<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke from fires around the Canadian community of Fort Nelson and streaming east into Alberta on May 11, 2024.</p>



<p>Canada is currently facing an intense start to its wildland fire season, following a severe season last year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By mid-May, parts of British Columbia were already shrouded in smoke from early and aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, a phenomenon typically seen much later in the summer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-observations-of-canada-fires">Satellite observations of Canada fires</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional observations by NASA's Terra satellite and others showed the smoke plume rising several kilometers into the air and spreading into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, where it raised air quality concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-fueled-by-dry-conditions-and-high-winds">Fires fueled by dry conditions and high winds</h2>



<p>One particularly dangerous fire, which ignited on May 10, rapidly expanded southeast of Fort Nelson and a nearby First Nation community, threatening around 3,400 residents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dry conditions and high winds from a passing cold front fueled the blaze, prompting immediate evacuation orders for the area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cliff Chapman, British Columbia’s Wildfire Service Director of Provincial Operations, advised against travel near Fort Nelson due to the fire's severe intensity and rapid spread.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holdover-fires-in-canada">Holdover fires in Canada</h2>



<p>To the north, several other fires consumed tens of thousands of hectares. Some of these were "holdover" fires, which persisted under the snow throughout the winter and rekindled in the spring, fed by vegetation dried from ongoing severe drought conditions as per the North American Drought Monitor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-emissions">Carbon emissions</h2>



<p>This year's fire intensity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> in British Columbia are notably high, with Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, reporting over 5 megatons of carbon emissions from the province's wildfires by mid-May - marking the highest May emissions in 22 years. </p>



<p>Parrington's assessments, part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, utilize data from the Global Fire Assimilation System, which incorporates MODIS fire observations from NASA's satellites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-fires-in-2023">Canada fires in 2023</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 wildfire season</a> in Canada was particularly intense and significant due to a combination of factors including climate conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts</a>. </p>



<p>Throughout the season, Canada experienced an unusually high number of wildfires, which affected vast areas across the country, particularly in regions like British Columbia and Alberta.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conditions-nbsp">Challenging conditions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These fires were fueled by a combination of dry weather, higher than average temperatures, and strong winds, creating challenging conditions for firefighting efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



<p>The smoke from the wildfires had a profound impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, not only in Canada but also in parts of the United States, leading to health advisories and concerns over air pollution. The fires prompted widespread evacuations and significant damage to properties and ecosystems. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The season highlighted the growing concerns over climate change as a driving force behind the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Canadian government and local authorities were actively engaged in firefighting and mitigation efforts, but the scale of the fires called for an increased focus on long-term strategies for fire prevention and forest management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wildfires-on-human-health">Impact of wildfires on human health</h2>



<p>Wildfires have a significant impact on human health, affecting both physical and mental well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p>The most immediate health issue is the inhalation of smoke, which contains a mix of harmful gases and fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and other chronic lung conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked to cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>Beyond physical health, wildfires can also have a profound effect on mental health. The stress and trauma of experiencing a wildfire, losing property, or being displaced can lead to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the recovery and rebuilding process can be lengthy and stressful, further impacting mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-challenges-nbsp">Additional challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>People in affected areas often face challenges with water and food safety due to contamination from fire-related chemicals and debris. The destruction of infrastructure can also limit access to medical care and health services, exacerbating all these health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Overall, the impact of wildfires on human health is complex and can be long-lasting, necessitating both immediate and long-term public health interventions to support affected communities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Canada's fire season is off to an intense start

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features severe flooding in downtown Porto Alegre, the capital city of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Nearly two million people have been affected by the historic floods. More than 100 people were killed and 140 are still missing. </p>



<p>Floodwaters inundated the historic district, forced the closure of the international airport, affected major stadiums, and rendered several highways unusable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upheaval-across-rio-grande-do-sul">Upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul</h2>



<p>Severe weather systems, characterized by strong winds and heavy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-will-wreak-havoc-on-mountain-ranges-as-warming-climate-turns-snow-to-rain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>, impacted Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, beginning on April 27, 2024. In a matter of days, some regions recorded over 300 millimeters (approximately 12 inches) of rain, resulting in rivers overflowing their banks and causing extensive, destructive flooding throughout the area.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> has led to significant upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul. According to the state's civil defense agency, over 160,000 individuals have been displaced, and there have been numerous fatalities. </p>



<p>The state, a key hub for the production and export of soy, rice, wheat, and meat, has seen considerable agricultural damage. Disruptions to grain exports are anticipated due to the impact on silos, storage facilities, transportation networks, and ports.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-storms-in-rio-grande-do-sul-nbsp">Intense storms in Rio Grande do Sul&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil's National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) attributes the extreme weather to the weakening El Niño phenomenon, which influenced cold fronts to move towards Rio Grande do Sul and increased atmospheric instability over the area. </p>



<p>Additionally, unusually warm waters in the South Atlantic Ocean elevated humidity levels, intensifying the storms through the convergence of warm, moist air from the Amazon and cooler southern air.</p>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> event aligns with broader climatic changes anticipated for the region, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Sixth Assessment Report. </p>



