Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.



In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. 



"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”



Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.



One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;



In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.



A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;



"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. 



These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;



“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;



“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”



The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke from fires around the Canadian community of Fort Nelson and streaming east into Alberta on May 11, 2024.



Canada is currently facing an intense start to its wildland fire season, following a severe season last year.&nbsp;



By mid-May, parts of British Columbia were already shrouded in smoke from early and aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, a phenomenon typically seen much later in the summer. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-observations-of-canada-fires">Satellite observations of Canada fires</h2>



The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.&nbsp;



Additional observations by NASA's Terra satellite and others showed the smoke plume rising several kilometers into the air and spreading into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, where it raised air quality concerns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-fueled-by-dry-conditions-and-high-winds">Fires fueled by dry conditions and high winds</h2>



One particularly dangerous fire, which ignited on May 10, rapidly expanded southeast of Fort Nelson and a nearby First Nation community, threatening around 3,400 residents.&nbsp;



Dry conditions and high winds from a passing cold front fueled the blaze, prompting immediate evacuation orders for the area.&nbsp;



Cliff Chapman, British Columbia’s Wildfire Service Director of Provincial Operations, advised against travel near Fort Nelson due to the fire's severe intensity and rapid spread.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holdover-fires-in-canada">Holdover fires in Canada</h2>



To the north, several other fires consumed tens of thousands of hectares. Some of these were "holdover" fires, which persisted under the snow throughout the winter and rekindled in the spring, fed by vegetation dried from ongoing severe drought conditions as per the North American Drought Monitor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-emissions">Carbon emissions</h2>



This year's fire intensity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> in British Columbia are notably high, with Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, reporting over 5 megatons of carbon emissions from the province's wildfires by mid-May - marking the highest May emissions in 22 years. 



Parrington's assessments, part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, utilize data from the Global Fire Assimilation System, which incorporates MODIS fire observations from NASA's satellites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-fires-in-2023">Canada fires in 2023</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 wildfire season</a> in Canada was particularly intense and significant due to a combination of factors including climate conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts</a>. 



Throughout the season, Canada experienced an unusually high number of wildfires, which affected vast areas across the country, particularly in regions like British Columbia and Alberta.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conditions-nbsp">Challenging conditions&nbsp;</h3>



These fires were fueled by a combination of dry weather, higher than average temperatures, and strong winds, creating challenging conditions for firefighting efforts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



The smoke from the wildfires had a profound impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, not only in Canada but also in parts of the United States, leading to health advisories and concerns over air pollution. The fires prompted widespread evacuations and significant damage to properties and ecosystems. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



The season highlighted the growing concerns over climate change as a driving force behind the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire events.&nbsp;



The Canadian government and local authorities were actively engaged in firefighting and mitigation efforts, but the scale of the fires called for an increased focus on long-term strategies for fire prevention and forest management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wildfires-on-human-health">Impact of wildfires on human health</h2>



Wildfires have a significant impact on human health, affecting both physical and mental well-being.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



The most immediate health issue is the inhalation of smoke, which contains a mix of harmful gases and fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.&nbsp;



This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and other chronic lung conditions.&nbsp;



Additionally, exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked to cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



Beyond physical health, wildfires can also have a profound effect on mental health. The stress and trauma of experiencing a wildfire, losing property, or being displaced can lead to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the recovery and rebuilding process can be lengthy and stressful, further impacting mental health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-challenges-nbsp">Additional challenges&nbsp;</h3>



People in affected areas often face challenges with water and food safety due to contamination from fire-related chemicals and debris. The destruction of infrastructure can also limit access to medical care and health services, exacerbating all these health issues.&nbsp;



Overall, the impact of wildfires on human health is complex and can be long-lasting, necessitating both immediate and long-term public health interventions to support affected communities.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Canada's fire season is off to an intense start

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.



“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.



HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.



This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.



According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.



“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.



The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.



Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features severe flooding in downtown Porto Alegre, the capital city of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Nearly two million people have been affected by the historic floods. More than 100 people were killed and 140 are still missing. 



Floodwaters inundated the historic district, forced the closure of the international airport, affected major stadiums, and rendered several highways unusable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upheaval-across-rio-grande-do-sul">Upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul</h2>



Severe weather systems, characterized by strong winds and heavy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-will-wreak-havoc-on-mountain-ranges-as-warming-climate-turns-snow-to-rain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>, impacted Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, beginning on April 27, 2024. In a matter of days, some regions recorded over 300 millimeters (approximately 12 inches) of rain, resulting in rivers overflowing their banks and causing extensive, destructive flooding throughout the area.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> has led to significant upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul. According to the state's civil defense agency, over 160,000 individuals have been displaced, and there have been numerous fatalities. 



The state, a key hub for the production and export of soy, rice, wheat, and meat, has seen considerable agricultural damage. Disruptions to grain exports are anticipated due to the impact on silos, storage facilities, transportation networks, and ports.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-storms-in-rio-grande-do-sul-nbsp">Intense storms in Rio Grande do Sul&nbsp;</h2>



Brazil's National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) attributes the extreme weather to the weakening El Niño phenomenon, which influenced cold fronts to move towards Rio Grande do Sul and increased atmospheric instability over the area. 



