<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.</p>



<p>Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



<p>"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said NASA.</p>



<p>"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020. </p>



<p>Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."</p>



<p>When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. "This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.</p>



<p>“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



<p>The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. This glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.</p>



<p>A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. </p>



<p>This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe. </p>



<p>Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.</p>



<p>The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. </p>



<p>The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Corbassière glacier: Earth's climate archives are melting away

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Researchers have deciphered a surprising genetic mystery centered around the sugary substance found in what gardeners commonly refer to as "tomato tar." This sticky, gold-black substance, which often clings to the fingers of those who have pruned <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-talk-to-one-another-to-signal-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tomato plants</a> barehanded, is actually made up of acylsugars and acts as a natural flypaper for potential pests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-to-the-root-of-the-acylsugar-tomato-enigma">Getting to the root of the acylsugar tomato enigma</h2>



<p><a href="https://directory.natsci.msu.edu/Directory/Profiles/Person/100372" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robert Last</a>, a researcher at Michigan State University (<a href="https://www.msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>), led the team that made these fascinating discoveries. The Last lab specializes in acylsugars and the tiny, hair-like structures called trichomes, where they are produced and stored. </p>



<p>Recently, other researchers reported finding acylsugars in tomato roots, which came as a surprise to the plant science community. The MSU team wanted to investigate how these root acylsugars functioned and where they originated from.</p>



<p>The researchers found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-use-their-roots-to-ration-water-during-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tomato plants</a> synthesize chemically unique acylsugars in their roots and trichomes through two parallel metabolic pathways. </p>



<p>"What's so remarkable about these specialized metabolites is that they're typically synthesized in highly precise cells and tissues," said Rachel Kerwin, a postdoctoral researcher at MSU and first author of the latest paper. </p>



<p>"Take for instance acylsugars. You won't find them produced in the leaves or stems of a tomato plant. These physically sticky defense metabolites are made right in the tip of the trichomes," she continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knocking-out-genes-to-find-tomato-acylsugar-secrets">Knocking out genes to find tomato acylsugar secrets</h2>



<p>To tackle this evolutionary enigma, the lab members collaborated with specialists at MSU's <a href="https://rtsf.natsci.msu.edu/mass-spectrometry/index.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core</a> and staff at the Max T. Rogers Nuclear Magnetic Resonance facility (<a href="https://nmr.natsci.msu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NMR</a>). </p>



<p>They compared metabolites from tomato seedlings' roots and shoots and found noticeable differences in the chemical make-up of aboveground and belowground acylsugars, defining them as different classes of acylsugars entirely.</p>



<p>Robert Last offers a useful analogy to explain the geneticist's approach to biology: "Imagine trying to figure out how a car works by breaking one component at a time. If you flatten a car's tires and notice the engine still runs, you've discovered a critical fact even if you don't know what the tires exactly do." </p>



<p>By knocking out candidate genes, the researchers proved the existence of two parallel metabolic pathways in the same plant.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-genes-cluster-for-a-purpose">When genes cluster for a purpose</h2>



<p>Jaynee Hart, a postdoctoral researcher and second author on the paper, investigated the functions of trichome and root enzymes. </p>



<p>She found a promising link between root enzymes and the root acylsugars, further proving the parallel metabolic pathways in a single <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-fruit-warns-the-rest-of-the-plant-when-attacked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tomato plant</a>.</p>



<p>The paper also reports an unexpected twist concerning biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-genes-that-help-fruit-adapt-to-droughts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collections of genes</a> physically grouped on the chromosome and contribute to a particular metabolic pathway. </p>



<p>The Last lab discovered that the root-expressed acylsugar enzyme resides in the same cluster as the genes linked to trichome acylsugars in tomato plants, despite being expressed in different tissues and under different conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-19-million-years-of-evolution">19 million years of evolution</h2>



<p>Kerwin delved into the evolutionary trajectory of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solanaceae species</a> to identify when and how these two unique acylsugar pathways developed. </p>



<p>The researchers highlighted a moment some 19 million years ago when the enzyme responsible for trichome acylsugars was duplicated, eventually leading to the root-expressed acylsugar pathway.</p>



<p>"Plants have evolved to make so many amazing poisons and other biologically active compounds," said Last. "From pharmaceuticals, to pesticides, to sunscreens, many small molecules that humans have adapted for different uses come from the arms race between plants, microbes and insects."</p>



<p>These breakthroughs also emphasize the importance of natural pesticides, which defense metabolites like acylsugars ultimately represent. </p>



<p>Last raises the question, "If we find that these root acylsugars are effective at repelling harmful organisms, could they be bred into other nightshades, thereby helping plants grow without the need for harmful synthetic fungicides and pesticides? These are questions at the core of humanity's pursuit of purer water, safer food and a reduced reliance on harmful synthetic chemicals."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acylsugars-tomato-plants-and-the-quest-for-safer-food">Acylsugars, tomato plants, and the quest for safer food</h2>



<p>In summary, the discoveries made by the Last lab at Michigan State University reveal the fascinating world of acylsugars and the complex evolutionary history of tomato plants. </p>



<p>By unraveling the mysteries of tomato tar and identifying the parallel metabolic pathways responsible for acylsugar production in trichomes and roots, these researchers have opened up new avenues for exploring the potential of natural pesticides. </p>



<p>Their work contributes to our understanding of plant biology and raises important questions about the future of sustainable agriculture and the role that acylsugars could play in reducing our reliance on harmful synthetic chemicals. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the secrets hidden within the Solanaceae family, we move closer to achieving the goal of safer food, purer water, and a greener future for all.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn3991" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Tomatoes live in their own ‘parallel universe’ in the plant kingdom

Researchers have deciphered a surprising genetic mystery centered around the...