<p>Projections indicate significant increases in annual precipitation totals and extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> events by 2050, based on simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-6) and incorporating findings from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies' GISS ModelE.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-events-nbsp">Extreme weather events&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil experiences a wide variety of extreme weather events due to its vast size and diverse ecosystems. Droughts are a significant issue, especially in the Northeast and parts of the Southeast, affecting water supplies, agriculture, and energy production.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, the rainy season brings floods that can inundate large regions, including the Amazon basin and densely populated urban areas like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where inadequate drainage systems often lead to severe waterlogging.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landslide-predictions-could-become-94-percent-more-accurate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landslides</a> are another common consequence of heavy rains, posing risks in hilly cities such as Rio de Janeiro. As global temperatures rise, heatwaves have become more frequent and intense, particularly in urban centers where the heat island effect can amplify high temperatures.</p>



<p>The ongoing impact of climate change is likely to increase both the frequency and severity of these extreme weather events across Brazil, highlighting the need for enhanced disaster preparedness and adaptive strategies to mitigate future risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-porto-alegre-nbsp">Porto Alegre&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Porto Alegre is known for its rich cultural heritage and strong European influence, reflecting the diverse immigrant populations that have settled there, including Germans, Italians, and Portuguese. The city combines a bustling urban atmosphere with charming old architecture and expansive public parks, making it a vibrant center for culture, politics, and commerce in the region.</p>



<p>Porto Alegre hosts numerous cultural events, such as the annual Porto Alegre Book Fair, one of the largest book fairs in Brazil, and it's renowned for its lively arts scene, including theaters, museums, and galleries. The city is also a significant educational hub, home to several universities and research institutions, contributing to its reputation as a center of intellectual and academic activity.</p>



<p>Economically, Porto Alegre is an important trade and service center. It has a diverse economy with strong sectors in commerce, services, and manufacturing. The city serves as a critical transportation and logistics hub due to its strategic location near the Mercosur (Southern Common Market) capitals, enhancing its role in regional trade.</p>



<p>Despite its urban advancements, Porto Alegre is also known for its environmental initiatives, including extensive recycling programs and a high number of green spaces, which are integrated into the urban landscape and offer residents and visitors alike a respite from the bustling city life.</p>



<p>The image of flooding in Porto Alegre was captured on May 8, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Historic flooding in Rio Grande do Sul

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

The primate they were studying was a galago. Staff concluded that the creature had found its way into Bobo’s enclosure from the forest surrounding the sanctuary.

The galago – also known as a “bush baby” due to the crying sound they make – wasn’t usually the kind of primate they took care of at Mefou. And they certainly wouldn’t give the responsibility to a giant ape, even if he did treat the little creature like it was his own. Photo Credit: Ape Action Africa

Uninvited Guest

<p>The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the forest" or the "tree of life," captures the fascination of many with its imposing presence and unique features. </p>



<p>Despite its cultural and ecological significance, the evolutionary origins of the baobab tree have remained largely enigmatic, wrapped in a veil of mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-madagascar-as-the-cradle-of-baobabs">Madagascar as the cradle of baobabs</h2>



<p>A new study led by the Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, based at the <a href="http://english.wbg.cas.cn/">Wuhan Botanical Garden</a> of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has shed light on these magnificent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-highlights-the-value-of-old-large-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. </p>



<p>The comprehensive study, which utilized advanced genomic and ecological analyses, pinpoints Madagascar as the ancestral home of the baobab from which all existing species have dispersed.</p>



<p>The research was based on high-quality genomic data from all eight currently existing baobab species. The findings suggest that the baobabs first appeared in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/madagascar-extinctions-linked-to-human-expansion-1000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Madagascar</a> and subsequently spread across Africa and Australia. </p>



<p>The study reveals how various factors like environmental changes, animal pollinators, and fluctuations in local sea levels have tailored each species to thrive in its specific environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-genomes">Insights from the genomes</h2>



<p>The genetic clues indicate that all baobabs likely share a common origin in Madagascar. Intriguingly, six out of the eight known species are exclusively found on this island, hinting at a deep-rooted history intertwined with the geological and ecological dynamics of Madagascar. </p>



<p>"What we see about baobabs in Madagascar today was greatly influenced by both interspecific competition and the geological history of the island, especially changes in local sea levels," said Dr. WAN Junnan, the lead researcher of the study.</p>



<p>Understanding how these environmental factors influence the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malagasy baobab</a> provides insights that could help predict how baobabs in other regions might respond to similar challenges. </p>



<p>Historical data on global mean sea levels (GMSL) over the past 10 million years suggest that baobab trees were more likely to spread and expand during periods of lower sea levels. </p>



<p>This pattern could be disrupted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-coastal-salt-marshes-are-keeping-pace-with-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a> associated with ongoing climate change, potentially impacting the future expansion and survival of baobab populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-for-baobab-trees">Conservation challenges for baobab trees</h2>



<p>The unique ecological niches that baobabs inhabit, combined with their limited opportunities for expansion, present a complex conservation challenge. </p>



<p>The loss of habitat for the trees and their crucial pollinators, such as fruit bats and hawkmoths, further threatens these iconic species. As a result, researchers are calling for a reevaluation of the conservation status of some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baobab</a> species.</p>



<p>There are ongoing proposals to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to update the classification of certain baobabs from endangered to critically endangered. This status would better reflect the severe declines some populations have faced.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about baobab trees</h2>



<p>Baobab <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-off/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> are among the most iconic and resilient flora native to the arid regions of Madagascar, Africa, and Australia. Known for their enormous trunk girth, baobabs store large quantities of water to endure harsh drought conditions. </p>



<p>These trees are often called "upside down trees" due to the root-like appearance of their gnarled branches. Baobabs can live for thousands of years, which makes them historical landmarks in their respective landscapes.</p>



