<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. </p>



<p>A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.</p>



<p>The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



<p>The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.</p>



<p>A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



<p>The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.</p>



<p>The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.</p>



<p>The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.</p>



<p>Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

<p>Shenandoah National Park&nbsp;is an American&nbsp;national park&nbsp;that encompasses part of the&nbsp;Blue Ridge Mountains&nbsp;in the&nbsp;Commonwealth of Virginia.&nbsp;The park is long and narrow, with the&nbsp;Shenandoah River&nbsp;and its broad&nbsp;valley&nbsp;to the west, and the rolling hills of the&nbsp;Virginia Piedmont&nbsp;to the east.&nbsp;Skyline Drive&nbsp;is the main park road, generally traversing near the ridgeline of the mountains. Almost 40% of the land area—79,579 acres (124.3&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi; 322.0&nbsp;km2)—has been designated as&nbsp;wilderness&nbsp;and is protected as part of the&nbsp;National Wilderness Preservation System. The highest peak is&nbsp;Hawksbill Mountain&nbsp;at 4,051 feet.</p>



<p>Shenandoah National Park campgrounds are open seasonally, from early spring until late fall.&nbsp;Reservations are highly recommended on weekends and holidays. Many sites can be reserved 6 months ahead of time. A free backcountry camping permit is required to camp in Shenandoah's backcountry.</p>

Shenandoah National Park, Virginia

King,Vulture,-,Sarcoramphus,Papa,Big,Bird,Of,Prey,,New

<p>Often associated with death and decay, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/believe-it-or-not-scavengers-are-picky-eaters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> – animals that consume carrion (dead animal matter) – play an unexpectedly vital role in maintaining the health and balance of wetland ecosystems. While they may not be the most charismatic of creatures, their ecological contributions are undeniable.</p>



<p>A study by researchers from the Ecology area of the Miguel Hernández University of Elche (<a href="https://www.umh.es/?lang=EN" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UMH</a>) and the Ecology department of the University of Alicante (<a href="https://www.ua.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UA</a>) reveals the fundamental importance of scavengers and carrion in wetlands.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scavengers">Scavengers</h2>



<p>Scavengers encompass a diverse range of species, including:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vultures">Vultures</h3>



<p>These large birds possess a keen sense of smell and excellent eyesight, enabling them to locate carcasses from great distances. Their powerful digestive systems allow them to safely consume decomposing flesh, preventing the spread of bacteria and pathogens.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3>



<p>Insects such as flies, beetles, and their larvae play a critical role in the initial decomposition of organic matter. They lay eggs within carrion, and their larvae consume the decaying flesh, breaking it down into smaller components and releasing nutrients into the environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aquatic-scavengers">Aquatic scavengers</h3>



<p>Crayfish, certain fish species, and some crocodilians, like the gharial, opportunistically consume dead animal matter found in aquatic habitats. This contributes to the breakdown of organic material, prevents the buildup of harmful substances, and recycles nutrients within the aquatic ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-essential-functions-of-scavengers-in-wetlands">Essential functions of scavengers in wetlands</h2>



<p>The recently published study underscores the numerous benefits <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scavengers-protect-livestock-from-infectious-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> provide to wetland ecosystems:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-cycling-in-wetlands-by-scavengers">Nutrient cycling in wetlands by scavengers</h3>



<p>When scavengers feed on dead animals, they break down complex organic compounds into simpler nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients are then released back into the soil and water, where they can be absorbed by plants and algae. This process supports the growth of these primary producers, which form the base of the wetland food chain.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation-of-water-quality">Regulation of water quality</h3>



<p>By consuming decaying organic matter, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-help-scavengers-take-over-the-alpine-habitats-of-arctic-foxes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> help prevent its excessive accumulation within the wetland. If left unchecked, this buildup can lead to reduced oxygen levels (which harms fish and other aquatic life), increased water pollution, and the potential for harmful bacterial growth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scavenger-s-ecosystem">Scavenger's ecosystem</h3>



<p>Certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/opportunistic-scavengers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavenging</a> species, like crayfish, actively modify their wetland environment as they forage and create burrows. These disturbances increase the physical complexity of the habitat, creating niches for a wider variety of plants and animals. This, in turn, contributes to greater biodiversity and overall ecosystem health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowledge-gaps-in-scavengers-and-wetland-ecosystems">Knowledge gaps in scavengers and wetland ecosystems</h2>



<p>While the general ecological functions of scavengers are understood, their specific roles and contributions within wetland ecosystems require further investigation. </p>



<p>There is a significant gap in knowledge compared to the extensive research on scavengers in terrestrial (land-based) environments. This targeted understanding is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies for wetlands.</p>