<p>Precipitation may hold the key to the future of the Colorado River, a crucial water source for millions that has faced a persistent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorado-river-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> spanning decades. </p>



<p>Recent findings from a comprehensive modeling study suggest that precipitation could play a crucial role in shaping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorado-river-basin-has-lost-enough-water-to-fill-lake-mead/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river’s future</a>. This marks a significant shift from previous models, which primarily focused on the impact of warming temperatures. </p>



<p>The new study incorporates both temperature and precipitation patterns in the river’s headwaters. The results reveal that precipitation is likely to be the dominant factor influencing the river’s flow over the next quarter-century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factoring-precipitation-into-colorado-river-predictions">Factoring precipitation into Colorado River predictions</h2>



<p>This optimistic scenario is backed by extensive data analysis and climate projections by researchers affiliated with the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES). The experts, who utilized projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), present a nuanced view. </p>



<p>"Yes, the temperature is warming, but that’s not the full story - you add precipitation and you get a fuller picture," explained CIRES Fellow and study co-author Balaji Rajagopalan.</p>



<p>Martin Hoerling, the study's lead author, elaborated on the findings: "We find it is more likely than not that Lee Ferry flows will be greater during 2026-2050 than since 2000 as a consequence of a more favorable precipitation cycle." </p>



<p>This means that despite the warming temperatures, increased precipitation could compensate, potentially mitigating some of the negative effects on the river's flow.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>“Of concern to Colorado River management, as operating guidelines post-2026 are being considered, is whether water resource recovery from low flows during 2000–2020 is possible,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“Here we analyze new simulations from the sixth generation of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to determine plausible climate impacts on Colorado River flows for 2026–2050 when revised guidelines would operate.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We constrain projected flows for Lee Ferry, the gauge through which 85% of the river flow passes, using its estimated sensitivity to meteorological variability together with CMIP6 projected precipitation and temperature changes.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-perspective-on-river-flows">Historical perspective on river flows</h2>



<p>The analysis confirmed that natural fluctuations in precipitation have historically dictated the river's flow patterns, causing periods of both abundance and scarcity. </p>



<p>The most recent drought, which started in 2000, has been primarily due to reduced precipitation, leading to significantly lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river flows</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-projections-and-policy-considerations">Future projections and policy considerations</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the research team used the latest climate models to predict future conditions. They discovered a promising 70 percent chance of increased precipitation in the Colorado River's headwaters - regions that contribute the majority of the river's water. </p>



<p>This increase could partially offset the effects of rising temperatures. "Depending on the river’s temperature sensitivity, this wet signal compensates some, if not all, of the depleting effects from basin warming," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>However, the team also cautions policymakers about the inherent uncertainties. Although the outlook is generally positive, there remains a 4 percent chance that river flows could decline further, a scenario that could exacerbate the current <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-crisis-could-spiral-out-of-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water crisis</a>. </p>



<p>"Decision makers are confronted with a more optimistic vision of the available supply in coming decades than might have generally been foreseen previously, but they must also consider a small, but perhaps unacceptable, risk for historically low flows," said Hoerling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precipitation-insights-for-colorado-river-management">Precipitation insights for Colorado River management</h2>



<p>As the deadline to set new guidelines for managing the Colorado River approaches, these findings offer a glimmer of hope but also a reminder of the challenges that lie ahead. </p>



<p>The study underscores the importance of considering both temperature and precipitation in water management strategies, ensuring that policies are robust enough to handle potential extremes. This balanced, informed approach could help safeguard the river's health and secure water resources for future generations.</p>



<p>The analysis not only sheds new light on the dynamics of the Colorado River but also provides valuable insights for policymakers as they plan for the coming decades. </p>



<p>By acknowledging the full spectrum of potential scenarios, from optimistic to cautionary, stakeholders can better prepare for the future, ensuring that the river continues to sustain the vast region it serves.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <em><em><a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-23-0617.1/JCLI-D-23-0617.1.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Climate</a></em></em>.</p>



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Can precipitation help the Colorado River recover from decades of drought?

Precipitation may hold the key to the future of the...

Smiling,Woman,Buying,Packed,Salad,While,Shopping,At,Grocery,Store.

