<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke from fires around the Canadian community of Fort Nelson and streaming east into Alberta on May 11, 2024.</p>



<p>Canada is currently facing an intense start to its wildland fire season, following a severe season last year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By mid-May, parts of British Columbia were already shrouded in smoke from early and aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, a phenomenon typically seen much later in the summer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-observations-of-canada-fires">Satellite observations of Canada fires</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional observations by NASA's Terra satellite and others showed the smoke plume rising several kilometers into the air and spreading into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, where it raised air quality concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-fueled-by-dry-conditions-and-high-winds">Fires fueled by dry conditions and high winds</h2>



<p>One particularly dangerous fire, which ignited on May 10, rapidly expanded southeast of Fort Nelson and a nearby First Nation community, threatening around 3,400 residents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dry conditions and high winds from a passing cold front fueled the blaze, prompting immediate evacuation orders for the area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cliff Chapman, British Columbia’s Wildfire Service Director of Provincial Operations, advised against travel near Fort Nelson due to the fire's severe intensity and rapid spread.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holdover-fires-in-canada">Holdover fires in Canada</h2>



<p>To the north, several other fires consumed tens of thousands of hectares. Some of these were "holdover" fires, which persisted under the snow throughout the winter and rekindled in the spring, fed by vegetation dried from ongoing severe drought conditions as per the North American Drought Monitor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-emissions">Carbon emissions</h2>



<p>This year's fire intensity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> in British Columbia are notably high, with Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, reporting over 5 megatons of carbon emissions from the province's wildfires by mid-May - marking the highest May emissions in 22 years. </p>



<p>Parrington's assessments, part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, utilize data from the Global Fire Assimilation System, which incorporates MODIS fire observations from NASA's satellites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-fires-in-2023">Canada fires in 2023</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 wildfire season</a> in Canada was particularly intense and significant due to a combination of factors including climate conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts</a>. </p>



<p>Throughout the season, Canada experienced an unusually high number of wildfires, which affected vast areas across the country, particularly in regions like British Columbia and Alberta.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conditions-nbsp">Challenging conditions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These fires were fueled by a combination of dry weather, higher than average temperatures, and strong winds, creating challenging conditions for firefighting efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



<p>The smoke from the wildfires had a profound impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, not only in Canada but also in parts of the United States, leading to health advisories and concerns over air pollution. The fires prompted widespread evacuations and significant damage to properties and ecosystems. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The season highlighted the growing concerns over climate change as a driving force behind the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Canadian government and local authorities were actively engaged in firefighting and mitigation efforts, but the scale of the fires called for an increased focus on long-term strategies for fire prevention and forest management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wildfires-on-human-health">Impact of wildfires on human health</h2>



<p>Wildfires have a significant impact on human health, affecting both physical and mental well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p>The most immediate health issue is the inhalation of smoke, which contains a mix of harmful gases and fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and other chronic lung conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked to cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>Beyond physical health, wildfires can also have a profound effect on mental health. The stress and trauma of experiencing a wildfire, losing property, or being displaced can lead to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the recovery and rebuilding process can be lengthy and stressful, further impacting mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-challenges-nbsp">Additional challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>People in affected areas often face challenges with water and food safety due to contamination from fire-related chemicals and debris. The destruction of infrastructure can also limit access to medical care and health services, exacerbating all these health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Overall, the impact of wildfires on human health is complex and can be long-lasting, necessitating both immediate and long-term public health interventions to support affected communities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

Canada's fire season is off to an intense start

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features severe flooding in downtown Porto Alegre, the capital city of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Nearly two million people have been affected by the historic floods. More than 100 people were killed and 140 are still missing. </p>



<p>Floodwaters inundated the historic district, forced the closure of the international airport, affected major stadiums, and rendered several highways unusable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upheaval-across-rio-grande-do-sul">Upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul</h2>



<p>Severe weather systems, characterized by strong winds and heavy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-will-wreak-havoc-on-mountain-ranges-as-warming-climate-turns-snow-to-rain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>, impacted Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, beginning on April 27, 2024. In a matter of days, some regions recorded over 300 millimeters (approximately 12 inches) of rain, resulting in rivers overflowing their banks and causing extensive, destructive flooding throughout the area.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> has led to significant upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul. According to the state's civil defense agency, over 160,000 individuals have been displaced, and there have been numerous fatalities. </p>



<p>The state, a key hub for the production and export of soy, rice, wheat, and meat, has seen considerable agricultural damage. Disruptions to grain exports are anticipated due to the impact on silos, storage facilities, transportation networks, and ports.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-storms-in-rio-grande-do-sul-nbsp">Intense storms in Rio Grande do Sul&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil's National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) attributes the extreme weather to the weakening El Niño phenomenon, which influenced cold fronts to move towards Rio Grande do Sul and increased atmospheric instability over the area. </p>



<p>Additionally, unusually warm waters in the South Atlantic Ocean elevated humidity levels, intensifying the storms through the convergence of warm, moist air from the Amazon and cooler southern air.</p>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> event aligns with broader climatic changes anticipated for the region, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Sixth Assessment Report. </p>



<p>Projections indicate significant increases in annual precipitation totals and extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> events by 2050, based on simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-6) and incorporating findings from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies' GISS ModelE.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-events-nbsp">Extreme weather events&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil experiences a wide variety of extreme weather events due to its vast size and diverse ecosystems. Droughts are a significant issue, especially in the Northeast and parts of the Southeast, affecting water supplies, agriculture, and energy production.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, the rainy season brings floods that can inundate large regions, including the Amazon basin and densely populated urban areas like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where inadequate drainage systems often lead to severe waterlogging.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landslide-predictions-could-become-94-percent-more-accurate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landslides</a> are another common consequence of heavy rains, posing risks in hilly cities such as Rio de Janeiro. As global temperatures rise, heatwaves have become more frequent and intense, particularly in urban centers where the heat island effect can amplify high temperatures.</p>



