">NASA’s Juno mission</h2>



<p>Recent high-resolution images captured by the JunoCam instrument on NASA’s Juno mission reveal a newly formed volcano. It is complete with multiple expansive lava flows and surrounding volcanic deposits, spanning an area of approximately 112 by 112 miles - an impressive addition to Io's volatile surface.</p>



<p>This discovery not only marks the first close-up examination of Io's surface in over 25 years, but also adds to the ever-evolving story of this dynamic moon.</p>



<p>The findings were presented this week at the Europlanet Science Congress (EPSC) in Berlin, offering exciting new insights into Io's relentless volcanic activity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-changes-discovered-on-io">Many changes discovered on Io</h2>



<p>The newly spotted volcano is situated just south of Io’s equator in a region previously thought to be inactive.</p>



<p>While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brilliant-new-images-of-jupiters-moon-io-captured-by-juno-spacecraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Io</a> is well known for its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lava-trails-captured-jupiters-volcanic-moon-io-new-images-shark-vis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intense volcanic activity</a>, with hundreds of active volcanoes dotting its surface, images captured during NASA's Galileo mission in 1997 revealed no evidence of volcanic structures in this particular area. </p>



<p>Instead, the region appeared as a smooth, featureless landscape, devoid of any signs of the violent geological processes that now define it.</p>



<p>Michael Ravine is the advanced projects manager at <a href="https://www.msss.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malin Space Science Systems, Inc</a>., the team responsible for designing and operating JunoCam for the NASA Juno Project.</p>



<p>“Our recent JunoCam images show many changes on Io, including this large, complicated volcanic feature that appears to have formed from nothing since 1997,” said Ravine.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-characteristics-of-io-s-new-volcano">Distinct characteristics of Io's new volcano </h2>



<p>The eastern side of the volcano is marked by a diffuse red stain, the result of sulfur vented by the volcano and later settling back onto the surface. </p>



<p>On the western side, two dark lava flows stretch across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/io-jupiter-moon-juno-mission-discovers-fire-mountains-polar-cyclones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon's landscape</a>, each extending about 62 miles.</p>



<p>At the edges of the lava flows, intense heat has vaporized frozen surface material, creating two distinct grey circles where the lava has pooled.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-junocam-s-unparalleled-view-of-io">JunoCam’s unparalleled view of Io</h2>



<p>JunoCam captured the best images of this feature on February 3, 2024, from a distance of 2,530 kilometers. </p>



<p>The image, taken in low light conditions with illumination provided solely by reflections from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-fresh-look-at-jupiter-through-an-ultraviolet-lens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter</a>, offers an unparalleled view of Io's nightside. The new volcanic feature lies just east of a previously known volcano, Kanehekili.</p>



<p>The observations are part of three recent flybys of Io in 2023 and 2024, during which JunoCam gathered close-up images of nine volcanic plumes.</p>



<p>The camera also documented new lava flows and surface changes, highlighting the ongoing geological transformations on Jupiter's moon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-junocam-s-data-is-publicly-accessible">JunoCam’s data is publicly accessible</h2>



<p>Interestingly, JunoCam’s data is made available to the public almost immediately after being received on Earth. This means that anyone with an interest in space exploration can dive into the mission’s findings.</p>



<p>The public is encouraged to access this data through the mission’s <a href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">website</a> and create their own images of Jupiter and its moons, promoting a collaborative spirit that allows space enthusiasts to participate in the discovery process.</p>



<p>“JunoCam images are created by people from all walks of life, providing a way for anyone to join our science team and share in the excitement of space exploration,” said Scott Bolton, principal investigator of NASA’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-radiation-revealed-by-juno/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juno</a> mission at <a href="https://www.swri.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southwest Research Institute</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-of-jupiter-s-moon-io">Scientific significance of Jupiter’s moon Io</h2>



<p>Ongoing observations of Jupiter’s moon Io, particularly its volcanic activity, provide valuable insights into the internal processes of one of the most geologically active celestial bodies in the solar system.</p>



<p>Io’s extreme volcanic behavior, driven by tidal forces from Jupiter's gravity, helps scientists better understand how such forces shape the geology of moons and planets.</p>



<p>The new volcano on Io also offers clues about the moon's evolution and its unique volcanic landscape. Continued monitoring of Io will further reveal how its surface is constantly being reshaped by its fiery interior.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Jupiter’s moon Io has a huge new volcano

Jupiter's moon Io, the most geologically active spot in the...

