Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Dark Canyon Complex, which is a rugged, remote area in southeastern Utah. It's part of the larger Cedar Mesa Plateau and includes both the Dark Canyon Wilderness and Dark Canyon Primitive Area.&nbsp;



These are areas of steep canyons, high plateaus, and rock formations that are characteristic of the Colorado Plateau.



"Deep, meandering canyons cut through the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah in this photograph, taken by an astronaut on the International Space Station on April 6, 2023," says NASA.



"These canyons, known as the Dark Canyon complex, have distinctive geology, ecology, and archeology. They are some of the only intact protected canyons in the United States."



"This rugged and remote landscape has been shaped by erosion. Over thousands of years, the Colorado River and smaller tributaries have eroded winding, steep-walled canyons into the sedimentary rock. Dark Canyon - one of seven canyons within the complex - cuts diagonally across the photo."



"Within this canyon, sandstone walls tower up to 3,000 feet, shading visitors from morning and afternoon sun - hence its name. The canyon’s steep walls expose roughly 250 million years of geologic history and contain deposits from the Permian period. Cockleshell and crinoid stem fossils have been found in the area."



The astronaut photograph is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by a member of the Expedition 69 crew.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Dark Canyon Complex in southeastern Utah

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, and its surroundings. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on February 21, 2023.



"Situated some 50 km south of the North Korean border, the metropolitan area of Seoul appears as the grey area in the centre of the image," says ESA.



"The Han River runs through the city, and to the right of the image it can be seen partly covered by ice. It is one of the biggest rivers in the Korean peninsula. It flows westward through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, named so because of the yellowish sand that colours its water."



"Seoul is surrounded by forested mountains, which appear brown in this wintery image. Bukhansan National Park lies just north of the city. The park is like an island, acting as a big green lung for the surrounding urban environment."



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Seoul, South Korea 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Typhoon Mawar as it approached Guam on May 24, 2023. According to NASA, the violent storm was one of the strongest in decades to lash the U.S. territory.



Mawar carried sustained winds of about 140 miles per hour, which is the equivalent of a Category 4 storm.&nbsp;



"The image shows the typhoon’s cloud bands completely covering the islands, which were already being lashed with powerful winds and heavy rain," says NASA.



"The typhoon maintained its category 4 strength as the storm’s center traversed the Rota Channel, between the islands of Guam and Rota, at about 9 p.m. local time on May 24."



"The eye’s southern wall passed over much of Guam, according to the U.S. National Weather Service, and delivered the most extreme winds to the northern-third of the island."



Brandon Aydlett, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service, said the central and northern parts of the island received more than two feet of rain as the eyewall passed, and most of Guam received about a foot of rain during the storm.



The image was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Typhoon Mawar slams the U.S. territory of Guam

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Yukon River in Alaska, where an unusually rapid spring thaw caused devastating floods in May 2023.&nbsp;



Several other Alaskan rivers, including the Tanana and the Kuskokwim River, were also impacted. Both early snowpack melt and ice breakup played a role in the record flooding.&nbsp;



According to NASA, the town of Circle - which is located on the banks of the Yukon - underwent dramatic flooding as broken-up ice pushed down the river. Flooding started at about 5 p.m. on May 13.&nbsp;



“It was reported that the water rose 10 feet in a 30-minute period shortly after that,” said meteorologist Jim Brader of the National Weather Service (NWS) forecast office in Fairbanks. “Although ice jams happen every year, this year was much worse than average."



Brader explained that flooding to this extent may occur every 10 to 20 years in some locations, but preliminary data indicate that the flood at Circle was near the record level of 1945.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Rapid spring melt in Alaska triggers damaging river floods

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, where Spain has been hit by severe drought and an unusually early heat wave.&nbsp;



"Since the start of the hydrological year, on October 1, 2022, Spain received 28 percent less rain than expected by mid-May 2023, according to Spain’s meteorological agency," says NASA. "The drought dried up reservoirs, parched olive groves, and led to water restrictions across the country."



The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite, revealing that what was once green vegetation has now turned brown.&nbsp;



According to Copernicus Climate Change Services, soil moisture across all of Europe in 2022 was the second lowest in the past 50 years.



"Unseasonable heat exacerbated the prolonged drought. On April 26, hot air from North Africa swept over southern Spain and pushed the temperature at the Córdoba airport to 38.8°C (101.8°F), the highest April temperature recorded in continental Spain," explains NASA.



The lack of water is catastrophic for farmers in the region. The Associated Press reports that Spain’s long-term drought is causing “irreversible losses” to more than 3.5 million hectares of crops.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Catastrophic drought persists in Spain

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a blue-green algae bloom on Lake Villarrica in Chile. The image was captured on May 2, 2023 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite.



According to NASA, ground-based observations and satellite images suggest that cyanobacteria make up the colorful swirls.



"Lake Villarrica, which sits downslope of the volcano of the same name, attracts visitors with its scenic beaches and recreational opportunities. The lake is flanked by small cities and resort areas on its southern shore, with agricultural areas further afield," says NASA.



"Runoff from development and agriculture carries nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous into the lake. When populations of microscopic cyanobacteria spike in response, the blooms often show up in satellite images."



Lien Rodríguez-López is a researcher at San Sebastián University who studies Chilean lakes using remote sensing. She noted that blooms in freshwater lakes are occurring more and more frequently.



In a recent study, Rodríguez-López analyzed Landsat 8 images to estimate the amount of chlorophyll-a in Lake Villarrica from 2014 to 2021. Chlorophyll-a is the primary type of chlorophyll found in algae.



