<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features severe flooding in downtown Porto Alegre, the capital city of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Nearly two million people have been affected by the historic floods. More than 100 people were killed and 140 are still missing. </p>



<p>Floodwaters inundated the historic district, forced the closure of the international airport, affected major stadiums, and rendered several highways unusable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upheaval-across-rio-grande-do-sul">Upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul</h2>



<p>Severe weather systems, characterized by strong winds and heavy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-will-wreak-havoc-on-mountain-ranges-as-warming-climate-turns-snow-to-rain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>, impacted Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, beginning on April 27, 2024. In a matter of days, some regions recorded over 300 millimeters (approximately 12 inches) of rain, resulting in rivers overflowing their banks and causing extensive, destructive flooding throughout the area.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> has led to significant upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul. According to the state's civil defense agency, over 160,000 individuals have been displaced, and there have been numerous fatalities. </p>



<p>The state, a key hub for the production and export of soy, rice, wheat, and meat, has seen considerable agricultural damage. Disruptions to grain exports are anticipated due to the impact on silos, storage facilities, transportation networks, and ports.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-storms-in-rio-grande-do-sul-nbsp">Intense storms in Rio Grande do Sul&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil's National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) attributes the extreme weather to the weakening El Niño phenomenon, which influenced cold fronts to move towards Rio Grande do Sul and increased atmospheric instability over the area. </p>



<p>Additionally, unusually warm waters in the South Atlantic Ocean elevated humidity levels, intensifying the storms through the convergence of warm, moist air from the Amazon and cooler southern air.</p>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> event aligns with broader climatic changes anticipated for the region, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Sixth Assessment Report. </p>



<p>Projections indicate significant increases in annual precipitation totals and extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> events by 2050, based on simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-6) and incorporating findings from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies' GISS ModelE.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-events-nbsp">Extreme weather events&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil experiences a wide variety of extreme weather events due to its vast size and diverse ecosystems. Droughts are a significant issue, especially in the Northeast and parts of the Southeast, affecting water supplies, agriculture, and energy production.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, the rainy season brings floods that can inundate large regions, including the Amazon basin and densely populated urban areas like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where inadequate drainage systems often lead to severe waterlogging.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landslide-predictions-could-become-94-percent-more-accurate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landslides</a> are another common consequence of heavy rains, posing risks in hilly cities such as Rio de Janeiro. As global temperatures rise, heatwaves have become more frequent and intense, particularly in urban centers where the heat island effect can amplify high temperatures.</p>



<p>The ongoing impact of climate change is likely to increase both the frequency and severity of these extreme weather events across Brazil, highlighting the need for enhanced disaster preparedness and adaptive strategies to mitigate future risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-porto-alegre-nbsp">Porto Alegre&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Porto Alegre is known for its rich cultural heritage and strong European influence, reflecting the diverse immigrant populations that have settled there, including Germans, Italians, and Portuguese. The city combines a bustling urban atmosphere with charming old architecture and expansive public parks, making it a vibrant center for culture, politics, and commerce in the region.</p>



<p>Porto Alegre hosts numerous cultural events, such as the annual Porto Alegre Book Fair, one of the largest book fairs in Brazil, and it's renowned for its lively arts scene, including theaters, museums, and galleries. The city is also a significant educational hub, home to several universities and research institutions, contributing to its reputation as a center of intellectual and academic activity.</p>



<p>Economically, Porto Alegre is an important trade and service center. It has a diverse economy with strong sectors in commerce, services, and manufacturing. The city serves as a critical transportation and logistics hub due to its strategic location near the Mercosur (Southern Common Market) capitals, enhancing its role in regional trade.</p>



<p>Despite its urban advancements, Porto Alegre is also known for its environmental initiatives, including extensive recycling programs and a high number of green spaces, which are integrated into the urban landscape and offer residents and visitors alike a respite from the bustling city life.</p>



<p>The image of flooding in Porto Alegre was captured on May 8, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Historic flooding in Rio Grande do Sul

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

<p>The staff at the shelter then told the man the story of Taco and Merrill, and how they were best friends and could not be separated since they arrived at their <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/building-shelters/">shelter.</a></p>
<p>The man felt a sudden pang of guilt. He realized that there was no way they should be separated. He agreed that it was best for them to stay together. But this wasn’t good news. Photo Credit: Facebook/Merrill and Taco</p>


<p></p>

Different Tactic

<p>The global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-cooperate-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> industry is facing a crisis. Overfishing, climate change, and other environmental stressors are threatening fish populations worldwide, putting our food security and ocean ecosystems at risk. But what if the solution to sustainable fishing lies not in nets and quotas, but in the very DNA of the fish themselves?</p>



<p>A team of researchers at <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>, led by Dr. Leif Andersson, is pioneering an approach to fisheries management that leverages the power of population genomics. This cutting-edge field involves analyzing the genetic makeup of entire fish populations to gain unprecedented insights into their biology, ecology, and vulnerabilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-blueprint-for-sustainable-fishing">Genetic blueprint for sustainable fishing</h2>



<p>At the core of this innovative method is the reference genome. Scientists sequence the DNA of a fish to create a genetic blueprint that shows each gene's function. This blueprint helps to clarify genetic diversity within and between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> populations which is essential for effective management.</p>