<p>The ongoing impact of climate change is likely to increase both the frequency and severity of these extreme weather events across Brazil, highlighting the need for enhanced disaster preparedness and adaptive strategies to mitigate future risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-porto-alegre-nbsp">Porto Alegre&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Porto Alegre is known for its rich cultural heritage and strong European influence, reflecting the diverse immigrant populations that have settled there, including Germans, Italians, and Portuguese. The city combines a bustling urban atmosphere with charming old architecture and expansive public parks, making it a vibrant center for culture, politics, and commerce in the region.</p>



<p>Porto Alegre hosts numerous cultural events, such as the annual Porto Alegre Book Fair, one of the largest book fairs in Brazil, and it's renowned for its lively arts scene, including theaters, museums, and galleries. The city is also a significant educational hub, home to several universities and research institutions, contributing to its reputation as a center of intellectual and academic activity.</p>



<p>Economically, Porto Alegre is an important trade and service center. It has a diverse economy with strong sectors in commerce, services, and manufacturing. The city serves as a critical transportation and logistics hub due to its strategic location near the Mercosur (Southern Common Market) capitals, enhancing its role in regional trade.</p>



<p>Despite its urban advancements, Porto Alegre is also known for its environmental initiatives, including extensive recycling programs and a high number of green spaces, which are integrated into the urban landscape and offer residents and visitors alike a respite from the bustling city life.</p>



<p>The image of flooding in Porto Alegre was captured on May 8, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

Historic flooding in Rio Grande do Sul

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

<p>Perhaps they couldn’t afford chairs? More likely, the painstaking art of mechanical drawing, which these students are learning, is best practiced standing. Today, technical drawing by hand is largely a lost skill because of digital technology, but it was once essential to everything from engineering to architecture. These fellows are at work at the Hampton Institute in Hampton, Virginia, in 1899 or 1900. Photo Credit: Library of Congress</p>

Mechanical drawing

<p>A recent study led by <a href="https://www.chapman.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chapman University</a> has found that some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bodybuilding-supplement-called-helps-prevent-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supplement</a> companies may mislead customers with unproven health claims and undeclared ingredients. The researchers focused on herbal supplements purported to treat or prevent COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses. During the pandemic, the use of dietary supplements surged globally. </p>



<p>“There was a big spike in purchase and use of these types of supplements during the pandemic,” said senior author Rosalee Hellberg, an associate professor of food science at Chapman. “Whenever there’s an increase in demand, there’s also an increased chance for fraud to occur.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ayurvedic-herbal-supplements-nbsp">Ayurvedic herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers collected 54 supplements containing Ayurvedic herbs, a type of alternative medicine from India, which were claimed to treat COVID-19.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These herbs included ashwagandha, cinnamon, ginger, turmeric, tulsi, vacha, amla, guduchi, and tribulus. The products were sourced from online and local retailers in Orange and Los Angeles counties, CA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-barcoding-nbsp">DNA barcoding&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers employed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-in-nutrition-science-dna-barcoding-reveals-dietary-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA barcoding</a> techniques to verify the plant species in the supplements. DNA barcoding uses a short DNA sequence to identify an organism's species. </p>



<p>The researchers noted several concerning results, indicating the need for increased scrutiny of these products. In 60% of the products, the expected ingredient was not detected.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, Hellberg noted that this might not necessarily indicate fraud, as the novel use of DNA barcoding may struggle to detect degraded DNA, meaning a negative result does not confirm the absence of the species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-ingredients-in-herbal-supplements-nbsp">Hidden ingredients in herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Another limitation of DNA barcoding is that it does not quantify the detected species' ingredients. Additional research is required to verify the amount of each ingredient, Hellberg said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“If the ingredients were present at a higher amount, that is where the concerns can arise,” explained Hellberg. “Also, any time you're detecting things that aren't on the label, that can indicate some quality control issues. That could also suggest that there are other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-risks-of-ultra-processed-foods-revealed-in-30-year-study/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health risks</a> going on or maybe things aren't being handled properly.”</p>



<p>The scientists also found 19 products with undeclared <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-extinction-threatens-the-future-of-medicine-and-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> species. Common fillers such as rice and other materials were identified, along with other unlisted Ayurvedic herbs. </p>



<p>“So these could be used in a fraudulent manner,” said Hellberg. “Instead of having 100% of the declared species on the label, some manufacturers might mix in filler because it’s cheaper.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Undeclared species and ingredients in supplements pose risks to consumers, who could ingest substances causing allergic reactions and other health issues. However, the study did not determine the exact risk level, as it could not detect the amount of each ingredient.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.3320" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Phytochemical Analysis</em></a><em> </em>- highlights the importance of increased regulation and scrutiny of dietary supplements to ensure consumer safety and prevent misleading health claims.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-herbal-supplements-nbsp">More about herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Herbal supplements are products made from plants for their therapeutic or medicinal properties. They are commonly used to improve health, boost immune function, and prevent or alleviate various ailments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Herbal supplements can be found in various forms, such as pills, powders, teas, extracts, or capsules.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-medicine">Traditional medicine</h3>



<p>The use of herbal supplements dates back thousands of years as part of traditional medicine practices across the world, such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Commonly used herbs include echinacea, used to prevent colds; ginseng, used for energy and cognitive function; and St. John's wort, often used for depression.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-regulation-nbsp">Lack of regulation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>While many find herbal supplements beneficial, their effectiveness can vary widely. In many countries, they are not strictly regulated like prescription drugs. This lack of regulation can lead to inconsistencies in potency and purity.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-side-effects">Side effects</h3>