Levels of chlorophyll-a were found to be highest near the cities of Villarrica and Pucón. As a result, Rodríguez-López determined that runoff from urban pollution is the greatest source of nutrients for algae blooms in Lake Villarrica.



According to Rodríguez-López, the urban pollution is significant enough that the lake is transitioning from an oligotrophic state, with low nutrient levels and high clarity, to a mesotrophic one, with intermediate nutrient and biological-productivity levels.&nbsp;



Furthermore, a warming trend in Lake Villarrica and other Chilean mountain lakes has increased the potential for toxic cyanobacterial blooms in recent years.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Colorful algae bloom on Lake Villarrica in Chile

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China, where the remains of an ancient lake have been transformed into rolling hills and fertile farmland over time. According to NASA, the basin is often filled with air pollution and haze.



"When the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired this image on January 31, 2023, a layer of haze had settled in the basin. The pall obscured cities and other surface features that are visible on clearer days, though a series of ridges could be seen poking above the pollution in the northeastern part of the basin," says NASA.



"On the day the image was acquired, measurements from several ground-based sensors in Chongqing and around the southeastern part of the basin reported fine particulate matter (PM2.5) measurements well above 200 on the air quality index, according to data published by the World Air Quality Index Project. That is high enough to be designated 'very unhealthy' by health authorities."



The most common sources of pollution in the Sichuan Basin include vehicle emissions and coal and wood burning during winter.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Sichuan Basin filled with haze

Among the approximately 2,000 species of termites, many are extraordinary ecosystem engineers. For instance, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-brazil/">mounds</a> built by some of the genera – including Amitermes, Macrotermes,&nbsp;Nasutitermes, and&nbsp;Odontotermes – are some of the world’s largest biological structures, reaching up to eight meters in height.&nbsp;



Now, researchers from <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/">Lund University</a> in Sweden and <a href="https://www.ntu.ac.uk/">Nottingham Trent University</a> in the UK have found that the design of termite mounds could have major applications in architecture, helping us develop comfortable interior climates for our buildings that do not have the carbon footprint of air conditioning.



“Here we show that the ‘egress complex,’ an intricate network of interconnected tunnels found in termite mounds, can be used to promote flows of air, heat, and moisture in novel ways in human architecture,” explained lead author David Andréen, a senior lecturer in Architecture at Lund.



Together with his co-author Rupert Soar, an associate professor in Sustainable Technologies at Nottingham, Andréen examined mounds built by Macrotermes michaelseni&nbsp;termites from Namibia. At the heart of these mounds – which can shelter over a million inhabitants – lie symbiotic fungus gardens, farmed by termites for food.&nbsp;



The experts focused on the egress complex, a dense, lattice-like network of tunnels three to five millimeters wide that connects wider conduits inside with the exterior. While during the rainy season (when the mound is growing), the egress complex extends over the mound’s north-facing surface to be exposed to the midday sun, outside this season, termites keep the egress tunnels blocked. Such methods are thought to allow evaporation of excess moisture, while maintaining adequate ventilation.



To clarify how this structure works, the researchers explored how the layout of the egress complex enables oscillating or pulse-like flows. When simulating wind with a speaker that drove oscillations of a CO2-air mixture through a fragment of a complex collected from the wild, they discovered that air flow was greatest at oscillation frequencies between 30Hz and 40 Hz, moderate at frequencies between 10Hz and 20 Hz, and least at frequencies between 50Hz and 120 Hz.



These findings suggest that tunnels in the complex interact with the wind blowing on the mound in a way that increases mass transfer of air for ventilation. At the same time, wind oscillations at certain frequencies generate turbulences inside the mound, and carry respiratory gases and excess moisture away from the mound’s heart.



“When ventilating a building, you want to preserve the delicate balance of temperature and humidity created inside, without impeding the movement of stale air outwards and fresh air inwards. Most HVAC systems struggle with this. Here we have a structured interface that allows the exchange of respiratory gasses, simply driven by differences in concentration between one side and the other. Conditions inside are thus maintained,” Soar said.



Subsequently, the researchers replicated the egress system by employing a sequence of 2D models. These models progressively evolved from simple straight tunnels to a more intricate lattice structure. To observe the movement of water within the tunnels, they utilized an electromotor to generate oscillations, allowing the dyed water to become visible on camera.&nbsp;



To their astonishment, they discovered that the motor only required slight back-and-forth movements, equivalent to gentle wind oscillations spanning a few millimeters, for the ebb and flow to permeate throughout the entire complex. Crucially, the necessary turbulence emerged solely when the layout was sufficiently lattice-like.



“We imagine that building walls in the future, made with emerging technologies like powder bed printers, will contain networks similar to the egress complex. These will make it possible to move air around, through embedded sensors and actuators that require only tiny amounts of energy,” Andréen said.



“Construction-scale 3D printing will only be possible when we can design structures as complex as in nature. The egress complex is an example of a complicated structure that could solve multiple problems simultaneously: keeping comfort inside our homes, while regulating the flow of respiratory gasses and moisture through the building envelope. We are on the brink of the transition towards nature-like construction: for the first time, it may be possible to design a true living, breathing building,” Soar concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1126974">Frontiers in Materials</a>.



<h2 id="h-more-about-termite-mounds">More about termite mounds</h2>



Termite mounds, also known as termite hills, are large, complex structures made by a certain species of termites. They are a prime example of insect architecture, and they vary in design depending on the species of termite, the type of soil, and the climate.



