<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. </p>



<p>A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.</p>



<p>The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



<p>The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.</p>



<p>A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



<p>The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.</p>



<p>The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.</p>



<p>The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.</p>



<p>Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. </p>



<p>“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



<p>Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.</p>



<p>Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.</p>



<p>The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.</p>



<p>Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.</p>



<p>Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

<p>This specific project was headed up by two figures associated with the Swedish Museum of Natural History – professor Alexander Nemchin and Jeremy Bellucci. Put simply, the pair analyzed Big Bertha and found that the rock had a number of unusual features.</p>

22. Unusual Features

<p>The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is a unique ecosystem renowned for its rich biodiversity. Home to over 11,000 animal species, some of which are endemic, this basin is now facing a significant challenge: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-lionfish-have-arrived-in-the-south-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion of lionfish</a>.</p>



<p>A comprehensive study conducted by researchers from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands, has shed light on the rapid spread of lionfish in the Mediterranean and the potential ecological impacts of this invasive species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venomous-spines-and-unconventional-beauty">Venomous spines and unconventional beauty</h2>



<p>Lionfish possess a striking appearance that sets them apart from other marine fish species. Their body bears a series of distinctive vertical stripes, alternating between dark brown or maroon and white. These stripes act as a warning coloration, signaling to potential predators that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/targeted-removal-of-lionfish-may-prove-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lionfish are venomous</a>. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a complex system of venomous spines along their dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. Their spines contain venom glands that can deliver a painful and potentially dangerous sting to humans and other predators. </p>



<p>The fins of lionfish are large and elongated, giving them a majestic and flowing appearance as they swim through the water. Their head features a series of elaborate, antennae-like projections called cirri, which add to their unique and striking appearance. </p>



<p>Lionfish can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm) in length and weigh up to 2.6 pounds (1.2 kg), making them a substantial presence in the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ravenous-lionfish-appetite-quickly-destroys-ecosystems">Ravenous lionfish appetite quickly destroys ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish are opportunistic and voracious predators that consume a wide variety of prey. Their diet primarily consists of small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. </p>



<p>They use their large, fan-like pectoral fins to corral and trap their prey before swiftly engulfing them with their expandable stomachs. They're also known to consume prey up to half their own body size, allowing them to take advantage of a broad range of food sources. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a high metabolism and can consume substantial amounts of prey in a single feeding session. Studies have shown that lionfish can reduce the abundance of native fish populations by up to 80% in heavily invaded areas. </p>



<p>Their indiscriminate appetite and ability to adapt to various prey species make them a significant threat to the biodiversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functional-eradication-may-be-the-best-approach-to-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems they invade</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seas-under-siege-as-lionfish-spread-around-the-world">Seas under siege as lionfish spread around the world</h2>



<p>The new study from <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University and Research</a>, published in the open-access journal <em>NeoBiota</em>, reveals that the lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> has significantly expanded its territory in the Mediterranean since the invasion began around a decade ago.</p>



<p>Lead author Davide Bottacini is very impressed by the adaptability of these predators. Expressing his astonishment, he explained, "After years studying these predators, I find it amazing how they can easily adjust to so many different environments and be successful in areas that are so different from the ones where they evolve."</p>



<p>Originally from the Indo-Pacific region, lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> and <em>Pterois volitans</em> are considered the most successful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive fishes</a> in marine ecosystems. They have established a presence in the eastern Mediterranean, with observations now extending to colder waters previously thought to be unsuitable for the species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-show-remarkable-resilience-in-new-ecosystems">Lionfish show remarkable resilience in new ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish exert a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lionfish-invasion-is-the-fastest-ever-reported-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant ecological impact</a> on the ecosystems they invade through their predatory behavior. As generalist predators, they voraciously consume a wide variety of native fish species, including those of high conservation value and endemic to the region.</p>



<p>Bottacini notes, "It is always impressive to see how such a flamboyant and–to us–conspicuous predator can approach its prey without being noticed." Native prey species, unaccustomed to lionfish, usually do not flee from this new predator.</p>



<p>Lionfish's indiscriminate appetite can drastically alter local fish communities and threaten biodiversity in invaded areas. Their efficient hunting tactics, combined with the naivety of native prey species unfamiliar with this new predator, allow lionfish to catch their prey with ease.</p>