<p>"The first step is to create a reference genome, which shows the function of each gene on each chromosome as completely as possible. Genes are significant because they determine everything from physical features – like scale color – to complex systems – like the immune system," notes Dr. Andersson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-movements-of-fish">Mapping the movements of fish</h2>



<p>Once a reference genome is established, scientists examine DNA from various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-fleets-hidden-industrial-fishing-activity-exposed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> populations. They identify genetic variations that show unique adaptations and migration patterns. This data is crucial for understanding connections between fish populations, their spawning locations, and their responses to environmental changes.</p>



<p>"Step two is figuring out where the fish are spawning; you need to know where the population that you want to monitor is reproducing," explains Dr. Andersson. "Once you know that, you have to take samples of fish at the spawning point and sequence their DNA. Then you can compare the population's DNA to the reference genome and see the differences."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-genetic-diversity-via-sustainable-fishing">Preserving genetic diversity via sustainable fishing</h2>



<p>Population genomics offers a unique window into the genetic health of fish populations, allowing scientists to quantify the degree of genetic variation present within a species. This genetic diversity, often referred to as the species' gene pool, is a critical factor in its ability to thrive and adapt to changing environmental conditions.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-with-higher-genetic-variation-are-much-more-adaptable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse gene pool</a> equips a fish population with a wide array of genetic traits. These traits can include variations in disease resistance, temperature tolerance, growth rates, and reproductive capabilities. When faced with environmental challenges such as rising temperatures, pollution, or the emergence of new diseases, a genetically diverse population is more likely to possess the necessary traits to survive and reproduce.</p>



<p>Conversely, populations with low genetic diversity are inherently vulnerable. With a limited range of genetic variations, they are less equipped to cope with environmental stressors and are more susceptible to diseases. This vulnerability can lead to population declines and, in severe cases, even extinction.</p>



<p>By using population genomics, scientists can pinpoint fish populations with low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/channel-island-foxes-threatened-by-low-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic diversity</a>. This identification allows fishery managers to act protectively. They can enforce stricter fishing rules, create marine protected areas, or start breeding programs to boost genetic diversity and protect these vulnerable fish groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tailoring-strategies-for-each-population">Tailoring strategies for each population</h2>



<p>Armed with a wealth of genetic data, fishery managers can develop highly targeted and effective management plans for each distinct fish population. These plans may include measures such as adjusting fishing quotas, establishing marine protected areas, and implementing habitat restoration projects.</p>



<p>Dr. Andersson is optimistic about the potential of population genomics to transform fisheries management. "This kind of analysis would be valuable all over the world," he says. </p>



<p>"Fish are important to our planet's marine ecosystems, and they're also a healthy source of protein for humans. But many populations of fish depend on regional and seasonal factors that haven't been well-understood until recently."</p>



<p>"We hope that population genomics can become a powerful tool for assessing and maintaining biodiversity, not just for fish, but for many species."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-sustainable-fishing-and-seafood">Future of sustainable fishing and seafood</h2>



<p>Integrating population genomics into fisheries management is not a complete solution, but it marks a major advance in sustainable ocean use. This approach allows for more informed decisions by utilizing genetic information. </p>



<p>This research highlights the interconnectedness of science, conservation, and industry. As we move towards a more sustainable future, collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and fishing communities will be essential to ensure that the benefits of population genomics are fully realized.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-102933" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annual Review of Animal Biosciences</a></em>.</p>



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Sustainable fishing gets a boost from genomics roadmap

The global fishing industry is facing a crisis. Overfishing, climate...

<p>A new study led by <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> has found that the giant hummingbird, previously thought to be a single species across western South America, is actually comprised of two distinct species.</p>



<p>The experts differentiated between the northern and southern populations of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-have-more-colors-than-all-other-birds-combined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbirds</a>, with the former residing year-round in the high Andes and the latter migrating from sea level up to 14,000 feet during non-breeding months. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-differences-in-giant-hummingbirds-nbsp">Significant differences in giant hummingbirds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite their identical appearances, genetic and behavioral analyses indicate significant differences.</p>



<p>“They’re about eight times the size of a Ruby-throated Hummingbird,” said lead author Jessie Williamson, a postdoctoral fellow at Cornell. “We knew that some giant hummingbirds migrated, but until we sequenced genomes from the two populations, we had never realized just how different they are.”</p>



<p>Senior author Chris Witt, a biologist at the University of New Mexico, highlighted the extent of their difference: “They are as different from each other as chimpanzees are from bonobos. The two species do overlap on their high elevation wintering grounds.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It’s mind-boggling that until now nobody figured out the giant hummingbird mystery, yet these two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbird-species-newly-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> have been separate for millions of years.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-migratory-paths-of-hummingbirds-nbsp">Tracking the migratory paths of hummingbirds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The discovery was initially part of a project to trace the migratory paths of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-hummingbirds-deal-with-their-need-for-flight-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbirds</a>, using geolocators and satellite transmitters to track individual birds. </p>



<p>Remarkably, the researchers documented one of the longest hummingbird migrations in the world, with birds traveling up to 5,200 miles from the Chilean coast to the Andes of Peru and back.</p>