<p>We've entered an age when a once demonized plant is experiencing a resurgence in acceptance. It’s an era of fading misconceptions and growing understanding. Just as the scent of change permeates the air, so too does the aroma of cannabis among older adults.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-no-barrier-to-cannabis-use">Age: No barrier to cannabis use </h2>



<p>Older adults are not hiding their affinity for the herb. A recent study by the University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging reveals that 21% of individuals aged 50 and above have used some form of cannabis in the past year.</p>



<p>THC, the component that gives cannabis its distinguishing "buzz," is a common ingredient in products ranging from edibles to topical creams.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-older-adults-using-cannabis">Older adults using cannabis</h2>



<p>What's fascinating is the consistency of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-production-may-soon-get-a-major-boost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis ventures</a>. More than half of the respondents admitted to frequent use, with 12% of adults aged 50 and above admitting to monthly use. </p>



<p>The study showed that individuals aged 50-64, those in lesser health, or in lower-income households were more likely to report monthly cannabis use.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-driving-the-trend">What is driving the trend?</h2>



<p>The question beckons, "why"? Many older adults turn to cannabis for sleep aid (68%), pain relief (63%), mental health support (53%), or simply to unwind or feel at ease (81%).</p>



<p>However, this newfound endorsement of cannabis comes with its share of hitches. The most concerning results disclose that 20% of annual users admitted to driving within two hours of usage. </p>



<p>This percentage jumps to a startling 27% among monthly users. In addition, nearly half of frequent users have not discussed their use with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-directly-linked-to-head-and-neck-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthcare professionals</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-risk-of-cannabis">Growing risk of cannabis</h2>



<p>Dr. Erin E. Bonar is a psychologist affiliated with IHPI, the U-M Addiction Center, and the U-M Injury Prevention Center.</p>



<p>"With some form of cannabis use now legalized in 38 states and on the ballot this November in several others, and the federal rescheduling process under way, cannabis use is likely to grow,” noted Dr. Bonar.</p>



<p>“But as this poll shows, it is not risk-free, and more attention is needed to identify and reduce those risks."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-beliefs-on-cannabis">Changing beliefs on cannabis</h2>



<p>Dr. Bonar emphasized the need for heightened public awareness. With their knowledge of cannabis rooted in the past, older adults may not realize the changes in potency and addictive potential of modern cannabis.</p>



<p>This gap is reflected in the finding that 21% of older adults do not believe cannabis is any stronger now than it was two to three decades ago. Over a quarter were unaware of the possibility of cannabis addiction.</p>



<p>For those who use cannabis, especially those who use it frequently, poll director&nbsp;Dr. Jeffrey Kullgren said the findings show the importance of communicating with a health care provider about their use.</p>



<p>Only 56% of monthly users have had this conversation with their doctor. Such discussions can help spot risky drug interactions and early indications of dependence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-dependence">Signs of dependence</h2>



<p>Cannabis dependence is more common than perceived. In the study, 22% of monthly users increased their consumption to achieve the desired effect, and 21% reported a decreased effect from the same amount. </p>



<p>Furthermore, 17% increased the frequency or quantity of cannabis use and 13% reported strong cravings or desires to use THC-rich cannabis.</p>



<p>Dr. Kullgren, a primary care physician at the VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System and associate professor of internal medicine at U-M, emphasized the need for transparency about cannabis use. Such dialogue could help avoid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-linked-to-elevated-risk-of-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unexpected drug interactions</a> and diagnose potential signs of dependence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-the-landscape-of-cannabis-policy">Navigating the landscape of cannabis policy</h2>



<p>The evolving landscape of cannabis legislation remains a decisive factor in its acceptance and usage among older adults. </p>