<p>Wetlands provide a multitude of benefits for both humans and wildlife. They naturally filter and purify water, help mitigate the impacts of floods, store carbon (helping combat climate change), and provide essential habitats for countless species. </p>



<p>The alarming loss of over 60% of the world's wetlands in the last century underscores the critical need for research and action to conserve these remaining precious ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-action-for-wetland-health-beyond-scavengers">Taking action for wetland health beyond scavengers</h2>



<p>Here's how you can contribute to the protection of wetlands and their often-overlooked inhabitants:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Support wetland conservation initiatives</h3>



<p>To support wetland conservation initiatives effectively, you can start by understanding the various threats these ecosystems face, such as urban development, pollution, and climate change. Advocating for the protection and restoration of wetlands involves:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Educating yourself and others about the importance of wetlands</strong>: Learn how wetlands are not only biodiversity hotspots but also crucial for climate regulation and flood control.</li>



<li><strong>Participating in local conservation projects</strong>: Look for opportunities to get involved with organizations that are working to restore wetland areas. This might include planting native species, cleaning up waterways, or monitoring wildlife.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting and supporting policies that protect wetlands</strong>: Engage with policymakers and support legislation that aims to protect these ecosystems. This could involve writing to local representatives or supporting environmental NGOs that lobby for stronger environmental protections.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Minimize pollution</h3>



<p>Minimizing pollution to protect wetland ecosystems and their inhabitants involves several key actions:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Be mindful of household chemicals</strong>: Choose environmentally friendly products for cleaning and gardening, which are less likely to harm the waterways if they run off into nearby drains or soils.</li>



<li><strong>Proper disposal of waste</strong>: Dispose of hazardous wastes like paints, oils, and batteries at designated disposal facilities instead of dumping them down household drains or in the trash where they can leach into groundwater and surface water.</li>



<li><strong>Reduce plastic usage</strong>: Plastics often end up in water bodies, harming aquatic and semi-aquatic wildlife. Opting for reusable products over single-use plastics can significantly reduce this impact.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Raise awareness</h3>



<p>Raising awareness about the importance of scavengers and wetlands can lead to greater community involvement and support for conservation measures. You can raise awareness by:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Creating informative content</strong>: Use platforms like blogs, YouTube, or social media to share facts and information about wetlands and their role in the ecosystem. Include information about scavengers and how they contribute to environmental health.</li>



<li><strong>Hosting educational events</strong>: Organize talks, webinars, or walks in local wetland areas with a focus on teaching community members about the ecological roles these environments play.</li>



<li><strong>Engaging with schools</strong>: Work with local schools to include wetland conservation in their curriculum. This could involve field trips to wetlands or guest lectures from wildlife experts.</li>
</ul>



<p>By undertaking these actions, you help ensure the health of wetland ecosystems and support the diverse life forms that rely on them for survival.</p>



<p>The next time you encounter a scavenger in its natural habitat, remember that it's not just performing a mundane task – it's fulfilling a crucial ecological role. By recognizing the often-overlooked value of scavengers, we can better appreciate the intricate balance of wetland ecosystems and the vital importance of their conservation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.13075" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Reviews</a></em>.</p>



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Scavengers clean up wetlands and boost their health

Often associated with death and decay, scavengers – animals that...

<p>Landslides rank among the most catastrophic natural phenomena worldwide, responsible for immense economic losses and tragic fatalities each year. A new study led by a global team of scientists has significantly advanced the methods used for landslide predictions, offering a perspective that could revolutionize how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-disasters-are-on-the-rise-but-hazard-plans-are-inadequate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disasters</a> are predicted and managed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landslide-patterns-and-predictions">Landslide patterns and predictions</h2>



<p>This breakthrough stems from a collaborative effort involving Kamal Rana, a <a href="https://www.rit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> PhD student specializing in imaging science, Nishant Malik, an assistant professor at the same institution, and Kushanav Bhuyan, a lead co-author from the University of Padova and Machine Intelligence and Slope Stability Laboratory.</p>



<p>The research introduces a new way of examining landslide types and their failure mechanisms, which has been a blind spot in traditional predictive models.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-prediction-accuracy-for-landslides">Enhancing prediction accuracy for landslides</h2>



<p>Historically, the challenge in accurately predicting landslides has stemmed from a significant gap in detailed data concerning the different failure types of landslides. This lack of granularity has rendered many predictive models less effective, as they couldn't adequately differentiate between the various mechanisms and triggers of landslide occurrences.</p>



<p>To address this deficiency, the research team employed a method that combined aerial imagery and elevation data from known landslide sites. This approach allows for a comprehensive analysis of the terrain and geological conditions before and after landslides, providing critical insights into how and why they occur. </p>



<p>By integrating these data with advanced machine learning techniques, the team could train algorithms to recognize and predict landslide patterns more accurately.</p>