<p>The concept of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/american-consumers-wasting-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expiration</a> dates on food packaging may soon become obsolete, thanks to innovative smart technologies developed by a team of researchers. These inventors have created a suite of tests that could allow food packages to actively indicate if their contents are contaminated. </p>



<p>This advancement aims to bridge the gap between food producers and regulators to foster the integration of these tests into commercial products, potentially revolutionizing how we determine food freshness, reducing waste, and preventing illness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smart-packaging-replacing-food-expiration-dates">Smart packaging replacing food expiration dates</h2>



<p>Currently published in the journal <em>Nature Reviews Bioengineering</em>, this new study suggests that while the tests associated with smart packaging would impose a minimal cost -- mere cents per package -- the benefits far outweigh these expenses. </p>



<p>Food producers, often wary of passing additional costs onto consumers, may find these smart packaging solutions an economically viable alternative to traditional expiration dates.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, smart packaging could shield producers from the costs linked to reputational damage and recalls during foodborne illness outbreaks. </p>



<p>Moreover, this technology could drastically cut down on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshness-sensors-reduce-food-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food waste</a> and associated health-care costs, saving society hundreds of billions of dollars globally each year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-safety-and-cost">Balancing safety and cost</h2>



<p>"On the one hand, people want to have safe food to eat. On the other, they don’t want to pay more for their food, because prices are high already and seem only to be climbing higher,” notes Tohid Didar, a key author of the study and a noted biomedical engineer from <a href="https://www.mcmaster.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mcmaster University</a>. </p>



<p>He stresses the importance of initiating discussions among researchers, policymakers, corporations, and consumers to address these challenges collaboratively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulatory-hurdles-in-smart-food-packaging">Regulatory hurdles in smart food packaging</h2>



<p>The adoption of this technology requires significant changes to food regulations and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-turn-banana-peels-into-eco-friendly-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">packaging</a> practices -- changes that may initially meet resistance. </p>



<p>Despite these hurdles, the potential benefits are too significant to ignore, and the researchers are optimistic about achieving widespread acceptance of the technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-current-system">The current system</h2>



<p>The researchers argue that the traditional practice of using "expiration" or "consume by" dates is not only arbitrary but overly cautious. </p>



<p>This system often leads to the disposal of food that is perfectly safe to eat, incurring enormous costs for both producers and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consumers-driven-bias-unreliable-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumers</a>. </p>



<p>To illustrate, Didar points out that Canada discards about $40 billion worth of food annually, a higher per capita waste than the US or UK.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Smart food packaging beyond expiration dates</h2>



<p>Since 2018, the research team has developed and validated various packaging-based methods to detect or halt spoilage, potentially replacing traditional expiration dates. These innovative solutions include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Sentinel wrap</strong>: A plastic wrap capable of detecting spoilage and visually indicating when food items like meat, cheese, or produce are no longer safe.</li>



<li><strong>Hand-held tests</strong>: Devices that deliver real-time results, enabling wholesalers and retailers to identify and pull spoiled goods from the supply chain before reaching consumers.</li>



<li><strong>Lab-on-a-package</strong>: Small, integrated tests within food trays that signal spoilage visibly.</li>



<li><strong>Sprayable bacteriophage gels</strong>: Food-safe sprays that eliminate harmful bacteria responsible for food contamination.</li>
</ul>



<p>These technologies are designed to detect biochemical signals from common spoilage organisms like Listeria, Salmonella, and E. coli, and are easily adaptable to current <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/9936-chemicals-found-in-plastic-products-used-for-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">packaging processes</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-collaborative-network">Building a collaborative network</h2>



<p>"It’s one thing to do research in the lab, publish papers, and file patents, but it’s another to have a product that’s tangible -- that people can use,” notes Shadman Khan, the lead author and a PhD candidate. </p>



<p>The team has been actively engaging with food producers in North America and Europe and regulatory bodies like the <a href="https://inspection.canada.ca/eng/1297964599443/1297965645317" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a> to ensure the technologies are practical and regulatory-compliant.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-from-expiration-dates-to-detection-based-systems">Shift from expiration dates to detection-based systems</h2>



<p>The researchers advocate for a shift from a calendar-based to a detection-based system for food freshness and safety, recognizing the need to update our approaches to reflect new technological capabilities. </p>



<p>This change, while substantial, is deemed necessary to align with current and future demands of food safety and sustainability.</p>



<p>In conclusion, the development of smart packaging technologies represents a promising frontier in food safety and waste reduction. </p>



<p>It is a call to action for regulators, producers, and consumers to reconsider and possibly retire outdated methods like the expiration date in favor of more precise and reliable indicators.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-024-00190-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Reviews Bioengineering</a></em>.</p>



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Smart food packaging makes expiration date labels unnecessary

The concept of expiration dates on food packaging may soon...