<p>Their fruit, known as baobab fruit, is rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and other nutrients, making it a valuable food source in arid regions. The fruit has a velvety shell and is about the size of a coconut, containing a dry, nutritious pulp that tastes somewhat like a blend of grapefruit, pear, and vanilla.</p>



<p>The baobab also plays a crucial role in the ecosystem as a habitat and food source for various birds and animals, including some endangered species. In addition to its ecological roles, the baobab tree has significant cultural importance and appears in many local myths and legends as a symbol of life and resilience.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07447-4">Nature</a></em>.</p>



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Mysterious origin of baobab trees has finally been revealed

The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> has discovered that Eurasian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jays-with-greater-intelligence-have-more-self-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jays</a> can recall incidental details of past events. According to the experts, these findings suggest that the birds have a form of episodic memory akin to humans.</p>



<p>Humans possess the ability of “mental time travel,” reimagining past experiences and recalling seemingly unimportant details. For a long time, this episodic memory has been considered unique to humans.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-episodic-memory-in-non-human-animals-nbsp">Episodic memory in non-human animals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-connects-old-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Episodic memory</a> describes the conscious reimagining of our memories and is often considered to be a uniquely human ability. As these phenomenological components are embedded within its definition, major issues arise when investigating the presence of episodic memory in non-human animals,” the authors wrote.</p>



<p>“Importantly, however, when we as humans recall a specific experience, we may remember details from that experience that were inconsequential to our needs, thoughts, or desires at that time,” they added.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This ‘incidental’ information is nevertheless encoded automatically as part of the memory and is subsequently recalled within a holistic representation of the event. The incidental encoding and unexpected question paradigm represents this characteristic feature of human episodic memory and can be employed to investigate memory recall in non-human animals.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-episodic-like-memory-in-eurasian-jays">Episodic-like memory in Eurasian jays</h2>



<p>In their study, the researchers aimed to test for episodic-like memory in Eurasian jays, known for their skill in remembering the locations of stored food. The experiment involved seven jays, which watched as food was placed under one of four identical cups. They were then rewarded for selecting the correct cup based on its position.&nbsp;</p>



<p>After training, the birds faced an unexpected memory test: they watched food being placed under one of the cups, now each with unique visual characteristics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>After a 10-minute separation, during which the cups were relocated and rearranged, the jays still identified the baited cup correctly 70% of the time, despite the visual changes and time delay.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eurasian-jays-recall-details-of-previous-experiences">Eurasian jays recall details of previous experiences</h2>



<p>These findings suggest that although the visual differences between the cups were irrelevant during training, the jays noticed and recalled these details during the test. This capability mirrors episodic memory in humans, where incidental details are recorded and accessed later.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers propose that this type of memory might help jays locate food stores. However, future studies are needed to explore whether jays can perform similar memory tasks in non-food-related scenarios.</p>



<p>“As the jays were able to remember details that held no specific value or relevance at the time that the memory was created, this suggests that they are able to record, recall, and access incidental information within a remembered event,” noted the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This is an ability that characterizes the type of human memory through which we mentally 'relive' past events (or episodes), known as 'episodic' memory.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-eurasian-jays">More about Eurasian jays</h2>



<p>Eurasian jays are medium-sized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/body-sizes-and-shapes-of-birds-are-shrinking-as-the-earth-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> belonging to the crow family, Corvidae. They are native to the broad range of Europe and western Asia. </p>



<p>Eurasian jays are highly intelligent and exhibit complex behaviors, including the ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiger-beetles-mimic-toxic-moths-to-deceive-predatory-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mimic</a> the calls of other birds and even human-made sounds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-nbsp">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These birds are known for their striking plumage, which features a mix of pinkish-brown feathers, a white throat, and distinctive blue patches on their wings. Their head is adorned with a black mustache-like stripe and a black crown.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>These jays are omnivorous, feeding on a varied <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plantations-limit-native-birds-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> that includes acorns, seeds, fruits, insects, and small vertebrates. They are particularly noted for their role in oak tree propagation, as they collect and bury acorns to eat later, often forgetting some, which then germinate into new trees.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>



<p>Eurasian jays are typically solitary or found in pairs, though they can gather in larger groups during the winter. They have a wide range of vocalizations and are known for their loud, raucous calls. Their nests are built high in trees and are constructed from twigs, roots, and other plant materials, lined with softer items like moss and feathers.</p>



<p>These birds are also notable for their problem-solving skills and the ability to plan for the future. Despite their wide distribution and varied habitats, they tend to avoid areas of dense urban development, preferring woodland environments.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301298" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a>.</p>



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Eurasian jays possess the ability of ‘mental time travel’

A new study led by the University of Cambridge has...