Additionally, unusually warm waters in the South Atlantic Ocean elevated humidity levels, intensifying the storms through the convergence of warm, moist air from the Amazon and cooler southern air.



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> event aligns with broader climatic changes anticipated for the region, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Sixth Assessment Report. 



Projections indicate significant increases in annual precipitation totals and extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> events by 2050, based on simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-6) and incorporating findings from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies' GISS ModelE.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-events-nbsp">Extreme weather events&nbsp;</h2>



Brazil experiences a wide variety of extreme weather events due to its vast size and diverse ecosystems. Droughts are a significant issue, especially in the Northeast and parts of the Southeast, affecting water supplies, agriculture, and energy production.&nbsp;



Conversely, the rainy season brings floods that can inundate large regions, including the Amazon basin and densely populated urban areas like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where inadequate drainage systems often lead to severe waterlogging.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landslide-predictions-could-become-94-percent-more-accurate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landslides</a> are another common consequence of heavy rains, posing risks in hilly cities such as Rio de Janeiro. As global temperatures rise, heatwaves have become more frequent and intense, particularly in urban centers where the heat island effect can amplify high temperatures.



The ongoing impact of climate change is likely to increase both the frequency and severity of these extreme weather events across Brazil, highlighting the need for enhanced disaster preparedness and adaptive strategies to mitigate future risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-porto-alegre-nbsp">Porto Alegre&nbsp;</h2>



Porto Alegre is known for its rich cultural heritage and strong European influence, reflecting the diverse immigrant populations that have settled there, including Germans, Italians, and Portuguese. The city combines a bustling urban atmosphere with charming old architecture and expansive public parks, making it a vibrant center for culture, politics, and commerce in the region.



Porto Alegre hosts numerous cultural events, such as the annual Porto Alegre Book Fair, one of the largest book fairs in Brazil, and it's renowned for its lively arts scene, including theaters, museums, and galleries. The city is also a significant educational hub, home to several universities and research institutions, contributing to its reputation as a center of intellectual and academic activity.



Economically, Porto Alegre is an important trade and service center. It has a diverse economy with strong sectors in commerce, services, and manufacturing. The city serves as a critical transportation and logistics hub due to its strategic location near the Mercosur (Southern Common Market) capitals, enhancing its role in regional trade.



Despite its urban advancements, Porto Alegre is also known for its environmental initiatives, including extensive recycling programs and a high number of green spaces, which are integrated into the urban landscape and offer residents and visitors alike a respite from the bustling city life.



The image of flooding in Porto Alegre was captured on May 8, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Historic flooding in Rio Grande do Sul

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.



"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.



"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. 



"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.



"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."



"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.



The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. 



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

But even so, many questioned the need for lethal force, especially when the zoo had the ability to sedate Harambe from a distance. However, O'Donoughue explained that doing so could've actually made the situation even more deadly. Photo credit: Per-Anders Pettersson/Getty Images

Lethal Force Necessary

The majestic pyramids of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mummified-baboons-in-egypt-where-did-they-come-from-and-how-did-they-get-there/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Egypt</a> have long captivated our imaginations. Their towering presence is a testament to the ingenuity and power of an ancient civilization.&nbsp;But why were these monumental structures built in a seemingly inhospitable desert landscape?&nbsp;A new discovery may hold the answer – a long-lost branch of the Nile River,&nbsp;now buried beneath sand and farmland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-branch-of-the-nile-near-pyramid-fields">Branch of the Nile near pyramid fields</h2>



Using satellite imagery, experts identified potential locations of an ancient river branch near the pyramid fields. They confirmed their findings through geophysical surveys and sediment cores. 



The researchers detected river sediments and former channels beneath the land, indicating the presence of a 64-km-long former river branch that once flowed near the pyramid fields. They have proposed that the river branch be named "Ahramat," which means pyramids in Arabic.



The ancient branch of the Nile may have played a pivotal role in pyramid construction and accessibility. The river made transporting massive stone blocks and other materials to the construction sites easier. 



This discovery could explain why pyramid fields are concentrated along this particular strip of desert near Memphis. The river's proximity made these areas easily accessible at the time of construction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pyramids-and-nile-river-waterways">Pyramids and Nile River waterways</h2>



The Ahramat branch flowed near a staggering 31 pyramids, including the iconic Giza pyramid complex. This close proximity indicates that the river served as a vital transportation route. The ancient Egyptians likely used the river to move massive stone blocks and other construction materials to the pyramid sites.



Intriguingly, many pyramids have causeways that end at the proposed riverbanks of the Ahramat Branch. This alignment supports the idea that the waterway was instrumental in their construction. 



The experts found that these causeways likely connected the pyramid sites to the river. This further suggests that the Nile's Ahramat branch played a crucial role in transporting materials needed for building the pyramids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demise-of-the-nile-river-branch">Demise of the Nile River branch</h2>



So, what happened to this once-mighty river? The researchers believe that increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/dust-storm-in-egypt-and-libya/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">windblown</a> sand, linked to a major drought that began approximately 4,200 years ago, likely caused the branch to migrate eastward. This migration, combined with the accumulation of sand, eventually led to the river silting up and disappearing.