<p>In a solar system billions of years old, a recently discovered 'baby' asteroid and its moonlet stand out as remarkably young. A <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>-led research team has developed a new way to estimate the ages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/27500-hidden-near-earth-asteroids-discovered-using-google-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid</a> systems. </p>



<p>Rather than relying solely on crater analysis, they employ precise calculations of orbital dynamics – how the bodies interact in space. This method offers unique insights and could be applied to numerous known binary asteroid systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-baby-asteroids-dinkinesh-and-selam">Baby asteroids Dinkinesh and Selam</h2>



<p>The baby asteroid Dinkinesh, located in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, initially seemed unremarkable. However, in November 2023, NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lucy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lucy mission</a> revealed a surprise companion: a smaller moonlet named Selam. </p>



<p>While the existence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-lucy-discovers-two-asteroids-instead-of-one-during-dinkinesh-flyby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">binary asteroids</a>, where two asteroids orbit each other, is not uncommon, Selam's peculiar structure intrigued researchers.</p>



<p>Termed a "contact binary,” Selam has a unique configuration. Selam is not a typical binary asteroid with clear separation. It consists of two distinct, irregularly shaped objects that are touching. </p>



<p>This structure indicates that both components are mainly loose collections of rocks. They resemble rubble piles, loosely bound by their mutual gravity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gravity-tides-and-sunlight">Gravity, tides, and sunlight</h2>



<p>Baby asteroids Dinkinesh and Selam exist in a delicate gravitational dance. Their mutual attraction creates tidal forces within both bodies. </p>



<p>These forces cause subtle deformations, stretching and reshaping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-ryugu-holds-clues-about-bombardment-in-the-early-solar-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> over time. This interaction also impacts their orbital energy, influencing how they move around their common center of mass.</p>



<p>Additionally, the sun's radiation plays a role in the system's evolution through a phenomenon called the BYORP effect (short for Binary Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect). Sunlight subtly alters the asteroids' rotation rates and the way they reflect heat. This, in turn, modifies their orbital energy and spin states.</p>



<p>Over an extended period, these complex forces – gravity, tides, and the BYORP effect – interact in a way that drives the system toward a state of equilibrium. This equilibrium represents a balance where the strength of the tidal forces matches the influence of the BYORP effect.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewinding-the-cosmic-clock-on-asteroid-selam">Rewinding the cosmic clock on asteroid Selam</h2>



<p>The study of Dinkinesh and Selam illustrates a fascinating application of celestial mechanics to trace the history of an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-impact-sparked-two-years-of-darkness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid</a> pair. Researchers employed a combination of detailed observations of the asteroids' current orbits and advanced simulations incorporating the BYORP effect. </p>



<p>This effect plays a significant role in shaping the dynamics of binary asteroid systems by altering their rotational and orbital energy over time.</p>



<p>By simulating the orbital dynamics and the influence of the BYORP effect, the team was able to "rewind" the orbital evolution of these celestial bodies. This reverse simulation provided insights into how Dinkinesh and Selam might have evolved from their formation to their current configuration. </p>



<p>The accuracy of this model rests on the precise understanding of the physical and dynamical properties of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psyche-asteroid-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-and-nasa-is-sending-a-space-probe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a>, which are often difficult to measure directly.</p>



<p>The outcome of this reverse modeling was a robust estimation of Selam's age, placing it at around 2 to 3 million years. This is remarkably young, especially when compared to the age of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eris-and-makemake-icy-dwarf-planets-in-our-own-solar-system-may-support-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a>, which is about 4.5 billion years. </p>



<p>These findings are vital for multiple reasons. They enhance our understanding of individual asteroids' characteristics. They also broaden our knowledge of how asteroids form and evolve. </p>



<p>This information aids scientists in predicting the trajectories and potential impacts of these and other celestial bodies in our solar system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-estimated-age-of-baby-asteroids-and-implications">Estimated age of baby asteroids and implications</h2>



<p>"Finding the ages of asteroids is important to understanding them, and this one is remarkably young when compared to the age of the solar system, meaning it formed somewhat recently," says <a href="https://departments.as.cornell.edu/colby-merrill" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colby Merrill</a>, a doctoral student at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>. The team estimates that Selam is approximately 2-3 million years old.</p>



<p>This novel method of "dynamical dating" complements traditional crater counting techniques. It offers advantages, such as not requiring close-up spacecraft imagery, and may be more accurate in cases where asteroid surfaces have changed recently.</p>



<p>"Used in tandem with crater counting, this method could help better constrain a system’s age," says Alexia Kubas, a doctoral student and co-author of the study. </p>



<p>The potential to apply this technique to other known binary asteroids promises to broaden our understanding of these intriguing objects and the evolution of our solar system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/04/aa49716-24/aa49716-24.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></em>.</p>



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'Moonlet' asteroid named Selam is practically a baby

In a solar system billions of years old, a recently...

