Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the northeast coast of Somalia. This region, which borders the Indian Ocean, has a mix of sandy beaches and rugged cliffs



"The detailed image reveals a desert landscape etched by wind and water," said NASA. "Over time, streams have cut canyons into the earth. But streams in this region are ephemeral, making groundwater the main source of fresh water."&nbsp;



"The water table is shallow (wells are typically drilled less than 20 meters deep) and meets the surface toward the coast, creating springs."



"Bidirectional winds sculpted the tan, brown, and reddish sand into transverse sand dunes visible near the stream’s deltas. The orientation of the sand dunes indicates that they were likely formed by summer winds blowing up the coast from the southwest."



The economy of northeast Somalia is primarily based on fishing, livestock, and trade. The long coastline provides ample opportunities for fishing, which is a significant source of food and income.



The region is home to important port cities like Bosaso, which is a hub for trade and commerce. These ports are vital for both the local and national economy.



The area is rich in cultural heritage, with a history that dates back to ancient times. It is believed to be part of the ancient Land of Punt, known for its trade relations with ancient Egypt.



The climate is typically hot and dry, with irregular rainfall. This environment shapes the lifestyle and agricultural practices of northeast Somalia.



Despite the arid conditions, the region supports a variety of wildlife, including species adapted to desert and semi-desert habitats.



The photograph was captured on August 9, 2023 as the International Space Station orbited over the Horn of Africa.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Northeast Somalia: A landscape shaped by wind and water

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Cyclone Michaung, which slammed into the southern Indian coast on December 5, 2023 with intense winds and torrential rainfall. Michaung made landfall between Nellore and Kavali in the state of Andhra Pradesh. 



"When it made landfall, the storm had sustained winds of 90 to 100 kilometers (56 to 62 miles) per hour, according to the India Meteorological Department," said NASA.



"The VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-20 satellite captured this image after landfall, as the weakening storm moved northward and winds had slowed to 65 to 75 kilometers per hour."



As the cyclone approached, tall waves crashed into southern coastal towns and entire villages were submerged, according to a report from Reuters. Trees were uprooted, roads were damaged, and cars were swept away.&nbsp;



By Wednesday, rescue operations were launched in Chennai, a city of over six million people. Rescuers used inflatable rafts and ropes to pull people from their flooded homes and air force helicopters dropped food to some of those who remained stranded.



Among the widespread destruction, there have been 13 confirmed deaths due to causes including falling structures and electrocution.



Cyclones are relatively common along the southern coast of India, particularly in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. This region is prone to cyclonic activity primarily due to its geographical location and certain meteorological factors.&nbsp;



Cyclones in this area tend to occur mainly in two seasons: the pre-monsoon season (April-June) and the post-monsoon season (October-December).



During these periods, warm ocean temperatures, high humidity, and favorable wind patterns contribute to the development and intensification of cyclones.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Cyclone Michaung caused widespread destruction in southern India

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a volcanic plume drifting from Anak Krakatau, a small island in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. 



Anak Krakatau, which means "Child of Krakatoa," emerged from the sea in 1927, forming over the caldera of the infamous Krakatoa volcano, which erupted catastrophically in 1883.&nbsp;



This earlier eruption was one of the most violent volcanic events in recorded history, known for its immense power and the global climate impact it had due to the large amount of ash it sent into the upper atmosphere.



Anak Krakatau has been growing continuously since its emergence, with frequent eruptions that have reshaped its structure and size over time.&nbsp;



"Geologists have tallied 57 eruptive periods from this location since the beginning of the Holocene, roughly 11,700 years ago," said NASA. "The most recent eruptive period, which started in May 2021 and continued into December 2023, has featured frequent but generally mild Strombolian blasts of volcanic gases and ash particles."&nbsp;



"Materials ejected from the volcano’s vent are typically lofted a few hundred meters above the summit, and small lava flows occasionally drain down the island's flanks and into the sea."



"Beginning on November 26, 2023, geologists with the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation began to report more intense explosions, with plumes of volcanic material rising up to 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) above the vent."&nbsp;



The public has been warned to stay at least 5 kilometers (3 miles) from the crater. Due to elevated risks of ash in the area, the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center in Darwin, Australia, has issued multiple warnings to the aviation community.



The image was captured on December 2, 2023 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Volcanic activity has intensified on Anak Krakatau

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features a false-color image of Lake Abbe in northeast Ethiopia. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.&nbsp;



"Visible as the large round dark area, Lake Abbe, also known as Lake Abhe, straddles the border of Ethiopia to the west and Djibouti to the east. The lake is 19 km wide and 17 km long and is extremely salty. It is dotted with clusters of steaming limestone chimneys and surrounded by large salt flats, visible in white, and rift volcanoes," says ESA.



"The biggest volcano in the image is Mount Dama Ali, a dormant 25-km-wide shield volcano that rises on the northwest shore of the lake."



"Lake Abbe and Lake Afambo, which is visible at the top of the image, are part of a chain of six connected salt lakes, fed by the Awash River - one of Ethiopia’s biggest rivers.'



Copernicus Sentinel-2’s near-infrared channel highlights vegetation in bright red. This strategy makes it easy to spot algal blooms, such as the one that is visible in Lake Abbe. According to ESA, the light blue color on the west shore indicates sediment discharged into the lake.



"Because of its dry, desert, almost lunar landscape and the steaming, sulphuric vents, Lake Abbe is considered one of the most inaccessible areas on Earth," says ESA. "Earth observation satellites are key in these cases as they are particularly relevant for monitoring remote regions such as this."



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Lake Abbe in northeast Ethiopia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory </a>&nbsp;features an astronaut photograph of Abu Dhabi, located on the coast of the Persian Gulf.