<p>This methodology has led to a substantial increase in the accuracy of landslide predictions, achieving rates between 80% and 94%. Such high accuracy is particularly notable because it has been consistent across a diverse range of geographical locations and geological settings, including Italy, the United States, Denmark, Turkey, and China.</p>



<p>The diversity of these locations highlights the robustness and broad applicability of the findings across different regions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-climate-change-unlikely-to-impact-landslide-frequency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climatic conditions</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-implications">Practical implications</h2>



<p>The essence of this research is not landslides predictions per se. Rather, it aims to provide crucial information that can be used by those in the field to improve existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/scientists-work-to-improve-fire-prediction-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prediction models</a>.</p>



<p>"Our algorithm is not predicting landslides," stated Nishant Malik. "But the people who are in the business of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predict-landslides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predicting landslides</a> need to know more information about them, like what caused them and what mechanisms they were."</p>



<p>The depth of analysis into slides, flows, and failures revealed distinct patterns that are vital for refining how risks are assessed.</p>



<p>"It was quite exhilarating when we saw the success numbers. We got the results, which are really good, but we need to be able to connect this to reality,'" said Kushanav Bhuyan, the lead co-author from the <a href="https://www.unipd.it/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Padova</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landslides-through-the-lens-of-experience">Landslides through the lens of experience</h2>



<p>The research holds personal significance for Kamal Rana, one of the lead authors, who comes from the Himalayan region of India - a place frequently marred by landslides.</p>



<p>Rana shared his personal experiences, noting the severe impact landslides have on local communities. "I have seen so many cases when landslides have occurred. The roads are blocked for two or three weeks. There is no communication from the cities to the villages. It blocks people from going to their jobs or students going to school," expressed Rana.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hazard-assessments-via-landslide-predictions">Hazard assessments via landslide predictions</h2>



<p>By delving into the specific mechanisms of landslide failures, the research team aims to significantly improve the precision and dependability of existing models that assess hazards and risks associated with such natural disasters. This deeper insight allows for more accurate predictions, which are crucial for timely evacuations and preparedness measures.</p>



<p>The primary objective of these advancements is to safeguard human lives and reduce the widespread disruption and destruction caused by landslides. By lessening the severity of these impacts, communities can recover more quickly and sustain less economic damage.</p>



<p>This recent study represents a major advancement in the ongoing global efforts to lessen the adverse effects of natural disasters. By enhancing predictive technologies, the research provides a beacon of hope for building communities that are more capable of withstanding and rebounding from the challenges posed by such catastrophic events.</p>



<p>The full study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46741-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Landslide predictions could become 94 percent more accurate

Landslides rank among the most catastrophic natural phenomena worldwide, responsible...

<p>Scientists have an impressive new trick for robots: using the invisible force of air to manipulate objects. A recent study from <a href="https://www.aalto.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aalto University</a> showcases a unique method of controlling objects from a distance. This technique has the potential to revolutionize how we think about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/household-robots-now-with-added-common-sense-and-ability-to-self-correct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotics</a>, manufacturing, and even everyday tasks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspired-by-nature">Inspired by nature</h2>



<p>The fundamental concept behind this innovation is quite simple. Air, although invisible, is a physical substance with the ability to exert force. This force can cause objects within its flow to move. The key challenge was understanding and controlling those movements. </p>



<p>Researchers achieved this by carefully studying the interaction between air currents and objects of various shapes and sizes. With this knowledge, they were able to develop techniques to direct and manipulate airflow in a way that allows for precise control over the movement of objects.</p>



<p>"Airflow or wind is everywhere in our living environment, moving around objects like pollen, pathogens, droplets, seeds and leaves. Wind has also been actively used in industry and in our everyday lives – for example, in leaf blowers to clean leaves. But so far, we can’t control the direction the leaves move – we can only blow them together into a pile," said Professor Quan Zhou from Aalto University, who led the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-using-air-manipulation">Robots using air manipulation</h2>



<p>To master the behavior of objects within an airflow, the scientists conducted a rigorous experimental phase. They exposed numerous objects to controlled air currents, meticulously recording their movements. This extensive dataset allowed them to identify relationships between the shape of an object and how it reacts to different airflow conditions. </p>



<p>Surprisingly, even within seemingly random airflow, the researchers discovered consistent patterns. These patterns became the building blocks for a control system capable of precisely directing airflow, enabling them to move objects in specific ways – even against the flow of the wind itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robot-s-air-jet-control-algorithm">Robot's air jet control algorithm </h2>



<p>The unique algorithm at the center of this technology serves as the "brain" for the entire system. Its primary role is to calculate and execute the precise movements of the air jet nozzle to achieve the desired object manipulation. Here's how it achieves this:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-input">Input</h3>