<p>If you enjoy the vibrant colors of wildflowers,&nbsp;the sweet taste of honey,&nbsp;or the juicy crunch of an apple,&nbsp;you have pollinators to thank.&nbsp;These creatures,&nbsp;including bees,&nbsp;butterflies,&nbsp;wasps,&nbsp;and even some birds and bats, play a crucial role in our ecosystem and food production.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;these vital <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> are facing an unprecedented crisis due to climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their populations are declining worldwide at an alarming rate. A new study,&nbsp;led by Dr.&nbsp;Johanne Brunet and Dr.&nbsp;Fabiana Fragoso,&nbsp;paints a grim picture of the multiple stressors impacting pollinators,&nbsp;many of which are a direct result of human activities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impact-on-pollinators">Climate change impact on pollinators</h2>



<p>"This review introduces the diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-pollinators-wild-bees-boosts-food-supply-income/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>,&nbsp;addresses the main drivers of pollinator decline,&nbsp;and presents strategies to reduce their negative impacts," said Dr.&nbsp;Brunet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We discuss how managed bees negatively affect wild bee species,&nbsp;and examine the impact of habitat loss,&nbsp;pesticide use,&nbsp;pests and pathogens,&nbsp;pollution,&nbsp;and climate change on pollinator decline.&nbsp;Connections between humans and pollinator decline are also addressed."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-loss-to-food-insecurity">Biodiversity loss to food insecurity</h2>



<p>The decline of pollinators has far-reaching consequences. It not only threatens biodiversity but also jeopardizes crop yields and food security. </p>



<p>According to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (<a href="https://www.ipbes.net" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPBES</a>), a staggering 16% of vertebrate pollinators, such as birds and bats, and 40% of invertebrate pollinators, including bees and butterflies, are at risk of extinction. </p>



<p>This alarming decline could lead to a significant reduction in the availability and variety of food sources, particularly fruits and vegetables that rely on pollination for reproduction.</p>



<p>Without these pollinators, plants would struggle to produce the seeds and fruits necessary for their survival and propagation. This decline would not only diminish our diets but also disrupt entire ecosystems that depend on these plants. The loss of pollinators could cause a ripple effect, impacting other species and leading to a less diverse and resilient environment.</p>



<p>"In the absence of pollinators,&nbsp;the human diet will shift towards a preponderance of wheat,&nbsp;rice,&nbsp;oat,&nbsp;and corn,&nbsp;as these are wind-pollinated crops," said Dr.&nbsp;Fragoso.&nbsp;"Crops that reproduce vegetatively,&nbsp;such as bananas,&nbsp;will be maintained."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-complex-threats-to-pollinators">Climate change and complex threats to pollinators</h2>



<p>The decline of pollinators is not a simple issue with a single cause. It's a complex web of interconnected factors, each contributing to the overall crisis. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Climate change, with its associated changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, disrupts the delicate balance of pollinator habitats and food sources. These changes can alter blooming periods of plants and the availability of nectar and pollen, which are critical for pollinators' survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat loss</h3>



<p>The problem is further exacerbated by habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization, leaving pollinators with fewer places to forage and reproduce. Concrete and asphalt replace natural habitats, reducing areas where pollinators can thrive. This habitat fragmentation isolates pollinator populations, making it difficult for them to find mates and maintain genetic diversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pesticides-and-herbicides">Pesticides and herbicides </h3>



<p>The widespread use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture also takes a toll on pollinators. Pesticides can be toxic to pollinators, killing them outright or impairing their ability to forage and reproduce. </p>



<p>Herbicides reduce the availability of wildflowers and other plants that provide essential food sources. These chemicals create a hostile environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-prevents-nighttime-pollinators-from-finding-flowers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>, making it difficult for them to survive and thrive.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-species-and-disease">Invasive species and disease</h3>



<p>Additionally, pollinator populations are impacted by the introduction of non-native species and diseases. Invasive species can outcompete native pollinators for resources, while new diseases can spread rapidly and decimate populations. </p>



<p>This combination of factors creates a challenging environment for pollinators, contributing to their decline and threatening the ecosystems that depend on them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-practices-and-global-cooperation">Sustainable practices and global cooperation</h2>



<p>While the situation is dire,&nbsp;there is still hope for pollinators.&nbsp;The researchers emphasize the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices that minimize the use of harmful chemicals and promote biodiversity.&nbsp;They also advocate for integrated pollinator management strategies that consider both wild and managed bee populations.</p>



<p>"Widespread use of sustainable practices in agriculture,&nbsp;and further development of integrated pollinator management strategies,&nbsp;eco-friendly strategies including reduction of pesticide use,&nbsp;will help preserve pollinators," said Dr.&nbsp;Fragoso.</p>



<p>"Potential adverse effects of managed bees on the local wild bee populations must be mitigated.&nbsp;Non-lethal collection methods should be developed and adopted globally in response to the increasing need for base-line pollinator data collection."</p>



<p>Addressing the threat of climate change is also crucial. Climate change affects pollinators by altering their habitats and the availability of food resources. It changes temperature and precipitation patterns, which can disrupt the life cycles of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-90-of-flowering-plant-species-rely-on-animal-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> and the plants. This can lead to mismatches in timing, such as when plants bloom and when pollinators are active, reducing pollination.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-action-is-needed">Urgent action is needed</h2>



<p>The decline of pollinators is a global crisis that requires urgent action.&nbsp;We can all play a role in supporting these essential creatures.&nbsp;By planting pollinator-friendly gardens,&nbsp;supporting sustainable agriculture,&nbsp;and advocating for policies that protect pollinators and their habitats,&nbsp;we can help ensure a future where both pollinators and humans can thrive.</p>



<p>"Measures must keep being implemented to reduce climate change and prevent its serious negative impacts on pollinators.&nbsp;Climate change has the most diverse negative impacts on pollinators and is the threat most difficult to control.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;its consequences threaten food security and world stability,&nbsp;thus efforts to control it must be prioritized at a global scale," noted Dr.&nbsp;Brunet.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>CABI Reviews</em></a>.</p>



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Most pollinators face extinction risk due to climate change

If you enjoy the vibrant colors of wildflowers,&nbsp;the sweet taste...