<p>The presence of lionfish can lead to a decline in the abundance and diversity of native fish populations, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<p>The impact of lionfish extends beyond their immediate prey, as they may compete with other predators for food resources and alter the structure of the food web.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-red-sea-to-the-mediterranean">From the Red Sea to the Mediterranean</h2>



<p>Genetic studies have revealed that the lionfish found in the Mediterranean originate from the Red Sea and likely entered through the Suez Canal. </p>



<p>This finding underscores the importance of monitoring and regulating the movement of species through artificial waterways to prevent the introduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> into vulnerable ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study identifies gaps in our understanding of the lionfish's interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean ecosystems</a> and proposes future research directions to address these challenges. </p>



<p>Such information is vital for biodiversity conservation and will have practical implications for policymakers aiming to devise effective mitigation plans.</p>



<p>The researchers also highlight the crucial role of citizen science initiatives in tracking and reporting lionfish sightings. </p>



<p>Community involvement provides valuable data that supports ongoing research efforts and is essential for enhancing our understanding of the invasion dynamics and devising effective control measures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-and-the-future-of-earth-s-marine-ecosystems">Lionfish and the future of Earth’s marine ecosystems</h2>



<p>In summary, the lionfish invasion in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-in-the-mediterranean-are-moving-to-deeper-water-to-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a> demands immediate attention and action. As these adaptable predators continue to expand their territory and threaten the region's unique biodiversity, we must prioritize research efforts to better understand their ecological impact and develop effective mitigation strategies. </p>



<p>By fostering collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and local communities, we can work towards controlling the spread of lionfish and protecting the Mediterranean's delicate ecosystems. </p>



<p>The future of this remarkable sea and its countless species depends on our collective commitment to conservation and our willingness to confront the challenges posed by invasive species head-on.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110442/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a></em>.</p>



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Invasive lionfish continue conquering global marine ecosystems

The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is...

White-tailed,Deer,(odocoileus,Virginianus),Sniffs,Behind,Fawn's,Ears,-,Captive

<p>The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild expanse of trees and waterways – is undergoing a stealthy transformation. White-tailed deer, icons of more southerly landscapes, are migrating northward. </p>



<p>This slow-motion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>, meticulously tracked by scientists at the University of British Columbia (<a href="https://ok.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UBC</a>) Okanagan and their partners, is rewriting the rules of the forest, putting a beloved species, the woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/largest-on-earth-caribou-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, at further risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-landscape-from-migrating-white-tailed-deer">Changing landscape from migrating white-tailed deer</h2>



<p>The boreal forest is no stranger to cold, but climate change is making those winters milder. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-development-disrupts-mule-deer-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deer</a>, those less extreme conditions mean a better chance of finding food and avoiding harsh weather.</p>



<p>Our activities, from logging to energy exploration, inadvertently create open patches and young forests – a buffet for browsing deer.</p>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Rob Serrouya, a key member of the research team.</p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serrouya continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migrating-white-tailed-deer-are-disturbing-caribou">Migrating white-tailed deer are disturbing caribou</h2>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-deer-are-protected-from-deadly-disease-by-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deer</a> are ecosystem disruptors in the northern boreal forests," explained Melanie Dickie, a doctoral student at UBC Okanagan's <a href="http://atford.weebly.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Restoration Ecology Lab</a>. The following steps threaten caribou survival:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deer-population-increases">Deer population increases</h3>



<p>Climate change and human activities are transforming habitats. This creates favorable conditions for white-tailed deer in the boreal forest. Their population grows as a result. </p>



<p>Milder winters make survival easier for deer, boosting their numbers. Forestry and energy exploration activities also modify the landscape and clear old forests and introduce new food sources. These changes further support the deer population boom.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolf-surge">Wolf surge</h3>



<p>The increase in deer provides a plentiful food source for predators, including wolves. Wolves, being opportunistic feeders, thrive with the abundance of deer, which become their primary prey. </p>



<p>This surge in wolf population is directly linked to the availability of deer, as they rely on them for sustenance throughout the year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-decline">Caribou decline</h3>



<p>With more wolves in the forests, the pressure on other native species, particularly the woodland caribou, intensifies. Caribou are less equipped to handle predation pressure due to their slower reproductive rates and specific habitat requirements. </p>