Most termite mounds are built by subterranean termites, which live underground. These mounds can range in size from a few inches to over 30 feet tall. The mound is not the actual colony but a structure that provides an optimal environment for the colony which is located below the ground.



The construction of a termite mound is a marvel of natural engineering. Termites mix dirt, saliva, and feces to form a strong, cement-like substance. This is then used to build a complex network of tunnels and chambers. The outer wall of the mound is particularly hard and resistant to predators.



Inside the mound, there are various chambers serving different functions such as nurseries, fungal gardens, and royal chambers. The royal chamber, deep within the mound, houses the queen and king termites, responsible for the growth and survival of the colony.



A termite mound is not just a place for termites to live; it's also an incredibly efficient system for climate control. The mound's structure aids in regulating temperature and humidity, which is crucial for the survival of the termites as they are sensitive to environmental conditions.&nbsp;



Many mounds feature a complex system of vents and conduits which facilitate air circulation, thus maintaining a stable internal environment regardless of external conditions.



Despite being known as pests due to their wood-eating habits, termites play a crucial role in ecosystems, especially in nutrient recycling, soil formation, and influencing plant community structure.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Termite mounds could inspire “living and breathing” buildings

Among the approximately 2,000 species of termites, many are extraordinary...

An infectious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-pathogens-wish-to-spread-why-make-their-hosts-sick/">pathogen</a> is currently spreading widely in California’s cannabis farms, attacking plants and growing invisibly for months before spoiling crops just as farmers are getting ready to harvest. Scientists believe it currently affects over 90 percent of farms and could cause billions of dollars in damages to the national cannabis economy.



The hop-latent viroid (HLVd) - first identified in hop plants (close relatives of cannabis) in the 1980s - shrivels cannabis plants, reducing how much weight they produce by as much as 30 percent. The pathogen also destroys the plants’ amount of THC (marijuana’s main psychoactive compound), thus decreasing their value.&nbsp;



Although this pathogen has likely been spreading in cannabis farms for over a decade, at first growers didn’t know what was harming their harvests, since damage only occurred at the end of the crop’s life cycle.



Farmers usually grow cannabis by cutting small pieces off of one plant – referred to as the “mother” – which are then used to propagate hundreds of new plants. These mother plants are artificially prevented from growing flowers in order to keep producing offspring, which means they can silently spread the pathogen for months without showing any signs of disease.&nbsp;



HLVd was first identified in California in 2019 in samples from a Santa Barbara cannabis farm and, by 2021, it had spread to at least 90 percent of the state’s farms. Currently, scientists believe it has also spread in other states, as well as in Europe, becoming the “biggest concern for cannabis” growers worldwide, according to a&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36992390/">recent scientific paper</a>.



Fortunately, <a href="https://purplecitygenetics.com/">Purple City Genetics</a> – an Oakland-based startup focused on breeding and cultivating cannabis phenotypes – released a new HLVd test this year which can be conducted on site and delivers results in just a few hours. This is much faster than previous methods for identifying HLVd infections, which involve farmers mailing samples to labs and waiting days or even weeks to get the results.



“By the time you get the results back you may have cut that plant and sold it to your customers. So there is a real need for a high throughput onsite diagnostic test for hop-latent viroid,” said Ali Bektaş, the CEO of Purple City.&nbsp;



To overcome this problem, Bektaş adapted a technique called LAMP that he worked on during his doctoral studies in Microbial Ecology at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/">University of California, Berkeley</a>. This method became very popular during the Covid-19 pandemic since, unlike PCR tests that require specialized lab equipment and expert technicians, it uses cheap equipment, can be accurately operated by nearly anyone, and delivers results in just a few hours. Recently, the company has started to sell this technology worldwide for $10 a test.



“We didn’t just identify a great test that is accurate, but it’s [also] easy to use and it doesn’t require a high level of expertise. You can take microbiology to the public and put it in their hands…It’s important for people to have this type of testing,” concluded Luke Horst, the director of business development for Purple City Genetics.



A recent scientific article discussing the features and spread of HLVd was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030681">Viruses</a>.



<h2 id="h-additional-threats-to-cannabis-farms">Additional threats to cannabis farms</h2>



Cannabis farms, like any agricultural operation, face a number of potential threats that can affect their viability and profitability. Here are several key threats:



<h3 id="h-pests-and-diseases">Pests and diseases</h3>



Cannabis plants can be vulnerable to a wide variety of pests, including aphids, spider mites, and various kinds of mold and mildew. Controlling these pests can be challenging and may require significant investment in pest control measures.



<h3 id="h-weather-conditions">Weather conditions</h3>



Cannabis farms can be adversely affected by harsh weather conditions. Cold temperatures, high winds, excessive rain, or prolonged drought can all potentially damage crops and lower yields. Moreover, cannabis is a crop that prefers consistent sunlight, and cloudy or shaded conditions can impact growth.



<h3 id="h-regulatory-changes">Regulatory changes</h3>



In many regions, the legality of cannabis cultivation is still relatively new and subject to change. Regulatory changes could potentially limit the amount of cannabis that can be grown, change licensing requirements, or even criminalize certain kinds of cultivation.



<h3 id="h-market-fluctuations">Market fluctuations</h3>



The cannabis industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, but it remains a relatively new and volatile market. Prices can fluctuate wildly, and changes in supply and demand can impact profitability.



<h3 id="h-security">Security</h3>



Theft is a significant concern for many cannabis farms, as the crop can be very valuable and highly sought after. This can necessitate significant investment in security measures, such as fencing, cameras, and security personnel.