<p>The universe is vast,&nbsp;filled with countless stars and planets,&nbsp;many of which remain hidden from our view.&nbsp;But thanks to dedicated astronomers and advanced telescopes,&nbsp;we're slowly uncovering the secrets of our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;One such project,&nbsp;SPECULOOS (Search for Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars),&nbsp;has just announced a thrilling discovery:&nbsp;an Earth-sized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-detects-signs-of-life-on-exoplanet-k2-18b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a> orbiting a nearby "ultracool dwarf" star.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speculoos-3b-the-earth-sized-exoplanet">SPECULOOS-3b: The Earth-sized exoplanet</h2>



<p>This newfound world, named SPECULOOS-3b, is about the same size as our Earth but orbits a star vastly different from our Sun. SPECULOOS-3 is a star classified as an ultracool dwarf - meaning it's smaller, cooler, and dimmer than our own star. In fact, it's about the size of Jupiter and twice as cold as our Sun.</p>



<p>What makes SPECULOOS-3b even more fascinating is its incredibly tight orbit. It zips around its star in just 17 hours, a year that's shorter than a day on Earth. </p>



<p>Because of this proximity, one side of the planet is always facing the star, locked in a perpetual day, while the other side remains in eternal darkness. This phenomenon, known as tidal locking, results in extreme temperature differences between the two sides.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speculoos-project">SPECULOOS project</h2>



<p>The SPECULOOS project, led by astronomer Michaël Gillon from the <a href="https://www.uliege.be" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liège</a>, focuses on hunting for planets around ultracool dwarf stars. These stars are faint and scattered across the sky, making their planets difficult to find. Patience and specialized telescopes are essential for this search.</p>



<p>SPECULOOS employs a network of robotic telescopes strategically placed around the world. These telescopes continuously monitor ultracool dwarf stars. </p>



<p>By observing tiny dips in a star's brightness, astronomers can detect the presence of a planet passing in front of it. This method, known as the transit method, allows scientists to identify and study distant exoplanets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-sized-exoplanet-lacks-atmosphere">Earth-sized exoplanet lacks atmosphere</h2>



<p>While SPECULOOS-3b's size is similar to Earth, the similarities end there. The planet orbits extremely close to its star, which results in it being bombarded with intense radiation. SPECULOOS-3b receives sixteen times more energy per second than Earth does from the Sun. This immense amount of radiation creates a harsh environment on the planet's surface.</p>



<p>The intense radiation likely makes it impossible for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-could-reside-in-dyson-spheres-across-1000-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a> to hold onto an atmosphere. “In such an environment, the presence of an atmosphere around the planet is highly unlikely," said study co-author Julien de Wit, associate professor of planetary sciences at MIT.</p>



<p>Any atmosphere that SPECULOOS-3b might have had would have been stripped away by the star's relentless energy. Without an atmosphere, the planet cannot retain heat or support conditions necessary for life as we know it. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-of-speculoos-3b">Temperature of SPECULOOS-3b</h2>



<p>This lack of atmosphere also exposes the planet's surface directly to the star's radiation, leading to extreme temperature fluctuations. On one side of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-glory-lights-effect-seen-exoplanet-wasp-76b-baffling-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a>, which is always facing the star due to tidal locking, temperatures are scorching. Meanwhile, the other side, perpetually in darkness, experiences frigid conditions.</p>



<p>“If there’s no atmosphere, there would be no blue sky or clouds - it would just be dark, like on the surface of the moon,” noted <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> research scientist Benjamin Rackham. “And the ‘sun’ would be a big, purplish-red, spotted, and flaring star that would look about 18 times as big as the sun looks to us in the sky.”</p>



<p>“We think that the planet is nearly as hot as Venus, so not habitable,” said Rackham. “It’s not hot enough to have a lava surface. It should be solid rock. But depending on how bright that rock is, it could be recently resurfaced due to plate tectonics or volcanic activity, or it could be a planet that’s been eroded by space weathering and has a much darker surface. Going forward, we should be able to distinguish between some interesting scenarios for the surface of the planet.” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-the-unique-exoplanet">Advantages of the unique exoplanet</h2>



<p>This lack of atmosphere might seem like a disappointment,&nbsp;but it actually presents a unique opportunity.&nbsp;Without an atmosphere to obscure our view,&nbsp;scientists believe that we may be able to study the planet's surface in unprecedented detail.</p>



<p>This unique environment on SPECULOOS-3b offers scientists a rare opportunity to study a planet's surface without atmospheric interference. </p>



<p>“SPECULOOS-3b is the first planet for which we can consider moving toward constraining surface properties of planets beyond the solar system,” said de Wit. “With this world, we could basically start doing exoplanetary geology. How cool is that?” </p>



<p>"The fact that this planet has no atmosphere could be a plus in several respects. For example, it could enable us to learn a great deal about ultra-cool dwarf stars, which in turn will make possible more in-depth studies of their potentially habitable planets."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-earth-sized-exoplanet">Future research on Earth-sized exoplanet</h2>



<p>The upcoming launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) is set to revolutionize our understanding of exoplanets.&nbsp;This powerful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-telescopes-can-directly-detect-signs-of-alien-life-in-exoplanet-atmospheres/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telescope</a> will be able to analyze the light from distant worlds,&nbsp;revealing details about their atmospheres and surfaces.</p>



<p>Researchers are particularly excited about the potential of JWST to study SPECULOOS-3b. "With the JWST, we could even study the mineralogy of the planet's surface!" said Elsa Ducrot, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/?lang=fr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Observatory</a>.</p>



<p>The discovery of SPECULOOS-3b is a testament to the ingenuity and dedication of astronomers around the world.&nbsp;By developing specialized telescopes and innovative techniques,&nbsp;they are opening our eyes to the incredible diversity of planets that exist beyond our solar system.</p>



<p>As the SPECULOOS project continues to scan the skies,&nbsp;and the James Webb Space Telescope begins its mission,&nbsp;we can look forward to even more exciting discoveries in the years to come.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02271-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth-sized exoplanet discovered is only 55-light years away

The universe is vast,&nbsp;filled with countless stars and planets,&nbsp;many of...