<p>Users should also be aware of potential side effects and interactions with other medications. Some of the general side effects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbal-supplements-are-not-always-safe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risks</a> associated with herbal supplements include:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-allergic-reactions">Allergic reactions</h4>



<p>Some people may experience allergies to certain herbs, manifesting as rashes, hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gastrointestinal-issues">Gastrointestinal issues</h4>



<p>Many herbal supplements can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or upset stomach.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-disturbances">Sleep disturbances</h4>



<p>Supplements such as ginseng and ginkgo can cause insomnia or restlessness.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleeding-risks">Bleeding risks</h4>



<p>Herbs like garlic, ginkgo, and ginseng have blood-thinning properties and can increase bleeding risk, particularly if taken with other blood thinners like warfarin.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-issues">Heart issues</h4>



<p>Some herbs can interfere with heart medications and affect heart rhythms. For example, St. John's wort can interact with heart medications like digoxin.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liver-damage">Liver damage</h4>



<p>Supplements such as kava and comfrey have been linked to liver damage.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drug-interactions">Drug interactions</h4>



<p>Many herbs can interact with prescription medications, either decreasing or increasing their effects, which can be dangerous. For instance, St. John’s wort can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills, antidepressants, and other medications.</p>



<p>It's crucial for individuals to discuss any herbal supplements they are considering with a healthcare provider to ensure they are appropriate and safe, especially if they have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Herbal supplements often contain hidden ingredients

A recent study led by Chapman University has found that...

<p>Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) serve as crucial sanctuaries aimed at safeguarding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emerging-issues-that-may-impact-marine-biodiversity-are-poorly-understood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a> and ensuring sustainable ecosystems. </p>



<p>These areas, established to protect marine life, enhance ecosystem resilience, and secure long-term benefits for both nature and humanity, cover a substantial portion of the Earth’s oceans. </p>



<p>However, an international collaboration, including researchers from <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, highlights a significant deficiency in the effectiveness of these areas.</p>



<p>The collaboration's analysis of the world’s 100 largest MPAs - which represent nearly 90% of Earth’s protected oceanic regions - reveals that these areas are underperforming in biodiversity conservation. </p>



<p>The study points to slow management implementation and insufficient restrictions on detrimental human activities as primary reasons for this inefficacy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vital-role-of-ocean-biodiversity">The vital role of ocean biodiversity</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-stability-helped-ocean-biodiversity-flourish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean biodiversity</a> is indispensable, playing a pivotal role in climate regulation, oxygen production, and food supply. It also harbors potential benefits for medicine and industry through its diverse genetic and molecular makeup. </p>



<p>The presence of varied species within these MPAs helps mitigate adverse impacts on the marine ecosystem, crucial for maintaining the balance necessary for human and ecological health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-mpa-guide">Insights from The MPA Guide</h2>



<p>The study’s framework was based on criteria from "The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean," a seminal piece in guiding global marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>. </p>



<p>One of the key researchers involved in the study, Kirsten Grorud-Colvert, emphasized the urgency of enhancing the health and diversity of ocean areas. </p>



<p>"Now more than ever we need healthy and biodiverse areas in the ocean to benefit people and help buffer threats to ocean ecosystems," said Grorud-Colvert, underscoring the necessity for effective, just, and durable MPAs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The 2030 biodiversity conservation target and MPA effectiveness</h2>



<p>With a biodiversity conservation target set by the United Nations to protect at least 30% of the ocean by 2030, the findings serve as a crucial reminder of the need for both increased coverage and enhanced quality of MPAs. </p>



<p>The report also questions the effectiveness of current conservation efforts, suggesting that a focus on quality, rather than merely the quantity of protected areas, is essential for genuine progress.</p>



<p>Beth Pike of the <a href="https://marine-conservation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Conservation Institute</a>, who led the assessment, weighed in on the outcomes linked to the design and management of MPAs. </p>



<p>She noted significant disparities between the coverage of MPAs and the strength of protections they offer, suggesting that many MPAs, while extensive, do not sufficiently safeguard <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protect-marine-ecosystems-overfishing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>. </p>



<p>This points to an urgent need for adjustments in the approach to marine conservation to meet the 2030 biodiversity goals effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-recommendations">Challenges and recommendations</h2>



<p>Despite the potential of MPAs as effective tools for biodiversity conservation, the report highlights notable variations in their design, goals, regulations, and management. </p>



<p>For instance, while some MPAs prohibit activities like oil drilling and industrial fishing, others allow them, which greatly reduces their effectiveness. </p>



<p>Furthermore, a quarter of these areas lack implemented management plans, rendering them no different from unprotected waters.</p>



<p>Another Oregon State marine ecologist involved in the study, Jenna Sullivan-Stack, pointed out that the title of "marine protected area" often sets expectations of a healthy, vibrant ocean space supportive of biodiversity. </p>



<p>"That’s not always the case," said Sullivan-Stack. She stressed the importance of a standardized assessment method to provide a clear, evidence-based understanding of the actual state of biodiversity protection in MPAs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-geographic-distribution-of-mpas">The geographic distribution of MPAs</h2>



<p>The researchers also noted that large MPAs are often located in remote areas, leaving vital habitats and species in less remote regions unprotected. </p>



<p>This geographic imbalance underscores the need for a more strategic placement of MPAs to encompass a broader range of critical marine environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-marine-protected-areas">Enhancing marine protected areas</h2>



<p>The analysis provided by the international team serves as a call to action for enhancing the design and management of marine protected areas. </p>



<p>By focusing on strengthening these ocean guardians, we can ensure they fulfill their role as effective protectors of marine biodiversity, supporting ecosystems and communities worldwide. </p>



<p>The journey towards achieving the 2030 conservation goal is not just about expanding the ocean’s protected areas - it’s about ensuring these areas are truly capable of sustaining the marine life they are designed to protect.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.13020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Marine protected areas fall short on 2030 biodiversity targets

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) serve as crucial sanctuaries aimed at...