<p>As wolves expand their hunting to include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-migratory-behavior-is-reflected-in-their-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, especially when deer are sparse or in areas where caribou are more accessible, the survival of this already threatened species becomes even more precarious.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change">Impact of climate change</h2>



<p>The research team spent years meticulously monitoring the situation. They strategically deployed 300 wildlife cameras across a huge swathe of the boreal, gathering motion-triggered snapshots of the forest's inhabitants. </p>



<p>This massive data, once analyzed, revealed those key findings: harsh winters put a natural limit on deer expansion, and while human habitat changes matter, they pale in comparison to the transformative power of a changing climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-migrating-white-tailed-deer-and-climate-change">Caribou, migrating white-tailed deer, and climate change</h2>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Serrouya, UBCO and Biodiversity Pathways researcher. </p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serroyua concludes.</p>



<p>The white-tailed deer invasion spotlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems – tug on one thread, and distant parts of the web might quiver. Woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-help-rare-plants-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a> are already facing an uphill battle, and this added challenge throws their future into greater doubt.</p>



<p>The northward march of the deer is a reminder that even subtle climate-driven changes can have ripple effects we must work to understand and mitigate. As researchers continue their work, wildlife management faces a new layer of complexity in their quest to preserve Canada's iconic caribou.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



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White-tailed deer are migrating north into caribou country due to warming climate

The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild...

<p>Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our winterscapes; it's a dynamic and multifaceted element of nature. </p>



<p>At first glance, describing snow seems straightforward - it's cold, white, and ubiquitous in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter</a> landscapes. </p>



<p>However, beneath its simple appearance lies a complex nature that has recently attracted significant scientific attention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deep-dive-into-the-complexity-of-snow">A deep dive into the complexity of snow</h2>



<p>A recent doctoral thesis defended at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>) in Gjøvik delves deep into the optical properties of snow. </p>



<p>The researcher, Mathieu Nguyen, has conducted an extensive study analyzing over a thousand images of snow to understand how it interacts with light.</p>



<p>Nguyen explained: "Snow reflects all wavelengths of light and can appear very different depending on the conditions and the angle at which light hits it. The age and density of the snow and air pollution also affect what it looks like. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-humidity-snowmelt-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Snow’s appearance</a> is a very complicated matter."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-sparkling-snow">The science of sparkling snow</h2>



<p>One of Nguyen's primary interests has been how snow absorbs and reflects sunlight, causing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-of-snowflakes-and-their-astonishingly-predictable-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow crystals</a> to sparkle spectacularly on sunny days. </p>



<p>These crystals act like tiny mirrors, reflecting sunlight directly at viewers and creating a "spark" effect in the landscape. This phenomenon is not only beautiful but also potentially very useful.</p>



<p>"Understanding how snow sparkles can help us in many practical ways, from improving road clearance decisions to enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/traces-of-a-glacier-avalanche/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avalanche</a> monitoring in mountainous regions," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-for-future-technologies">The potential for future technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of Nguyen's research are broad. He believes that this understanding could be crucial for the development of sensor technologies, especially in countries like Norway, where snow is a significant part of the landscape. </p>



<p>Such technologies could make winter travel safer, particularly with the advent of autonomous vehicles.</p>



<p>Furthermore, Nguyen's work could lead to more accurate methods for classifying different <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/six-different-types-snowflakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of snow</a> from images - a capability that is currently lacking. </p>



<p>"If we are to have fully autonomous cars here in Norway, this type of technology will also contribute to safer travel on winter roads," he noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-perspective-is-necessary">A global perspective is necessary</h2>



<p>To refine these classifications, Nguyen emphasizes the need for a more extensive dataset, ideally with images from various global locations. </p>



<p>"It will be important to get images from other places where the environment is different. Understanding how different levels of pollution play a role in the appearance and properties of snow will be crucial," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-in-digital-and-future-realities">Snow in digital and future realities</h2>



<p>The digital representation of snow, as seen in video games and simulators, often falls short of capturing its true complexity. </p>



<p>Nguyen's findings promise to bridge this gap, offering a more realistic depiction of snow that could enhance virtual experiences, especially as global climates change and snow becomes less prevalent in many regions.</p>



<p>Nguyen's dedication to his research could not only revolutionize our understanding of snow but also help us prepare for a future where snow might be a rarer sight. </p>