<p>As more states and countries relax legal restrictions, there is an increasing need for policies that also address the healthcare needs of the aging population. These policies must provide a solid framework for healthcare professionals to guide patients safely and foster informed use. </p>



<p>The delicate balance between enabling access and ensuring safety highlights the urgency for comprehensive public health guidelines and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-cannabis-capitals-people-these-us-cities-consume-most-marijuana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">educational initiatives</a>.</p>



<p>As legislation advances, policymakers must consider the unique needs of seniors who often utilize cannabis for therapeutic purposes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pathway-to-future-research">Pathway to future research</h2>



<p>As federal cannabis restrictions shift, research constraints may relax, potentially paving the way for more clinical trials involving cannabis products and human participants.</p>



<p>In conclusion, while the acceptance and use of cannabis are on the rise, it is crucial we do so responsibly. </p>



<p>Regular communication with healthcare providers, awareness of risks, understanding potential dependencies, and staying updated with the latest research are key elements to focus on.</p>



<p>The report is published by <em><a href="https://www.healthyagingpoll.org/reports-more/report/how-older-adults-use-think-about-and-discuss-cannabis">National Poll on Healthy Aging</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Cannabis use is on the rise among older adults

We've entered an age when a once demonized plant is...

<p>A new study reveals that bees and other pollinators are not just attracted to colorful petals or the sweet scent of nectar. The hidden bullseyes in the flower pattern play a significant role in attracting bees.</p>



<p>Hibiscus flowers, for instance, possess an invisible pre-pattern during the early stages of petal formation. This blueprint dictates the size of their bullseyes, a feature that directly impacts their attractiveness to pollinators.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bees-and-flower-patterns">Bees and flower patterns</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a>'s Sainsbury Laboratory have unearthed some compelling findings. It turns out, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-2024-bee-engaged-with-youth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> are quite choosy. </p>



<p>Bees have a clear preference for larger bullseyes and buzz faster towards artificial flower discs with larger bullseyes. This preference may enhance the efficiency of both bees and blossoms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-patterns-the-making-of-bullseyes">Hidden patterns: The making of bullseyes</h2>



<p>The researchers ventured into the mysterious world of petal designs. Using a small hibiscus plant as a model, they compared closely related plants with identical flower sizes but differently sized bullseyes.</p>



<p>Dr. Edwige Moyroud, a leading researcher at the Sainsbury Laboratory, has been studying the mechanisms underlying pattern formation in petals. She noted that a pre-pattern sets up on the petal surface early in the flower’s formation, long before any visible color shows up on the petal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-bullseye-patterns">Evolution of bullseye patterns</h2>



<p>Study lead author Dr. Lucie Riglet further investigated how these bullseye patterns form and evolve. She discovered that the pre-pattern begins as a small, crescent-shaped region, even before the bullseye is visible on tiny petals that are less than 0.2mm in size.</p>



<p>"At the earliest stage we could dissect, the petals have around 700 cells and are still greenish in color, with no visible purple pigment and no difference in cell shape or size," noted Dr. Riglet.</p>



<p>"When the petal further develops to 4,000 cells, it still does not have any visible pigment, but we identified a specific region where the cells were larger than their surrounding neighbors.&nbsp;This is the pre-pattern.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The cells that Dr Riglet studied are essential as they mark the position of the bullseye boundary, the line on the petal where the color changes from purple to white. And what happens without a boundary? No bullseye.</p>



<p>Dr. Argyris Zardilis developed a computational model that delivered additional insights. These models showed that hibiscus can change bullseye dimensions very early during the pre-patterning phase by adjusting cell expansion or division later in development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flower-patterns-from-a-bee-s-perspective">Flower patterns from a bee's perspective</h2>



<p>Dr. Riglet explored the impact of the bullseye patterns on pollinators, using artificial flower discs that mimic the dimensions of the three different bullseyes.</p>



<p>“The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> not only preferred the medium and larger bullseyes over the small bullseye, they were also 25% quicker visiting these larger flower discs," said Dr. Riglet.</p>