This finding underscores the impact of environmental changes on human societies throughout history. As the Ahramat branch dwindled, the ease of accessing the pyramids diminished. It would have become more difficult to transport materials and maintain the structures. 



Ultimately, the loss of the river contributed to the abandonment of the pyramid fields and the mysteries that surround them today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-egyptian-archaeology">Egyptian archaeology</h2>



The discovery of the Ahramat branch opens up exciting new possibilities for archaeological exploration. Researchers can now focus on identifying other extinct Nile branches. This will allow them to pinpoint potential sites for future excavations and uncover more hidden treasures along these ancient riverbanks.



By finding more extinct Nile branches, researchers can prioritize archaeological efforts in these areas. This targeted approach will enhance our understanding of ancient Egyptian civilization. 



Additionally, it will help protect Egyptian cultural heritage by highlighting significant sites that need preservation. Future research in this area holds great promise for revealing further secrets of Egypt's rich history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-nile-more-than-just-a-river">The Nile: More than just a river</h2>



The Nile has always been more than just a source of water for Egypt. It has served as a lifeline, providing sustenance to the land and its people. 



Beyond its role in agriculture, the Nile acted as a transportation artery, facilitating trade and movement across the region. For millennia, it has been a cultural touchstone, central to the identity and development of Egyptian civilization.



The discovery of the Ahramat branch underscores this deep, intricate relationship between the river and the rise of one of the world's most fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-unwrap-the-3000-year-old-mummy-of-king-amenhotep-i/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">civilizations</a>. This ancient river branch once played a crucial role in the construction and accessibility of Egypt's pyramids, aiding the transport of massive stone blocks and other materials.



As we continue to unravel the secrets of the pyramids and the ancient Egyptians who built them, we are reminded that even the most enduring monuments are subject to the forces of nature and the passage of time. 



The Ahramat branch may be lost to history, buried beneath desert and farmland, but its legacy lives on. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lost-branch-of-the-nile-was-used-to-build-giza-pyramids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pyramids</a> that stand today are a testament to human ingenuity and the enduring power of the Nile. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01379-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



—–



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Egypt's pyramids were built along a buried branch of the Nile River

The majestic pyramids of Egypt have long captivated our imaginations....

In the captivating world of marine mammals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-have-protected-california-kelp-forests-for-a-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea otters</a> have long been admired for their playful antics and adorable appearance. However, recent research has shed light on a remarkable aspect of their behavior that has significant implications for their survival – tool use. 



It turns out that these charming creatures, particularly the females, are quite the resourceful warriors in the face of environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-sea-otter-s-tool-use">Significance of sea otter's tool use</h2>



Sea otters are among the select few animal species known to utilize tools to access food. They use rocks, shells, or even discarded trash to break open the hard shells of their prey. This includes crabs, clams, and mussels. While this may seem like a simple act, it holds profound significance for these marine mammals.



"Sea otters vary in how often they use tools.&nbsp;The females are likely using tools to overcome their smaller body size and weaker biting ability in order to meet their calorie demands. Raising pups takes a lot of energy, and the females need to be efficient in their foraging. The study shows&nbsp;that tool use is an important behavior for survival," explained Dr. Chris Law, a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Texas at Austin</a> and the lead author of the study.



The researchers conducted this study along the California coast, tracking 196 radio-tagged southern sea otters. They observed the otters' tool-use patterns, dietary habits, and dental health. The findings were remarkable. For the first time, scientists discovered a direct link between tool use and reduced tooth damage in both male and female otters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-females-lead-the-way">Why females lead the way</h2>



Interestingly, the study revealed a fascinating trend: female sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/otters-have-the-ability-to-restore-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">otters</a> were more likely to use tools than males. This observation aligns with patterns seen in other species like dolphins, chimpanzees, and bonobos, where females also exhibit greater tool-use proficiency.



The reasons behind this female-driven ingenuity are likely rooted in the demands of motherhood. Raising otter pups requires a tremendous amount of energy, and mothers must be efficient in their foraging efforts. By utilizing tools to access a wider variety of prey, including those with harder shells, females can ensure a consistent and nutritious food supply for themselves and their offspring.



Furthermore, the behavior might be passed down through generations, with mothers teaching their pups the art of tool use. This transmission of knowledge not only enhances the survival skills of individual otters but also contributes to the overall resilience of the species in a changing environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-pressures-and-sea-otter-tool-use">Environmental pressures and sea otter tool use</h2>



The coastal waters of Central California, where these sea otters reside, are undergoing significant changes. Some of their preferred prey, such as large abalone and sea urchins, are becoming increasingly scarce due to factors like overfishing and environmental degradation. This scarcity forces otters to turn to alternative food sources, often those with harder shells that can damage their teeth.



Tooth wear and damage are critical concerns for sea otters. When their teeth become too worn down, they struggle to capture and consume prey, ultimately leading to starvation. The researchers found that female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-maternal-drive-helps-sea-otters-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">otters</a>, through their adept tool use, experienced less tooth damage than their male counterparts. This dental advantage allows them to maintain their foraging efficiency and ensures their long-term survival.