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.unil.ch/central/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Lausanne</a> have solved a long-standing paleontological mystery. The team has recently discovered a fossil that bridges the gap between modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-burrowing-scorpions-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scorpions</a>, spiders, horseshoe crabs, and their Cambrian ancestors. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-the-arthropod-lineage-nbsp">Mystery of the arthropod lineage&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Scorpions, spiders, and horseshoe crabs belong to the arthropod lineage, which appeared nearly 540 million years ago. They are part of a subphylum called chelicerates, characterized by pincers known as chelicerae, used for biting, grasping prey, or injecting venom. Identifying the ancestors of this specific group has long puzzled paleontologists.</p>



<p>Early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-fossil-sheds-light-on-arthropod-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropod</a> fossils did not show enough similarities with modern species to be considered ancestors, and a lack of fossils from the key period between 505 and 430 million years ago compounded the mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-from-morocco-nbsp">Fossils from Morocco&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Lorenzo Lustri, a PhD student at the University of Lausanne's Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, provided the missing piece of the puzzle.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Lustri and his supervisors studied a hundred fossils from the Fezouata Shale of Morocco, dating back 478 million years, and identified a fossil that links modern organisms to those of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cambrian-explosion-fossil-sponges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian period</a> (505 million years ago). </p>



<p>Discovered in the early 2000s, fossils from the Fezouata Shale have undergone extensive analysis. However, the fossil illustrated in the recent study, <em>Setapedites abundantis</em>, had never been described before.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Measuring between 5 and 10 millimeters, this fossil allows scientists to trace the lineage of chelicerates from early arthropods to modern species like spiders, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-anatomy-of-fossil-chelicerates">Analyzing the anatomy of fossil chelicerates</h2>



<p>To achieve these results, the scientists used an X-ray scanner to reconstruct the anatomy of the fossils in detail and in 3D. They compared these findings with numerous fossil chelicerates from other sites and their more ancient relatives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The significance of the Fezouata fossil was clarified through phylogenetic analyses, which mathematically reconstruct the family tree of different species based on the “coding” of all their anatomical traits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-discovery-nbsp">Surprising discovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Initially, we only intended to describe and name this fossil. We had absolutely no idea that it would hold so many secrets,” said Lustri, who defended his PhD in March 2023. “It was therefore an exhilarating surprise to realize, after careful observations and analysis, that it also filled an important gap in the evolutionary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammalian-tree-of-life-traces-evolution-of-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree of life</a>.”</p>



<p>The fossil has yet to reveal all its secrets. Some anatomical features provide insights into the early evolution of chelicerates and may link this group to other debated fossil forms.</p>



<p>A temporary exhibition on the Fezouata biota will soon be held at the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-of-scorpions-and-spiders-nbsp">Fossils of scorpions and spiders&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fossils of scorpions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/riding-the-wind-joro-spiders-are-invading-the-u-s-at-an-alarming-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiders</a> provide intriguing insights into the ancient history of these arachnids, tracing their existence back hundreds of millions of years. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scorpions-nbsp">Scorpions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Scorpions are among the oldest known terrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-the-first-animals-appear-on-earth-we-are-now-one-step-closer-to-knowing-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>, with their earliest fossils dating back to the Silurian period, over 430 million years ago. These ancient scorpions were similar in form to modern ones, though some were aquatic or semi-aquatic, showing adaptations like gills.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiders">Spiders</h3>



<p>Spider fossils, while not as ancient as those of scorpions, are still quite old, with the oldest known spider fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period, around 300 million years ago. These early spiders already displayed key features such as spinnerets, which are used to produce silk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The preservation of spiders in the fossil record is often linked to amber deposits, where fine details of their anatomy, including their silk-producing structures, can be exquisitely preserved.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-stability-nbsp">Evolutionary stability&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Both scorpions and spiders have shown remarkable evolutionary stability. Their basic body plans and behaviors have changed little over millions of years, indicating a successful adaptation to their ecological niches.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study of spider and scorpion fossils not only helps in understanding their evolution and distribution over time but also provides insights into the ancient environments they inhabited.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48013-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: UNIL</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Fossil reveals the first ancestors of scorpions and spiders

Researchers at the University of Lausanne have solved a long-standing...

<p>The quest to reintroduce bilbies into temperate regions of Australia, where they have not roamed for over a century, is gaining momentum. This effort is crucial for restoring a vital part of the region’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-solutions-for-the-climate-and-biodiversity-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>. Thanks to a recent study conducted in a sanctuary setting, progress is being made.</p>



<p>This pivotal research, a collaboration between <a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNSW Sydney</a> and Taronga <a href="https://taronga.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Society Australia</a>, is unfolding at Taronga Western Plains Zoo in Dubbo. Consequently, researchers at the zoo have unearthed vital clues that could help restore the bilby, a beloved yet threatened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australasian-marsupials-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marsupial</a>, to its former habitats in southeastern and southwestern Australia.</p>



<p>The study focused on bilbies bred within the confines of the zoo's large sanctuary, designed to mimic the temperate zones of Australia. Historically, bilbies thrived in these areas, but due to threats like invasive species and habitat loss, their presence dwindled dramatically since European settlement.</p>