<p>"Foraging requires a lot of energy and so if a bee can visit 4 flowers rather than 3 flowers in the same time, then this is probably beneficial for the bee, and also the plants."</p>



<p>These pre-pattern strategies in flowers could have deep evolutionary roots, possibly influencing the diversity of flower patterns across different species. </p>



<p>The research team, led by Dr. Edwige Moyroud, continues to dig into the signals that generate these early patterns and explore similar pre-patterning mechanisms in other plant organs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-agriculture">Implications for agriculture</h2>



<p>The newfound understanding of bullseye patterns' impact on pollinator behavior holds significant implications for both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation and agriculture</a>.</p>



<p>Enhancing our knowledge of these floral designs can aid in developing strategies to bolster pollinator visits, which is vital for the success of crops reliant on pollination. </p>



<p>By aligning agricultural practices with these insights, farmers could potentially boost yields by modifying or selecting plant varieties with optimal bullseye patterns that are more attractive to pollinators, thereby improving pollination efficiency and crop production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-into-bullseye-patterns">Future research into bullseye patterns </h2>



<p>The scope of research into bullseye patterns is set to expand, opening new avenues for discovery. Future studies may explore the genetic underpinnings that determine the formation and variability of these patterns in different floral species.</p>



<p>Unraveling the genetic and environmental factors that modulate bullseye dimensions can lead to unprecedented insights into plant-pollinator coevolution. </p>



<p>Furthermore, exploring the application of computational models across diverse plant species could unveil universal principles of pattern formation, informing not only botanical science but also biomimetic design in technology and art.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bees-bullseyes-and-biodiversity">Bees, bullseyes, and biodiversity</h2>



<p>This research not only advances our understanding of plant biology but also reinforces the intricate bonds between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-spring-flowers-can-save-bees-and-boost-pollination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants and their environments</a>. </p>



<p>The precision of natural designs plays a crucial role in species survival and evolution. The H. trionum, for example, with larger bullseye sizes, possibly attracts more pollinators, enhancing its reproductive success.</p>



<p>So, the next time you admire a flower, remember there's more to it than meets the eye. Beneath the surface beauty, there's a world of complex, precise patterns - nature's very own masterpiece.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp5574" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Bees prefer flowers with large bullseyes

A new study reveals that bees and other pollinators are...

<p>The crew of SpaceX's <a href="https://polarisprogram.com/dawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Polaris Dawn</a> mission have now made history after venturing outside of their spacecraft for the first civilian spacewalk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Just before 7 a.m. on September 12, tech billionaire Jared Isaacman left the safety of the Crew Dragon capsule and stepped out into the deep void of space.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stunning-view-of-earth">Stunning view of Earth</h2>



<p>Floating about 435 miles above Earth, Isaacman took in the stunning view of the planet, expressing awe at how peaceful it appeared from space.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Back at home we all have a lot of work to do, but from here - looks like a perfect world,” Isaacman said.</p>



<p>And the view wasn't so bad from the inside of the Crew Dragon cabin either, where team members Scott “Kidd” Poteet and Anna Menon remained during the spacewalk.&nbsp;According to a report from CNN, the crew could see a sunrise and sunset about every 106 minutes.</p>



<p>“It is honestly one of my favorite views,” said Mennon. “The sun peaks over the horizon and the whole world just lights up - or the whole world goes to sleep. And you just get to witness this hour after hour, and it’s so beautiful. Our Earth is so beautiful.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specially-designed-spacex-spacesuits">Specially designed SpaceX spacesuits</h2>



<p>When Isaacman returned to his seat, it was time for engineer Sarah Gillis to exit the capsule.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Gillis set out to test the flexibility and functionality of the specially designed SpaceX spacesuits worn by the crew. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-system-turns-astronauts-urine-into-safe-drinking-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spacesuits</a> are lighter and more flexible than previous models.</p>



<p>Tethered to the Crew Dragon capsule, Isaacman and Gillis each spent about 10 minutes in the vacuum of space.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-long-did-the-spacewalk-take">How long did the spacewalk take?</h2>