"Tools enable otters to specialize on different diets (when preferred prey are limited) that they otherwise would not be able to eat without the use of tools.&nbsp;This allows them to maintain their energetic requirements even though their preferred prey are depleted," said Dr. Law.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threatened-species">Threatened species</h2>



The southern sea otter, listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, faces numerous challenges. Their population in California hovers around 3,000 individuals, making their survival a matter of ecological importance. This precarious number highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to ensure their continued existence.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-use-their-paws-whiskers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sea otters</a> play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems. By preying on sea urchins, they help control the population of these spiny creatures. Without otters, sea urchins can overpopulate and decimate kelp forests. These kelp forests are vital habitats for a myriad of marine life, offering shelter and food for numerous species. 



Therefore, the presence of sea otters helps sustain the biodiversity and health of these underwater forests. The ecological impact of sea otters extends beyond their immediate surroundings, influencing the broader health of marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-otter-survival-tools">Sea otter survival tools</h2>



The research conducted by Dr. Law and his colleagues offers valuable insights into the adaptability and resilience of sea otters. Their ability to innovate and utilize tools in response to environmental pressures highlights the importance of understanding and protecting these remarkable creatures.



As we continue to grapple with the challenges of a changing planet, the story of the sea otters serves as a reminder of the incredible ways in which animals adapt and overcome adversity through the power of innovation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6608" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Sea otters use tools to access larger prey and protect their teeth

In the captivating world of marine mammals, sea otters have...

When we zoom in on a chemical reaction to the quantum level, a fascinating world emerges. Particles behave like waves, rippling and colliding in a intricate dance. Scientists have long sought to understand the phenomenon of quantum coherence, where particles maintain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phase relationships</a> and exist in multiple states simultaneously, much like a synchronized wave.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demonstrating-the-survival-of-quantum-coherence">Demonstrating the survival of quantum coherence</h2>



A team of <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard</a> scientists led by Kang-Kuen Ni, Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Physics, has demonstrated for the first time the survival of quantum coherence in a chemical reaction involving ultracold molecules. 



This discovery highlights the potential of harnessing chemical reactions for future applications in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecules-scramble-quantum-information-equally-well-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> science.



"I am extremely proud of our work investigating a very fundamental property of a chemical reaction where we really didn't know what the result would be," said Professor Ni. "It was really gratifying to do an experiment to find out what Mother Nature tells us."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potassium-rubidium-molecule-reaction">Potassium-rubidium molecule reaction</h2>



The researchers focused on a specific atom-exchange chemical reaction in an ultra-cold environment involving 40K87Rb bialkali molecules. 



In this reaction, two potassium-rubidium (KRb) molecules react to form potassium (K2) and rubidium (Rb2) products. 



The team prepared the initial nuclear spins in KRb molecules in an entangled state by manipulating magnetic fields and then examined the outcome with specialized tools.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-dynamics-in-ultra-cold-environments">Quantum dynamics in ultra-cold environments</h2>



By utilizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lasers-make-quantum-materials-reveal-their-hidden-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laser cooling</a> and magnetic trapping, the team cooled their molecules to just 500 nanoKelvin, a fraction of a degree above Absolute Zero. 



In this ultracold environment, molecules slow down, enabling scientists to isolate, manipulate, and detect individual quantum states with remarkable precision. 



This control facilitates the observation of quantum effects such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superposition</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entanglement</a>, and coherence, which play fundamental roles in the behavior of molecules and chemical reactions.



"We are probing phenomena that are possibly occurring in nature," said first co-author and graduate student Lingbang Zhu. 



"We can try to broaden our concept to other chemical reactions. Although the electronic structure of KRb might be different, the idea of interference in reactions could be generalized to other chemical systems as well," Zhu concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-reaction-products-with-precision">Mapping reaction products with precision</h2>



The researchers employed sophisticated techniques, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secure-quantum-communication-one-step-closer-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coincidence detection</a>, to pick out the exact pairs of reaction products from individual reaction events and map them with precision. 



Previously, they observed the partitioning of energy between the rotational and translational motion of the product molecules to be chaotic. 



Therefore, it was surprising to find quantum order in the form of coherence in the same underlying reaction dynamics, this time in the nuclear spin degree of freedom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-coherence-preserved-and-inherited">Quantum coherence preserved and inherited</h2>



The results revealed that quantum coherence was preserved within the nuclear spin degree of freedom throughout the reaction. 



The survival of coherence implied that the product molecules, K2 and Rb2, were in an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-giant-leap-forward-breakthrough-ultra-pure-silicon-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entangled state</a>, inheriting the entanglement from the reactants. 



Furthermore, by deliberately inducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decoherence</a> in the reactants, the researchers demonstrated control over the reaction product distribution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-reactions-on-the-quantum-frontier">Chemical reactions on the quantum frontier</h2>



Professor Ni is optimistic that quantum coherence can persist in non-ultracold environments. 



"We believe the result is general and not necessarily limited to low temperatures and could happen in more warm and wet conditions," she said. "That means there is a mechanism for chemical reactions that we just didn't know about before."



In summary, the research conducted by Professor Kang-Kuen Ni and her team at Harvard University has opened a new chapter in our understanding of chemical reactions at the quantum level. 



By demonstrating the survival of quantum coherence in an ultracold environment and its potential persistence in warmer conditions, they have unveiled a previously unknown mechanism that governs chemical reactions. 