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact-and-sustainability">Environmental impact and sustainability</h3>



There's an increasing societal pressure for sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Water consumption, energy use for indoor farms, pesticide use, and waste management are all environmental issues that cannabis farms must address.



<h3 id="h-legal-compliance">Legal compliance&nbsp;</h3>



Cannabis is a highly regulated industry. There are laws about who can grow cannabis, where it can be grown, how it can be grown, how it can be sold and advertised, etc. Failure to comply with these laws can lead to heavy fines, license revocation, or even criminal charges.



<h3 id="h-lack-of-banking-and-financial-services">Lack of banking and financial services</h3>



Despite cannabis being legal in many places, banking services are often unavailable to cannabis businesses due to federal regulations, especially in the United States. This can make it hard for businesses to secure loans, handle cash, or manage other financial needs.



Understanding and managing these threats is crucial to the success of any cannabis farming operation. Many of these challenges are common to other types of agriculture, but some are unique to the cannabis industry due to its relative newness and the unique legal and regulatory environment in which it operates.



—-



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Infectious pathogen has spread to 90 percent of cannabis farms in California

An infectious pathogen is currently spreading widely in California’s cannabis...

As respiratory disease specialist Zhong Nanshan revealed at a medical conference this week in Guangzhou, China should be bracing for another massive Covid wave that already started in late April. This latest outbreak of Covid-19 is driven by the XBB Omicron sub-variants, and may peak at 65 million infections per week by the end of June. 



Although experts estimate that, during the country’s previous Omicron wave in January and February, about 80 percent of China’s population was infected, immunity may have waned in the months since, increasing the risk of reinfection.



While for most of the pandemic China had probably the most stringent restrictions in the world - including harsh lockdowns, stifling quarantines, mass testing, and strict mask requirements - the country dismantled its sprawling infrastructure for dealing with Covid six months ago. This allowed the Omicron variant to infect millions of people each day, overwhelming hospitals and crematoriums in various cities. 



Although the new wave is expected to have a less dramatic impact on public health, older people and individuals with underlying diseases are still relatively under-vaccinated and thus at high risk of developing severe disease.&nbsp;



“But the number is smaller and so the good thing is that the hospitals then can take care of them in a better way,” said Jin Dong-yan, a virologist at the <a href="https://www.hku.hk/">University of Hong Kong</a>. Moreover, the government had already approved two vaccines aimed at the XBB subvariants and several others could be approved soon.



In the case of the general population, people usually report less severe Covid symptoms this time, and public fears have also been eased by changes in government messaging.&nbsp;



“No more media coming out trying to terrify the public, no more ‘fight the pandemic’ type of short videos to alert people, and no more hardcore measures like the lockdown,” said Joey Wang, a 24-year-old student in the Hubei province.



The subdued response of the government comes as an attempt to revive the economy and reassure U.S. and other foreign businesses.&nbsp;



“Covid-zero enforcement was very interruptive to business, and so we said again and again to the Chinese government, what companies need is stability, clarity, so they can plan,” said Michael Hart, president of the <a href="https://www.amchamchina.org/">American Chamber of Commerce in China</a>.



It is not yet clear whether U.S. will reimpose travel restrictions in the near future, as China’s new wave grows, although experts suggest that U.S. citizens already have a high level of immunity to the XBB sub-variants circulating now in China. According to Matt Miller, a spokesperson at the State Department, the situation in China will be closely monitored in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) before updating current travel guidelines.



“We don’t want to see people anywhere, obviously, suffering from Covid-19,” Miller said. However, the U.S. government remains committed to collaborate with China “on transnational challenges, including on global health matters and maintaining open lines of communication.”



—



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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China faces another massive Covid-19 wave

As respiratory disease specialist Zhong Nanshan revealed at a medical...

In the long history of companionship between humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-can-read-dogs-emotions-from-their-expressions/">dogs</a>, stretching back some 40,000 years, dogs have faithfully been by our side. This loyalty and deep connection has earned them the title of "man's best friend."&nbsp;



However, recent research suggests that not all breeds share an equal fondness for human company. A team of scientists at the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en">University of Helsinki</a> has found that human sociability levels vary considerably among different dog breeds.



Led by Dr. Milla Salonen, the researchers set out to analyze canine personalities, aiming to uncover the variation across breeds.&nbsp;



"The breed of the dog is the most important determinant underlying personality differences," said Dr. Salonen. "All dogs are individuals, and all breeds have different traits, but the breeds differ in what kind of personality most dogs within each breed have."



This extensive study revealed that bull type terriers, teacup dogs, and golden retrievers topped the list of breeds with the highest levels of human sociability, officially affirming their status as "man's best friends." Conversely, livestock guardian dogs, Asian primitive breeds, and primitive sighthounds appeared less inclined to enjoy human company.



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



For the investigation, the team amassed an expansive behavioral survey dataset containing information on 11,000 dogs, representing 300 distinct breeds. The dogs were then sorted into 52 groups.&nbsp;



After careful examination, the data demonstrated a strong correlation between breed and seven personality traits: insecurity, training focus, aggressiveness/dominance, energy, dog sociability, human sociability, and perseverance.



In terms of human sociability, bull terriers took the lead, with teacup dogs, Golden Retrievers, Jack Russell Terriers, and Dachshunds following closely behind. On the flip side, livestock guardian dogs, Asian primitive breeds, primitive sighthounds, and Northern hunting spitzes ranked at the bottom of the sociability scale.



This research also explored several factors other than breed that may influence a dog's sociability with humans. The results showed that female dogs generally exhibited higher sociability scores than their male counterparts, and that sociability appeared to decline as dogs aged.