Abu Dhabi is the capital and the second-most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is also the capital of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the largest of the UAE's seven emirates.&nbsp;



Abu Dhabi possesses around 9% of the world's proven oil reserves and about 5% of the world's natural gas. Consequently, oil exports have fueled its rapid development and provided substantial wealth.



"Prior to the formation of the UAE in the 1970s, Abu Dhabi was a municipality of less than 62,000 people. The region experienced a rapid population increase over the past five decades due to its role in the petroleum and financial industries, which enabled the city’s population to grow to about 1.5 million people by the early 2020s," said NASA.



The city places a strong emphasis on promoting Emirati culture and heritage. It hosts numerous events, festivals, and has several museums and cultural centers.



"The landscape of the Abu Dhabi emirate is mainly composed of wind-blown sand, mangroves, rocky outcrops, and intertidal flats. The Abu Dhabi Sabkha, visible along the coastline as brown, non-vegetated land, was produced by wind erosion of ancient dunes and the deposition of tidal sediments," said NASA.



"Sabkhas are flat coastal areas that are characteristically high in salt. The abundance of salt in the soil limits the ability of vegetation to develop on the sabkha."



"In contrast to the barren sabkha, green mangrove forests are present along the coastline as well. Mangrove forests are regions of shrubs and trees with dense root systems that protect the intertidal zones from coastal erosion."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Abu Dhabi, the capital city of the United Arab Emirates

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory &nbsp;features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission view of Tutuila, a tropical island in the American Samoa archipelago.



American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of five main islands and two atolls. The largest and most populous island is Tutuila, where Pago Pago, the capital city, is situated.



The eastern part of the chain of islands forms the American Samoa, while the western part forms the independent state of Samoa.



Tutuila Island is known for its rugged terrain, lush landscapes, and deep harbors. It's the economic and political center of American Samoa, with the majority of the population residing here. The island's geography features volcanic peaks, with Mount Alava and Matafao Peak being the highest points, offering stunning views and rich biodiversity.



American Samoa as a whole has a unique blend of American and Samoan culture. The territory maintains traditional Samoan customs, making it a fascinating place for cultural studies. The economy primarily revolves around fishing and the services sector, with canned tuna being a significant export.



The National Park of American Samoa, partly located on Tutuila, helps preserve the tropical rainforests, coral reefs, and Samoan culture. This park is unique because it's one of the only national parks in the United States that's leased rather than owned by the government, reflecting the strong communal land traditions of Samoa.



Image Credit: ESA 



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Tutuila in the American Samoa archipelago 

Bee hives in the desert are always underground or in rock crevices. This large hive took residence in an old ant bear hole underground. Photo Credit: Whensilencefindsme

Desert Bee Hive

Tropical coral reefs, celebrated for their extraordinary beauty and biodiversity, are facing significant challenges due to the relentless pace of global warming. However, a novel solution to boost reef recovery may be found in an unexpected ally: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seabirds-need-ocean-wide-protection-to-survive-human-impacts/">seabirds</a>.&nbsp;



A recent study led by <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lancaster University</a> has uncovered a fascinating interaction between seabirds and coral reefs.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reef-recovery-insights">Reef recovery insights</h2>



According to the experts, the presence of seabirds on islands located nearby tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a> can boost coral growth rates on such reefs by more than double. This discovery is not just about growth rates; it also pertains to the resilience of coral reefs. 



Reefs located near <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/incredible-journey-seabird-rode-out-a-typhoon-for-11-hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seabird</a> colonies can bounce-back much quicker from bleaching events. This is particularly significant given the increasing frequency of bleaching events due to rising sea temperatures, which often result in widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-fish-have-feces-that-is-deadly-to-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral mortality</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-reef-recovery">Studying reef recovery</h2>



The focus of the study was on Acropora, a critical type of coral known for its structural complexity and importance in sustaining fish populations and reef growth.&nbsp;



The researchers noted a significant difference in recovery times based on the presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heatwaves-are-causing-massive-seabird-mortality-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seabirds</a>. For instance, Acropora around islands with seabirds were found to recover from bleaching events by around 10 months faster compared to reefs located away from seabird colonies.



The study highlights the crucial role of seabirds in shortening recovery times for corals, which could be pivotal in their ability to withstand the rapid pace of climate change.&nbsp;



The shorter recovery times could make the difference between continuing to bounce back for some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reef-plastic-pollution-increases-with-depth-and-near-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a> in the face of climate change, due to which damaging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleaching events</a> now occur much more frequently than in earlier periods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabird-derived-nutrients-nbsp">Seabird-derived nutrients&nbsp;</h2>



The connection between seabirds and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-coral-reefs-have-naturally-increased-their-heat-tolerance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral health</a> is rooted in the nutrient-rich guano produced by these birds. Seabirds that feed on fish in the open ocean far from islands return to islands to roost, while depositing nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich nutrients in the form of guano. 



This nutrient transfer, critical for coral growth, occurs when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poo-from-fish-that-eat-coral-is-beneficial-for-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">guano</a> is washed into the sea, fertilizing the corals and other marine species.



“Our results clearly show that seabird-derived nutrients are directly driving faster coral growth rates and faster recovery rates in Acropora coral,” said lead author Casey Benkwitt, an expert in Marine Biology at Lancaster.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experimental-approach-nbsp">Experimental approach&nbsp;</h2>



The research team conducted their study in a remote Indian Ocean archipelago, comparing reefs near seabird-populated islands to those near rat-infested islands, which negatively impact seabird populations.&nbsp;



The study also involved an experimental approach where some Acropora corals were transplanted between islands. This confirmed that the presence of seabirds, and not other factors, was responsible for the nutrient enrichment and enhanced coral growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



“This faster recovery may be critical as the average time between successive bleaching events was 5.9 years in 2016 – a reduction from 27 years in the 1980s. Even small reductions in recovery times during this window may be key to maintaining coral cover over the short-term,” Benkwitt said.