<p>The algorithm requires several pieces of information to work:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Object characteristics:</strong>&nbsp;Data about the object's shape, size, and possibly its material, derived from previous research on object-airflow interactions.</li>



<li><strong>Starting position:</strong>&nbsp;The object's initial location on the surface.</li>



<li><strong>Desired path:</strong>&nbsp;The trajectory (straight, curved, complex shapes, etc.) along which the object needs to be moved.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-motors-and-nozzle-control">Motors and nozzle control</h3>



<p>The algorithm controls two motors that govern the air jet nozzle:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Motor 1</strong>: Regulates the nozzle's angle. Altering the angle changes the direction of the airflow hitting the object.</li>



<li><strong>Motor 2:</strong>&nbsp;Adjusts the nozzle's position (e.g., closer to or farther from the object). This influences the force and concentration of the air jet.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aiming-the-airflow">Aiming the airflow</h3>



<p>The algorithm strategically aims the air jet to manipulate the object. The nozzle's positioning, along with the air pressure, dictates how the object will react within the airflow.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-time-adjustments">Real-time adjustments</h3>



<p>Crucially, this process isn't static. The algorithm continuously receives feedback on the object's position. It compares this to the intended path and makes micro-adjustments to the nozzle's angle and position. This dynamic control enables the object to be guided along even complex trajectories.</p>



<p>In summary, the algorithm acts as a tireless conductor. It analyzes object data, sets the initial nozzle position, and then orchestrates a series of continuous airflow changes to nudge the object along the desired path.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-precision">Remarkable precision</h2>



<p>One of the most surprising findings involved the wide range of shapes the system could manipulate effectively. Our intuition might suggest that a formless force like airflow would have limited control over objects, especially complex ones. However, the researchers discovered a remarkable level of versatility in their technique.</p>



<p>Regardless of the object placed under the air jet, whether it was a precisely defined geometric shape or a completely crumpled piece of paper, the system could successfully guide its movement. This adaptability suggests a deeper understanding of airflow dynamics and object interaction than previously anticipated. </p>



<p>It opens doors for potential applications in scenarios where manipulating objects with traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robosapiens-ai-project-making-industrial-robots-more-free-thinking-adaptable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotic</a> grippers might be impractical due to their delicate or irregular shapes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-air-flow-and-ethereal-fingers">Robots, air flow and "ethereal fingers"</h2>



<p>While the technology is still being perfected, its potential applications are vast and promising. Professor Zhou imagines robots equipped with this innovative system, replacing traditional physical grippers with what he describes as "ethereal fingers." </p>



<p>These are essentially directed currents of air that can manipulate objects from a distance. This would be particularly useful for handling delicate items that cannot withstand direct contact, such as sensitive electronic components, which could be damaged by conventional mechanical touch.</p>



<p>In everyday scenarios, this technology could transform how machines operate in common environments. For example, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-robots-read-your-mind-this-one-can-anticipate-your-smile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> could utilize this air manipulation technique to gather scattered debris, such as leaves or trash, or to sort objects based on size or type without ever physically touching them. </p>



<p>The range of potential applications is extensive, especially in situations where traditional physical interaction could be problematic or potentially damaging. This could include environments that are sensitive, hazardous, or where contamination needs to be minimized, showcasing the technology's adaptability and utility in various fields and circumstances.</p>



<p>With additional research, the precision and efficiency of this contactless manipulation could skyrocket, opening up even more exciting applications for this natural, invisible force.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aisy.202400174" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Intelligent Systems</a></em>.</p>



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Robots can use air to move objects

Scientists have an impressive new trick for robots: using the...

<p>A team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.pcom.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (PCOM) has recently described a remarkable species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-giant-salmon-teeth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a>, known as <em>Oncorhynchus rastrosus</em>, which lived in the North American Pacific Northwest millions of years ago and boasted an unusual pair of protruding front teeth resembling tusks.</p>



<p>“In the Pacific Northwest, <em>Oncorhynchus</em> is the most celebrated and species-rich salmonine subclade, yet the twelve living species represent only a portion of their clade’s historical diversity,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spike-toothed-salmon">Spike-toothed salmon</h2>



<p>Previously, researchers believed that the large front teeth of <em>O. rastrosus</em>, which earned it the nickname "saber-toothed salmon," pointed backward into its mouth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, recent CT scans and thorough analyses of various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossils</a> have found that these teeth extended sideways out of the mouth, akin to the tusks of a warthog. Based on these findings, the researchers suggested renaming the species to "spike-toothed salmon."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-purpose-of-tusk-like-salmon-teeth-nbsp">Purpose of tusk-like salmon teeth&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While the actual function of these distinctive teeth remains a matter of debate, the researchers argued that they could have been used for combat with other members of their species or for defense against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-predators-thrived/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a>. </p>