This discovery challenges our conventional understanding of reaction dynamics while highlighting new applications in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> science. 



As scientists continue to explore the quantum frontier, this study serves as a beacon, guiding us towards a deeper appreciation of the intricate dance of particles that underlies the very fabric of our universe.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl6570" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Finding quantum coherence in the chaos of chemical reactions

When we zoom in on a chemical reaction to the...

Scientists have captured rare footage of a deep-sea hooked squid at a depth of more than a kilometer underwater. The research team made this remarkable observation while deploying free-fall baited cameras north of the <a href="https://www.mod.ucsd.edu/samoan-passage-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samoan Passage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taningia-danae-rare-encounter-with-a-deep-sea-hooked-squid">Taningia danae: Rare encounter with a deep-sea hooked squid</h2>



The deep-sea hooked squid, scientific name Taningia danae, is a fascinating cephalopod that inhabits the deep waters of the world's oceans. 



This species belongs to the family Octopoteuthidae and is one of the largest known deep-sea squid. 



Despite its impressive size, which can reach up to 1.7 meters in length, very little is known about its behavior and ecology due to the challenges of observing them in their natural habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioluminescent-wonder">Bioluminescent wonder</h3>



One of the most striking features of Taningia danae is the presence of two large photophores on the tips of its arms. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescence-common-in-deep-sea-shrimp-study-finds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photophores</a> are bioluminescent organs that produce bright flashes of light, believed to be used for communication, attracting prey, and startling potential predators. 



The photophores of Taningia danae are the largest known in the natural world, making this species a true marvel of deep-sea bioluminescence.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-distribution">Habitat and distribution</h3>



Taningia danae is found in deep waters across the globe, typically at depths ranging from 200 to 2,000 meters. They have been reported in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean, indicating a widespread distribution. 



However, due to the inaccessibility of their habitat and the rarity of live observations, their precise range and population status remain unclear.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skillful-deep-sea-predator">Skillful deep-sea predator</h3>



As a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-and-squid-senses-linked-to-human-brain-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predatory species</a>, Taningia danae employs its bioluminescent photophores and powerful arms to hunt a variety of prey in the deep sea. 



They are believed to feed on fish, crustaceans, and other cephalopods, using their sharp beak and strong suckers to capture and consume their prey. 



The striking bioluminescent displays may also serve to disorient and stun potential prey, giving the squid a crucial advantage in the darkness of the deep sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lights-camera-deep-sea-hooked-squid">Lights, camera, deep-sea hooked squid</h2>



The international research team was led by Associate Professor Heather Stewart from Kelpie Geosciences UK, and an adjunct at <a href="http://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a>, along with researchers from the Minderoo-UWA Deep Sea Research Centre.



The scientists held their collective breath as the camera was sinking to the seafloor at a rate of 58 meters per minute. Out of seemingly nowhere, the approximately 3 meter long squid caught up with the lander at a depth of just over 1km. 



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QKTXJvL6xg-3624523-12187" type="single"]</div>



Associate Professor Stewart recounted the encounter, saying, "The squid descended on our camera assuming it was prey, and tried to startle it with is huge bioluminescent headlights. It then proceeded to wrap its arms around one of other cameras which in turn captured the encounter in even greater detail. I think we were very lucky to have witnessed this."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-observing-deep-sea-squid">Challenges of observing deep-sea squid</h2>



Professor Alan Jamieson, director of the <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/oceans-institute/research/deep-sea-research-centre" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Minderoo-UWA Deep Sea Research Centre</a>, emphasized the difficulty in observing deep-sea squid in their natural habitat, particularly in the mid-water. 



"Many records of this species are from strandings, accidental bycatch or from the stomach contents of whales," Jamieson explained. 



"The rarity of live observations of these amazing animals makes every encounter valuable in gathering information on geographic locations, depth, and behavior, plus it is such a unique animal that we hardly ever get to see, so we had to share it," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-and-conservation">Further research and conservation</h2>



The research ship RV Dagon is currently in the final weeks of a three-month expedition, supported by Inkfish, to the Nova Canton Trough located in the Central Pacific Ocean. 



The mission aims to explore and document the biodiversity and geodiversity of the seafloor at depths between three and eight kilometers.



This remarkable encounter with the deep-sea hooked squid highlights the importance of continued research and exploration of the ocean's depths. 



Given the scarcity of information on Taningia danae and other deep-sea cephalopods, it is crucial to continue scientific research and exploration efforts to better understand these enigmatic creatures. 



As human activities increasingly impact the world's oceans, it is essential to gather knowledge about deep-sea biodiversity to inform conservation strategies and protect these unique ecosystems. 



As scientists continue to delve into the mysteries of the deep sea, we can expect more fascinating discoveries that shed light on the incredible creatures inhabiting these largely unexplored regions of our planet.



Video Credit: <a href="http://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Western Australia</a>



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Rare ‘deep-sea hooked squid’ captured on video

Scientists have captured rare footage of a deep-sea hooked squid...