<p>Dr. Kate Cornelsen, the lead author of the study, emphasized the need for a detailed understanding of the animal's habitat preferences in temperate climates. </p>



<p>"If bilbies are to be restored in the temperate zone where they once thrived, we need to know much more about where they like to go and what they need there," explained Dr. Cornelsen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mystery-of-bilby-behavior">Unraveling the mystery of bilby behavior</h2>



<p>To gain this understanding, researchers equipped 20 greater bilbies with tiny GPS tracking devices on their tails. These devices recorded the animals' locations every hour, providing a unique insight into their nocturnal habits and preferences.</p>



<p>Andrew Elphinstone, manager of conservation, recovery, and restoration programs at Taronga Conservation Society Australia and co-author of the study, highlighted the bilbies' role as "ecosystem engineers." </p>



<p>"Bilbies turn over and aerate the earth, which improves soil health. Understanding their habitat preferences and needs is critical to restoring the species to a wider area," explained Elphinstone.</p>



<p>The research revealed intriguing patterns in bilby behavior, particularly in their food and habitat choices. "Food biomass or availability had a strong influence on where they preferred to hang out," said Dr. Cornelsen. </p>



<p>The experts noted that bilbies were adept at locating food sources, and showed a preference for specific soil types. Females were particularly selective, likely due to their need to balance burrowing conditions with food availability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-habitat-selection-of-bilbies">Surprising habitat selection of bilbies</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers found that bilbies often chose areas further from water sources, a preference that contradicts expectations given the general productivity near water bodies. </p>



<p>"Food is probably less patchy and more predictable in this study area compared to the desert regions previously studied," said Dr. Cornelsen.</p>



<p>A predictable food supply may help these creatures avoid competition with other species that rely on direct water sources.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study revealed significant differences in resource usage between genders. </p>



<p>While females were constrained to their breeding burrows, limiting their range, males had the freedom to select high-quality feeding areas. This behavior was particularly noted during seasons when invertebrates - a key food source - were plentiful. </p>



<p>This distinction is crucial for developing targeted conservation strategies that address the specific needs and behaviors of each gender.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-bilby-conservation">Future directions for bilby conservation</h2>



<p>The findings of the study are not just academic; they hold practical implications for bilby reintroductions into temperate zones. </p>



<p>"For future bilby reintroductions, we will now have greater confidence in the resources required by the species within temperate regions," said Dr. Cornelsen.</p>



<p>The study marks a significant step forward in bilby conservation, providing a clearer picture of how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-are-some-animals-nocturnal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nocturnal</a> marsupials select resources and adapt to new environments. </p>



<p>By continuing to study bilbies in different environmental contexts, conservationists can better prepare for successful reintroductions and ensure the survival of this unique Australian marsupial.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about bilbies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Bilbies, also known as rabbit-bandicoots, are small nocturnal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-rarest-marsupial-was-unwittingly-saved-by-prince-philip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marsupials</a> native to Australia. They are notable for their long, silky blue-grey fur, large ears that help with heat dissipation, and a long, black and white tail. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Bilby diet</h3>



<p>Bilbies are omnivores and their diet includes insects, seeds, fungi, bulbs, and small animals. They have a very distinctive way of feeding, using their long tongues to scoop up food.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Population decline&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Historically, bilbies occupied arid and semi-arid regions across much of Australia. However, due to habitat loss, the introduction of non-native predators like foxes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feral-cats-are-wiping-out-endangered-marsupials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cats</a>, and competition from rabbits, their population has drastically declined. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Bilbies have an interesting reproductive strategy where the gestation period is only about 12-14 days, one of the shortest among mammals. They give birth to tiny, underdeveloped offspring that continue to develop in the mother's pouch.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological role</h3>



<p>The bilby's ecological role includes soil turnover and aeration through their digging activities, which also helps in seed dispersal and reducing bushfire fuel loads.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347224000903?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animal Behavior</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Can bilbies return to the places where they once thrived?

The quest to reintroduce bilbies into temperate regions of Australia,...

<p>Daylight saving time, the annual practice of setting clocks forward by one hour, has long been debated for its potential impacts on our daily lives. </p>



<p>While it promises extra evening daylight, new research suggests that the shift might be detrimental to our health habits, particularly when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diet-exercise-blood-pressure-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet and exercise</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unhealthy-shifts-snacking-and-gym-attendance">Unhealthy shifts: Snacking and gym attendance</h2>



<p>According to a study conducted by marketing analytics experts from <a href="https://poole.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University’s Poole College of Management</a>, the switch to daylight saving time correlates with an increase in the consumption of processed snacks and a decrease in gym visits.</p>



<p>This research utilized detailed, real-time data from a packaged food company and a fitness center chain, both based in the United States. </p>



<p>The food company's study spanned six years and tracked the snack consumption habits of a nationally representative group using mobile devices, providing a unique insight into real-time <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-eating-patterns-lower-the-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating patterns</a>.</p>



<p>The fitness study, on the other hand, analyzed gym attendance data from before and after the onset in a single year.</p>



<p>The findings revealed that immediately following the transition, there was a notable increase in the intake of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-like-soda-and-snacks-are-the-new-silent-killer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">processed snacks</a>, especially later in the day and more so on overcast days. </p>



<p>In addition, gym attendance dropped significantly post-time change, with the effect being more pronounced among those who do not regularly visit the gym.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumer-behavior-and-daylight-saving-time">Consumer behavior and daylight saving time</h2>



<p>"The data we gathered is remarkable for its scope and the specificity with which it tracks individual consumption," explained Ram Janakiraman, the corresponding author of the study. "This isn't just about what people buy; it's about what they actually consume, and when."</p>