<p>"If we are to teach someone who may never have seen snow before what it is, we must be able to reproduce it in all its complexity," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-snow-research">The future of snow research</h2>



<p>With climate predictions suggesting significant reductions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/accurately-measure-snowfall-new/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a> across the Northern Hemisphere, Nguyen's work is timely. </p>



<p>By improving our understanding of snow's properties and enhancing its digital representation, this research not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also prepares us for a changing world where the familiar sight of winter snow may become a precious memory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about snow</h2>



<p>Snow is a form of precipitation that occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals. These crystals form unique, six-sided structures and can clump together to create snowflakes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Snow is distinct from other forms of winter precipitation such as sleet or freezing rain, primarily due to its soft, fluffy texture. It typically falls during colder months when the air temperature is at or below freezing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The presence of snow can influence an area's climate and ecosystem, providing moisture essential for many regions, and it is a key component of winter sports and recreational activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The insulating properties of snow also affect soil temperatures and plant life, impacting agriculture and wildlife patterns. Snow's reflective surface helps regulate the Earth's temperature by reflecting sunlight, thus playing a role in the global climate system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/2/35" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geosciences</em></a>.</p>



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Secrets of snow complexity can improve winter safety

Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our...

<p>Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness and lack of motivation. However, a recent study challenges these preconceived notions, shedding new light on the everyday lives of chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis users</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-busting-the-lazy-stoner-myth">Busting the lazy stoner myth</h2>



<p>The intriguing research, led by Michael Inzlicht, a professor in the Department of Psychology at <a href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U of T Scarborough</a>, was published in the journal <em>Social Psychological and Personality Science</em>. </p>



<p>The study surveyed 260 chronic cannabis users, defined as those who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americans-have-tried-cannabis-and-nearly-a-fifth-use-it-regularly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consume cannabis</a> at least three times a week or more, to investigate the effects of getting high on their daily lives.</p>



<p>"There is a stereotype that chronic cannabis users are somehow lazy or unproductive," says Inzlicht. "We found that's not the case -- their behaviors might change a bit in the moment while they're high, but our evidence shows they are not lazy or lacking motivation at all."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-high-and-getting-things-done">Getting high and getting things done</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting findings of the study relates to motivation. The researchers examined participants' willingness to exert effort in completing a task while high and found that they were just as motivated and willing to invest effort as when they were not under the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence of cannabis</a>.</p>



<p>The study did reveal that getting high led to lower levels of self-regulation, an important trait for accomplishing tasks. </p>



<p>When chronic users were high, they exhibited behaviors such as increased impulsivity, less thoughtfulness, and less orderliness. However, these factors did not make them less hard-working, responsible, or able to focus.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers discovered that chronic cannabis users experienced a boost in positive emotions like awe and gratitude. In addition, they reported a reduction in negative emotions such as fear and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety while high</a>. </p>



<p>However, those who consumed cannabis more frequently experienced more negative emotions both while high and while sober.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-weed-hangover-helps-debunk-the-cannabis-stereotype">No "weed hangover" helps debunk the cannabis stereotype</h2>



<p>The study found no evidence of a "weed hangover," meaning that chronic users did not experience a decline in emotional or motivational function the day after being high.</p>



<p>Professor Inzlicht runs the <a href="http://michaelinzlicht.com/#lab-view" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Work and Play Lab</a>, which focuses on self-control, motivation, empathy, and the use of social media, digital devices, and recreational cannabis. </p>



<p>He emphasizes the importance of taking a neutral, clear-eyed approach to studying the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects of cannabis</a> on chronic users in their everyday lives.</p>



<p>"Part of the motivation for this study is to take a neutral, clear-eyed approach to see how cannabis affects chronic users in their everyday lives," Inzlicht explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comparing alcohol and cannabis hangovers</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enduring-the-aftermath-of-a-night-of-drinking">Enduring the aftermath of a night of drinking</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-more-alcohol-hangovers-thanks-to-new-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alcohol hangovers</a> are a well-known phenomenon, characterized by a range of unpleasant symptoms that occur after a night of heavy drinking. These symptoms often include headaches, nausea, fatigue, dehydration, and sensitivity to light and sound. </p>



<p>The severity of an alcohol hangover depends on various factors, such as the amount and type of alcohol consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>The primary cause of alcohol hangovers is dehydration, as alcohol is a diuretic that promotes the production of urine. Additionally, alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach, leading to inflammation and the production of stomach acids, which can contribute to nausea and vomiting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Aftermath of cannabis use</h3>