Considering these insights, the researchers recommend that new pet owners should make efforts to expose their puppies to various social environments involving humans from an early age.&nbsp;



"Our findings indicate that new owners should familiarize their puppies as much as possible with unfamiliar people, places, and animals," said Dr. Salonen. "Of course, socialization must always be done on the puppy's terms, which means that the puppy must not be forced into frightening situations."



This groundbreaking study improves our understanding of the diverse personalities of our beloved canine companions. While the breed does play a significant role in defining a dog's personality, pet owners are responsible for creating environments that foster their natural sociability toward people.



<h2 id="h-tips-for-choosing-the-right-dog">Tips for choosing the right dog</h2>



Choosing the right dog is a major decision that can bring immense joy and companionship, but also a significant responsibility. Here's how you can make a thoughtful choice:



<h3 id="h-assess-your-lifestyle">Assess your lifestyle</h3>



Consider your daily routine and living environment. Active breeds like Retrievers or Border Collies may require more exercise and stimulation than, for instance, Bichon Frises or Shih Tzus. Similarly, larger breeds may need more space than smaller ones.



<h3 id="h-understand-dog-breeds">Understand dog breeds</h3>



Different dog breeds have different traits and temperaments. Research various breeds, their energy levels, health concerns, lifespan, and their compatibility with your lifestyle. Keep in mind that certain breeds may be more sociable with humans, as indicated by recent research led by Dr. Milla Salonen from the University of Helsinki.



<h3 id="h-consider-adoption">Consider adoption</h3>



Many dogs of all breeds and ages are waiting for homes in shelters. Adopting can save a life and give a dog a second chance. Remember, puppies may require more training and patience than an older dog.



<h3 id="h-factor-in-lifespan-and-health">Factor in lifespan and health</h3>



Different breeds have different life expectancies and potential health issues. Large dogs generally have shorter lifespans than smaller dogs. Be prepared to take on the financial responsibility for any health issues that may arise.



<h3 id="h-training-and-behavior">Training and behavior</h3>



Dogs vary in trainability and behavior based on their breed and individual personality. Consider if you prefer a dog that is easy to train or one that is more independent. You should also think about their compatibility with other pets or children.



<h3 id="h-time-and-commitment">Time and commitment</h3>



Dogs require time, effort, and emotional investment. They need training, socialization, care, and above all, love. Make sure you are ready for this commitment.



<h3 id="h-consult-professionals">Consult professionals</h3>



Before making a decision, consider talking to veterinarians, dog trainers, or breed-specific rescue groups. They can provide invaluable insight into what owning a particular breed is like.



Choosing the right dog is not just about finding a pet; it's about inviting a new family member into your home.&nbsp;



—-



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Study reveals the dog breeds that are truly man's best friend

In the long history of companionship between humans and dogs,...

Researchers at Western’s <a href="https://birds.uwo.ca/">Advanced Facility for Avian Research</a> (AFAR) have made a remarkable discovery about birds: they can quite literally flick a brain switch to perceive Earth’s magnetic field.&nbsp;



The study sheds new light on the intriguing manner in which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-have-new-strategy-to-cope-with-climate-change/">migratory birds</a> navigate, highlighting the importance of a brain region called "Cluster N" for processing geomagnetic information.



For context, it's vital to recognize that the Earth's magnetic field extends far into space. This protective layer, caused by the flow of molten iron within our planet’s inner core, serves as our shield against the harmful cosmic radiation the Sun emits.&nbsp;



Yet, for some members of the animal kingdom, this invisible force is a natural GPS. Salmon, sea turtles, and migratory birds use the magnetic field to navigate across vast distances.



The process of how and why this happens has been somewhat of a mystery. The new study, led by PhD candidate Madeleine Brodbeck and AFAR co-director Scott MacDougall-Shackleton, has begun to unravel this mystery. The research was focused on white-throated sparrows.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



The team found that these birds have the ability to activate Cluster N in their brains at night when they were motivated to migrate. This activation allows the birds to avoid prey and fly during cooler periods. But the birds are also capable of making the region go dormant when they are ready to rest.



Brodbeck explained: “This brain region is super important for activating the geomagnetic compass, especially for songbirds when they migrate at night." The study represents the first evidence of this brain region functioning in a North American bird species, and it builds upon the previous work that was primarily conducted in Europe.



For decades, Earth’s magnetic field has intrigued not only physicists and aerospace engineers, but also creative minds, inspiring the works of renowned science fiction writers like Frank Herbert and Stephen King. The concept of invisible forces guiding our movements, wholly imperceptible to humans, continues to be a fascination for Brodbeck as well.



“Magnetic fields are really fun to think about because they’re invisible to humans. We can’t see them or sense them, but most animals perceive them in some way,” said Brodbeck.



<h2 id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



To navigate and migrate, birds rely not just on Earth's magnetic field, but also on visual cues from the sun and the stars. Unfortunately, our increasingly urbanized landscapes, dotted with artificial lights and glass skyscrapers, disrupt their migratory paths.



“This type of basic research informs us and lets us know the full suite of ways that animals perceive the world when they’re migrating and what we as humans need to do to minimize our impact,” said Professor MacDougall-Shackleton.&nbsp;



He emphasized that understanding the physical mechanisms of animal movement isn't just academic; it's fundamentally important in order to comprehend and possibly mitigate the ways human actions influence their journeys.



This groundbreaking study, published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14609568">European Journal of Neuroscience</a>, underlines the need for continued exploration into the complex mechanisms that drive animal behaviors. Furthermore, it also provides a perspective into our responsibility towards co-inhabitants of our planet, as our actions inevitably leave a footprint on their migratory paths.