<p>Have you ever thought about FaceTiming your feathered friend? It turns out <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-blush-communicate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrots</a>, those amazing mimics with vibrant personalities, love a good video call. Just like us, they prefer the thrill of a live conversation over watching recordings.</p>



<p>A recent study by the <a href="https://www.gla.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Glasgow</a> has shown that these intelligent birds might be able to tell the difference between live interactions and pre-recorded ones on digital devices. </p>



<p>This fascinating finding has the potential to completely change the way we use technology to enrich the lives of our feathered companions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrots-are-social-animals">Parrots are social animals</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-grey-parrots-practice-self-control-and-patience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parrots</a> are naturally highly social creatures. In their natural habitat, they thrive within large, dynamic flocks. This environment provides constant interaction, companionship, and a sense of belonging. Sadly, many pet parrots are kept in solitary conditions, lacking this crucial social stimulation.</p>



<p>When pet parrots are kept in isolation, they are deprived of the opportunity to fulfill these crucial social needs. This deprivation can lead to a range of serious consequences, including:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Behavioral problems:</strong>&nbsp;Loneliness and boredom can manifest as screaming, feather-plucking, self-mutilation, aggression, and destructive behaviors.</li>



<li><strong>Mental health decline:</strong>&nbsp;Isolation can lead to anxiety, depression, and a general decline in cognitive function.</li>



<li><strong>Weakened immune system:</strong>&nbsp;Studies have linked stress and loneliness to compromised immune function, making isolated parrots more susceptible to illness.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrots-on-video-calls-vs-pre-recorded-videos">Parrots on video calls vs. pre-recorded videos</h2>



<p>Researchers equipped nine parrots and their owners with tablet devices, giving the birds the chance to choose between a live video chat with another feathered friend or a pre-recorded video. And the results were incredibly surprising.</p>



<p>The parrots jumped at the chance to initiate live video chats with their buddies, demonstrating much more interest and engagement. The study's findings clearly indicate several key behaviors:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-engagement-on-video-calls">Increased engagement on video calls </h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-insights-will-help-protect-the-kakapo-parrot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parrots</a> spent a significantly longer duration on live calls compared to the time they spent engaging with pre-recorded videos. This suggests a greater level of interest and active participation in live interactions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-video-call-initiation-by-parrots">Video call initiation by parrots</h3>



<p>Parrots initiated far more live video calls than requests to watch pre-recorded sessions. This proactive behavior demonstrates the birds' desire to connect and engage in real-time interaction with another parrot.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mirroring-behaviors">Mirroring behaviors</h3>



<p>Caregivers observed that during live calls, parrots would often mirror each other's actions and vocalizations. This natural social behavior is a strong indicator of their engagement with a live counterpart rather than a passive recording.</p>



<p>"Our previous research had shown that parrots seem to benefit from the opportunity to video-call each other, which could help reduce the mental and physical toll that living in domestic situations can take on them," explains Dr. Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas, the lead author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-do-parrots-understand-live">Do parrots understand "live"?</h2>



<p>While more research is needed, it seems our feathered friends are smarter than we might think. "The appearance of 'liveness' really did seem to make a difference to the parrots' engagement with their screens," Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas notes.</p>



<p>This discovery could open a whole new world of possibilities for keeping pet parrots entertained, happy, and better connected to their own kind. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-internet">Animal internet</h2>



<p>The concept of an "animal internet" – a world where technology bridges communication gaps between humans and animals, and even between animals themselves – is no longer confined to science fiction. </p>



<p>This field is rapidly evolving, with researchers exploring how digital tools can enhance animal welfare, conservation efforts, and our understanding of the animal world.</p>



<p>This innovative study on parrot video calls highlights the importance of tailoring technology to the specific needs and behaviors of different species. Here's why this approach is crucial:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improving animal lives:</strong> Technology designed with a deep understanding of animal behavior can significantly enrich the lives of animals in captivity. It can provide outlets for natural social instincts, alleviate boredom, and promote mental and physical well-being.</li>



<li><strong>Aiding conservation efforts:</strong> The "animal internet" has the potential to revolutionize conservation. Devices like GPS trackers, remote cameras, and bio-sensors already provide invaluable data for monitoring wildlife populations and protecting endangered species. The potential for real-time communication with and between animals could further transform how we understand and protect our planet's biodiversity.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting inter-species connection:</strong> As technology enables deeper interaction and understanding between humans and animals, it could foster greater empathy and respect for the animal kingdom. This could lead to improved animal care practices and a stronger commitment to conservation.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrots-fighting-loneliness-one-video-call-at-a-time">Parrots fighting loneliness, one video call at a time</h2>



<p>Parrots are prone to loneliness, which leads to damaging behaviors like feather-plucking and excessive pacing. Imagine a future where pet parrots from across the globe can schedule virtual playdates to combat the downsides of solitary living.</p>



<p>"In this study, we wanted to see if we could identify differences in behavior when parrots were given agency over what they could see on their devices. ... And if so, what could that tell us about designing future systems to fit their needs?" asks Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas.</p>



<p>The parrot owners involved in the study were excited about the positive changes they saw in their pets. Many reported that the video calls helped them feel more connected to their feathered friends.</p>



<p>"Some caregivers believed that their parrots were capable of differentiating between the sessions. One told us that their bird enjoyed vocalizing with another live bird but quickly lost interest when there was no response to their calls during pre-recorded videos," shared Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas.</p>



<p>This compelling study provides a glimpse into the complex minds of parrots and hints at the untapped potential of technology in improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/which-birds-make-the-best-pet-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal</a> lives. </p>



<p>A virtual parrot get-together could be just what your lonely feathered friend needs. Further research will confirm the benefits. Could specially designed "parrot social networks" be in our future? Only time will tell.</p>



<p>Read the entire study <a href="https://ilyena.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hirskyjdouglas_parrotvideocalls.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



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Parrots prefer talking live on video calls more than watching videos

Have you ever thought about FaceTiming your feathered friend? It...