Thirteen years after the devastating nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27032342/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FDNPP</a>), a breakthrough analysis was completed by a team of researchers from Japan, Finland, America, and France. The study reveals the first-ever direct imaging of radioactive cesium (Cs) atoms in environmental samples emitted from the damaged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fukushima-disaster-and-the-oceans-what-do-we-know-5-years-on/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FDNPP reactors</a>.



Prof. Satoshi Utsunomiya from <a href="https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyushu University</a>, Japan, led the research, which provides crucial insights into the lingering environmental and radioactive waste management challenges faced in Japan. 



The findings highlight the formation of pollucite, a zeolite mineral, within Cs-rich microparticles (CsMPs) and the likely heterogeneity of cesium atoms distribution within the FDNPP reactors and the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-radioactive-cesium-atoms">Analyzing radioactive cesium atoms</h2>



In 2011, the Great Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami caused three nuclear reactors at the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27032342/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FDNPP</a> to undergo meltdowns due to a loss of back-up power and cooling. 



Since then, extensive research efforts have focused on understanding the properties of fuel debris found within the damaged reactors, which must be carefully removed and disposed of. 



However, many uncertainties remain concerning the physical and chemical state of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radioactive-carbon-from-nuclear-bomb-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fuel debris</a>, complicating retrieval efforts.



A significant amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radioactive-material-found-fukushima/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radioactive Cs</a> was released from the damaged reactors in the form of poorly soluble, small (&lt; 5 µm) particles with a glass-like composition, termed CsMPs. 



Prof. Utsunomiya explained that the CsMPs "formed in the bottom of the damaged reactors during the meltdowns, when molten nuclear fuel impacted concrete."



Despite abundant Cs in the microparticles, direct atomic-scale imaging of radioactive Cs has proven impossible due to the low concentration of Cs and the electron beam damage to the samples. 



Prof. Gareth Law, a study collaborator from the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en">University</a><a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> </a><a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en">of Helsinki</a>, explained that "this means we lack full information on the chemical form of Cs in the particles and fuel debris."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cesium-understanding-the-basics">Cesium: Understanding the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/cesium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cesium</a> (Cs) is a soft, silvery-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group in the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 55 and is the most electropositive and reactive of all the stable elements. 



Cesium has a low melting point of 28.5°C (83.3°F) and a boiling point of 671°C (1,240°F). In nature, cesium occurs in the minerals pollucite and lepidolite, but it is relatively rare and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of lithium mining.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radioactive-isotopes-of-cesium">Radioactive isotopes of cesium</h3>



Cesium has several isotopes, both stable and radioactive. The most common stable isotope is cesium-133, while the most well-known radioactive isotopes are cesium-134 and cesium-137. 



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-release-radioactive-material/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radioactive isotopes</a> are produced during nuclear fission reactions and have half-lives of 2.1 years and 30.2 years, respectively. 



Cesium-137 is particularly significant because it is one of the main sources of radiation in nuclear fallout and can persist in the environment for decades.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-of-cesium">Applications of cesium</h3>



Cesium has a wide range of applications in various fields:



<ul>
<li>Atomic Clocks: Cesium-133 is used in the world's most accurate atomic clocks, which define the international standard for time measurement.</li>



<li>Photoelectric Cells: Cesium is used in photoelectric cells, which convert light energy into electrical energy, due to its high sensitivity to light.</li>



<li>Drilling Fluids: Cesium formate is used as a high-density drilling fluid in oil and gas exploration, helping to stabilize high-temperature, high-pressure wells.</li>



<li>Medical Applications: Cesium-131 is used in brachytherapy for cancer treatment, as it emits soft gamma rays that can effectively target tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.</li>



<li>Specialty Glass: Cesium is used in the production of specialty glass, such as night vision goggles and telescope lenses, due to its ability to increase the refractive index of glass.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-health-concerns">Environmental and health concerns</h3>



While stable cesium is relatively harmless, radioactive cesium isotopes can pose significant environmental and health risks. 



Cesium-137, in particular, can accumulate in the food chain and cause long-term contamination of soil, water, and vegetation. 



Exposure to high levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radioactive-material-drinking-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radioactive</a> cesium can lead to acute radiation sickness, increased cancer risk, and other health problems. 



Proper management and disposal of radioactive cesium waste are crucial to minimize these risks and protect public health and the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iron-rich-pollucite-connection-to-cesium-atoms">Iron-rich pollucite connection to cesium atoms</h2>



In their previous work using a state-of-the-art high-resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (HR-HAADF-STEM), the team found inclusions of pollucite, a zeolite mineral, within CsMPs. 



Prof. Law explained that "in past analysis we showed that the iron-rich pollucite inclusions in the CsMPs contained >20 wt.% Cs. In nature, pollucite is generally aluminum-rich. The pollucite in the CsMPs was clearly different to that in nature indicating it formed in the reactors."



Informed by modeling and the knowledge that most of the Cs in CsMPs is fission-derived, the team set about painstaking analysis that finally led to the direct imaging of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydraulic-fracturing-wastewater-radioactive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radioactive</a> Cs atoms. Prof. 