<p>In contrast to alcohol hangovers, the concept of a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-cannabis-users-no-longer-need-conventional-sleep-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weed hangover</a>" is less clearly defined. While some cannabis users report experiencing residual effects the day after heavy use, these effects are generally milder and less debilitating than those associated with alcohol hangovers.</p>



<p>Research on the topic is limited, but some studies suggest that heavy cannabis use may lead to symptoms such as fatigue, dry mouth, and mild cognitive impairment the following day. </p>



<p>However, these effects are not universally experienced by all users and may depend on factors such as the amount and potency of cannabis consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>Unlike alcohol, cannabis does not cause dehydration or significant inflammation in the body, which may explain why cannabis hangovers are typically less severe than alcohol hangovers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hard-working-motivated-and-high-can-you-be-all-three">Hard-working, motivated, and high: Can you be all three?</h2>



<p>While this study is not an endorsement of heavy cannabis use, and there is ample research highlighting the risks associated with heavy use, especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">among adolescents</a>, it provides valuable insights into the experiences of regular users.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/start" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Statistics Canada</a> data shows that nearly one in 10 adult Canadians are regular cannabis users, coming from all walks of life. </p>



<p>Despite its increased legal and social acceptance, relatively little is known about the everyday experiences of these individuals.</p>



<p>"Our data suggests that you can be hard-working, motivated and a chronic cannabis user at the same time," concludes Inzlicht.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-cannabis-into-the-future-by-ditching-stereotypes">Taking cannabis into the future by ditching stereotypes</h2>



<p>In summary, this eye-opening study challenges deeply entrenched stereotypes about chronic cannabis users, revealing that they can be just as motivated, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runners-high-cannabis-makes-exercise-more-enjoyable-and-boosts-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hard-working</a>, and capable of exerting effort as non-users. </p>



<p>By taking a neutral, unbiased approach to examining the everyday experiences of regular cannabis users, Professor Michael Inzlicht and his team at the Work and Play Lab have opened the door to a more nuanced understanding of the effects of cannabis on individuals' lives. </p>



<p>As cannabis gains increasing legal and social acceptance, this research underscores the importance of moving beyond outdated stereotypes and focusing on evidence-based insights to inform our perceptions and policies surrounding cannabis use.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19485506241245744" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Social Psychological and Personality Science</a>.</em></p>



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Cannabis smokers are not lazy or unmotivated, despite stereotypes

Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness...

<p>Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved pet is not lost to natural causes but taken forcefully. </p>



<p>Recent research highlights the profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/placebo-effect-broken-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional pain</a> endured by dog owners when their pets are stolen, a sorrow comparable to the loss parents feel when their children are tragically taken from them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-deep-emotional-bonds">Exploring the deep emotional bonds</h2>



<p>The study explores the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-have-deep-emotional-connections-with-their-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional connections</a> between humans and their canine companions, akin to familial bonds. </p>



<p>Owners express feelings of intense grief after dog theft - often surpassing the sadness they feel after the death of a friend or relative. This heightened intensity largely stems from the unique closeness they share with their pets, a bond not always present in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-had-a-stronger-influence-on-the-dog-human-connection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human relationships</a>.</p>



<p>Akaanksha Venkatramanan from <a href="https://www.berkshirehealthcare.nhs.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust</a> and Dr. Lindsey Roberts from the <a href="https://www.uwe.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the West of England</a> explored the specific emotional reactions to dog theft. </p>



<p>The researchers note that dog owners commonly experience sadness, despair, emotional numbness, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lsd-can-treat-crippling-anxiety-with-a-single-dose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a> - responses similar to those observed following the death of a human loved one. Yet, these emotions stand out due to societal attitudes towards the death of animals versus humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Validating the grief of dog-theft victims</h2>



<p>“Pet ‘ownership’ is empirically evidenced to improve mental and physical health, with research suggesting an anthropomorphic bond between ‘owners’ and dogs that equal familial relationships, including children,” wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“However, bereavement of dogs, and especially dog-theft, garner scarce interest, leaving a huge population to suffer disenfranchised grief unsupported.”</p>