<p>The teenage years are a time of immense social and biological change. Navigating the complexities of friendship, academic pressure, and surging hormones can take its toll – especially on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-derivation-linked-to-unhealthy-diets-among-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>. A recent study sheds light on an often-overlooked factor impacting teen sleep: popularity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teen-popularity-and-sleep">Teen popularity and sleep</h2>



<p>Researchers studying over 1,300 Swedish teens uncovered a significant link between popularity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/while-in-deep-sleep-humans-can-subconsciously-respond-to-verbal-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep patterns</a>. Teens identified as "popular" (those receiving the most friendship nominations from classmates) consistently slept less than their less socially prominent peers. </p>



<p>This difference translated to approximately 27 minutes of lost sleep each night – a substantial amount for developing adolescents.</p>



<p>Of particular concern was the finding that popular girls were disproportionately affected. Compared to popular boys, they were much more likely to report symptoms of insomnia. </p>



<p>These symptoms included difficulties initiating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-depression-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>, maintaining sleep throughout the night, and experiencing early morning awakenings. </p>



<p>This suggests that there may be unique social pressures or dynamics that contribute to sleep disturbances in teenage girls with high social standing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-popular-teens-sleep-less">Why popular teens sleep less</h2>



<p>"Teenagers are arguably the most sleep-deprived population throughout the lifespan,” noted Dr. Serena Bauducco, the study's lead author. “Previous studies show that 30 minutes of extra sleep can lead to improved mental health and better school performance.”</p>



<p>Popular teens often experience reduced sleep due to a complex mix of social, psychological, and physiological factors. Potential factors may include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Social commitments and activities</h3>



<p>Being popular generally involves a higher level of social engagement. Popular teens tend to have wider social circles and may be more involved in extracurricular activities, parties, and gatherings that can extend late into the night. </p>



<p>Managing these social commitments often leads to irregular and delayed bedtimes, throwing off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-color-has-no-impact-on-our-internal-clocks-or-sleep-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal clocks</a> and reducing the overall amount of sleep. </p>



<p>The desire to stay connected and responsive in social networks can also mean that these teens spend more time on their phones or online, especially during evening hours when they should be winding down.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Increased stress and anxiety</h3>



<p>The pressure to maintain a certain social image or status can be stressful. Popular teens may feel a constant need to meet or exceed the expectations of their peers, which can lead to anxiety and stress. These emotional states are closely linked to insomnia and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-reset-sleep-restores-the-balance-between-order-and-chaos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep disturbances</a>. </p>



<p>The worry about social dynamics, such as who is dating whom, who got invited to which event, and maintaining one's status in the peer group, can keep the mind active at night, making it hard to fall asleep.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Heightened alertness in the evening</h3>



<p>Biologically, teenagers have a shifted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-circadian-disturbances-trigger-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">circadian rhythm</a> that naturally makes them more alert in the evenings. This shift is characterized by a later onset of melatonin production, the hormone that promotes sleep. </p>



<p>For popular teens, this natural alertness may be exacerbated by the excitement and stimulation from social interactions and digital engagement. The brain remains active for longer, delaying the onset of sleep and shortening the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/getting-high-quality-sleep-helps-prevent-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep window</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Emotional investment in relationships</h3>



<p>Popular teens often invest a lot of emotional energy in maintaining their relationships. This can include supporting friends, managing conflicts, and engaging in more intense emotional interactions. </p>



<p>Studies suggest that such emotional investments can lead to rumination and worry at night, further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-is-determined-by-daily-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impacting sleep</a>. </p>



<p>For popular girls, this effect can be even more pronounced, as they generally engage in more emotionally intensive relationships than boys, which could explain why popular girls report more insomnia symptoms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural and peer influences</h3>



<p>The cultural context and peer influences also play a significant role. In many social groups, staying up late might be seen as the norm, especially among popular teens who set trends. </p>



<p>There may also be an implicit expectation to be available and responsive at all hours, which encourages late-night phone use and texting, disrupting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-sleep-helps-us-remember-facts-and-complex-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural sleep cycle</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Misconceptions about sleep needs in teens</h3>



<p>Finally, there’s often a misconception among teens about how much sleep is actually needed. Popular teens, in particular, might underestimate the impact of sleep loss, prioritizing social interactions over sleep without fully understanding the long-term consequences on health, mood, and academic performance.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study discovered this connection between popularity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teens-sleep-social-media/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep deprivation</a> existed both before and after smartphones became ubiquitous. This indicates that social anxieties and expectations, not just screen time, could be driving the trend.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wider-impact-of-sleep-deprivation-in-popular-teens">Wider impact of sleep deprivation in popular teens</h2>