These findings not only highlight a natural solution for enhancing coral resilience but also emphasize the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the far-reaching impacts of biodiversity conservation efforts.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj0390" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Nutrients from seabird poop accelerate coral reef recovery

Tropical coral reefs, celebrated for their extraordinary beauty and biodiversity,...

International,Space,Station,In,2021,In,Space,On,Orbit,Of

NASA recently commemorated a significant milestone in space exploration history: the 25th anniversary of the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/station" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Space Station</a> (ISS). This celebration was marked with a special live event on December 6, where a space-to-Earth call connected the current crew aboard the ISS with NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana and Joel Montalbano, space station program manager.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-iss-turns-25-years-old">The ISS turns 25 years old</h2>



Operational since 1998, the ISS stands as a testament to human ingenuity and collaboration in space research and exploration. Hosting 273 astronauts from around the world and facilitating over 3,300 research projects, the station has become a cornerstone for advancements in space technology and scientific understanding.



The journey of the ISS began on December 6, 1998, with the attachment of its first two elements, Unity and Zarya, by the crew of the space shuttle Endeavour’s STS-88 mission, led by Bob Cabana. This marked the beginning of a global endeavor that has seen astronauts continuously live and work aboard the station for more than 23 years.



The ISS is a product of international cooperation, involving the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, NASA, and Roscosmos. This partnership has resulted in numerous technological and scientific achievements, with more than 3,300 research and educational investigations from 108 countries. 



These efforts not only advance space exploration but also benefit humanity on Earth, laying the groundwork for future commercial destinations in low Earth orbit and exploration farther into the solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-station-s-design-and-construction">Space station's design and construction</h2>



The ISS's journey began with its official approval by President Reagan and the US Congress in 1984. NASA Administrator James Beggs played a pivotal role in bringing together international partners, leading to a collaborative design and construction process between 1984 and 1993. The involvement of Canada, Japan, many European nations, and later Russia, was crucial in shaping the ISS.



The development of the ISS proceeded in two phases. Phase 1 involved the NASA-Mir program, where astronauts and cosmonauts conducted joint missions to the Russian Mir Orbital Station. This phase was instrumental in establishing collaborative processes and modifying Russian modules for international experiments. 



Phase 2, commencing in 1998, saw the launch of the new ISS elements, marking a significant step in international space cooperation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educational-and-scientific-goals">Educational and scientific goals</h2>



The ISS serves as a vital educational platform, inspiring youth worldwide to pursue STEM careers. The collective efforts of the participating space agencies emphasize the importance of applying ISS research in diverse fields such as human physiology, radiation, materials science, engineering, biology, fluid physics, and technology. These endeavors are crucial for future space missions and translating space research benefits back to Earth.



The ISS program is a technological triumph and a remarkable example of international cooperation. It exemplifies the harmonization of cultural and political differences to achieve a common goal in space exploration. The ISS has brought together international crews and a global network of launch, operations, training, engineering, and scientific research communities, showcasing the power of collaborative effort.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-the-25-year-old-iss">What's next for the 25-year-old ISS?</h2>



As the ISS continues to age, with several components exceeding their original lifespan, ongoing analyses ensure its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-initiates-ambitious-plan-to-bring-iss-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">safety and viability</a>. The station's modular design allows for the replacement and augmentation of parts, ensuring its functionality as a laboratory and outpost in orbit. 



Currently, the ISS is set to continue operations until at least 2030, marking an era of continued discovery and international collaboration in space. 



In summary, the 25th anniversary of the ISS is a celebration of a space station and a tribute to the spirit of exploration and cooperation that defines our journey into the cosmos.



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The International Space Station celebrates its 25th anniversary

NASA recently commemorated a significant milestone in space exploration history:...

Europa,Clipper,Will,Study,Possible,Signs,That,The,Moon,Of

In a fun, public-outreach initiative, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> is offering the public a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to send their names on a deep space voyage to Jupiter and its moon Europa. The Europa Clipper mission is inviting people worldwide to be a part of this exciting journey through its “<a href="https://europa.nasa.gov/news/98/time-is-running-out-to-add-your-name-to-nasas-europa-clipper/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Message in a Bottle</a>” campaign. 



With the deadline fast approaching, this campaign provides a unique chance for individuals to be symbolically present on a spacecraft traveling 1.8 billion miles (2.6 billion kilometers) to one of the solar system's most intriguing destinations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-be-a-part-of-the-europa-clipper-mission">Be a part of the Europa Clipper mission</h2>



The “Message in a Bottle” campaign is not just a call to action but a time-sensitive opportunity. The deadline for the public to submit their names is set for 11:59 p.m. EST, December 31, 2023. As the clock ticks, the anticipation and excitement among space enthusiasts and the general public are palpable.



To date, almost <a href="https://europa.nasa.gov/message-in-a-bottle/participation-map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2 million names</a> have been submitted for this celestial journey. The process of immortalizing these names is as fascinating as the mission itself. 



Specialists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, based in Southern California, will utilize an electron beam in their Microdevices Laboratory to etch these names onto a silicon microchip the size of a dime. This precision technology enables each line of text to be less than one-thousandth the width of a human hair, measuring a mere 75 nanometers.