<h2 id="h-more-about-earth-s-magnetic-field">More about Earth's magnetic field</h2>



Earth's magnetic field is a powerful, invisible force that extends from the interior of the planet out into space. It originates from the flow of molten iron and nickel in the planet's outer core, which creates electric currents that, in turn, generate the magnetic field. This is known as the dynamo effect.



The Earth's magnetic field is important for several reasons.



<h3 id="h-protection-from-solar-radiation">Protection from Solar Radiation</h3>



The magnetic field shields the Earth from harmful solar radiation. Without it, life as we know it would not exist, because the atmosphere would be stripped away by solar winds - streams of charged particles from the Sun.



<h3 id="h-aid-to-navigation">Aid to Navigation</h3>



The Earth's magnetic field creates the North and South magnetic poles, which are slightly offset from the geographic poles. These magnetic poles are the basis for magnetic navigation, used by both humans and many animals. Animals such as birds, sea turtles, and even some types of bacteria can sense the Earth's magnetic field and use it to navigate.



<h3 id="h-generation-of-auroras">Generation of Auroras</h3>



The Earth's magnetic field is also responsible for phenomena like the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) and Aurora Australis (Southern Lights). These occur when charged particles from the Sun are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field and collide with atmospheric atoms and molecules, causing them to emit light.



The Earth's magnetic field is not static. Over millions of years, it has undergone numerous reversals, where the North and South magnetic poles switch places. The last reversal, known as the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal, occurred approximately 780,000 years ago.&nbsp;



Scientists are still investigating why these reversals occur, but it is believed that changes in the flow of molten iron and nickel in the Earth's outer core are responsible.



Despite its importance, many mysteries remain about the Earth's magnetic field. As studies like the one at Western’s Advanced Facility for Avian Research (AFAR) continue, our understanding of this complex and vital part of our planet will continue to grow.



—-



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Birds can switch their perception of Earth’s magnetic field on and off

Researchers at Western’s Advanced Facility for Avian Research (AFAR) have...

Marine ecosystems of the South Atlantic Ocean that were once vibrant are now teetering on the brink of collapse. Overfishing and habitat degradation have forced a dramatic decline in recent decades, leading these underwater worlds to become shadows of their former selves.&nbsp;



These shocking revelations have been unearthed in a groundbreaking study led by the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the <a href="https://www.uab.cat/web/universitat-autonoma-de-barcelona-1345467954774.html">Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</a> (ICTA-UAB).



The scientists at ICTA-UAB embarked on an innovative research journey that combined the worlds of marine biology and archaeology.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



The researchers meticulously examined the archaeological remains of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-snow-monkeys-have-learned-to-fish-for-food/">fish</a> species from several sites in Brazil. The comparison between these ancient marine fingerprints and the current state of fish populations drew a sobering picture.



Before the surge of modern human activities, indigenous communities thrived along Brazil's southern coast for thousands of years. They were sustained by the rich bounty of the sea, brimming with large, high trophic level fish and apex predators.&nbsp;



Primitive fishing technologies enabled these communities to intermittently exploit the seas without tipping the delicate ecological balance.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



Today, the picture is drastically different. The study revealed a stark decrease in many species, especially sharks and rays, a trend likely tied to the accelerating human impacts of overfishing and habitat degradation.



"Many species documented in archaeological sites are now endangered, while for other species there is insufficient data on their distribution and abundance. By using archaeological data, we can gain insight into these lost environments and can redefine conservation baselines," said study lead author Thiago Fossile.



This work underlines the pivotal role coastal and marine ecosystems once played in sustaining subsistence fisheries for thousands of years.&nbsp;



Study senior author André Colonese emphasized the value of the hundreds of archaeological sites. She noted that they "provide valuable information on past biodiversity, contributing to discussions on fisheries management and conservation."



<h2 id="h-impact-on-fish-biodiversity">Impact on fish biodiversity</h2>



The findings also offered a fresh lens to understand the exploitation of fish biodiversity through time. Study co-author Mariana Bender from the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria stated, "It is amazing what archaeological sites can tell us relative to the impacts of ancient human populations on fish biodiversity. We found evidence that large top predators have long been exploited and recent fisheries have moved towards lower trophic levels. This process has been in place for thousands of years."



Dione Bandeira of the Universidade da Região de Joinville, another contributor to the study, reminded us of the potential lessons we can learn from the past. "Indigenous environmental stewardship serves as a model for sustainable resource utilization and plays a crucial role in conserving biodiversity in tropical and subtropical regions of South America."



The research, funded by the ERC TRADITION project, was a joint venture of experts from ICTA-UAB in Spain, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Germany, and several Brazilian universities. The results are published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285951">PLOS One</a>.



The study's findings underscore the significance of integrating archaeological data into conservation debates, thereby bolstering the discipline's relevance to contemporary environmental issues. As we face the stark realities of environmental degradation, insights from our past might hold the key to a sustainable future.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-impact-of-overfishing">More about the impact of overfishing</h2>



Overfishing has long-lasting and potentially catastrophic impacts on marine ecosystems, the environment, and humanity at large.



<h3 id="h-impact-on-marine-ecosystems">Impact on marine ecosystems</h3>



Starting with marine ecosystems, overfishing can lead to a significant decline in the population of various fish species. This is especially noticeable with top predators like sharks and tunas. When these species are overfished, it disrupts the balance of the entire marine food web.&nbsp;



For instance, removing top predators can lead to an increase in the population of their prey, which in turn can overgraze on their food source. This phenomenon, known as a trophic cascade, can ultimately alter the structure and function of marine ecosystems, leading to their degradation and even collapse.