<p>Chronic sleep deprivation in adolescents goes far beyond mere grogginess and fatigue. It lays the groundwork for several profound implications that can affect every aspect of their development and well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mental health consequences</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-activity-teens-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sleep</a> is crucial for emotional regulation and mental health. Adolescents who consistently lack adequate sleep are at a heightened risk of developing serious mental health issues. </p>



<p>Sleep loss is directly linked to an increased risk of depression and anxiety, both of which are already prevalent concerns during teenage years. </p>



<p>Moreover, the hormonal imbalances caused by inadequate sleep can lead to erratic mood swings and irritability. These emotional and psychological strains not only affect a teen's sense of well-being but also their ability to interact socially and maintain healthy relationships.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Academic performance impairment</h3>



<p>Sleep plays a critical role in cognitive processes. When teens do not get enough sleep, their ability to concentrate, retain information, and engage in complex problem-solving is significantly compromised. </p>



<p>During sleep, especially during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-dreams-help-us-organize-our-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep REM stages</a>, the brain processes and consolidates information from the day. </p>



<p>Lack of sleep interrupts these processes, leading to poor memory recall and decreased focus. As a result, sleep-deprived teens often display diminished academic performance, which can impact their educational trajectory and future opportunities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical health risks</h3>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-problems-linked-to-higher-risk-of-stroke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep deprivation</a> extend into the physical realm, posing serious health risks. Chronic lack of sleep during the crucial years of physical development can lead to long-term health problems. For instance, sleep is integral to regulating metabolism, appetite, and energy use. </p>



<p>Sleep-deprived teens are at a higher risk of obesity due to hormonal imbalances that increase hunger and may lead to unhealthy eating patterns. </p>



<p>Furthermore, ongoing sleep deprivation has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular problems in later life. The body needs sufficient sleep to maintain heart health, manage glucose levels, and repair itself, making consistent sleep critical for long-term physical health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>“Here we show that popular teenagers reported shorter sleep duration. In particular, popular girls – but not boys – reported more insomnia symptoms,” said Dr Serena Bauducco, a sleep researcher at <a href="https://www.oru.se/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Örebro University</a> and first author of the&nbsp;study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study invites a crucial conversation about teen priorities. Does the pursuit of popularity warrant sacrificing essential sleep? It underscores the importance of:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Healthy sleep habits:</strong>&nbsp;Teens need consistent bedtimes, relaxing routines, and screen-free time before bed.</li>



<li><strong>Managing social stress:</strong>&nbsp;Schools and parents can foster open discussions about social pressures and healthy boundary setting.</li>



<li><strong>Reframing popularity:</strong>&nbsp;Emphasize that true friends support well-being, including getting enough sleep.</li>
</ul>



<p>While this study offers valuable insights, scientists plan to investigate the nuanced relationship between social connectedness and sleep even deeper. This research could pave the way for targeted interventions to help teens maintain both a thriving social life and the restorative sleep they desperately need.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsle.2024.1346806/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Sleep</a></em>.</p>



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Popular teens, especially girls, struggle with sleep

The teenage years are a time of immense social and...

<p>The Ediacaran Period, spanning from about 635 to 541 million years ago, marked a transformative era in the history of life on Earth. It was during this pivotal time that complex, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organisms</a> emerged, setting the stage for the explosion of life that would follow.</p>



<p>According to a captivating study led by <a href="https://www.sas.rochester.edu/ees/people/faculty/tarduno_john/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Tarduno</a>, the William Kenan, Jr. Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the <a href="http://www.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester</a>, Earth's magnetic field was in a highly unusual state when the macroscopic animals of the Ediacaran Period diversified and thrived. </p>



<p>The research raises the question of whether these fluctuations in Earth's ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a> led to shifts in oxygen levels that may have been crucial to the proliferation of life forms millions of years ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-fauna-were-earth-s-first-complex-lifeforms">Ediacaran fauna were Earth's first complex lifeforms</h2>



<p>One of the most remarkable life forms during the Ediacaran Period was the Ediacaran fauna. As Tarduno explains, "They were notable for their resemblance to early animals -- some even reached more than a meter (three feet) in size and were mobile, indicating they probably needed more oxygen compared to earlier life forms."</p>



<p>The close timing between the appearance of the Ediacaran fauna and the ultra-low geomagnetic field motivated the researchers to revisit environmental factors, particularly atmospheric and ocean oxygenation, as potential drivers for the emergence of these complex life forms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-protective-magnetic-field">Earth's protective magnetic field</h2>



<p>About 1,800 miles below us, liquid iron churns in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-outer-core-is-its-largest-carbon-reservoir/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's outer core</a>, creating the planet's protective magnetic field. This invisible shield is essential for life on Earth, as it protects the planet from harmful radiation from the sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Deflecting solar wind and cosmic rays</h3>