<p>Speciation appears to have been driven by shifts in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-behaviors-are-shaped-by-experience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory behavior</a>, though it is unclear whether this trait was gained or lost. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northern-and-southern-giant-hummingbird-nbsp">Northern and southern giant hummingbird&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Previously, the giant hummingbird was the only recognized species on this branch of the hummingbird family tree, which contrasts sharply with its closest relatives that have diversified into 165 distinct species.</p>



<p>The researchers have proposed naming the two species the northern giant hummingbird and southern giant hummingbird, with the latter retaining the Latin name <em>Patagona gigas</em> and the former newly dubbed <em>Patagona chaski</em>, "chaski" being a Quechua word meaning “messenger.”</p>



<p>The study benefited significantly from the support and local knowledge of communities in Peru and Chile, particularly the village in Peru where co-author Emil Bautista resides. Capturing these birds for study proved to be exceptionally challenging due to their keen awareness and territorial behavior.</p>



<p>Despite these difficulties, both populations of the giant hummingbird are currently stable and are commonly seen within their ranges, sometimes even visiting backyard nectar feeders.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Going forward, the team plans to investigate the interactions between these two species, particularly in their shared wintering grounds.</p>



<p>“We have to figure out where these two forms come together and how they interact,” Witt said. “Do they compete, is one dominant over the other, how might they partition resources, and do they mix or spatially segregate within the winter range? Lots of interesting questions to pursue!”</p>



<p>“I’m really interested in how southern giant hummingbirds make such dramatic shifts in elevation during migration. They travel from sea level to the high Andes in just a few weeks. They’re like miniature mountain climbers. How do they change their physiology to facilitate these movements?” Williamson concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-giant-hummingbirds-nbsp">More about giant hummingbirds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Giant hummingbirds, known scientifically as Patagona gigas, hold the title of the largest member of the hummingbird family. They can reach a length of about 23 centimeters, making them considerably bigger than the more typically sized hummingbirds most are familiar with.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Native to the Andes Mountains, they thrive in environments ranging from semi-desert to mountainous areas in countries like Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wing-beats">Wing beats</h3>



<p>These birds are distinct not only for their size but also for their relatively slow wing beats, especially when compared to their smaller counterparts who are known for their rapid flapping.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Giant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-adjust-their-wings-to-fly-through-very-tiny-spaces/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbirds</a> can beat their wings at a rate of about 12 to 15 times per second, which is leisurely by hummingbird standards. This wing beat allows them to hover effectively, a trait synonymous with hummingbirds, as they feed on nectar from a variety of flowers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-size">Body size</h3>



<p>Their larger body size also impacts their feeding habits. Giant hummingbirds consume more nectar than the average hummingbird to sustain their energy levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, they have adapted to a high-altitude environment, which affects the types of flowers they pollinate and their overall role in the ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite their size, they maintain the iridescent plumage characteristic of hummingbirds, although their colors might not be as vibrant as some of the more tropical species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



<p>Giant hummingbirds also produce a distinctive, buzzing call that can be heard over long distances, a feature that makes them quite noticeable in their natural habitat. They play a crucial role in their ecosystems, pollinating plants that are adapted to their presence and size.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Like all hummingbirds, they are vital for the health of their native habitats, contributing to the biodiversity that sustains these environments.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313599121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Giants hummingbirds are not just one, but two species

A new study led by Cornell University has found that...

3d,Illustration,Of,Molecule,Model.,Science,Or,Medical,Background,With

<p>For over a century, scientists have been aware of the coupling between electrons and atomic motion in in molecules and molecular design, a phenomenon discovered alongside quantum mechanics. </p>



<p>These molecular vibrations, resembling tiny springs, cause electrons to dance to the rhythm of the atoms on incredibly short timescales -- a mere millionth of a billionth of a second.</p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cavendish Laboratory</a> at the University of Cambridge, led by Professor Akshay Rao, have recently reported groundbreaking findings in the journal <em>Nature</em>. </p>



<p>Pratyush Ghosh, a PhD student at the Cavendish Laboratory and a member of <a href="https://www.sjc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">St John's College</a>, is the first author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-electron-vibration-coupling">Impact of electron-vibration coupling</h2>



<p>The constant motion of electrons, caused by their coupling with atomic vibrations, leads to energy loss and limits the performance of organic molecules in various applications. </p>



<p>These include light-emitting diodes (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oled-technology-is-changing-the-future-of-blue-light-displays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLEDs</a>), infrared sensors, and fluorescent biomarkers used in cell studies and disease tagging, such as identifying cancer cells.</p>



<p>"All organic molecules, such as those found in living cells or within the screen of your phone consist of carbon atoms connected to each other via a chemical bond," explained Ghosh. </p>



<p>"Those chemical bonds are like tiny vibrating springs, which are generally felt by electrons, impairing the performance of molecules and devices," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-molecular-design-rules">Discovering new molecular design rules</h2>



<p>Using laser-based spectroscopic techniques, the researchers discovered 'new molecular design rules' that can effectively halt the molecular dance between electrons and atomic vibrations. </p>