<p>This study not only sheds light on how our behaviors change with the clock but also emphasizes the broader implications of such shifts. </p>



<p>"Anecdotally, we often hear about the impact of daylight saving time on personal routines, but now we have empirical data that shows the real effects," added Rishika Rishika, a co-author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-policy-implications-and-consumer-advice">Policy implications and consumer advice</h2>



<p>The results of these studies offer important insights for both policymakers and the general public. </p>



<p>For one, they suggest that the transition into daylight saving time might require more supportive measures to help individuals maintain their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-habits-life-expectancy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health habits</a>. </p>



<p>"Daylight saving time represents a period where companies could strategically plan to support customers in adjusting to the time change," Janakiraman noted.</p>



<p>Moreover, Rishika advises consumers to be particularly mindful of their health habits during this transition. </p>



<p>"The shift can disrupt even the best of routines, so it's crucial to be conscious of maintaining balanced habits during this time," she stated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daylight-saving-time-and-health-concerns">Daylight saving time and health concerns</h2>



<p>While daylight saving time may offer more daylight during the evening, it also poses challenges to maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-healthy-lifestyle-habits-that-prevent-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy lifestyle</a> habits. </p>



<p>This research highlights the need for awareness and potentially even policy changes to help mitigate the negative impacts of this yearly time change. </p>



<p>As we continue to debate the merits and drawbacks of daylight saving time, these findings provide valuable insights into its less visible costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Health impacts of daylight saving time&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Daylight Saving Time (DST) can have several impacts on human health, both positive and negative.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sleep disruption</h3>



<p>The most immediate effect of daylight saving time is the disruption to people's sleep patterns. Losing an hour of sleep in the spring can lead to short-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-increases-the-risk-of-stroke-by-70-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep deprivation</a>. This can increase fatigue, affect mood, and even impair cognitive function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Heart health</h3>



<p>Studies have shown a slight increase in heart attacks following the spring transition to daylight saving time. The stress of losing an hour of sleep and the disturbance in the body’s circadian rhythms might temporarily elevate the risk.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mental health</h3>



<p>The change in time can also affect mental health. The disruption in the circadian rhythm can lead to or exacerbate symptoms of depression for some people, particularly during the fall transition when daylight hours decrease.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accidents and injuries</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest an increase in accidents both on the road and in the workplace immediately following the shift to daylight saving time. This is attributed to decreased alertness stemming from sleep loss.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Longer daylight exposure</h3>



<p>On the positive side, the additional hour of daylight in the evenings can encourage more physical activity and social interaction, which are beneficial for mental and physical health.</p>



<p>The overall impact of daylight saving time on health varies among individuals, largely depending on their personal health, lifestyle, and how their schedules are affected by the time change.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00222429241256570" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marketing</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Daylight saving time disrupts diet and exercise

Daylight saving time, the annual practice of setting clocks forward...

<p>The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is humanity's grand quest. While we have yet to detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-alien-life-searching-for-color-purple-not-green/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alien</a> signals, researchers are exploring innovative approaches to this cosmic mystery. <a href="https://www.astro.uu.se/~ez/hephaistos/hephaistos.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Project Hephaistos</a>, a recent Swedish initiative, offers a fresh perspective by looking for astroengineering signatures such as Dyson spheres. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unending-quest-for-alien-life">Unending quest for alien life</h2>



<p>For over 60 years, scientists have scoured the skies for signs of intelligent life. Despite finding over 2,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-telescopes-can-directly-detect-signs-of-alien-life-in-exoplanet-atmospheres/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a>, we haven't detected any communication signals from alien civilizations. This raises the classic question: If intelligent life exists, why haven't we found it?</p>



<p>One possible answer is that advanced civilizations might be exceedingly rare, even if planets are common. If technologically advanced civilizations are rare, we might be alone in our galaxy. Therefore, our chances of finding them improve if we extend our search beyond the Milky Way. </p>



<p>Expanding our search to include other galaxies could increase the likelihood of detecting signs of intelligent life. This broader approach allows scientists to explore a much larger sample of potential habitats for advanced civilizations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-project-hephaistos">Project Hephaistos</h2>



<p>Named after the Greek god of blacksmiths, Project Hephaistos seeks signatures of extraterrestrial technology rather than direct signals. Funded by the Magnus Bergvall foundation and Nordenskjöldska Swedenborgsfonden, this project is the first Swedish initiative in the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxygen-levels-on-distant-planets-reveal-presence-of-alien-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial</a> intelligence.</p>



<p>Instead of focusing on communication signals, Project Hephaistos aims to detect signs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alien</a> technology. This approach involves looking for large-scale engineering projects, interstellar propulsion mechanisms, and industrial pollution in the atmospheres of exoplanets. </p>



<p>By identifying these technological signatures, scientists hope to find evidence of advanced civilizations without relying on direct communication signals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-civilizations-utilizing-dyson-spheres">Civilizations utilizing Dyson spheres</h2>



<p>The first paper from Project Hephaistos investigates more than 1,000 galaxies similar to the Milky Way. The goal? To find Kardashev type III civilizations that have harnessed their galaxy's energy using technology like Dyson spheres.</p>



<p>Dyson spheres, proposed by physicist Freeman Dyson, are theoretical megastructures that could capture a star's energy. These structures would encompass a star, capturing a significant portion of its output and indicating a highly advanced civilization. By examining data from these galaxies, researchers aim to identify unusual energy patterns or other indicators of such massive constructs.</p>