<p>The magnetic field's primary role is to deflect the high-energy charged particles that make up solar wind. Without this protection, these particles would strip away the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's atmosphere</a>, exposing life on the surface to the full force of the sun's radiation. </p>



<p>The magnetosphere also shields the planet from cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles originating from outside our solar system that can cause genetic mutations and damage to living organisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preserving Earth's atmosphere and water</h3>



<p>By deflecting harmful solar radiation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic rays</a>, Earth's magnetic field helps to preserve the planet's atmosphere and water. </p>



<p>The atmosphere, in turn, shields life on Earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation and helps to maintain a stable climate. </p>



<p>The magnetic field also prevents the atmosphere from being stripped away by solar wind, which would lead to a gradual loss of water vapor and other essential gases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Protecting Earth's ozone layer</h3>



<p>The magnetic field also plays a crucial role in protecting Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ozone-hole-exposes-wildlife-to-harmful-uv-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone layer</a>, which filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. </p>



<p>Without the magnetic field, the ozone layer would be depleted by the constant bombardment of charged particles, exposing life on Earth to dangerous levels of UV radiation that can cause skin cancer and other health problems.</p>



<p>Earth's magnetic field is a vital component of the complex system that sustains life on our planet. However, Earth's magnetic field wasn't always as strong as it is today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-magnetic-field-strength-and-animal-life">Link between magnetic field strength and animal life</h2>



<p>Researchers have proposed that an unusually low magnetic field might have contributed to the rise of animal life. However, examining this link has been challenging due to limited data about the strength of the magnetic field during the Ediacaran Period.</p>



<p>Tarduno and his team employed innovative strategies and techniques to study the strength of the magnetic field by examining magnetism locked in ancient feldspar and pyroxene crystals from the rock anorthosite. By dating the rocks, researchers can construct a timeline of the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-much-older-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetic field</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-tools-reveal-earth-s-weakest-magnetic-moment">High-tech tools reveal Earth's weakest magnetic moment</h2>



<p>Using cutting-edge tools, including a CO2 laser and the lab's superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, the team analyzed the crystals and the magnetism locked within with precision. </p>



<p>Their data indicates that Earth's magnetic field at times during the Ediacaran Period was the weakest field known to date -- up to 30 times weaker than the magnetic field today -- and that the ultra-low field strength lasted for at least 26 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-oxygen-boom-may-have-triggered-life-expansion">Ediacaran oxygen boom may have triggered life expansion</h2>



<p>A weak magnetic field makes it easier for charged particles from the sun to strip away lightweight atoms such as hydrogen from the atmosphere, causing them to escape into space. </p>



<p>If hydrogen loss is significant, more oxygen may remain in the atmosphere instead of reacting with hydrogen to form water vapor. These reactions can lead to a buildup of oxygen over time.</p>



<p>Tarduno and his team's research suggests that during the Ediacaran Period, the ultraweak magnetic field caused a loss of hydrogen over at least tens of millions of years. This loss may have led to increased oxygenation of the atmosphere and surface ocean, enabling more advanced life forms to emerge.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cambrian-explosion-saw-earth-s-magnetic-field-recover">Cambrian explosion saw Earth's magnetic field recover</h2>



<p>Tarduno and his research team previously discovered that the geomagnetic field recovered in strength during the subsequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-the-first-animals-appear-on-earth-we-are-now-one-step-closer-to-knowing-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian Period</a>, when most animal groups begin to appear in the fossil record. The reestablishment of the protective magnetic field allowed life to thrive.</p>



<p>As Tarduno notes, "If the extraordinarily weak field had remained after the Ediacaran, Earth might look very different from the water-rich planet it is today: water loss might have gradually dried Earth."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-magnetic-fields-and-life-beyond-earth">Ediacaran magnetic fields and life beyond Earth</h2>



<p>The work suggests that understanding planetary interiors is crucial in contemplating the potential of life beyond Earth. </p>



<p>"It's fascinating to think that processes in Earth's core could be linked ultimately to evolution," Tarduno says. "As we think about the possibility of life elsewhere, we also need to consider how the interiors of planets form and develop."</p>



<p>In summary, the study by John Tarduno and his team uncovers a fascinating link between Earth's magnetic field and the rise of complex life during the enigmatic Ediacaran Period. </p>



<p>Their research deepens our understanding of the intricate interplay between our planet's core processes and the evolution of life while raising intriguing questions about the potential for life on other planets. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the mysteries of our own planet's history and search for signs of life beyond Earth, studies like this remind us of the complex and interconnected nature of the universe, urging us to consider the crucial role that planetary interiors play in the development and sustenance of life.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01360-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a></em>.</p>



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Animals exist today because Earth had an issue 500 million years ago

The Ediacaran Period, spanning from about 635 to 541 million...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>The note continued, “He’s a clever dog; he’ll get used to [Reggie] and will respond eventually. But I couldn’t bear to give them his real name. For me to do that&#8230;was admitting that I’d never see him again.” Photo Credit:  Tom Williams/Roll Call/Getty Images</p>



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The hard truth