<p>By restricting the geometric and electronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-molecule-discovery-will-force-textbooks-to-be-rewritten/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structure of molecules</a> to specific configurations, the scientists found that certain molecules can avoid the detrimental effects of electron-vibration coupling.</p>



<p>To demonstrate these design principles, the researchers designed a series of efficient near-infrared emitting (680-800 nm) molecules. </p>



<p>In these molecules, energy losses resulting from vibrations were more than 100 times lower than in previous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-fractal-molecule-in-nature-recently-discovered-by-accident/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic molecules</a>.</p>



<p>"However, we have now found that certain molecules can avoid these detrimental effects when we restrict the geometric and electronic structure of the molecule to some special configurations," added Ghosh.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-applications-and-implications">Future applications and implications</h2>



<p>The understanding and development of these new rules for designing light-emitting molecules have opened up an exciting trajectory for the future. </p>



<p>These fundamental observations can be applied to various industries, potentially leading to enhanced displays and improved molecules for biomedical imaging and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holy-grail-molecule-can-kill-all-types-of-solid-cancer-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease detection</a>.</p>



<p>"These molecules also have a wide range of applications today. The task now is to translate our discovery to make <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soap-bark-tree-discovery-could-revolutionize-vaccine-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">better technologies</a>, from enhanced displays to improved molecules for bio-medical imaging and disease detection," concluded Professor Rao.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focusing-on-peak-performance-in-molecular-design">Focusing on peak performance in molecular design</h2>



<p>In summary, the discovery of new molecular design rules by researchers at the Cavendish Laboratory opens up a world of possibilities for the future of organic molecules and their applications. </p>



<p>By understanding and applying these principles, scientists can now design molecules that avoid the detrimental effects of electron-vibration coupling, leading to significantly improved performance and efficiency. </p>



<p>This research highlights a new path for the development of enhanced technologies, from advanced displays to innovative biomedical imaging and disease detection methods. </p>



<p>As researchers continue to explore and refine these design rules, we can expect to see a quantum leap forward in the capabilities of organic molecules, revolutionizing industries and improving our daily lives.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07246-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



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No 'electron dancing' allowed in new molecular design rules

For over a century, scientists have been aware of the...

<p>On Friday, May 12, 2023, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strongest geomagnetic storm</a> in over two decades hit Earth, causing radio blackouts and extending the northern lights to the southern United States. </p>



<p>As of Monday, May 15, 2023, officials from NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) have warned that these geomagnetic solar storms, caused by eruptions from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Sun</a>, are not yet over.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-geomagnetic-storm-warning-remains-in-effect">Strong geomagnetic storm warning remains in effect</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The SWPC</a> issued a G3, or "<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strong</a>," geomagnetic storm warning that remained in effect until 2 a.m. ET on Monday. </p>



<p>While the likelihood of stronger storms has decreased, and conditions are expected to gradually improve throughout the day, the center's forecast indicates that moderate to strong geomagnetic storms are still likely on Monday, with minor storms possible on Tuesday.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-solar-activity-and-solar-flares">High solar activity and solar flares</h2>



<p>The SWPC also reported that "solar activity is expected to be at high levels," with more <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/sun_solar-flares_region-3664_NASA_1m.jpg?_gl=1*un9usv*_ga*NjcwMzI4NTA4LjE2OTAzMTAwNjc.*_ga_STJW8JPZJQ*MTcxNTYyMzAzMy4xODA4LjEuMTcxNTYyNDIxMy41Ny4wLjA.*_gcl_au*MjEzMjY0ODcwMC4xNzE0NzAwMDg2LjI4NjIyNjExOS4xNzE1MzAwODg2LjE3MTUzMDA4ODU." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">M-class and X-class flares</a> anticipated, primarily due to the flare potential of Region 3664.</p>



<p>Another moderate X-class solar flare, the strongest class of these solar bursts, was recently recorded.</p>



<p>"Flares of this magnitude are not frequent," the SWPC representatives stated, warning that "users of high frequency (HF) radio signals may experience temporary degradation or complete loss of signal on much of the sunlit side of Earth."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-regions-3664-and-3663">Sunspot Regions 3664 and 3663</h2>



<p>The flares originated from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sunspot Region 3664</a>, a massive area of the Sun responsible for many of the flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that led to the weekend's extreme geomagnetic storm. </p>



<p>This spot remains "the most complex and active on the disk," according to NOAA, and is so large that it can be seen from Earth by people wearing eclipse glasses, measuring approximately 124,000 miles across.</p>



<p>Sunspot Region 3664 has been active alongside <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-severe-geomagnetic-storm-watch-first-time-since-2005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3663</a>, and together, they are considered "magnetically complex and much larger than Earth," as stated by NOAA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continued-cmes-and-minor-solar-radiation-storms">Continued CMEs and minor solar radiation storms</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-severe-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storms-expected-tonight-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)</a>, which are large bursts from the sun's atmosphere filled with plasma and magnetic fields that lead to geomagnetic storms, are expected to continue throughout Monday and fuel G3 activity. </p>



<p>NOAA forecasts that "continuing, but weaker CME influences are anticipated to decrease responses down to unsettled to G1 (Minor) levels on May 14, 2023."</p>