Adding a cultural dimension to the mission, the names will accompany the poem “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgWbeDNPD6o" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">In Praise of Mystery</a>” by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón. This original piece, penned to honor the Europa Clipper mission, will be engraved on a metal plate alongside the microchip bearing the names. As the spacecraft makes its journey and performs close flybys of Europa, these names and the poem will symbolize a message in a bottle sent out into the vastness of space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europa-clipper-mission-scientific-goals">Europa Clipper mission scientific goals</h2>



The Europa Clipper <a href="https://europa.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mission</a> has ambitious scientific objectives. It aims to traverse half a billion miles (800 million kilometers) in orbit around Europa, using its suite of scientific instruments to gather vital data. The focus of the mission is on Europa’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-moon-europa-salty-oceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subsurface ocean</a>, icy crust, and atmosphere. One of the key questions the mission seeks to answer is whether this distant moon has the potential to support life.



After the Europa Clipper is fully assembled at JPL, it will be transported to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. There, it will undergo final preparations for its scheduled launch in October 2024. This phase marks a critical step in the journey from concept to reality, as the spacecraft gets ready to embark on its historic mission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-of-inspirational-messages">Legacy of inspirational messages</h2>



The “Message in a Bottle” campaign is a continuation of NASA’s long-standing tradition of sending inspirational messages into space. Drawing inspiration from the Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977, which carried a time capsule of Earth’s diversity in sounds and images, this program aims to ignite imaginations worldwide.



For those interested in being part of this historic mission, NASA has made it easy to participate. By visiting <a href="https://go.nasa.gov/MessageInABottle">NASA's dedicated website</a>, individuals can sign up, read Ada Limón’s poem, and even listen to a recitation in an animated video. Additionally, participants can create and download a customizable souvenir – an illustration of their name on a message in a bottle set against the backdrop of Europa and Jupiter. Sharing this unique experience on social media with the hashtag #SendYourName is encouraged, spreading the excitement and communal spirit of this groundbreaking mission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-moon-europa-may-support-life">Ocean moon Europa may support life</h2>



Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, is considered one of the few places in our solar system that might harbor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-confirms-an-ocean-on-europa-may-be-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions suitable for life</a>. It has a water-ice crust covering a vast ocean of salty liquid water, which lies above a rocky seafloor. However, the composition of this ocean, particularly in terms of essential chemicals for life like carbon, was previously unknown.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-s-key-discovery">Webb telescope's key discovery</h3>



The <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> has revealed the presence of carbon dioxide in a specific region on Europa’s surface, particularly in Tara Regio, a young and geologically active area. 



This discovery is crucial as it indicates that the carbon likely originated from Europa’s subsurface ocean rather than being delivered by external sources such as meteorites.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-finding-carbon-dioxide">Significance of finding carbon dioxide</h3>



The concentration of carbon dioxide in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-on-europa-co2-discovery-by-webb-increases-the-odds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa’s ocean</a> is of great interest to scientists. As Geronimo Villanueva of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center explains, "On Earth, life likes chemical diversity...We’re carbon-based life. Understanding the chemistry of Europa’s ocean will help us determine whether it’s hostile to life as we know it, or if it might be a good place for life."



Samantha Trumbo of Cornell University adds, “We now think that we have observational evidence that the carbon we see on Europa’s surface came from the ocean. That’s not a trivial thing. Carbon is a biologically essential element.”



The carbon dioxide was identified using Webb’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/nirspec.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIRSpec</a>). This instrument provided high-resolution spectra of Europa’s surface, allowing for precise localization of specific chemicals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-instability-on-jupiter-s-moon-europa">CO2 instability on Jupiter's moon Europa</h3>



Since carbon dioxide isn’t stable on Europa’s surface, its presence suggests recent geological activity. Heidi Hammel of the <a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy</a> notes, “These observations...were able to do really big science. This work gives a first hint of all the amazing solar system science we’ll be able to do with Webb.”



Villanueva’s team also investigated the existence of water vapor plumes on Europa, which had been tentatively detected by the Hubble Space Telescope. The new Webb data, however, shows no evidence of such plumes, setting a strict upper limit on the rate of material ejection.



Hammel elaborates, “There is always a possibility that these plumes are variable... All we can say with 100% confidence is that we did not detect a plume at Europa when we made these observations with Webb.”



In summary, the discovery of carbon dioxide on Jupiter's moon Europa by the Webb Telescope marks a pivotal moment in our quest to understand the moon's environment and its potential to support life. This finding not only enriches our knowledge of Europa but also sets the stage for future explorations, particularly the upcoming Europa Clipper mission and ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer. 



As we continue to unravel the mysteries of our solar system, Europa stands out as a key point of interest in the search for extraterrestrial life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-europa-clipper-mission">More about the Europa Clipper mission</h2>



NASA's Europa Clipper mission embarks on a groundbreaking journey to uncover the secrets of Jupiter's icy moon, Europa. The primary scientific goal of this ambitious project is to assess whether Europa harbors environments suitable for life beneath its frozen exterior. This mission not only aims to broaden our understanding of Europa but also seeks to enhance our knowledge of potentially habitable worlds beyond Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-core-objectives-of-the-europa-clipper">Core objectives of the Europa Clipper</h3>



One of the central objectives of the Europa Clipper mission is to delve into the nature of Europa's ice shell and the ocean beneath. Understanding these elements is crucial for assessing the astrobiological potential of the moon and answering the profound question of whether life could exist in these alien waters.



Another significant aspect of the mission involves studying Europa's composition and geology. This exploration is not just about mapping and understanding the physical aspects of Europa but also about interpreting what these characteristics tell us about the moon's ability to support life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europa-clipper-s-innovative-design">Europa Clipper's innovative design</h3>



The Europa Clipper spacecraft stands as NASA's largest planetary mission spacecraft to date. With a height of about 16 feet (5 meters) and a wingspan exceeding 100 feet (30.5 meters) when its solar arrays are deployed, this colossal structure is a marvel of engineering. 