<p>Recent findings unveiled at the <a href="https://easo.org/congress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Congress on Obesity</a> in Venice challenge long-held views on sugar intake and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-spiked-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood obesity</a>. The study highlights a nuanced approach to understanding how different sugar sources impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-health-is-increasingly-affected-by-climate-and-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children's health</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-sources-and-childhood-obesity">Sugar sources and childhood obesity</h2>



<p>The research suggests that the type of sugar consumed during early childhood may be more significant than the total amount ingested when assessing obesity risks later in life. Interestingly, the study found that total sugar intake at a young age did not correlate with the child's weight by ages 10 or 11. </p>



<p>Children who consumed more natural sugars from sources like fruits and unsweetened dairy products exhibited a lower likelihood of becoming overweight or obese. </p>



<p>In contrast, those with higher sugar intake from processed snacks and sweetened beverages were more likely to have increased weights and higher obesity risk by ages 10 or 11.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-choices-for-a-healthier-future">Healthier choices for a healthier future</h2>



<p>Children consuming a higher proportion of their sugar from natural sources such as unsweetened liquid dairy products, like milk and buttermilk, exhibited a lower likelihood of becoming overweight or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/50-percent-kids-obese-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obese</a>.</p>



<p>This beneficial relationship was also observed in those who consumed more sugar from whole fruits.</p>



<p>Conversely, a high sugar intake from processed snacks, including cakes, confectionery, and sweetened dairy drinks like chocolate milk, was linked to higher weight and an increased risk of obesity.</p>



<p>The research was led by Junyang Zou from the <a href="https://www.rug.nl/research/epidemiology/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Groningen's Department of Epidemiology</a>. Zou emphasized the difference between intrinsic sugars - those naturally occurring in foods - and added sugars. </p>



<p>"While high consumption of sugary foods is considered a risk factor for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-risk-childhood-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood overweight</a> and obesity, it’s crucial for children to consume less sugar-rich foods and more fruit and unsweetened dairy products," said Zou.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-s-impact-in-childhood">Sugar's impact in childhood</h2>



<p>To explore these associations further, Zou and her team utilized data from the GEKCO Drenthe study, involving a cohort of children born in the northern Netherlands. </p>



<p>The study used parental reports from food intake questionnaires to analyze the children's sugar consumption across various food groups and its subsequent impact on their body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk.</p>



<p>Despite an average daily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-toddlers-eat-too-much-added-sugar-and-it-could-harm-their-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugar</a> intake of 112 grams, constituting about a third of the daily caloric intake, the study found no direct link between the amount of sugar consumed at age three and the child’s weight at ages 10 or 11. </p>



<p>However, sources of sugar did matter. Higher sugar intake from sugary snacks was associated with an increased BMI Z-score at age 10 or 11, whereas higher intake from whole fruits and unsweetened dairy products was linked to lower BMI Z-scores and reduced weight gain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-recommendations-to-combat-obesity">Dietary recommendations to combat obesity</h2>



<p>The findings advocate for a shift in dietary recommendations for children. Encouraging the intake of fruit and milk over sweetened milk, yogurt drinks, and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-snacks-rewire-the-brain-to-prefer-unhealthy-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugary snacks</a> could significantly influence a child's risk of developing obesity. </p>



<p>The study calls for more focused research into how different sugars impact health, hinting at potential reasons such as the slower release of sugars from whole fruits compared to sugary snacks and the metabolic differences between sucrose, fructose, and lactose.</p>



<p>The research underscores the importance of not just the quantity but the source of sugar in children’s diets, pointing towards a healthier path for preventing obesity in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-eating-healthy-sugar-in-childhood">Benefits of eating healthy sugar in childhood</h2>



<p>Consuming healthy sugars in childhood is essential for promoting overall health and development. Natural sugars found in whole fruits, vegetables, and unsweetened dairy products come with a package of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber, providing significant health benefits beyond mere energy. </p>



<p>For instance, fruits deliver essential vitamins like C and A, while dairy products supply crucial nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D. The fiber in whole fruits helps slow the absorption of sugar into the bloodstream, preventing blood sugar spikes and crashes, and promoting sustained energy levels and better appetite control.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-rich-foods-with-natural-sugars">Nutrient-rich foods with natural sugars</h2>



<p>Foods containing natural sugars are also more filling due to their fiber content, which helps children feel full longer and reduces the likelihood of overeating, aiding in maintaining a healthy weight. These nutrient-rich foods support healthy growth and development, with calcium and protein in dairy products playing a critical role in building strong bones and muscles. </p>



<p>Encouraging consumption of natural sugars in childhood can help lower their intake of added sugars found in processed foods, thereby reducing the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders.</p>



<p>Introducing children to a variety of natural, whole foods helps establish healthy eating patterns that can last a lifetime. Enjoying fruits, vegetables, and unsweetened dairy improves overall diet quality. </p>



<p>Moreover, consuming nutrient-rich foods with natural sugars supports brain health and cognitive function, as antioxidants and vitamins in fruits and vegetables are linked to improved mood and mental well-being.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Natural sugar sources are key to preventing childhood obesity

Recent findings unveiled at the European Congress on Obesity in...