<p>Another possibility is that the teeth served a practical purpose in nest-building during the spawning season. It is unlikely that the teeth were used for capturing prey, as <em>O. rastrosus</em> is believed to have been a filter-feeder, primarily consuming plankton.</p>



<p>“The discoveries like ours show they probably weren't gentle giants,” said lead author Kerin Claeson, a paleontologist at the PCOM. “These massive spikes at the tip of their snouts would have been useful to defend against predators, compete against other salmon, and ultimately build the nests where they would incubate their eggs.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-both-males-and-females-had-protruding-teeth">Both males and females had protruding teeth</h2>



<p>Senior author Edward Davis, an associate professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Oregon and director of the <a href="https://mnch.uoregon.edu/collections-galleries/condon-collection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Condon Collection</a> at the UO’s Museum of Natural and Cultural History, expressed enthusiasm about the new insights: “I’m delighted that we have been able to put a new face on the giant spike-toothed salmon, bringing knowledge from the field in Oregon to the world.”</p>



<p>“We also stress that females and males alike possessed enormous, tusk-like teeth. Therefore, the sexes were equally fearsome,” added co-author Brian Sidlauskas, an expert in ichthyology <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>. This feature highlights the potentially aggressive and competitive nature of both male and female spike-toothed salmon.</p>



<p>“Because male and females possess hypertrophied premaxillae and lateral premaxillary spikes, the former common name “Sabertoothed Salmon” no longer reflects our understanding of the species’ morphology. Accordingly, we redub <em>O. rastrosus</em> the Spike-Toothed Salmon and postulate that its spikes were multifunctional, serving as defense against predators, in agonism against conspecifics, and as a practical aid to nest construction,” the authors concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-salmon-teeth">More about salmon teeth</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decline-in-atlantic-salmon-linked-to-humans-and-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salmon</a> have a set of teeth that are well-adapted to their diet and lifestyle, primarily suited for grabbing and holding onto prey. These teeth are small but sharp, lining the jaws, and in some species, they can also be found on the roof of the mouth. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function-of-salmon-teeth">Function of salmon teeth</h3>



<p>The primary function of these teeth is not for chewing but for ensnaring slippery prey like fish and insects, which is crucial since <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-unpredictable-effects-on-salmon-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> are predominantly carnivorous.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure">Structure</h3>



<p>Interestingly, the structure and robustness of salmon teeth can vary among species and even change throughout the life stages of the fish. For example, when young salmon (smolts) transition from freshwater to the ocean, their diet changes, and this can be reflected in the development of their teeth to better suit their new food sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spawning">Spawning</h3>



<p>Additionally, during the spawning phase, some male salmon develop what's called a "kype," which is a pronounced curvature of the jaws and teeth. This feature helps them in fights for dominance and the right to mate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Overall, the teeth of salmon are integral to their survival and reproductive strategies, emphasizing their role as effective predators within their aquatic environments.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300252" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a>.</p>



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Giant prehistoric salmon had fearsome, tusk-like teeth

A team of researchers led by the Philadelphia College of...

<p>A groundbreaking study has brought new insights into the factors impacting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/summertime-fireflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">firefly</a> populations across North America. By leveraging extensive citizen science data and advanced analytics, the experts unpacked the environmental and human influences on these beloved insects.</p>



<p>The study was conducted by researchers at the <a href="https://www.uky.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kentucky</a>, <a href="https://www.bucknell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bucknell University</a>, the <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a>, and the <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-threats-to-firefly-populations-nbsp">Identifying threats to firefly populations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“As insect populations decline in many regions, conservation biologists are increasingly tasked with identifying factors that threaten insect species and developing effective strategies for their conservation. One insect group of global conservation concern are fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae),” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Although quantitative data on firefly populations are lacking for most species, anecdotal reports suggest that some firefly populations have declined in recent decades.”</p>



<p>“Researchers have hypothesized that North American firefly populations are most threatened by habitat loss, pesticide use, and light pollution, but the importance of these factors in shaping firefly populations has not been rigorously examined at broad spatial scales.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-large-scale-data-sets-nbsp">Integrating large scale data sets&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research, utilizing over 24,000 surveys from the <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/programs-events/community-science/firefly-watch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Firefly Watch</a> citizen science initiative, represents the first comprehensive effort to apply a data-driven approach to understand firefly population dynamics across a vast geographic scale. </p>



<p>“Subtle changes in climate patterns, especially related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-temperatures-are-revealed-by-the-size-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a>, are significantly impacting firefly breeding cycles and habitat quality,” said study lead author Darin McNeil, an assistant professor of wildlife ecology and management at the University of Kentucky.</p>