The spacecraft, designed to thrive in the challenging environment of the Jupiter system, requires substantial solar arrays to gather enough sunlight for power, given its distance from the Sun.



Due to the intense radiation around Europa, caused by Jupiter's magnetic field, the Europa Clipper incorporates a pioneering design feature—a thick-walled vault made of titanium and aluminum. This innovation, first successfully employed in NASA’s Juno spacecraft, is critical for shielding the payload and electronics from harmful radiation, thereby prolonging the spacecraft's operational life.



The Europa Clipper is scheduled to perform nearly 50 flybys of Europa, each bringing it as close as 16 miles (25 kilometers) from the moon's surface. These flybys are meticulously planned to allow the spacecraft to explore different regions of Europa, effectively mapping nearly the entire moon.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cutting-edge-scientific-instruments">Cutting-edge scientific instruments</h3>



The spacecraft's payload is a collection of advanced instruments designed to thoroughly investigate Europa. These include:



Cameras and Spectrometers: For capturing high-resolution images and composition maps of Europa's surface and atmosphere.



Ice-Penetrating Radar: To probe beneath the icy crust in search of subsurface water.



Magnetometer and Gravity Measurements: These tools are essential for insights into Europa's ocean and deep interior.



Thermal Instrument: To identify warmer ice regions and possible water eruptions.



Atmospheric and Space Environment Analysis: Instruments dedicated to examining the composition of particles in Europa's thin atmosphere and surrounding space.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-habitability-beyond-earth">Understanding habitability beyond Earth</h3>



In summary, the Europa Clipper mission is a monumental step in our quest to understand the potential for life in our solar system beyond Earth. By exploring Europa's icy surface, subsurface ocean, and internal structure, this mission promises to unlock secrets that could redefine our understanding of habitability in the cosmos. 



As the Europa Clipper soars through the Jovian system, it carries not just sophisticated instruments, but the collective hope and curiosity of humanity.



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Send your name to Jupiter’s "ocean moon" as Europa Clipper mission searches for life

In a fun, public-outreach initiative, NASA is offering the public...

3d,Render,Dinosaur.,This,Is,A,3d,Render

An intriguing new study introduces the 'longevity bottleneck' hypothesis, which suggests human aging may be intricately linked to the long period of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-coexisted-with-dinosaurs-yes-according-to-shocking-new-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> dominance on Earth. 



This concept was brought to light by Professor João Pedro de Magalhães, a renowned expert in the field of aging from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/index.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>. The hypothesis presents a fascinating connection between the reign of dinosaurs over 100 million years ago and the biological aging processes observed in mammals, including humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mesozoic-era-and-mammalian-aging">Mesozoic Era and mammalian aging</h2>



The Mesozoic Era, marked by the domination of dinosaurs, posed significant challenges for early mammals. According to Professor de Magalhães, mammals during this era were under constant pressure for rapid reproduction, primarily due to the threat posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-are-helping-astronomers-in-the-search-for-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>. 



This prolonged period of evolutionary stress, spanning over 100 million years, is believed to have led to the loss or inactivation of longevity-related genes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/incredible-discovery-some-mammals-attacked-dinosaurs-and-they-often-won-the-battle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early mammals</a>.



Professor Magalhães elaborates on this theory. He states, "We and these mammals, such as elephants and whales, live with the genetic hangups from the Mesozoic era and we age surprisingly faster than many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-secrets-of-the-evolution-of-prehistoric-reptiles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptiles</a>."



He further adds, "The 'longevity bottleneck hypothesis' may shed light on evolutionary forces that have shaped the way that mammals have aged over millions of years. While humans are among the longest-living animals, there are many reptiles and other species that exhibit a much slower aging process and minimal signs of senescence."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-dominance-and-human-aging">Dinosaur dominance and human aging</h2>



Professor de Magalhães explains that the earliest mammals, relegated to the lower tiers of the food chain, evolved to prioritize rapid reproduction as a survival strategy during the age of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-impact-sparked-two-years-of-darkness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>. This evolutionary pressure, he proposes, significantly impacts how modern humans age.



"We see examples in the animal world of truly remarkable repair and regeneration. That genetic information would have been unnecessary for early mammals that were lucky to not end up as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-had-brains-and-brawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T Rex</a> food," says Professor de Magalhães. 



He highlights that while mammals including humans, whales, and elephants have evolved to grow larger and live longer, they still bear the genetic consequences of the Mesozoic era, aging faster than many reptiles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-and-future-research">Broader implications and future research</h2>



Professor de Magalhães suggests that this hypothesis, while still in the realm of theory, opens up numerous intriguing research directions. One such avenue is exploring why cancer may be more prevalent in mammals than in other species, possibly due to the rapid aging process instigated during the dinosaur era.



The 'longevity bottleneck' hypothesis posits a profound and previously unexplored connection between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-winters-weakened-the-dinosaurs-before-the-asteroid-hit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reign of dinosaurs</a> and the aging process in mammals. This theory provides a novel perspective on the evolutionary history of aging, while also paving the way for further research into the genetic and environmental factors that have influenced mammalian longevity over millions of years. 



Professor de Magalhães' pioneering work opens up a new frontier in understanding the complex interplay between evolution, genetics, and aging.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202300098" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioEssays</a>.



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How dinosaurs influence human aging 65 million years after extinction

An intriguing new study introduces the 'longevity bottleneck' hypothesis, which...