<p>Ultimately, the capsule spent just under two hours exposed to space with the hatch open. “There's a lot of time built in for venting (or depressurizing the spacecraft) and repressurizing,” Isaacman told CNN.&nbsp;</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f84mCdymlI-3853487-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>A spacewalk from the International Space Station (ISS) typically lasts between six to eight hours. The duration depends on the complexity of the tasks and the astronaut's workload.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spacewalks, officially known as extravehicular activities (EVAs), involve activities such as repairing equipment, installing new instruments, or conducting experiments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-civilian-spacewalk-nbsp">Significance of the civilian spacewalk&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spacex-sending-four-civilians-dangerous-private-space-mission-polaris-dawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first</a> civilian spacewalk shatters the assumption that only highly trained government astronauts can perform such a complex and dangerous task.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The success of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spacex-launches-polaris-dawn-civilian-crew-on-historic-spacewalk-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mission</a> demonstrates the growing role of private companies in space exploration.</p>



<p>This spacewalk was also a significant milestone for the development of equipment that may one day be used in future missions to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/curiosity-mars-rover-finds-more-compelling-evidence-for-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>NASA Administrator Bill Nelson posted on X that the spacewalk represents a giant leap forward for the commercial space industry and NASA's long-term goal to build a vibrant U.S. space economy.</p>



<p>The Polaris Dawn mission, which will last a total of five days, is focused on testing new technologies and conducting experiments related to human health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-takes-a-greater-toll-on-astronauts-brains-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space travel</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polaris-dawn-is-smashing-records">Polaris Dawn is smashing records</h2>



<p>Beyond the historic spacewalk, the Polaris Dawn crew had other ambitious goals. They set out to break the height record for an Earth orbit held by NASA’s 1966 Gemini 11 mission while also setting the record for the highest any woman has ever ventured into space.</p>



<p>By Tuesday, the second day of the trip, the team smashed these records. Polaris Dawn officially flew higher than the 853-mile-high altitude achieved by astronauts Pete Conrad and Richard Gordon during the Gemini 11 mission.</p>



<p>In addition, Gillis and Menon have now traveled farther from Earth than any other women in history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration4-mission">Inspiration4 mission</h2>



<p>Isaacman, CEO of Shift4 Payments, had previously funded and commanded Inspiration4, which was the first all-civilian space mission. </p>



<p>The mission launched in September 2021 aboard a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft. It was a multi-day orbital flight that raised awareness and over $240 million for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The four-person crew spent three days orbiting Earth at an altitude higher than the International Space Station (ISS). The mission was a landmark moment for civilian space exploration, highlighting both the capabilities of SpaceX and the potential for non-professional astronauts to fly to space.</p>



<p>Image/ Video Credit: SpaceX</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Civilian spacewalk is a ‘giant leap’ in space exploration

The crew of SpaceX's Polaris Dawn mission have now made...

<p>Massive ocean-warming El Niño events played a key role in driving the largest extinction event in Earth's history, which took place approximately 252 million years ago, according to new research.</p>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado2030" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a> and co-led by the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> and China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), sheds light on the extreme environmental shifts that occurred during the Permian-Triassic period, ultimately leading to the devastation of life on land and in the oceans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unknown-cause-of-mass-extinction-nbsp">Unknown cause of mass extinction&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For years, scientists have linked the mass extinction to enormous volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia. These eruptions released vast amounts of carbon dioxide, accelerating climate warming and triggering the collapse of ecosystems at both land and at sea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, one mystery remained: why did life on land, including plants and typically resilient species like insects, suffer as badly as marine life?</p>



<p>“Climate warming alone cannot drive such devastating extinctions because, as we are seeing today, when the tropics become too hot, species migrate to the cooler, higher latitudes,” explained co-lead author Alexander Farnsworth, a senior research associate at Bristol.</p>



<p>“Our research has revealed that increased greenhouse gasses don’t just make the majority of the planet warmer, they also increase weather and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-birds-can-handle-climate-variability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate variability</a>, making it even more ‘wild’ and difficult for life to survive.” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-climate-swings-over-decades">Unpredictable climate swings over decades</h2>