<p>Orcas, also known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/killer-whales-use-clever-hunting-strategies-to-outsmart-prey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">killer whales</a>, have long captivated marine enthusiasts with their striking black and white patterns and awe-inspiring intelligence. Now, a study has unveiled another fascinating aspect of their underwater prowess: orcas take only a single breath between dives. </p>



<p>Imagine sprinting to the grocery store, doing your shopping, and returning home before taking another breath – that's the orca way.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-orca-breath">Mystery of orca breath</h2>



<p>To unlock the secrets of orca respiration, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a> embarked on a high-tech adventure. They deployed drones and attached suction-cupped tags to 11 northern and southern resident killer whales off the coast of British Columbia. This ingenious combination of technology allowed them to gather valuable data on the whales' diving habits and oxygen consumption.</p>



<p>The study's findings were truly astounding. Resident orcas, as they are known, prefer shallow dives, with most lasting less than a minute. However, one particularly adventurous adult male orca shattered expectations with an 8.5-minute dive, showcasing the species' remarkable adaptability.</p>



<p>The researchers used advanced technology to study orca respiration. They employed drones and suction-cupped tags to monitor 11 northern and southern resident killer whales near British Columbia's coast. This innovative approach provided detailed data on the whales' diving behavior and oxygen use.</p>



<p>The study revealed surprising results. Resident orcas mostly engage in shallow dives, typically under a minute. Nonetheless, one adult male demonstrated the species' adaptability by diving for 8.5 minutes, a significant deviation from the usual pattern.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-a-sprint-not-a-marathon">It's a sprint, not a marathon</h2>



<p>"Killer whales are like sprinters who don't have the marathon endurance of blue and humpback whales to make deep and prolonged dives,"&nbsp;explained Dr. Andrew Trites, a co-author of the study and professor in the UBC Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries (<a href="https://oceans.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IOF</a>). </p>



<p>This revelation sheds light on the orcas' unique hunting strategies, favoring quick bursts of energy rather than prolonged underwater pursuits. Instead of relying on long, deep dives, orcas use brief, shallow dives to catch their prey. This method allows them to conserve energy and maximize their hunting efficiency. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-breath-of-fresh-air-for-orca-conservation">A breath of fresh air for orca conservation</h2>



<p>The discovery that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sign-of-the-times-solitary-orcas-are-hunting-great-whites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orcas</a> take only one breath between dives has significant implications for conservation efforts. By understanding how much oxygen these majestic creatures consume, scientists can estimate their energy expenditure and determine how much fish they need to eat each day. </p>



<p>This information is crucial for ensuring the survival of endangered southern resident orcas, who face challenges due to declining fish populations.</p>



<p>Knowing the orcas' oxygen consumption helps scientists calculate their daily energy needs. With this data, researchers can assess whether the current fish population is sufficient to support the orcas. </p>



<p>Effective conservation strategies can be developed based on these findings, aimed at protecting fish populations and ensuring orcas have enough food to survive and thrive.</p>



<p>"Researchers can then work out if the orcas are getting enough food, including the endangered southern residents, a key factor in their conservation," emphasized Tess McRae, the study's lead author and an IOF master's student.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orca-lungs-efficiency">Orca lungs efficiency</h2>



<p>Compared to humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-what-killer-whales-like-to-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orcas</a> are breathing champions. While resting, they take a leisurely 1.2 to 1.3 breaths per minute. This rate increases slightly to 1.5 to 1.8 breaths per minute when they are traveling or hunting. </p>



<p>In stark contrast, humans typically take about 15 breaths per minute at rest and a whopping 40 to 60 breaths per minute during exercise.</p>



<p>“It’s the equivalent of holding your breath and running to the grocery store, shopping, and coming back before breathing again,” said co-author Dr. Beth Volpov, IOF postdoctoral fellow.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-orca-research">The future of orca research</h2>



<p>The findings of this study open up exciting new avenues for orca research. By understanding their breathing patterns and energy needs, scientists can gain valuable insights into their behavior, health, and ecological role. This knowledge will be instrumental in developing effective conservation strategies to protect these iconic marine mammals for generations to come.</p>



<p>The study's confirmation that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/killer-whales-seen-hunting-sharks-new-population/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orcas</a> take just one breath between dives has revolutionized our understanding of these magnificent creatures. It highlights their remarkable adaptability, efficient respiratory system, and unique hunting strategies. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the mysteries of the deep, the orcas' breathtaking abilities serve as a constant reminder of the wonders of the natural world.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0302758" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Orcas rely only on one breath between dives to conserve energy

Orcas, also known as killer whales, have long captivated marine...