<p>“This study aims to validate the overlap of emotional value in familial and ‘owner’-dog relationships, and grief between dog-theft victims and those with missing loved ones.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The study explores the needs of guardians suffering ambiguous loss, how they cope with it, and the role of social media in this process, to grow existing literature on the topic and guide psychological support resources.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-societal-views-and-lack-of-support">Societal views and lack of support</h2>



<p>Societal misunderstandings about the value of animal companions often exacerbate the distress owners feel when they lose a pet. Additionally, current dog theft laws, which treat pets merely as property, intensify owners' feelings of helplessness and injustice.</p>



<p>The absence of adequate legal and police support further amplifies the grief, as does the traumatic nature of the thefts, which often involve forceful or deceitful removal from the owners' property.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coping-with-dog-theft">Coping with dog theft </h2>



<p>Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-dog-owners-cope-well-when-their-pups-misbehave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a> try to cope as if dealing with the disappearance or death of a human loved one. Some turn to social media to continue searching for their pets, seek support from others in similar situations, and try to retain hope amidst their anguish, noted the study authors.</p>



<p>These coping mechanisms, while helpful, do not fully mitigate the risks of developing long-term psychological issues such as post traumatic stress disorder and post grief disorder, especially when closure is unattainable.</p>



<p>The researchers advocate for more focused psychological research to develop resources that can better support grieving pet owners. Such efforts could inform best practices for managing grief and the broader psychological impacts of pet theft.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rising-threat-of-dog-theft">The rising threat of dog theft</h2>



<p>The value of pet ownership goes beyond companionship, with studies linking it to improved physical and mental health outcomes. </p>



<p>During the COVID-19 lockdowns, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-felt-less-lonely-and-stressed-during-covid-19-lockdown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> played a crucial role in mitigating the effects of isolation by providing reasons for their owners to engage in outdoor activities. </p>



<p>However, the increased demand for dogs during this period also led to a significant rise in dog theft, highlighting a dark side to their popularity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-and-social-reforms-in-response-to-dog-theft">Legal and social reforms in response to dog theft</h2>



<p>The researchers and their colleagues, including Dr. Dan Allen of Keele University, are pushing for substantial changes in how dog theft is treated legally and socially. </p>



<p>Their ongoing research and advocacy efforts aim to transform how these crimes are viewed and handled, pushing for recognition of the deep emotional bonds between humans and animals and stronger penalties for those who disrupt them.</p>



<p>As this body of research grows, the goal is to not only provide solace and support to those affected, but also to spur legal reforms that will better protect our beloved pets from theft and their owners from the profound grief it causes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/hai.2024.0004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human-Animal Interactions</a></em>.</p>



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Heartache from dog theft is as intense as losing a loved one

Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved...

Abstract,Tech,Background.,Floating,Numbers,Hud,Background.,Matrix,Particles,Grid

<p>Scientists have discovered a novel method to manipulate light waves by deforming the two-dimensional photonic crystal that contains them. This discovery opens up new possibilities for the development of nanophotonic chips and has the potential to revolutionize the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-data-transmission-speed-record-set-by-scientists-using-optical-cables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photonics</a>, spawning new lasers and quantum devices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-light-waves-with-photonic-crystals">Controlling light waves with photonic crystals</h2>



<p>A team of researchers from <a href="https://amolf.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOLF</a>, in collaboration with <a href="https://www.tudelft.nl/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Delft University of Technology</a>, has successfully brought light waves to a halt by deforming the two-dimensional photonic crystal that contains them. </p>



<p>The researchers demonstrate that even a subtle deformation can have a substantial effect on photons in the crystal, resembling the effect that a magnetic field has on electrons.</p>



<p>"This principle offers a new approach to slow down light fields and thereby enhance their strength. Realizing this on a chip is particularly important for many applications," says AMOLF-group leader Ewold Verhagen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-and-lessons-learned-from-electrons">Inspiration and lessons learned from electrons</h2>



<p>The researchers drew inspiration from the way <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/attosecond-electron-freeze-frame-of-liquid-water-seen-for-the-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> behave in materials. In a conductor, electrons can move freely, but an external magnetic field can stop this motion. </p>



<p>The circular movement caused by the magnetic field stops conduction, and electrons can only exist in the material if they have very specific energies, known as Landau levels.</p>