<p>The search revealed no strong candidates for Kardashev type III civilizations. However, it set an upper limit of 0.3% on the fraction of local disk galaxies that could host such civilizations. This means that less than one in 300 galaxies similar to the Milky Way may contain advanced civilizations utilizing Dyson sphere technology.</p>



<p>While no definitive evidence was found, this result still opens new research avenues within mainstream astronomy. The study's methodology and findings provide a framework for future investigations and help refine the search criteria for detecting signs of advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extremophiles-and-the-quest-for-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial</a> civilizations. </p>



<p>Additionally, the project has uncovered several highly unusual galaxies that merit further study, potentially leading to new discoveries in astrophysics and the nature of galaxies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-near-complete-dyson-spheres">Finding near-complete Dyson spheres</h2>



<p>The second paper from Project Hephaistos focuses on detecting near-complete Dyson spheres using data from the Gaia space mission and the RAVE survey. Dyson spheres at this stage of completion would significantly dim the optical light from the stars they surround, creating noticeable discrepancies in distance measurements.</p>



<p>Gaia provides precise parallax measurements, which determine a star's distance by observing its apparent movement against distant background stars. RAVE, on the other hand, uses spectrophotometric distances, which estimate distance based on the star's brightness and spectrum. </p>



<p>By comparing these two distance measurements, researchers can identify stars with potential Dyson spheres, as a near-complete Dyson sphere would cause the star to appear dimmer than expected in optical wavelengths.</p>



<p>The researchers identified a handful of stars exhibiting the expected distance discrepancies indicative of near-complete Dyson spheres. These stars showed significant differences between their Gaia parallax distances and RAVE spectrophotometric distances, suggesting the presence of large structures dimming their light.</p>



<p>However, further observations suggested natural explanations for these discrepancies. One common issue is the presence of unseen companions, such as binary stars or planets, which can interfere with Gaia's measurements and create the illusion of a distance discrepancy. </p>



<p>For instance, the star TYC-6111-1162-1 initially appeared to be a good Dyson sphere candidate due to its discrepant distances. But follow-up observations showed temporal changes in its radial velocity, indicating the presence of an unseen companion. This companion likely caused Gaia to misinterpret its parallax measurements, ruling out TYC-6111-1162-1 as a Dyson sphere candidate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upper-limits-on-partial-dyson-spheres">Upper limits on partial Dyson spheres</h2>



<p>The third paper from Project Hephaistos explores the possibility of finding partial Dyson spheres by analyzing large astronomical catalogs. </p>



<p>The researchers scanned data from the Gaia mission, which provides precise measurements of star positions and distances, and combined it with infrared surveys such as the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). These infrared surveys detect thermal emissions from objects, which are crucial for identifying potential Dyson spheres.</p>



<p>A partial Dyson sphere would not completely obscure the star but would still produce significant amounts of waste heat detectable in the mid-infrared spectrum. Thus, the researchers looked for objects with low optical brightness combined with high mid-infrared fluxes, characteristics that could indicate the presence of a partial Dyson sphere.</p>



<p>Despite many interlopers, primarily young stellar objects (YSOs) that can exhibit similar characteristics, the study successfully set conservative upper limits on the fraction of Milky Way stars that could host Dyson spheres. </p>



<p>Young stellar objects often produce excess infrared emission due to surrounding dust and gas, which can mimic the signatures of Dyson spheres. However, by carefully analyzing and excluding these interlopers, the researchers could focus on more plausible candidates.</p>



<p>The results were significant: fewer than 1 in 50,000 stars within 100 parsecs of Earth could host Dyson spheres that are 90% complete and operating at an effective temperature of 300 K. This limit provides a benchmark for the prevalence of advanced civilizations in our galaxy and helps refine future searches for extraterrestrial technologies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-prospects-of-dyson-sphere-research">Future prospects of Dyson sphere research</h2>



<p>Project Hephaistos's findings are promising. Two recent studies analyzed data from star-gazing satellites, developing methods to eliminate false positives in the search for Dyson spheres.</p>



<p>Ph.D. student Matías Suazo's team at <a href="https://www.uu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uppsala University</a> developed a pipeline to identify potential Dyson spheres. Starting with five million objects, they narrowed it down to seven compelling candidates. This structure would emit waste heat in the form of mid-infrared radiation that, in addition to the level of completion of the structure, would depend on its effective temperature.</p>



<p>Similarly, the <a href="https://www.sissa.it" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International School for Advanced Studies</a> in Italy found 53 star candidates with excess mid-infrared measurements. While natural explanations like debris disks remain plausible, the possibility of Dyson spheres can't be ruled out yet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-steps">The next steps</h2>



<p>To confirm these findings, scientists need to take a closer look at the candidates, possibly with the James Webb Space Telescope. This powerful tool could provide the detailed data needed to distinguish between natural and artificial causes.</p>



<p>"It might be something that happens very rarely, like if two planets collide and produce an enormous amount of material," emphasized David Hogg, co-author of one study. Regardless of the outcomes, the search for Dyson spheres and technosignatures continues to inspire curiosity and drive scientific discovery.</p>



<p>Explore Project Hephaistos's papers on Dyson spheres, published in the <em>Astrophysical Journal</em>: <a href="https://www.astro.uu.se/~ez/papers/SETI22.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paper I</a>, <a href="https://www.astro.uu.se/~ez/papers/SETI15.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paper II</a>, and <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03209" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paper III</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates. </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Hunting for 'Dyson spheres' across 1,000 galaxies to find alien life

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is humanity's grand quest. While...