Mercury.,Planets,Of,Solar,System,Visualization.,Elements,Of,This,Image

Scientists at the <a href="https://www.psi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planetary Science Institute</a> have uncovered compelling evidence suggesting the potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-saturns-moon-enceladus-has-all-of-the-ingredients-necessary-for-life/">life</a> on Mercury, particularly at its north pole. Using images from NASA's MESSENGER probe, the researchers discovered features that appear to be salt glaciers within Mercury's Raditladi and Eminescu craters.&nbsp;



Unlike ice formations on Earth, these glaciers would consist of salt compounds that trapped volatiles such as water, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-s-glaciers-could-harbor-life">Mercury's glaciers could harbor life</h2>



The formation of the glaciers is attributed to the impact of space rocks on Mercury's surface. The impacts penetrated the basaltic outer layer, releasing the volatile-rich compounds from beneath the surface.&nbsp;



Mercury's extreme temperatures, reaching up to 806°F (430°C) during the day, have since caused the evaporation of these compounds. However, the remnants of the glaciers are identifiable through Earth-like geological features.



“These Mercurian glaciers, distinct from Earth’s, originate from deeply buried Volatile Rich Layers (VRLs) exposed by asteroid impacts. Our models strongly affirm that salt flow likely produced these glaciers and that after their emplacement they retained volatiles for over 1 billion years,” said study co-author Bryan Travis.



This comparison sparks the theory that subsurface areas on Mercury, shielded from the Sun's intense heat, might harbor conditions conducive to extreme forms of life.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-goldilocks-zones-nbsp">Goldilocks zones&nbsp;</h2>



“Specific salt compounds on Earth create habitable niches even in some of the harshest environments where they occur, such as the arid Atacama Desert in Chile," said study lead author Alexis Rodriguez. "This line of thinking leads us to ponder the possibility of subsurface areas on Mercury that might be more hospitable than its harsh surface."&nbsp;



"These areas could potentially act as depth-dependent ‘Goldilocks zones,’ analogous to the region around a star where the existence of liquid water on a planet might enable life as we know it, but in this case, the focus is on the right depth below the planet’s surface rather than the right distance from a star."



The research challenges the notion of Mercury as a planet devoid of volatiles. It suggests that Volatile Rich Layers (VRLs) are potentially hidden beneath the planet’s surface



“A central mystery concerning Mercury revolves around the genesis of its glaciers and chaotic terrains. What mechanism was responsible for the formation of VRLs? In our research, we introduce a model that integrates recent observational data to address this question," said Rodriguez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-s-north-pole">Mercury’s north pole</h2>



"Notably, we examine the Borealis Chaos, located in Mercury’s north polar region. This area is characterized by intricate patterns of disintegration, significant enough to have obliterated entire populations of craters, some dating back approximately 4 billion years."&nbsp;



"Beneath this collapsed layer lies an even more ancient, cratered paleo-surface, previously identified through gravity studies. The juxtaposition of the fragmented upper crust, now forming chaotic terrain, over this gravity-revealed ancient surface, suggests that the VRLs were emplaced atop an already solidified landscape."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-long-held-theories">Challenging long-held theories</h2>



Rodriguez said that these findings challenge prevailing theories of VRL formation that traditionally centered on mantle differentiation processes, where minerals separate into different layers within the planet’s interior.&nbsp;



"Instead, the evidence suggests a grand-scale structure, possibly stemming from the collapse of a fleeting, hot primordial atmosphere early in Mercury’s history. This atmospheric collapse might have occurred mostly during the extended nighttime periods when the planet’s surface was not exposed to the Sun’s intense heat.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-finding-life-on-mercury">Implications of finding life on Mercury</h2>



These insights were made possible through the use of sophisticated models and detailed analysis of observational data. The study represents a significant stride in understanding Mercury's geological history and its potential to host life.



“This groundbreaking discovery of Mercurian glaciers extends our comprehension of the environmental parameters that could sustain life, adding a vital dimension to our exploration of astrobiology also relevant to the potential habitability of Mercury-like exoplanets," said Rodriguez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-planet-mercury">More about planet Mercury</h2>



Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun in our Solar System, presents a unique and fascinating profile. This report delves into various aspects of Mercury, from its orbital characteristics to its surface and environmental conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Orbital and physical characteristics</h3>



Distance from Sun: Mercury orbits at an average distance of about 57.9 million kilometers (36 million miles) from the Sun.



Orbital Period: It completes an orbit around the Sun in just 88 Earth days, making its year much shorter than Earth's.



Rotation: Mercury has a slow rotation on its axis, taking about 59 Earth days to complete one rotation.



Size: It is the smallest planet in our Solar System, with a diameter of about 4,880 kilometers (3,032 miles).



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Surface and geological features</h3>



Craters and Plains: Mercury's surface is heavily cratered, similar to the Moon. Notable craters like Caloris Basin, one of the largest in the Solar System, dominate its landscape.



Temperature Extremes: Due to its lack of atmosphere and proximity to the Sun, Mercury experiences extreme temperature fluctuations, ranging from -173°C (-280°F) at night to 427°C (800°F) during the day.



No Plate Tectonics: Unlike Earth, Mercury doesn't have plate tectonics. Its geological activity has been relatively inactive for billions of years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Atmosphere and magnetosphere</h3>



Exosphere: Mercury possesses a thin exosphere made up of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind and micrometeoroid impacts.



Magnetic Field: Despite its small size, Mercury has a significant, albeit weak, magnetic field, about 1% the strength of Earth's. This field is believed to be generated by its partially molten iron core.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Exploration and research</h3>



Missions: Mercury has been a target for several space missions, including NASA's Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. The European Space Agency's BepiColombo mission, launched in 2018, is currently en route to study Mercury in more detail.



Scientific Interest: Understanding Mercury is crucial for scientists to learn more about planetary formation and the conditions of the early Solar System.



In summary, Mercury's proximity to the Sun and its extreme environmental conditions make it an intriguing subject for study. Its unique characteristics, such as its orbital and rotational dynamics and geological history, provide valuable insights into the processes that shape our Solar System. 