<p>In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nanotech-material-graphene-passes-human-safety-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graphene</a>, a two-dimensional material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal, Landau levels can also be caused by a different mechanism than a magnetic field. </p>



<p>When the crystal array is deformed, such as by stretching it like elastics, conduction is stopped, and the material turns into an insulator, binding the electrons to Landau levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applying-the-concept-to-photons">Applying the concept to photons</h2>



<p>The group of Verhagen, in collaboration with Kobus Kuipers of Delft University of Technology, demonstrated a similar effect for light in a photonic crystal.</p>



<p>"A photonic crystal normally consists of a regular -- two dimensional -- pattern of holes in a silicon layer. Light can move freely in this material, just like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/">electrons i</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">n</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/"> graphene</a>," says first author René Barczyk, who successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis on this topic in 2023. </p>



<p>"Breaking this regularity in exactly the right manner will deform the array and consequently lock the photons. This is how we create Landau levels for photons," Barczyk concluded.</p>



<p>In Landau levels, light waves no longer move; they stand still instead of flowing through the crystal. The researchers succeeded in demonstrating this, showing that the deformation of the crystal array has a similar effect on photons as a magnetic field on electrons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steering-light-waves-on-a-chip-with-deformation-patterns">Steering light waves on a chip with deformation patterns</h2>



<p>Verhagen says, "By playing with the deformation pattern, we even managed to establish various types of effective magnetic fields in one material. As a result, photons can move through certain parts of the material but not in others. Hence, these insights also provide new ways to steer light on a chip."</p>



<p>Simultaneously, a research team from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a> has published an article in the same journal about how they demonstrated -- independently from the Dutch team -- an identical effect. </p>



<p>While some details in the approach differed, both teams were able to stop light waves from moving and observe Landau levels by deforming a two-dimensional photonic crystal.</p>



<p>"This brings on-chip applications closer. If we can confine light at the nanoscale and bring it to a halt like this, its strength will be enhanced tremendously," Verhagen explained. </p>



<p>"And not only at one location, but over the entire crystal surface. Such light concentration is very important in nanophotonic devices, for example for the development of efficient lasers or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-ping-pong-game-played-by-two-atoms-controlling-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum light</a> sources," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-light-waves-spawns-a-new-era-in-nanophotonics">Controlling light waves spawns a new era in nanophotonics</h2>



<p>The discovery of harnessing the power of deformation to control light waves marks a significant milestone in the field of nanophotonics. </p>



<p>By manipulating photonic crystals through subtle deformations, researchers have unlocked a new era of possibilities for on-chip applications, light concentration, and the development of efficient lasers and quantum light sources. </p>



<p>This breakthrough, independently confirmed by two research teams, paves the way for unprecedented control over light at the nanoscale, promising to revolutionize the future of photonics and open up exciting avenues for technological advancement.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01412-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Photonics</a></em>.</p>



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Quantum leap: Scientists make light waves 'stand still'

Scientists have discovered a novel method to manipulate light waves...

<p>The evolution of Earth's continental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-molten-rock-layer-discovered-under-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crust</a> during its early history holds clues to the dynamic processes that shaped our planet. For decades, scientists have debated over a significant change in crustal composition approximately 3 billion years ago. </p>



<p>While plate tectonics undoubtedly played a role, new research from <a href="http://english.gig.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry</a> challenges the notion of tectonic forces as the primary cause. It suggests a surprising role for increased heat within Earth's mantle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zircon-in-earth-s-geological-history">Zircon in Earth's geological history</h2>



<p>Zircon, an exceptionally resilient mineral, acts as a vital repository of Earth's geological history. These crystals originate within the depths of molten rock, capturing the conditions of their formation in their unique chemical makeup. </p>



<p>As zircon solidifies, it encapsulates isotopes of various elements such as oxygen, hafnium, and uranium. By examining these isotopes, scientists gain invaluable insights into the age and development of the Earth's crust. </p>



<p>This analysis enables researchers to construct a detailed chronology of geological events. It helps them understand the dynamic processes that have influenced the composition and structure of the continental crust over billions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-crust-rejuvenation">Earth's crust rejuvenation</h2>



<p>Geochemical analysis of zircon crystals revealed a significant shift in crustal composition approximately 3 billion years ago. This shift, marked by a change in specific isotopic ratios, indicates a process of crustal "rejuvenation" – the addition of newly formed material to older continental crust. </p>