<p>Minor solar radiation storms are also expected in the same timeframe, along with more radio blackouts. Some of these blackouts could be considered "strong" events, depending on the solar flares that erupt.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras-visible-across-the-continental-united-states">Auroras visible across the continental United States</h2>



<p>Weather permitting,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-mesmerizing-auroras-expected-across-united-states-new-extreme-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroras will be visible</a>&nbsp;again tonight over most of the continental United States. This spectacular display of lights is a direct result of the ongoing geomagnetic storm.</p>



<p>The threat of additional strong solar flares and CMEs, which ultimately result in spectacular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-southern-united-states-this-week-huge-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora displays</a>, will persist until the large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, NOAA Region 3664, rotates out of view of the Earth. This is expected to occur by Tuesday, May 14, 2024.</p>



<p>As the geomagnetic storm continues to impact Earth, officials urge the public to stay informed and prepared for potential disruptions to radio communications and other technological systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-geomagnetic-solar-storms">Understanding geomagnetic solar storms</h2>



<p>Geomagnetic storms are disturbances in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s magnetic field</a> caused by the interaction between the solar wind and the planet’s magnetosphere. These storms can have significant impacts on technology, infrastructure, and even human health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-geomagnetic-storms">Causes of geomagnetic storms</h3>



<p>Geomagnetic storms typically originate from the Sun. They are caused by two main phenomena:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)</strong>: Massive bursts of plasma and magnetic fields ejected from the Sun’s surface.</li>



<li><strong>Solar Flares</strong>: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strongest-solar-flare-in-7-years-prompts-gps-satellite-warnings-and-aurora-alert/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intense eruptions</a> of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun’s surface.</li>
</ul>



<p>When these events occur, they send charged particles streaming towards Earth at high speeds, which can take anywhere from one to five days to reach our planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-on-earth-s-magnetic-field">Effects on Earth’s magnetic field</h3>



<p>As the charged particles from CMEs and solar flares reach Earth, they interact with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet’s magnetic field</a>. This interaction causes the magnetic field lines to become distorted and compressed, leading to fluctuations in the strength and direction of the magnetic field.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-on-technology-and-infrastructure">Impacts on technology and infrastructure</h3>



<p>Geomagnetic storms can have significant impacts on various aspects of modern technology and infrastructure:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Power Grids</strong>: Strong geomagnetic storms can induce currents in power lines, causing transformers to overheat and potentially leading to widespread power outages.</li>



<li><strong>Satellite Communications</strong>: Charged particles can damage satellite electronics and disrupt communication signals.</li>



<li><strong>GPS and Navigation Systems</strong>: Geomagnetic disturbances can interfere with the accuracy of GPS and other navigation systems.</li>



<li><strong>Radio Communications</strong>: Storms can disrupt radio signals, affecting communication systems that rely on HF, VHF, and UHF bands.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Aurora formation</h3>



<p>One of the most visually striking effects of geomagnetic storms is the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aurora-borealis-seen-as-far-south-as-the-equator-after-largest-known-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation of auroras</a>, also known as the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-southern-united-states-this-week-huge-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern and Southern Lights</a>.</p>



<p>As charged particles collide with Earth’s upper atmosphere, they excite oxygen and nitrogen atoms, causing them to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/steve-phenomenon-looks-like-an-aurora-acts-like-an-aurora-but-what-is-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emit light in various colors</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Monitoring and forecasting</h3>



<p>Scientists continuously monitor the Sun’s activity and use various instruments to detect and measure CMEs and solar flares.</p>



<p>This data helps them forecast the timing and intensity of geomagnetic storms, allowing for better preparedness and mitigation of potential impacts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Historical geomagnetic storms</h3>



<p>Some of the most notable geomagnetic storms in history include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carrington-event-biggest-solar-storm-history-radiocarbon-earth-tree-rings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Carrington Event (1859)</a></strong>: The most powerful geomagnetic storm on record, which caused widespread telegraph system failures and auroras visible as far south as the Caribbean.</li>



<li><strong><a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Halloween Storms (2003)</a></strong>: A series of powerful geomagnetic storms that caused power outages in Sweden and damaged transformers in South Africa.</li>



<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1989_geomagnetic_storm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Quebec Blackout (1989)</a></strong>: A geomagnetic storm that caused a massive power outage affecting millions of people in Quebec, Canada.</li>
</ul>



<p>Understanding geomagnetic storms is crucial for protecting our technology-dependent world and mitigating the potential risks associated with these powerful space weather events.</p>



<p>Stay tuned to Earth.com and the Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) for updates.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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NOAA: 'Strong' geomagnetic storms and auroras continue through Tuesday

On Friday, May 12, 2023, the strongest geomagnetic storm in...