The ongoing and future missions to Mercury are expected to uncover more secrets of this mysterious planet, enhancing our understanding of the cosmos.



The research was supported by NASA’s Solar System Workings (SSW) Program. The results are published in the <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/acf219" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planetary Science Journal</a>.



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Discovery: Mercury is covered with salt glaciers that could support life

Scientists at the Planetary Science Institute have uncovered compelling evidence...

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>), a key division of the National Weather Service, is currently keeping a close eye on the Sun following several significant solar events. These events have led to concerns about a strong geomagnetic storm, prompting the issuance of a Geomagnetic Storm Watch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coronal-hole-spotted-on-december-4">Coronal hole spotted on December 4</h2>



The NOAA observed a high-speed stream of solar particles from a large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-coronal-hole-from-geomagnetic-storm-prompts-aurora-alert-for-northern-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal hole</a> that is expected to lead to G2 (Moderate) geomagnetic storming on December 4 (UTC Day) and G1 (Minor) storming on December 5, 2023, according to an alert this morning from the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>).



Coronal holes play a significant role in the creation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aurora-borealis-seen-as-far-south-as-the-equator-after-largest-known-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroras</a> on Earth. These dark areas on the Sun’s surface, characterized by open magnetic fields, allow solar winds to escape more easily into space. When these high-speed solar winds, often emanating from coronal holes, reach Earth, they can interact with the planet’s magnetosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-november-28-solar-flare-and-cme">November 28 solar flare and CME</h2>



On November 27 and 28, the Sun experienced several coronal mass ejections (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a>), which are massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. These CMEs have triggered a flurry of activities and observations by space weather experts.



A notable solar flare was detected on November 28 at 2:50pm EST. This event originated from Region 3500, a moderately complex sunspot group located near the Sun's central meridian. The flare was associated with the fourth full halo CME observed during this period.



Interestingly, the fourth CME is moving at an accelerated pace compared to the previous ones. This increase in speed is attributed to the earlier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a> clearing a path through the solar wind. It is anticipated that this CME will merge with two of the three earlier CMEs, with an expected arrival at Earth between the night of November 30 and December 1.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-from-geomagnetic-storm">Impact from geomagnetic storm</h2>



SWPC forecasters are vigilantly monitoring the situation using NOAA’s <a href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/current-satellite-missions/currently-flying/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DSCOVR satellite</a>, which provides real-time data on solar winds. This information is crucial for understanding the strength and timing of the anticipated geomagnetic storm.



Geomagnetic storms are known to affect infrastructure both in near-Earth orbit and on the Earth's surface. These impacts can include disruptions to communications, the electric power grid, navigation systems, radio frequencies, and satellite operations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Such storms</a> are a significant concern for industries and services reliant on these technologies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-auroral-activity-expected">High auroral activity expected</h2>



An interesting and visually stunning consequence of geomagnetic storms is the aurora, commonly known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern or Southern Lights</a>. This storm has the potential to drive the aurora further south from its usual position above the polar regions. 



If weather conditions are favorable, auroras may be visible across the U.S. Northern Tier and upper Midwest from Illinois to Oregon. Residents in these areas are encouraged to check NOAA’s latest <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora forecast</a> for the best chance of witnessing this natural phenomenon.



NOAA's SWPC continues to monitor these solar events closely, providing updates and forecasts. As the situation evolves, they will offer guidance on the potential impacts of the geomagnetic storm. The public and relevant industries are advised to stay informed and prepared for any disruptions that may occur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-geomagnetic-storms">More about geomagnetic storms</h2>



As discussed above, geomagnetic storms represent disturbances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetosphere</a>, caused by solar wind shocks or the interactions of the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field. These storms, often originating from the Sun's activities like solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), have profound effects on Earth's magnetic environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-the-sun-to-the-earth">Journey from the Sun to the Earth</h3>



The story of a geomagnetic storm begins with the Sun. Solar flares, intense bursts of radiation, and CMEs, large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-the-very-first-time-a-spacecraft-has-touched-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar corona</a>, play pivotal roles. These phenomena release huge quantities of particles into space, which can reach Earth and interact with its magnetic field, triggering a geomagnetic storm.



After their eruption, solar particles and electromagnetic waves travel through space, taking approximately 1-3 days to reach Earth. The speed and intensity of these particles vary, depending on the strength of the solar event.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-with-earth-s-magnetosphere">Interaction with Earth's magnetosphere</h3>



Upon arrival, these charged particles collide with Earth's magnetosphere, the region of space controlled by Earth's magnetic field. This collision causes complex changes and disturbances in the magnetosphere, leading to a geomagnetic storm. These storms have a range of impacts, from beautiful auroras to potential disruptions in technology.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras">Auroras</h4>



The most visible and striking effect is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-captivated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora</a>, known as the Northern and Southern Lights. These displays of colors occur when charged particles collide with gases in Earth's atmosphere, resulting in mesmerizing light shows typically seen near the polar regions.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-disruptions">Technological disruptions</h4>



More significantly, geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite operations, affecting communication and GPS systems. They can induce currents in long conductors, impacting power grids and potentially causing widespread blackouts.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-spacecraft-and-satellites">Impact on spacecraft and satellites</h4>



Satellites and spacecraft, exposed to increased radiation, face the risk of damage or malfunction during these storms. This risk necessitates careful monitoring and protective measures in space missions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-storm-forecasting">Geomagnetic storm forecasting</h3>



Organizations like NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center actively monitor the Sun and forecast geomagnetic storms. They use satellites like the DSCOVR to track solar winds and provide early warnings, helping mitigate potential impacts on technology and infrastructure.