Utsunomiya expressed his excitement, stating, "It was incredibly exciting to see the beautiful pattern of Cs atoms in the pollucite structure, where about half of the atoms in the image correspond to radioactive Cs. This is the first time humans have directly imaged radioactive cesium atoms in an environmental sample."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reactor-decommissioning-and-environmental-remediation">Reactor decommissioning and environmental remediation</h2>



The study's findings go beyond the mere imaging of radioactive Cs atoms. The work sheds light on pollucite formation and the likely heterogeneity of Cs distribution within the FDNPP reactors and the environment. 



Prof. Law emphasized, "Finding Cs containing pollucite in CsMPs likely means it also remains in the damaged reactors; as such, its properties can now be considered in reactor decommissioning and waste management strategies."



"We should now also begin to consider the environmental behavior or Cs-pollucite and its possible impacts. It likely behaves differently to other forms of Cs fallout documented thus far," added collaborator Emeritus Prof. Bernd Grambow from Subatech, <a href="https://www.imt-atlantique.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IMT Atlantique Nantes University</a>.



"Also, the effect on human health might have to be considered. The chemical reactivity of pollucite in the environment and in body fluids is certainly different than that of other forms of deposited radioactive Cs," Grambow concluded.



Prof. Rod Ewing from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> underscored the pressing need for continued research to inform debris removal strategies and environmental remediation, stating, "Yet again, we see that the pain-staking analytical efforts of international scientists really can unlock the mysteries of nuclear accidents, aiding long-term recovery efforts."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-nuclear-accidents">Unlocking the mysteries of nuclear accidents</h2>



This important research led by Prof. Satoshi Utsunomiya and his brilliant international team of collaborators marks a significant milestone in understanding the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) disaster.



By directly imaging radioactive cesium atoms within pollucite inclusions in Cs-rich microparticles, the study provides crucial insights into the formation and distribution of radioactive materials within the damaged reactors and the environment.



These findings will undoubtedly inform future strategies for reactor decommissioning, waste management, and environmental remediation efforts, as scientists and policymakers work together to address the long-term consequences of nuclear accidents and ensure the safety and well-being of affected communities.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389424006836?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Hazardous Materials</a>.



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Radioactive cesium atoms directly imaged for the first time

Thirteen years after the devastating nuclear disaster at the Fukushima...

In a stunning display of solar activity, the sun produced its most powerful flare in almost 20 years this week, rated a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strong X-class</a> solar flare.



The X8.7 flare, as rated on the scale for these events, is the strongest since 2005 and the biggest of the current 11-year solar cycle, which is nearing its peak, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>).



Bryan Brasher, a scientist at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colorado, said, "Not done yet!" He noted that the flare's strength might be even greater once scientists gather data from additional sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-x-class-solar-flares">Understanding X-class solar flares</h2>



Solar flares are sudden, rapid, and intense explosions on the sun's surface that release a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rare-g5-level-geomagnetic-storm-highest-level-hits-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tremendous amount of energy</a> in the form of radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays.



The classification of solar flares is based on their X-ray brightness in the 1-8 Angstrom wavelength band, as measured by the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/goes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GOES</a> (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) spacecraft. 



There are five categories: A, B, C, M, and X, with each class having a peak flux ten times greater than the preceding one.



X-class flares have a peak flux of 10^-4 Watts per square meter or higher. Within the X-class category, the flares are further subdivided using a numerical suffix (e.g., X1, X2, X3) to indicate the intensity of the flare. 



An X2 flare is twice as intense as an X1 flare, and an X3 flare is three times as intense as an X1 flare, and so on. To put this most recent outburst into perspective, it was rated an X8.7.



X-class flares are the most powerful and can cause significant disruptions to <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's ionosphere</a>, leading to radio blackouts, GPS navigation issues, and potential damage to satellites and electrical infrastructure. 



They can also trigger spectacular auroral displays, sometimes visible at much lower latitudes than usual. However, Earth's atmosphere protects us from the harmful radiation emitted by these flares.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-dodges-a-solar-flare-bullet">Earth dodges a solar flare bullet</h2>



Fortunately, Earth is expected to be out of the line of fire this time, as the flare erupted on a part of the sun rotating away from our planet. 



NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (<a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDO</a>) captured the bright flash of the X-ray flare, providing valuable data for scientists to analyze.



The recent solar activity follows nearly a week of flares and mass ejections of coronal plasma that threatened to disrupt power and communications on Earth and in orbit. 



However, the ejection associated with Tuesday's flare appeared to have been directed away from Earth, although analysis is ongoing, according to Brasher.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-on-satellites-and-the-iss">Impacts on satellites and the ISS</h2>



The weekend geomagnetic storm caused one of NASA's environmental satellites to rotate unexpectedly due to reduced altitude from the space weather, triggering a protective hibernation known as safe mode. 



At the International Space Station, the seven astronauts were advised to stay in areas with strong radiation shielding, although NASA emphasized that the crew was never in any danger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-g2-storm-levels-reached-and-potential-auroras">G2 storm levels reached and potential auroras</h2>



As of May 16, 2024, geomagnetic responses increased, reaching G2 storm levels. A G2 event is a moderately intense disturbance in Earth's magnetic field that often varies in intensity between lower levels and moderate storm conditions over the course of several hours.



There is a slight risk for some controllable power fluctuations in elements of the power grid, but generally negligible impacts for short-duration events on spacecraft operations. 