<p>Childhood maltreatment, which includes physical, sexual, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/verbal-abuse-can-be-as-harmful-to-children-as-physical-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional abuse</a> as well as neglect, has surfaced as a major public health concern in Australia. </p>



<p>This is evident from a recent study revealing that up to 40% of persistent mental health conditions - such as anxiety, depression, substance misuse, self-harm, and suicide attempts - are rooted in these early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-psychotic-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traumatic experiences</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-childhood-maltreatment-s-role-in-mental-health-crises">Childhood maltreatment's role in mental health crises</h2>



<p>The research findings are indeed alarming: 41% of suicide attempts and 35% of self-harm incidents in Australia stem from childhood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-maltreatment-triples-the-risk-of-substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maltreatment</a>. Additionally, it's responsible for 21% of depression diagnoses among Australians. </p>



<p>These statistics highlight the severe and lasting impact of early life trauma on individuals and the broader society.</p>



<p>The study quantifies the extent to which childhood maltreatment influences mental health disorders in Australia. It highlights the need for immediate and comprehensive prevention measures at both individual and community levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eradicating-childhood-maltreatment">Eradicating childhood maltreatment</h2>



<p>The analysis further revealed that the elimination of childhood maltreatment could potentially avert over 1.8 million cases of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-a-history-of-depression-tend-to-process-more-negative-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. </p>



<p>In 2023 alone, this would mean saving 66,143 years of life otherwise lost to premature death and 118,493 years lived with disability, totaling 184,636 years of healthy life that could have been reclaimed.</p>



<p>The study's robust data set included contributions from the Australian Child Maltreatment Study and the Australian National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing. </p>



<p>The researchers used sophisticated analytical techniques to distinguish the effects of maltreatment from other variables like genetics or socio-economic factors, strengthening the evidence of its detrimental effects on mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-mental-health-through-policy-change">Tackling mental health through policy change</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mental health</a> conditions remain the leading cause of disease burden globally, impacting 13% of people worldwide. </p>



<p>In Australia, suicide is the top cause of death among young individuals. Furthermore, prior studies suggest that over half of Australians have experienced maltreatment in their youth, indicating a widespread issue.</p>



<p>While effective interventions such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/support-in-childhood-linked-to-better-heart-health-in-adulthood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child support programs</a> and parent education exist, the researchers advocate for more enduring, policy-driven prevention strategies. </p>



<p>Policies that alleviate family stress - like paid parental leave, affordable childcare, income support, and accessible parental mental health services - could significantly reduce childhood maltreatment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-call-for-policy-led-interventions">Urgent call for policy-led interventions </h2>



<p>Dr. Lucinda Grummitt from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/matilda-centre/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney's Matilda Centre</a>, who led the study, emphasized the necessity of policy-led interventions. </p>



<p>"The results are devastating and are an urgent call to invest in prevention - not just giving individual support to children and families, but wider policies to reduce stress experienced by families," said Dr. Grummitt. She also highlighted the potential of such policies to prevent millions of mental disorder cases across the nation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-policies-on-childhood-maltreatment">Global policies on childhood maltreatment</h2>



<p>The team referenced policies in the United States, noting that the introduction of paid parental leave and accessible subsidized childcare has significantly decreased child maltreatment rates. </p>



<p>These examples underscore the potential of policy measures to mitigate child maltreatment and its consequent mental health issues on a national scale.</p>



<p>As the nation grapples with this overlooked crisis, it becomes imperative to implement comprehensive prevention strategies and supportive policies. </p>



<p>Such measures are essential not only for the well-being of current generations but also to protect future generations from the extensive impacts of childhood maltreatment on mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mental health disorders in children&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Mental health disorders in children are serious conditions that can affect every aspect of a child's life, including their emotional well-being, social interactions, and academic performance. These disorders encompass a wide range of issues, each with unique symptoms and impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Anxiety disorders&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Some of the most common disorders include anxiety disorders, which may cause children to be excessively fearful or worried, and depressive disorders, which can manifest through sadness, irritability, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Behavioral disorders</h3>



<p>Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is another prevalent condition characterized by difficulties in maintaining attention, impulsive behaviors, and hyperactivity. </p>



<p>Autism spectrum disorder affects communication and behavior, leading to challenges in social interaction and a tendency toward repetitive behaviors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, behavioral disorders like oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder present through patterns of anger, defiance, and, in more severe cases, aggression towards others.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Causes</h3>



<p>The causes of these disorders are typically a blend of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. For example, a child might inherit a predisposition to a particular disorder, which is then triggered or exacerbated by environmental stressors such as family conflict or trauma.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Symptoms</h3>



<p>Identifying mental health disorders in children can be complex, as young children may not be able to articulate their feelings effectively. Symptoms can also overlap with typical developmental behaviors, making it challenging to distinguish between a passing phase and a more serious issue.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intervention</h3>



<p>Early intervention is crucial and can dramatically alter the course of a child's life. Treatments might include psychotherapy, medications, and tailored educational plans, often requiring a collaborative approach among healthcare providers, educators, and families.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With appropriate support, children with mental health disorders can manage their conditions and lead fulfilling lives.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2818229" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Psychiatry</a></em>.</p>



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Childhood maltreatment responsible for large percentage of mental health issues

Childhood maltreatment, which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as...