<p>“In this study, we integrated large scale data sets on species abundance, land use, soil type, weather and climate using machine learning models to precisely model and predict firefly abundance patterns at the local scale across the eastern U.S. We were very fortunate to have a multi-year citizen science data set that spanned more than 24,000 observations,” noted study senior author Christina Grozinger, a professor of entomology at Penn State.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-light-pollution-and-agriculture-nbsp">Climate change, light pollution, and agriculture&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings highlight the vulnerability of fireflies to climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation. Since fireflies thrive in temperate conditions, with wet and warm summers providing ideal breeding environments and cold winters supporting the survival of immature stages, climate changes are likely to be highly challenging.</p>



<p>Moreover, the scientists found that urban growth and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-pollution-disrupts-entire-ecological-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a> can negatively impact this species. “Artificial lights at night could disrupt firefly populations, possibly affecting both adult and larval stages,” McNeil said. “Firefly larvae, which live in the soil, are particularly vulnerable to changes in light exposure and artificial light could alter their developmental cycles and survival rates.”</p>



<p>The researchers also investigated the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/developing-climate-smart-agricultural-practices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural practices</a>. While they did not find a direct pesticide effect, they discovered that certain agricultural areas supported some of the highest firefly densities, possibly due to practices like livestock grazing that create favorable meadow-like conditions. However, the scientists cautioned against the intensification of agriculture that could diminish the organic debris and moist environments essential for firefly larvae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-trends-in-firefly-populations-nbsp">Long-term trends in firefly populations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“As the study concludes, further research is encouraged, particularly in exploring the long-term trends of firefly populations and the efficacy of various conservation strategies. Moving forward, focused studies that survey particular firefly species, rather than the firefly community as a whole, will be important,” McNeil said.</p>



<p>“Each individual species has its own habitat requirement and things it needs to succeed. With the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citizen-scientists-rare-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">citizen science</a> data in this study, we’re looking at fireflies in the aggregate, but we would like people in citizen science getting more training in species identification. If we can get species-level information, we can provide more specifics on species living in a particular area and how best to protect them,” added co-author Sarah Lower, an assistant professor of biology at Bucknell University.</p>



<p>To gather comparable data for different firefly species, the research team is utilizing technology and artificial intelligence to establish automated monitoring systems. This initiative is part of an NSF-funded <a href="https://insectnet.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INSECT NET</a> graduate training program designed to enhance the precision and reach of ecological studies.</p>



<p>For individuals keen on understanding the land use, weather, and climate specifics of their areas, Penn State offers the <a href="https://pollinators.psu.edu/bee-health/beescape" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beescape tool</a>. This online resource delivers tailored habitat quality scores for pollinators, helping users assess and improve local conditions for these vital creatures.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172329" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science of the Total Environment</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Firefly populations face multiple threats across North America

A groundbreaking study has brought new insights into the factors...

<p>Ministers from the Group of Seven (G7) nations have reached an agreement to close all their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coal-use-is-not-declining-fast-enough-to-slow-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coal</a> plants by 2035, as announced by a UK minister on Monday. This decision marks a major climate policy breakthrough that could potentially encourage other countries to follow suit. </p>



<p>The commitment to set a definitive end date for coal usage, which is the most climate-polluting fossil fuel, was a significant point of contention in past international climate discussions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historic-agreement-on-coal-plants">Historic agreement on coal plants</h2>



<p>“We do have an agreement to phase out coal in the first half of the 2030s,” said Andrew Bowie, a UK minister at the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-energy-security-and-net-zero" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This is, by the way, a historic agreement, something that we weren’t able to achieve at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cop28-agreement-marks-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-fossil-fuels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COP28</a> in Dubai last year. So, to have the G7 nations come around the table to send that signal to the world - that we, the advanced economies of the world are committed to phasing out coal by the early 2030s - is quite incredible.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coal-is-on-its-way-out-in-the-u-s">Coal is on its way out in the U.S.</h2>



<p>This agreement is particularly important as it aligns with recent regulatory actions by the <a href="http://v/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, which require coal-fired power plants to significantly reduce their climate pollution or shut down by 2039.</p>



<p>“Coming just days after the EPA released proposed new rules that will essentially lead to an accelerated phaseout schedule for most coal plants, this G7 commitment is a further confirmation from the US that coal is on its way out sooner rather than later,” said Katrine Petersen, a senior policy advisor at climate think tank <a href="https://www.e3g.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">E3G</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-journey-to-phase-out-coal-plants">Long journey to phase out coal plants</h2>



<p>The commitment also represents a major step for Japan, which was the only G7 country without a clear commitment to transition away from coal, and where coal constituted 32% of its electricity generation in 2023. Many of the other G7 nations have already put plans in place to phase out <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-in-five-premature-deaths-tied-to-fossil-fuel-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel</a>, with coal accounting for about 16% of the G7’s electricity.</p>