<h3 id="h-impact-on-the-environment">Impact on the environment&nbsp;</h3>



Furthermore, overfishing can lead to a decrease in biodiversity, with some species being fished to the point of endangerment or extinction. This not only harms the health of marine ecosystems but also reduces their resilience to other threats, such as climate change and pollution.



On a broader environmental level, overfishing can contribute to the loss of critical habitats. Some fishing methods, like bottom trawling, can destroy seafloor habitats, including coral reefs and seagrass beds, which serve as important nurseries for many fish species.



<h3 id="h-impact-on-humanity">Impact on humanity</h3>



Turning to the impact on humanity, the consequences are equally grave. Many communities around the world rely heavily on fish for their food security and nutritional needs.&nbsp;



According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, fish provide more than 20% of the average per capita animal protein intake for about half the global population.&nbsp;



Overfishing threatens this vital food source and could potentially lead to nutritional deficiencies, particularly in coastal and island nations heavily reliant on seafood.



Moreover, the fishing industry is a significant economic driver and employer. It provides livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Overfishing, therefore, threatens the economic stability of these individuals and can have cascading effects on local and national economies.



Lastly, the cultural importance of fishing should not be overlooked. For many societies, fishing traditions form a vital part of their cultural heritage and identity. Overfishing can erode these traditions and the associated cultural values.



In summary, overfishing is a complex issue with profound implications for marine ecosystems, the broader environment, and human societies. Addressing it requires comprehensive, collaborative, and sustainable fisheries management efforts on a global scale.



—-



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Overfishing and habitat degradation have devastated marine ecosystems

Marine ecosystems of the South Atlantic Ocean that were once...

A severe and sudden weather phenomenon known as a flash drought is increasingly catching the attention of climate scientists due to its potential to significantly impact agricultural and ecological systems. The ripple effects of such events can resonate far beyond their immediate environments.&nbsp;



A team of researchers at the <a href="https://www.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma</a> is digging deeper into this concern, particularly focusing on how our ever-warming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dangerous-climate-feedback-loops-have-been-underestimated/">climate</a> might influence the frequency of these flash droughts and the ensuing risks posed to global cropland.



The study, led by postdoctoral researcher Jordan Christian, takes center stage in the climate science community today with its publication in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00826-1">Nature Communications Earth and Environment</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



“In this study, projected changes in flash drought frequency and cropland risk from flash drought are quantified using global climate model simulations," said Christian.&nbsp;



"We find that flash drought occurrence is expected to increase globally among all scenarios, with the sharpest increases seen in scenarios with higher radiative forcing and greater fossil fuel usage.”



Radiative forcing refers to the imbalance caused when more radiation penetrates the Earth's atmosphere than leaves it. Activities like burning fossil fuels are substantial contributors to this imbalance and consequently to the warming climate.&nbsp;



The escalating climate change threatens to provoke an upsurge in severe weather events, ranging from storms and flash flooding to the sudden droughts under study.



Christian provides further insight into the study’s results, explaining, “Flash drought risk over cropland is expected to increase globally, with the largest increases projected across North America and Europe.”



<h2 id="h-predicting-the-future-of-flash-droughts">Predicting the future of flash droughts</h2>



“We anticipate a 1.5 times increase in the annual risk of flash droughts over croplands across North America by 2100, from the 2015 baseline of a 32% yearly risk in 2015 to 49% in 2100," said Christian. "Europe, on the other hand, is expected to face the most significant increase in the most extreme emissions scenario, witnessing an increase from 32% to 53%, a 1.7 times increase in annual risk.”



Study co-author Professor Jeffrey Basara is Christian's faculty advisor and leads the University of Oklahoma’s Climate, Hydrology, Ecosystems, and Weather research group.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-next-steps-finding-a-way-to-predict-flash-droughts">Next steps - finding a way to predict flash droughts</h2>



The team has been exploring ways to enhance flash drought identification and prediction since 2017 and has contributed numerous papers to notable scientific journals.



Basara elaborates on the practical implications of their findings, stating, “This study continues to emphasize that agricultural producers, both domestic and abroad, will face increasing risks associated with water availability due to the rapid development of drought. As a result, socioeconomic pressures associated with food production, including higher prices and social unrest, will also increase when crop losses occur due to flash drought.”



In summary, this groundbreaking research underscores the increasing threat of flash droughts in the context of a warming climate. The implications of such events are vast and extend to numerous societal sectors, bringing an imperative for further study and mitigating strategies to the forefront.



<h2 id="h-more-about-flash-droughts">More about flash droughts</h2>



Flash droughts are rapid-onset drought events that can cause severe agricultural and ecological damage. These droughts develop quickly, often within a few weeks, leaving little time for preparation or mitigation.&nbsp;



They are characterized by a sudden decrease in soil moisture and a rapid increase in evapotranspiration, which is the sum of evaporation from the land surface and transpiration from plants.



Flash droughts can occur in various climatic conditions but are most common in summer months, often coinciding with periods of high temperatures and low rainfall. They tend to result in acute water shortages, leading to a rapid deterioration of crop conditions.&nbsp;



Because of their quick onset and severity, flash droughts can have devastating impacts on agriculture and ecosystems, leading to significant economic losses.



<h3 id="h-different-types-of-flash-droughts">Different types of flash droughts&nbsp;</h3>



There are generally two types of flash droughts: heatwave-dominant and precipitation-deficit dominant. Heatwave-dominant flash droughts are mainly caused by high temperatures, leading to increased evaporation and transpiration.