<p>The study reveals that the problem during the Permian-Triassic catastrophe was not simply the extreme heat but also the unpredictable swings in climate conditions over decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Most life failed to adapt to these conditions, but thankfully a few things survived, without which we wouldn’t be here today. It was nearly, but not quite, the end of life on Earth,” said co-lead author Yadong Sun, a paleoclimatologist at the China University of Geosciences.</p>



<p>The temperature fluctuations during this period were uncovered by analyzing oxygen isotopes in the fossilized teeth of conodonts - tiny, extinct, swimming organisms.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-drastic-climate-change-nbsp">Evidence of drastic climate change&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers found a significant collapse in temperature gradients, particularly in low and mid-latitude regions, revealing just how dramatically the climate changed.</p>



<p>“Essentially, it got too hot everywhere. The changes responsible for the climate patterns identified were profound because there were much more intense and prolonged El Niño events than witnessed today," said Farnsworth. "Species were simply not equipped to adapt or evolve quickly enough."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-el-nino-events-nbsp">Extreme El Niño events&nbsp;</h2>



<p>El Niño events, which are responsible for major shifts in weather patterns and temperatures today, were much more extreme and long-lasting during the Permian-Triassic period.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, recent El Niño events have caused North American heatwaves and record global temperatures, such as the June 2024 heatwave when temperatures were 15°C hotter than normal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While today's El Niño events typically last one to two years, the Permian-Triassic crisis saw Mega-El Niño events persist for much longer, resulting in a decade of drought followed by years of flooding, making it impossible for most species to adapt.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-climate-in-a-state-of-crisis-nbsp">Earth's climate in a state of crisis&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Paul Wignall, a professor of palaeoenvironments at the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a> and co-author of the study, emphasized that “the climate was all over the place,” making survival difficult. </p>



<p>This extreme climate variability also contributed to the frequent wildfires, as reflected in the abundance of charcoal found in rock layers from that era.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earliest-record-of-wildfire-pushed-back-by-ten-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> become very common if you have a drought-prone climate. Earth got stuck in a crisis state where the land was burning and the oceans stagnating. There was nowhere to hide,” added David Bond, a palaeontologist at the University of Hull.</p>



<p>The research highlights why the Permian-Triassic extinction was so much more devastating than other volcanic events throughout Earth's history.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deadly-feedback-loop">Deadly feedback loop</h2>



<p>The researchers found that these mega-El Niños created a feedback loop, causing the dieback of vegetation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Plants are essential for removing CO2 from the atmosphere and are the foundation of the food web. This means that their decline further exacerbated the buildup of atmospheric CO2, amplifying the warming effects of ongoing volcanism.</p>



<p>This feedback loop also helps explain a long-standing puzzle: why did the extinction on land occur tens of thousands of years before marine extinctions?&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastatingly-rapid-climate-change">Devastatingly rapid climate change</h2>



<p>“Whilst the oceans were initially shielded from the temperature rises, the mega-El Niños caused temperatures on land to exceed most species' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-tolerance-has-co-evolved-with-sexual-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermal tolerances</a> at rates so rapid that they could not adapt in time,” Sun explained. Only species capable of rapid migration had a chance to survive.</p>



<p>Mass extinctions are rare but pivotal events in Earth's history, reshaping life and evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The Permo-Triassic mass extinction, although devastating, would ultimately see the rise of dinosaurs becoming the dominant species thereafter, just as the Cretaceous mass extinction led to the rise of mammals, and eventually humans,” Farnsworth concluded.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

What was the cause of Earth's largest mass extinction?

Massive ocean-warming El Niño events played a key role in...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>The Romans also tried to conquer the Nabataeans under the guidance of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, but they never quite succeeded. They besieged Petra in 62 BC, but agreed to release their stranglehold in exchange for 300 talents, the currency of the time. This offer came about as Scaurus and his troops had found the local terrain tough to traverse. In addition, their supplies were completely gone. So, a deal was struck. Photo Credit: Oren Rozen / Wikimedia Commons&nbsp;</p>


Remaining unconquered