<p>Bats, as primary predators of night-flying insects, have driven many prey species to evolve high-frequency hearing to detect bat echolocation. At least six insect orders, including moths, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reconstructing-300-million-years-of-beetle-evolution/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beetles</a>, crickets, and grasshoppers, have developed such auditory systems. </p>



<p>However, according to a new study, tiger beetles take this further by emitting their own ultrasonic signals when they detect bats, a behavior that puzzled scientists for 30 years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-ultrasonic-sounds-for-defense">Using ultrasonic sounds for defense</h2>



<p>“It’s such a foreign idea to humans: these animals flying around at night trying to catch each other in essentially complete darkness, using sound as their way of communicating,” said lead author Harlan Gough.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While conducting his doctoral research at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, Gough hypothesized that tiger beetles must gain significant benefits from producing the sound, despite it potentially aiding bats in locating them.</p>



<p>Tiger beetles are unique among beetles in their response to bat predation through ultrasound. In contrast, about 20% of moth species share this ability, providing a reference point for understanding similar behaviors in other insects.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This was a really fun study because we got to peel apart the story layer by layer,” Gough said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiger-beetles-produce-ultrasound-nbsp">Tiger beetles produce ultrasound&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers first confirmed that tiger beetles produce ultrasound when under bat threat. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-play-an-active-role-in-plant-pollination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bats</a> emit ultrasonic pulses to navigate and locate prey, increasing the frequency of these pulses when targeting an insect. </p>



<p>The researchers replicated this bat echolocation attack sequence to observe the beetles' response. They found that 7 out of 20 studied tiger beetle species responded by moving their elytra (protective wing covers) slightly backward, causing their hind wings to clap against the elytra, producing a faint buzzing detectable by bats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responding-to-bat-echolocation">Responding to bat echolocation</h2>



<p>“Responding to bat echolocation is a much less common ability than just being able to hear echolocation,” Gough noted.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moths-bat-predators-camouflage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moths</a> aren’t singing these sounds through their mouths, like we think of bats echolocating through their mouth and nose. Tiger moths, for example, use a specialized structure on the side of the body, so you need that structure to make ultrasound as well as ears to hear the bat.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-purpose-of-tiger-beetle-ultrasound-signals">What is the purpose of tiger beetle ultrasound signals?</h2>



<p>Tiger beetles' response to bat echolocation was evident, but the purpose remained unclear. Unlike some moths that jam bat sonar with rapid clicks, tiger beetles' simple ultrasound couldn't achieve this.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers hypothesized that the beetles might use ultrasound to signal their noxiousness, as they produce defensive chemicals like benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide.</p>



<p>Testing this theory, they fed 94 tiger beetles to big brown bats. Surprisingly, 90 were eaten entirely, two were partially consumed, and only two were rejected, indicating the beetles' chemicals do little to deter bats.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This experiment, led by Akito Kawahara, director of the museum’s McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, was the first to test whether tiger beetles were genuinely noxious to bats.</p>



<p>“Even if you identify a chemical, that doesn’t mean it’s a defense against a particular predator,” Kawahara explained. “You don’t actually know until you do the experiment with the predator.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicking-the-sounds-of-toxic-tiger-moths-nbsp">Mimicking the sounds of toxic tiger moths&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results showed that tiger beetles don't use ultrasound to warn bats of their noxiousness. Instead, the researchers considered that tiger beetles might mimic the ultrasonic signals of genuinely noxious tiger moths to deceive bats.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Comparing recordings of tiger beetle ultrasound with those of tiger moths, they found a clear overlap, supporting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mimicry</a> hypothesis.</p>



<p>This mimicry is specific to nocturnal tiger beetles. The 12 diurnal tiger beetle species included in the study did not respond to bat echolocation, indicating that these beetles have likely lost the ability to fear bat echolocation.</p>



<p>“If you get one of those tiger beetles that goes to sleep at night and play bat echolocation to it, it makes no response at all,” Gough said. “And they seem to be able to pretty quickly lose the ability to be afraid of bat echolocation.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultrasonic-mimicry-in-other-species">Ultrasonic mimicry in other species</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that more examples of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moths-use-ultrasonic-back-chat-to-fend-off-bat-attacks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultrasonic</a> mimicry likely exist, given the understudied nature of nocturnal insect acoustics. </p>



<p>“I think it’s happening all over the world,” Kawahara said. “With my colleague, Jesse Barber, we have been studying this together for many years. We think it’s not just tiger beetles and moths. It appears to be happening with all kinds of different nocturnal insects, and we just don’t know simply because we haven’t been testing in this manner.”</p>



<p>These delicate ecological interactions are threatened by human impacts like noise and light pollution, which can disrupt acoustic mimicry. “If we want to understand these processes, we need to do it now,” Kawahara said. “There are amazing processes taking place in our backyards that we can’t see. But by making our world louder, brighter and changing the temperature, these balances can break.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0610" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Biology Letters</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Tiger beetles mimic toxic moths to deceive predatory bats 

Bats, as primary predators of night-flying insects, have driven many...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>You’d wonder whether this early automobile’s springs could possibly have survived the punishment this rock-strewn track would have given it. They must have built them tough back in the day. In fact, this photo, taken somewhere in Tennessee, is dated 1903 when cars would have still been something of a novelty. As, it seems, were proper roads. Photo Credit: Bettmann/Getty Images</p>


Rocky road

<p>Haywood Patterson was one of a group of nine young African-Americans who came to be known as the Scottsboro Boys. In 1931 they were put on trial, accused – falsely – of raping two white women aboard a train in Jackson County, Alabama. The ordeals the young men went through, including jail time, caused an international storm and revealed the deep racial divide in much of the South. Patterson was actually sentenced to death in 1933 although this was later overturned by the Supreme Court. Photo Credit: George Rinhart/Corbis via Getty Images</p>