On the other hand, precipitation-deficit dominant flash droughts are triggered by significantly reduced rainfall over a period of time.



Climate change is thought to increase the likelihood of flash droughts, as rising global temperatures can intensify evaporation rates, alter rainfall patterns, and potentially increase the frequency of extreme weather events like heatwaves.



Predicting flash droughts is challenging due to their rapid onset and development. However, scientists are making strides in this area, using advanced climate models and real-time monitoring of soil moisture and atmospheric conditions to provide early warnings.&nbsp;



Despite these advancements, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of flash droughts fully and to improve our ability to predict and mitigate their impacts.



<h2 id="h-how-climate-change-impacts-and-amplifies-severe-weather-events">How climate change impacts and amplifies severe weather events</h2>



Climate change has a profound impact on severe weather events, leading to an increased frequency, intensity, and duration of such events. This is primarily due to the fact that a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture, which can fuel extreme weather.



Here are a few key examples of how climate change affects different types of severe weather:



<h3 id="h-heatwaves">Heatwaves</h3>



As the average global temperature increases due to climate change, heatwaves have become more frequent, intense, and prolonged. Heatwaves can lead to a range of health issues, from heat exhaustion and heatstroke to increased mortality rates, particularly among vulnerable populations.



<h3 id="h-droughts-and-flash-droughts">Droughts and flash droughts</h3>



Rising temperatures increase evaporation rates, altering the hydrological cycle and potentially leading to more frequent and severe droughts, including flash droughts. Changes in precipitation patterns can also exacerbate drought conditions in certain regions.



<h3 id="h-storms-and-hurricanes">Storms and hurricanes</h3>



Warmer ocean surface temperatures can fuel more intense storms and hurricanes. Increased water vapor in the atmosphere can lead to heavier rainfall during these events, increasing the risk of flooding.



<h3 id="h-floods">Floods</h3>



With a warmer atmosphere capable of holding more moisture, rainfall patterns can change, potentially leading to more heavy rainfall events and, consequently, more flooding. Additionally, sea-level rise due to melting polar ice can increase the risk of coastal flooding.



<h3 id="h-wildfires">Wildfires</h3>



Drier conditions and higher temperatures can increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires. These conditions can lead to more combustible vegetation and longer wildfire seasons.



<h3 id="h-extreme-cold-events">Extreme cold events</h3>



While it may seem counterintuitive, climate change can also influence extreme cold events. Changes in atmospheric conditions can occasionally cause frigid polar air to spill into lower latitudes, leading to severe cold snaps.



In summary, climate change is leading to a wide range of changes in severe weather patterns. This increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events highlight the need for effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.



—-



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Flash droughts are increasing around the world due to warming climate

A severe and sudden weather phenomenon known as a flash...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Today&#8217;s Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Tunulliarfik Fjord, which is located along the southern perimeter of Greenland.



&#8220;On March 13, 2023, the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 acquired these natural-color images of Tunulliarfik Fjord. The images have been pan-sharpened to bring out more detail,&#8221; says NASA.



&#8220;At the time, the fjord’s waters were capped with a layer of sea ice. Atop the ice there are several long, straight lines connecting the towns of Narsarsuaq and Qassiarsuk, and running the length of the fjord. Though cracks and ridges can form naturally in the ice, there are indications that people were likely involved with producing some of the tracks pictured here.&#8221;



The images were reviewed by Nathan Kurtz and several other scientists in the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The experts determined that many of the tracks were produced by vehicles like snowmobiles. 



“It seems likely that residents from the town or nearby were out on the ice, possibly hunting or traveling,“ said Kurtz.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tunulliarfik Fjord in southern Greenland 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Saharan dust over the Bay of Biscay, where a phytoplankton bloom makes the water appear bright green and blue. According to NASA, sediment runoff likely contributes to some of the color, especially in areas closer to the shore.



"For the past few decades, scientists have been observing natural ocean fertilization events - episodes when plumes of volcanic ash, glacial flour, wildfire soot, and desert dust blow out onto the sea surface and spur massive blooms of phytoplankton. But beyond these extreme events, there is a steady, long-distance rain of dust particles onto the ocean that promotes phytoplankton growth just about all year and in nearly every basin," says NASA.



In a recent study, researchers from Oregon State University, the University of Maryland Baltimore County, and NASA set out to investigate how mineral dust from land fertilizes the growth of phytoplankton in the ocean. For the research, the team analyzed satellite observations and developed an advanced computer model.



"According to the new study, dust deposition onto the ocean supports about 4.5 percent of yearly global export production - a measure of how much of the carbon phytoplankton take up during photosynthesis sinks into the deep ocean. However, this contribution approaches 20 percent to 40 percent in some ocean regions at middle and higher latitudes," explained NASA.



"Phytoplankton play a large role in Earth’s climate and carbon cycle. Like land plants, they contain chlorophyll and derive energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. They produce oxygen and sequester a tremendous amount of carbon dioxide in the process, potentially on a scale comparable to rainforests. And they are at the bottom of an ocean-wide food pecking order that ranges from tiny zooplankton to fish to whales."



Lorraine Remer, a research professor at the University of Maryland Baltimore County, noted that dust particles can travel thousands of miles before falling into the ocean, where they nourish phytoplankton long distances from the dust source.



“We knew that atmospheric transport of desert dust is part of what makes the ocean ‘click,’ but we didn’t know how to find it,” said Professor Remer.



The image was captured on April 8, 2011 by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.