<p>“This is another nail in the coffin for coal,” said Dave Jones, the <a href="https://ember-climate.org/insights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ember’s Global Insights</a> program director. “The journey to phase out coal power has been long: it’s been over seven years since the UK, France, Italy, and Canada committed to phase out coal power, so it’s good to see the United States and especially Japan at last be more explicit on their intentions.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-failure-to-establish-an-end-date">Failure to establish an end date</h2>



<p>Despite the international agreement achieved at the COP28 climate talks in Dubai to transition away from fossil fuels, the failure to establish a specific end date for coal usage was viewed as a significant oversight. The ongoing meetings in Turin, involving energy, environment, and climate ministers, are expected to conclude on Tuesday.</p>



<p>The G7, which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, with the European Union having a special status, often sets the tone for global climate policy. Their decisions not only impact the broader G20, which includes major emitters like China and India and major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel</a> producers such as Saudi Arabia and Russia, but also set precedents that influence global environmental strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-coal-fired-power-plants">Impacts of coal-fired power plants</h2>



<p>Coal plants are considered harmful for several reasons, primarily due to their significant impact on the environment and human health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-pollution">Air pollution</h3>



<p>Coal plants emit a variety of harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollutants</a> into the air, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and mercury. These pollutants can lead to respiratory problems, heart disease, and other serious health issues in humans. They also contribute to the formation of acid rain and smog.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-gas-emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h3>



<p>Coal plants are major sources of carbon dioxide (CO2), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. Coal-burning power plants are one of the largest sources of carbon emissions worldwide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-pollution">Water pollution</h3>



<p>The process of burning coal and disposing of coal ash (the residue left after coal is burned) can lead to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-resources-are-becoming-increasingly-polluted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water pollution</a>. Contaminants such as heavy metals can leach into groundwater and surface water, affecting both aquatic life and human populations who rely on these water sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-degradation">Land degradation</h3>



<p>Coal mining, which supplies the coal plants, often results in significant environmental impacts, including deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat destruction. The disposal of coal ash can also contaminate landscapes and ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impact-on-communities">Health impact on communities</h3>



<p>Communities near coal plants and coal mines often experience disproportionate health problems due to their exposure to pollutants and toxic substances. This can lead to increased rates of lung diseases, heart conditions, and other health issues.</p>



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Climate breakthrough: G7 commits to close coal plants by 2035

Ministers from the Group of Seven (G7) nations have reached...

<p>Asteroids are cosmic time capsules that hold secrets about the formation and evolution of our solar system. A recent study examined the effects of space weathering on Ryugu, an asteroid explored by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. The findings unveil a compelling narrative of transformation and resilience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteroids-as-ancient-artifacts">Asteroids as ancient artifacts </h2>



<p>Professor Yuki Kimura and his team from <a href="https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a> approach <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> not just as geological specimens, but as ancient artifacts. Their mission is to uncover the stories these objects can tell us about the history of the solar system.</p>



<p>Electron holography functions like a supercharged microscope. Instead of just seeing the surface, it allows scientists to analyze the patterns formed by electrons that pass through a sample. This reveals the object's internal structure at an incredibly small scale, including details about mineral arrangement and magnetic properties.</p>



<p>The solar wind is a flow of charged particles constantly streaming from the sun. Micrometeoroids are tiny bits of space debris - some no larger than a grain of sand. Over vast stretches of time, these forces bombard the surface of asteroids, causing subtle but significant changes to their composition.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-bennu-hints-at-the-possibility-of-life-on-an-ancient-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asteroids</a> formed in the early solar system, a time when magnetic fields were more dynamic. Some materials can retain a trace of that ancient magnetism. Analyzing any remaining magnetic signatures offers insights into how the environment of our solar system changed over billions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteroid-ryugu-and-space-weathering">Asteroid Ryugu and space weathering</h2>



<p>“The signatures of space weathering we have detected directly will give us a better understanding of some of the phenomena occurring in the solar system,” explained Professor Kimura. </p>



<p>Framboids are spherical clusters of microscopic mineral crystals, often containing magnetite, a magnetic form of iron oxide. The discovery of these demagnetized framboids indicates a powerful impact event. Micrometeoroids, though very small, can strike the asteroid at incredibly high speeds. </p>



<p>The research suggests that these impacts disrupted the magnetic properties of certain minerals within the asteroid Ryugu. Further studies will help scientists understand the thresholds at which impacts can erase magnetic records.</p>



<p>The effects of space weathering aren't uniform across an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-rocks-nasa-dart-asteroid-deflection-mission-may-impact-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid's</a> surface. By analyzing changes in mineral composition and magnetic properties in different locations, scientists can create a map of weathering intensity. Areas exposed to the solar wind for longer periods would show more pronounced change. </p>