In summary, geomagnetic storms, while a source of natural wonder, remind us of our planet's vulnerability to solar activities. Understanding and monitoring these storms not only provide insights into our space environment but also help us prepare for and mitigate their effects on our increasingly technology-dependent world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-auroras">More about auroras</h2>



As mentioned above, auroras, often called the Northern or Southern Lights, are a natural light display predominantly seen in the Earth's polar regions. They occur when the Earth's magnetosphere gets disturbed by the solar wind, a stream of particles coming from the Sun. This disturbance generates bright and colorful lights in the sky, forming auroras.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-auroras-form">How auroras form</h3>



The formation of auroras begins with the emission of particles from the Sun's atmosphere. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, travel towards Earth carried by the solar wind. Upon reaching Earth, these charged particles interact with the magnetic field and are funneled towards the polar regions.



As these particles collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere, they excite atoms and molecules, causing them to light up. Oxygen and nitrogen, the main constituents of our atmosphere, play a key role in the coloration of auroras. Oxygen emits green and red lights, while nitrogen produces blue and purple hues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-auroras">Types of auroras</h3>



Auroras come in various forms, each unique and breathtaking:



Aurora Borealis - Also known as the Northern Lights, these are visible in the northern hemisphere's high-latitude regions like Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia.



Aurora Australis - Known as the Southern Lights, these are seen in the southern hemisphere in places like Antarctica, Chile, and Australia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-auroras">Viewing auroras</h3>



For the best aurora viewing experience, one should head to high-latitude regions during the winter months. Dark, clear nights away from city lights provide optimal conditions. The intensity of auroral displays can vary, influenced by the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-scientific-significance">Cultural and scientific significance</h3>



Auroras have captivated human imagination for centuries, inspiring myths and folklore. Cultures across the globe have interpreted these lights in various ways, often attributing them to gods or spirits.



In modern times, studying auroras is crucial for understanding the Earth's magnetosphere and its interaction with solar wind. This research is vital for protecting satellites and communication systems from solar storms.



In summary, auroras are a stunning natural phenomenon, offering a vivid display of Earth's dynamic interaction with the Sun. Their beauty and complexity continue to intrigue both scientists and enthusiasts, making them a bucket-list item for travelers and a subject of ongoing scientific research.



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Solar storm prompts aurora alert and "Geomagnetic Storm" watch

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction...

Red sprites, also known as "red fairies" are a type of transient luminous event (TLE), primarily appearing as red flashes of light occurring above thunderstorms. They are part of a larger family of upper-atmospheric phenomena linked to thunderstorm activity, alongside blue jets and elves. 



Discovered only in the late 20th century, red sprites have since captivated scientists and sky-watchers alike with their elusive and spectacular nature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-andreas-mogensen-video">Andreas Mogensen video</h2>



ESA astronaut <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Andreas_Mogensen" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andreas Mogensen</a> captured this image of a red fairy hovering above a thundercloud as a part of the Thor-Davis experiment at <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Danish Technical University</a>. “Red sprites,” as they are called in scientific circles, are rare Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) that form above thunderclouds. They typically emerge between 40 to 80 kilometers above Earth.



As demonstrated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/red-sprite_Davis-camera-video_ISS_ESA_1big.gif">Davis camera video</a>, thunder precedes the appearance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/red-sprites-above-the-u-s-and-central-america/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red fairies</a> higher in the sky. The Davis camera's uniqueness lies in its operation. It functions more like our eyes' retinas, sensitive to light changes, allowing it to capture up to the equivalent of 100,000 frames per second, unlike a standard camera.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-sprite-discovery-and-background">Red sprite discovery and background</h2>



The existence of red sprites eluded scientific documentation until 1989, largely due to their brief duration and high altitude. 



Pilots had reported sightings of unusual aerial phenomena for years. However, these accounts remained anecdotal until researchers, using high-speed cameras, captured the first images of red sprites. This breakthrough paved the way for a new field of atmospheric research.



Red sprites manifest as reddish-orange flashes, often accompanied by tendrils extending both upward and downward. They typically occur in clusters and can stretch 50 to 90 kilometers above the Earth's surface, into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-rocket-launch-ripped-a-hole-in-earths-ionosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ionosphere</a>. The coloration is a result of nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere getting excited by the electrical discharge.



Red sprites develop in conjunction with large-scale thunderstorm activity, specifically above the intense electrical discharges of positive cloud-to-ground lightning. They are believed to arise from the imbalance in electrical charge between the upper atmosphere and the thunderclouds below.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-and-research">Scientific significance and research</h2>



The study of red sprites offers valuable insights into atmospheric electricity and upper-atmosphere conditions. They play a role in the Earth’s electrical balance and can impact various atmospheric chemical processes.



Advancements in high-speed photography and observational techniques have significantly enhanced our understanding of red sprites. Satellites, airborne observations, and ground-based photometric arrays are now instrumental in studying these transient events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-studying-red-sprites">Challenges of studying red sprites</h2>



Despite advancements, observing and studying red sprites remain challenging due to their unpredictability and brief lifespan. Future research aims to better understand the impact of sprites on the atmosphere and their relation to other meteorological phenomena.



In summary, red sprites, while still shrouded in mystery, offer a fascinating glimpse into the complex interplay of Earth's weather systems and atmospheric electricity. Continued research and observation promise to uncover more secrets of these ephemeral lights, deepening our understanding of our planet's atmospheric dynamics.



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Mysterious "red sprite" captured by space station astronaut

Red sprites, also known as "red fairies" are a type...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Wild hog in the Namib desert in Namibia Photo Credit: Photofex-AUT

Wild Hog

Black Widow Spider -Female, male and egg sac Photo Credit: Mark_Kostich