<p>Recent findings from a global scientific review have cast a shadow over the effectiveness of market-based approaches to forest conservation. </p>



<p>Initiatives such as carbon offsets and deforestation-free certification schemes, while popular, appear to have made only limited progress in protecting forests and alleviating poverty. In some cases, these strategies have even exacerbated economic inequalities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comprehensive forest conservation study</h2>



<p>The review, conducted by the <a href="https://www.iufro.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union of Forest Research Organizations</a> (IUFRO), represents the most comprehensive examination of its kind in conservation. </p>



<p>The study draws on extensive academic research and fieldwork, encompassing the insights of 15,000 scientists across 120 countries. </p>



<p>The findings, presented at a high-level UN forum, underscore the urgent need for a reassessment of current conservation policies.</p>



<p>Maria Brockhaus, a contributing author from the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, emphasized the inadequacy of these market mechanisms. </p>



<p>"The evidence does not support the claim of win-wins or triple wins for environment, economy, and people," said Brockhaus. She noted that in regions where market-based policies have been prevalent for decades, poverty and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/declaring-an-area-protected-is-not-enough-to-prevent-forest-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest loss</a> remain persistent challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Challenges in market-based conservation</h2>



<p>The report underscores a concerning trend of complex and overlapping market schemes where financial actors and shareholders prioritize short-term profits over sustainable forest governance. </p>



<p>Constance McDermott, the lead author from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, pointed out the generally disappointing success rate. </p>



<p>Specific cases, such as a $120 million project in the Democratic Republic of Congo, benefited entrenched interests without addressing significant issues like logging by powerful businesses. </p>



<p>Similarly, in Malaysia, indigenous groups saw no benefits from a plantation venture promised to improve their livelihoods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unintended-consequences-and-global-policies">Unintended consequences and global policies</h2>



<p>The study also critiques green trade policies from affluent nations, such as the EU’s ban on imports linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-brands-fail-to-fight-against-deforestation-and-human-rights-violations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, intended as conservation measures. </p>



<p>While these policies may appear beneficial from a distance, they often fail to consider the adverse effects on local communities. </p>



<p>McDermott illustrated this by discussing the plight of farmers in Ghana, where - despite numerous sustainable and conservation initiatives - deforestation rates have increased, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paying-farmers-conservation-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farmers</a>' earnings have decreased.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-carbon-markets">The future of carbon markets</h2>



<p>Despite the turbulence in current strategies, carbon markets are poised to expand into a multi-billion-dollar industry as corporations aim to meet net-zero climate targets through purchasing credits. </p>



<p>These credits often originate from projects in developing countries aimed at reducing emissions. However, there is growing concern about the actual benefits reaching the poor communities involved.</p>



<p>Kenya’s President William Ruto has even touted Africa's carbon sinks as an "unparalleled economic goldmine," though the distribution of these potential billions remains uncertain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Radical rethink of market-based conservation </h2>



<p>The review from IUFRO and the insights of scientists like Brockhaus and McDermott call for a "radical rethink" of how market-based approaches are employed. </p>



<p>Without addressing the broader economic and governance challenges associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-forests-offset-a-years-worth-of-global-fossil-fuel-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest management</a>, these market mechanisms alone cannot solve the intricate problems of deforestation and poverty. </p>



<p>As the evidence mounts, the global community may need to pivot towards more integrated and holistic approaches to conservation and economic development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market-based approaches to forest conservation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Market-based approaches to forest conservation involve economic strategies that incentivize the protection and sustainable management of forests. </p>



<p>These methods aim to align financial incentives with conservation goals, making it economically advantageous for stakeholders to preserve forest ecosystems rather than deplete them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Carbon credits</h3>



<p>One common approach is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-carbon-credits-are-not-tied-to-forest-preservation-as-claimed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon credits</a>, where companies or governments pay for projects that reduce carbon emissions, such as reforestation or forest preservation, effectively turning carbon storage into a commodity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This not only provides financial support for conservation efforts but also helps combat climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecosystem services&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Another method is payment for ecosystem services, which compensates landowners for managing their land in ways that maintain its ecological benefits. These services might include clean water, biodiversity, and carbon storage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This approach gives economic value to the ecological functions of forests, encouraging landowners to maintain these landscapes rather than convert them for more destructive uses like agriculture or logging.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Eco-tourism&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Eco-tourism is also a significant market-driven conservation strategy, where revenue is generated by people visiting natural areas. </p>



<p>This revenue can provide a sustainable source of income for local communities and fund conservation efforts, making it financially viable for communities to keep forests intact rather than clear them for other types of development.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Certified forest products&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Trade in certified timber and non-timber forest products is another avenue. Certification schemes like the Forest Stewardship Council promote the responsible management of forests. </p>



<p>Products from certified forests are sold at premium prices, which can drive more sustainable practices in the forestry sector.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Market-based strategies fall short on forest conservation

Recent findings from a global scientific review have cast a...