<p>This process creates a relative age map of the asteroid's surface. Scientists can reconstruct a timeline of events from this map. Events might include asteroid collisions, changes in its rotational axis, or close encounters with other solar system bodies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>“Although our study is primarily for fundamental scientific interest and understanding, it could also help estimate the degree of degradation likely to be caused by space dust impacting robotic or manned spacecraft at high velocity,” concluded Kimura.</p>



<p>As we envision longer space voyages and potential asteroid outposts, understanding space weathering becomes crucial. It's the difference between building a house that crumbles or a protective shelter that endures. Asteroid Ryugu's story informs the design of future spacecraft and helps ensure the safety of astronauts venturing into the vast cosmic unknown.</p>



<p>The asteroid Ryugu samples are a gift that keeps on giving. Scientists worldwide will continue to scrutinize this precious extraterrestrial material, pushing the boundaries of our knowledge about our solar system's past and the practical challenges of spacefaring. Perhaps these studies will even illuminate how early asteroids delivered the ingredients for life to a young Earth, igniting our own story.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-asteroid-ryugu">More about Asteroid Ryugu</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-sample-returned-from-asteroid-bennu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asteroid</a> Ryugu, officially known as 162173 Ryugu, is a fascinating object in our solar system that has garnered significant attention from the scientific community, particularly for its potential to reveal secrets about the early solar system. Here’s a bit more about Ryugu beyond the specific research discussed:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origin and classification of asteroid Ryugu</h3>



<p>Ryugu is classified as a near-Earth object and a potentially hazardous asteroid. It belongs to the Apollo group of asteroids and is a C-type (carbonaceous) asteroid. This classification indicates that it contains a high amount of carbon in addition to rocks and minerals. </p>



<p>C-type asteroids are especially valuable for study because they are believed to be relics of the early solar system, containing primordial material that has remained relatively unchanged.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical characteristics</h3>



<p>Ryugu has a somewhat spinning-top shape, which is characteristic of some small asteroids that have undergone rapid rotation. </p>



<p>The asteroid measures approximately one kilometer in diameter. Its surface is covered with boulders and appears very dark, indicating that it absorbs a lot of light, which is typical for C-type asteroids. </p>



<p>The roughness of the surface and the presence of large boulders make landing and sample collection missions quite challenging.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Scientific interest and missions</h3>



<p>The primary reason Ryugu is of immense scientific interest is its ancient, unaltered chemical makeup, which offers a snapshot of the solar system's conditions billions of years ago. Understanding its composition can provide clues about the origin of water and organic molecules on Earth, which are essential for life.</p>



<p>The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Hayabusa2 mission, which launched in 2014 and reached Ryugu in 2018, is the most notable mission associated with this asteroid. </p>



<p>Hayabusa2 collected samples from Ryugu's surface and subsurface through a series of touch-and-go maneuvers and then returned these samples to Earth in December 2020. This mission is critical because it's the first time subsurface material, which is less affected by space weathering, has been collected from an asteroid.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Future studies and impact</h3>



<p>The ongoing analysis of the samples returned by Hayabusa2 will likely continue to provide new insights into the composition and history of Ryugu for years to come. </p>



<p>This research has implications not only for our understanding of asteroids but also for broader topics such as planetary formation, the distribution of organic compounds throughout the solar system, and even the potential for asteroid mining in the future.</p>



<p>Ryugu remains a key focus in the study of asteroids, with its samples expected to reveal more about our cosmic neighborhood’s past and the fundamental processes that shaped the inner solar system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47798-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Asteroid Ryugu holds clues about bombardment in the early solar system

Asteroids are cosmic time capsules that hold secrets about the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<p>Kings Canyon National Park&nbsp;is an American&nbsp;national park&nbsp;in the southern&nbsp;Sierra Nevada, in&nbsp;Fresno&nbsp;and&nbsp;Tulare Counties,&nbsp;California. Originally established in 1890 as General Grant National Park, the park was greatly expanded and renamed to Kings Canyon National Park on March 4, 1940. The park's namesake, Kings Canyon, is a rugged&nbsp;glacier-carved valley more than a mile (1,600&nbsp;m) deep. Other natural features include multiple 14,000-foot (4,300&nbsp;m) peaks, high mountain meadows, swift-flowing rivers, and some of the world's largest stands of&nbsp;giant sequoia&nbsp;trees. Kings Canyon is north of and contiguous with&nbsp;Sequoia National Park, and both parks are jointly administered by the&nbsp;National Park Service&nbsp;as the&nbsp;Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.</p>



<p>There are fourteen campgrounds in these parks, including three that are open year-round. Campgrounds require reservations in advance, and sites are usually full.&nbsp;</p>