Those near the predicted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-southern-united-states-this-week-huge-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroral extent</a>, dipping as far south as New York, Michigan, and Oregon, may have the opportunity to witness the aurora tonight if weather conditions permit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-cycle-peak-approaches">Solar cycle peak approaches</h2>



As the sun continues to showcase its immense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">power and unpredictability</a>, scientists remain vigilant in monitoring its activity and the potential impacts on Earth. 



The recent X8.7 flare serves as a stark reminder of the sun's might and the importance of understanding its complex dynamics. 



By studying these events and their effects on our planet, we can better prepare for the challenges that lie ahead, both in terms of protecting our technological infrastructure and marveling at the awe-inspiring beauty of the auroras that dance across our skies. 



As we approach the peak of the 11-year solar cycle, we can expect more captivating displays of solar power, and with each new discovery, we inch closer to unraveling the mysteries of our star and its profound influence on our world.



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Sun blasts its biggest solar flare in over 19 years

In a stunning display of solar activity, the sun produced...

Vegetable,Saute,Or,Caponata,,Or,Pisto,With,Eggplant,,Peppers,,Tomatoes

In recent years, plant-based diets have garnered attention for their potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physicians-need-to-know-the-benefits-of-plant-based-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health benefits</a>. Extensive research spanning two decades now suggests that vegetarian and vegan lifestyles could be linked to improved cardiovascular health and a lower risk of various diseases, including cancer. 



The research, which involved a comprehensive review of 49 studies published between 2000 and 2023, offers new insights into how diet influences long-term health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-plant-based-diets">Health benefits of plant-based diets</h2>



The "umbrella" review conducted by the researchers allowed them to extract and synthesize data from multiple sources, focusing on how plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> affect the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. 



The findings reveal a strong statistical relationship between vegetarian and vegan diets and better management of several risk factors, including blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and body mass index (BMI). 



Notably, plant-based diets are linked with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease, as well as gastrointestinal and prostate cancers.



However, it's not all definitive wins. The research pointed out that among pregnant women, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegetarian-diet-boston/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetarian</a> diets did not significantly alter the risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension when compared to non-plant-based diets. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-debate-continues">The debate continues</h2>



Despite these promising findings, the researchers caution against a wholesale endorsement of plant-based diets for everyone. 



The variation in results across studies - due to differences in diet specifics, participant demographics, and study durations - suggests that the overall benefits of plant-based diets need clearer definition. 



Additionally, some vegetarian or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-improves-heart-health-in-a-matter-of-weeks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diets</a> might lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, indicating potential drawbacks that must be considered.



Study lead author Angelo Capodici from the <a href="https://www.unibo.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bologna</a> and his colleagues emphasize the need for further research to solidify their findings and address the gaps in our understanding of plant-based diets. 



"Our study evaluates the different impacts of animal-free diets for cardiovascular health and cancer risk, showing how a vegetarian diet can be beneficial to human health and be one of the effective preventive strategies for the two most impactful chronic diseases on human health in the 21st century," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study </h2>



“Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancer currently represent the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Studies performed on large cohorts worldwide have identified several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Among them, robust evidence supports diet as a major modifiable risk factor," explained the study authors. 



“A suboptimal diet, marked by insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, coupled with an excessive intake of meat (particularly red and processed), salt, refined grains and sugar, has been shown to notably elevate both mortality rates and disability-adjusted life years. Over time, these dietary choices have led to a concerning increase in health-related issues.”



“Additionally, the reduction of products of animal origin in favor of vegetarian ones has been suggested to reduce CVD and cancer risk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The future of dietary guidance</h2>



The analysis paints a generally positive picture of plant-based diets, associating them with significant health advantages. However, the complexities and variations found in the studies call for a more nuanced approach to dietary recommendations. 



"By utilizing an umbrella review, the research enables the synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, providing a higher level of evidence and summarizing a vast quantity of information," wrote the study authors. 



"Furthermore, its alignment with current health concerns, specifically targeting cardiovascular diseases and cancer, makes the study highly relevant to ongoing public health challenges and positions it as a valuable resource for informing preventive measures and dietary guidelines."



As we continue to explore the connections between diet and health, it becomes increasingly clear that what works for one may not work for all. 



Future studies are needed to build on these findings and help tailor dietary guidelines that can be broadly recommended, ensuring that they are beneficial without unintended health consequences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-based-diets">More about plant-based diets</h2>



A plant-based diet focuses primarily on foods derived from plants. This includes not only fruits and vegetables, but also nuts, seeds, oils, whole grains, legumes, and beans. 



Plant-based diets are not only beneficial to human health by lowering the risk of serious diseases, but are also more environmentally sustainable than diets rich in animal products because they use fewer natural resources and are associated with much less environmental damage. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0300711" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Plant-based diets lower the risk of most major diseases

In recent years, plant-based diets have garnered attention for their...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Screams from Above

"I keep hearing that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/slides/after-12-years-girl-meets-gorilla-she-grew-up-with/">Gorilla</a> was trying to protect the boy. I do not find this to be true," wrote O'Donoughue. "Harambe the Gorilla reaches for the boy’s hands and arms, but only to position the child better for his own displaying purposes." Photo credit: The Young Turks / YouTube