<p>Traditionally, the rejuvenation of Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-drilling-a-hole-more-than-30000-feet-deep-in-the-earths-crust-and-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crust</a> has been attributed to an increase in global tectonic activity. This theory suggests that the movement of massive tectonic plates at the Earth's surface resulted in the recycling of older crustal materials. </p>



<p>However, the new research presents a different perspective. The study indicates that changes beneath the Earth's surface may have played a more significant role in rejuvenation than previously thought.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-mantle-heat">Role of mantle heat</h2>



<p>The research highlights a significant increase in heat emanating from Earth's mantle about three billion years ago. The boost in thermal energy could have been triggered by shifts in the radioactive decay processes within the mantle. </p>



<p>This led to a heightened release of heat. The consequences of increased mantle heat would have been dramatic for the crust lying above it. The intensified heat would cause the lower regions of the crust to undergo partial melting, ultimately resulting in the formation of magma pools at the crust-mantle boundary. </p>



<p>As this newly formed magma rose and interacted with the existing crustal materials, it would induce changes in the crust's composition. These alterations often result in the formation of new rock types and leave distinct geochemical signatures.</p>



<p>Such changes are particularly evident in zircon crystals found within these rocks. Zircon, with its ability to encapsulate and preserve the chemical fingerprints of its formation environment, serves as an excellent recorder of these processes. </p>



<p>By analyzing the isotopic and elemental composition of zircons, scientists can trace back these transformative events in the Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-terrain-below-earths-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crust</a>, gaining insights into the dynamic interactions between the mantle's heat and the overlying crustal structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reworking-of-earth-s-crust-and-continental-growth">Reworking of Earth's crust and continental growth</h2>



<p>The reworking of Earth's crust driven by increased mantle heat appears to have been a crucial factor in the expansion of the planet's continental landmasses. As the mantle heated up, it caused the lower crust to melt and generate buoyant magmatic materials. </p>



<p>The new materials, once solidified, added volume and buoyancy to the crust, effectively thickening it. This process likely contributed significantly to the creation and stabilization of large continental blocks.</p>



<p>The thickening of the crust through the addition of newly formed magmatic materials from deep within the Earth provides an alternative perspective to the traditional views that emphasize surface tectonic activities, such as plate movements, as the primary drivers of continental growth. </p>



<p>The heat-driven model emphasizes the importance of internal geodynamic processes, showing how deep Earth dynamics intricately connect to observable changes at the surface.</p>



<p>By acknowledging the role of mantle heat in shaping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ancient-breath-study-links-atmospheric-oxygen-and-mantle-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s</a> continents, scientists highlight the interconnectedness of the planet’s interior processes with its exterior geological features. </p>



<p>This approach not only challenges the conventional focus solely on surface tectonics but also enriches our understanding of Earth’s geological history by demonstrating how subsurface conditions influence the development and evolution of continental structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-earth-s-evolution">Rethinking Earth's evolution</h2>



<p>The research prompts a re-examination of our understanding of Earth's formative years. While subduction zones (where one tectonic plate dives beneath another) were active in the early Earth, their influence on crustal growth may have been complemented by deep mantle processes. </p>



<p>Elucidating the interplay between internal heat dynamics and surface tectonics is crucial for building a comprehensive model of our planet's evolution.</p>



<p>The study of ancient zircon crystals sheds light on the complex history of Earth's continental crust. While tectonic forces remain essential, this research underscores the importance of internal heat for shaping the continents we inhabit. </p>



<p>Continued investigation into Earth's deep history will undoubtedly refine our understanding of its remarkable transformation over billions of years and provide insights into the unique features that make our planet habitable.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL108715" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Mantle heat shaped Earth's crust 3 billion years ago

The evolution of Earth's continental crust during its early history...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p><br>However, it was quite some time before a study emerged which really painted a picture of Big Bertha’s significance. This finally happened, though, in 2019 – some 48 years after the rock was first discovered by Shepard. But the wait may well have been worth it for any scientists concerned with the study of the Moon.</p>


23. The Big Picture

<p>The stone was sizable and heavy – weighing in at almost 20 pounds. It was, therefore, something of a struggle for Shepard and Mitchell to bring it on board their spacecraft. After all, their space suits wouldn’t exactly have been the most flexible of outfits. But the pair managed to do it anyway.</p>