<p>The concept of constructing a train on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a> might sound like a plot pulled from a science fiction novel, but it is now a viable project receiving NASA's backing. This lunar train is among six innovative ideas recently funded by <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/stmd-the-nasa-innovative-advanced-concepts-niac/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts program</a> (NIAC). </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-resources-mined-from-the-moon-nbsp">Moving resources mined from the moon&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The project, dubbed Flexible Levitation on a Track (FLOAT), aims to utilize levitating magnetic robots to transport as much as 100 tons of lunar materials daily.</p>



<p>This advanced system, resembling a futuristic Scalextric set, promises a robust and autonomous solution for moving resources mined from the moon, essential for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-aims-to-use-lunar-caves-to-build-an-underground-moon-base/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar bases</a>. </p>



<p>“A durable, long-life robotic transport system will be critical to the daily operations of a sustainable lunar base in the 2030s,” said project leader Ethan Schaler, a robotics engineer at NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. “We want to build the first lunar railway system, which will provide reliable, autonomous, and efficient payload transport on the moon.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flexible-train-tracks-on-the-moon">Flexible train tracks on the moon</h2>



<p>Contrary to Earth's railways, the moon train wouldn't rely on fixed rails. Instead, Schaler and his team plan to use flexible tracks that can be directly rolled out onto the lunar surface, facilitating relocation if the moonbase's layout changes. </p>



<p>These tracks will support “unpowered magnetic robots” that levitate above them, with the track generating electromagnetic thrust to move the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/squishy-robot-designed-for-space-now-assists-emergency-workers-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> to their destinations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-maglev-trains">Earth’s maglev trains</h2>



<p>The operational principle mirrors that of Earth’s maglev trains, where powerful electromagnetic fields propel unpowered carriages along the tracks. However, in the FLOAT system, it’s the tracks that power movement, not the vehicles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Schaler, each robot could transport loads of various shapes and sizes at speeds around 1 mph (1.61 km/h), minimizing wear and tear on the tracks in the lunar dust.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-lunar-dwellers-nbsp">Future lunar dwellers&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While the idea of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-plans-to-build-house-on-the-moon-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar habitation</a> remains speculative, NASA's commitment to moon bases highlights the urgency of such innovations. </p>



<p>The agency continues to develop plans under the Artemis missions to explore and potentially settle near the moon’s south pole, believed to contain ice - a critical resource for future lunar dwellers.</p>



<p>Despite the shifting timelines for crewed lunar landings, NASA's vision includes establishing multiple base camps as part of the Artemis landings, according to Jim Free, NASA's associate administrator for exploration systems development. </p>



<p>This initiative might soon see competition from international space agencies like those in Russia and China, each aiming to set up permanent settlements on the moon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-train-tracks-on-the-moon">Train tracks on the moon</h2>



<p>Given the moon’s hostile environment, the task of mining and transporting materials may be too hazardous for astronauts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the FLOAT system is designed to operate autonomously in the challenging conditions of the lunar landscape, handling tasks like transporting mined regolith or moving materials to and from landing sites and other outposts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazing-and-inspiring-lunar-missions">Amazing and inspiring lunar missions</h2>



<p>FLOAT is one of the six groundbreaking proposals awarded phase two funding by NIAC, which includes projects ranging from fluid telescopes to plasma-powered rockets capable of reaching Mars in just two months.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With a new funding of $600,000, Schaler’s team plans to develop a scaled-down version of the tracks and robots for further experimentation, potentially influencing future NASA missions.</p>



<p>“These diverse, science fiction-like concepts represent a fantastic class of Phase II studies. Our NIAC fellows never cease to amaze and inspire, and this class definitely gives NASA a lot to think about in terms of what’s possible in the future,” concluded John Nelson, NIAC’s program executive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artemis-lunar-missions">Artemis lunar missions</h2>



<p>NASA has a series of ambitious plans for the moon under its Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the moon and establish a sustainable presence there. Here are some of the key objectives:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-missions">Human missions</h3>



<p>Starting with Artemis I, which is an uncrewed mission, the program aims to land the first woman and the next man on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a> by the mid-2020s, with Artemis II and III involving crewed missions. These missions aim to explore the lunar South Pole, a region believed to contain water ice that could be crucial for long-term lunar habitation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-gateway-nbsp">Lunar gateway&nbsp;</h3>



<p>NASA plans to build a space station in lunar orbit called the Gateway. This outpost will serve as a multi-purpose hub for scientific research, crew rest, and as a staging point for both lunar landings and potential missions to Mars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-presence">Sustainable presence</h3>



<p>The long-term goal is to establish a sustainable human presence on the moon by the end of the 2020s, facilitating a range of scientific and commercial activities. This includes building infrastructure for power, habitat, and life support systems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-research">Scientific research</h3>



<p>The lunar surface offers a platform for profound scientific research, including studying the origins of the Earth and the moon, the broader solar system, and the conditions for life elsewhere in the universe.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-development-nbsp">Technological development&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The moon will also serve as a testbed for technologies that could be critical for deeper space exploration, such as Mars. This includes testing life support systems, habitat designs, and resource utilization techniques like extracting water from lunar ice.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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NASA aims to build a train on the moon

The concept of constructing a train on the moon might...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<p>Merril dug her paws into the ground, refusing to move as she whined as if she was in serious pain. The man had no idea what was going on.</p>
<p>The staff at the shelter, however, knew exactly what was happening. It was the moment they were all afraid of and it would cost Merrill her home. Photo Credit: Facebook / Merrill and Taco</p>


Secret's Up

The man got to the shelter with various toys and treats for Merrill, eager to take home his new pup, however, Merrill did not share the same sentiment.

Merrill was taken from her kennel, while Taco remained inside. Merrill began wailing and screaming as the man led her away, and she would not quit. And out of nowhere, she became enraged. Photo Credit: Facebook / Merrill and Taco