<p>The bubbling,&nbsp;steaming hot springs of <a href="https://www.nps.gov/yell/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone National Park</a> are not only a tourist attraction but also a scientific treasure trove.&nbsp;In a remarkable discovery,&nbsp;scientists have unearthed "giant" viruses dating back an astonishing 1.5 billion years in these geothermal cauldrons.&nbsp;These ancient microbes could hold the key to understanding the very origins of life on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-a-virus-giant">What makes a virus "giant"?</h2>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-virus-discovered-in-the-deepest-part-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> are not the typical ones we encounter. The term "giant" refers to their exceptionally large genomes compared to more common viruses. Despite their name, they do not pose any risk to humans. </p>



<p>Instead, these giant viruses provide valuable insights into a period when single-cell organisms were starting to emerge on Earth. They help scientists understand the conditions and processes that influenced the early development of life. </p>



<p>By studying ancient viruses, researchers can gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history and the environmental factors that shaped the origins of life on our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-s-hot-springs">Yellowstone's hot springs</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-tourism-generates-over-1-megaton-carbon-annually/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone</a>'s hot springs are like living fossils,&nbsp;remnants of a time when Earth was a much harsher place.&nbsp;The extreme conditions of these environments – scorching temperatures,&nbsp;high pressures,&nbsp;and toxic elements like arsenic – have allowed these ancient viruses to persist for eons.</p>



<p>Initially,&nbsp;researchers believed that these viruses couldn't be that old.&nbsp;Hot springs are relatively ephemeral geological features,&nbsp;coming and going over time.&nbsp;The prevailing theory was that viruses would have to re-evolve in each new hot spring that formed.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;the new findings have turned this assumption on its head.</p>



<p>"The connections between the viruses and [the hot springs] are ancient," explained Dr. Sumit Bhattacharya, a researcher at <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers University</a>. This suggests that these giant viruses have been thriving in Yellowstone's hot springs for at least as long as cellular organisms have existed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-viruses-in-yellowstone">Giant viruses in Yellowstone</h2>



<p>The viruses found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-lake-maintains-ice-cover-despite-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone</a> are quite diverse.&nbsp;Some consist of bacteria,&nbsp;while others belong to archaea,&nbsp;single-celled organisms that thrive in extreme environments.&nbsp;Still others are made up of eukaryotes,&nbsp;the same type of cells found in plants,&nbsp;animals,&nbsp;and fungi.</p>



<p>This diversity is a testament to the interconnectedness of life. "This work supports the concept that viruses are present wherever cellular life exists, that viruses have existed at least as long as cellular life," noted Dr. Bhattacharya.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-adaptation-in-yellowstone">Virus adaptation in Yellowstone</h2>



<p>So,&nbsp;how have these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> managed to survive for so long in such extreme conditions?&nbsp;The answer lies in their remarkable ability to adapt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over billions of years,&nbsp;the bacteria and archaea in these hot springs have borrowed genes from each other to thrive in the heat and toxicity.&nbsp;This process of gene exchange has allowed the viruses to evolve and diversify,&nbsp;playing a crucial role in the long-term stability of the hot spring ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-to-genomes">Genes to genomes</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed DNA samples from Lemonade Creek,&nbsp;a hot spring in Yellowstone that reaches temperatures of around 111 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;They found sequences of archaea,&nbsp;algae,&nbsp;and bacteria that hosted a staggering 3,700 potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-a-new-virus-put-an-end-to-the-global-amphibian-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>,&nbsp;two-thirds of which were giant viruses.</p>



<p>Using computer analysis,&nbsp;the team narrowed down the number of officially identified viruses to 25 different types.&nbsp;They believe these viruses use red algae,&nbsp;which thrive in the hot springs,&nbsp;to reproduce.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This association likely began 1.5 billion years ago,&nbsp;when the viruses first evolved by borrowing genes from each other to adapt to the heat and toxins.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-giant-viruses">Importance of giant viruses</h2>



<p>These giant viruses may be ancient,&nbsp;but their discovery has significant implications for our understanding of the origins of life.&nbsp;By studying these microbes,&nbsp;scientists can learn more about how life evolved and adapted to extreme environments.</p>



<p>"Anywhere there's life, we expect viruses. They're not just a passenger. They are the major source of biological material on this planet. They have a huge role in moving genes around." explained Mark Young, an environmental virologist emeritus at <a href="https://www.montana.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montana State University</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-s-virus-legacy">Yellowstone's virus legacy</h2>



<p>The discovery of giant viruses in Yellowstone's hot springs is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These ancient microbes have survived for billions of years,&nbsp;evolving and changing alongside the Earth itself.&nbsp;Their story is a reminder that life is not static but a dynamic process of adaptation and change.</p>



<p>The next time you gaze upon the bubbling pools of Yellowstone,&nbsp;remember that beneath the surface lies a hidden world of ancient viruses,&nbsp;a legacy of the earliest days of life on our planet.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Giant viruses found in Yellowstone's hot springs are 1.5 billion years old

The bubbling,&nbsp;steaming hot springs of Yellowstone National Park are not...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<p>The sanctuary took care of so many apes that you would think it might be expected that they lose track of one or two. But not at Mefou, which took great pride in the individual care they gave each and every animal.</p>
<p>So if the small primate resting in Bobo’s hands wasn’t from the sanctuary, where did it come from? Photo Credit: Ape Action Africa</p>


Paternal Instincts

The furry little animal getting poked and prodded by Bobo seemed perfectly content resting in the giant gorilla’s paw.

This struck staff as odd, considering a rodent would be more likely to scurry away. Perhaps it’s injured, she thought. Using a pair of binoculars, Elissa could quickly tell it wasn’t a rodent at all. The tiny creature was actually a primate too. Photo Credit: Ape Action Africa