Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of the city of Bentiu in South Sudan.



"The country has always experienced a degree of seasonal flooding, which normally recedes in the dry season. However, four consecutive years of incessant flooding have submerged villages, farmlands and roads. In 2023, flood waters reached almost 2 meters in some places," said ESA.



"This false-color image, captured in January 2023, clearly shows the extent of the flooded areas around Bentiu. Information from the mission’s near-infrared channel was used to process this image so water bodies appear in dark blue or black. Sediment in the waters is bright blue, while the vibrant shades of red, mainly bordering rivers, denote vegetation."



According to ESA, the yellowish area in the center of the image is the city of Bentiu - standing out like an island surrounded by floods.&nbsp;



"From Bentiu, the Bahr el-Ghazal River meanders through the inundated floodplain in a northeasterly direction. It can be traced in black in the right of the image flowing through Lake No into the White Nile," said ESA.



"Fed by the White Nile, the large, swampy area running from the centre of the image to the bottom right is the Sudd. It is a network of channels, lakes and swamps and one of Africa’s largest floodplains, providing watering and feeding grounds for many endemic mammals and birds, as well as for large populations of migratory species."



Bentiu is known for its significance in the oil industry. It's the capital of Unity State, an area rich in oil fields, making it a crucial economic hub for South Sudan. However, this wealth in natural resources has also made Bentiu a focal point of conflict, particularly during the South Sudanese Civil War.



The city's history has been shaped by its strategic importance in the region. It has seen significant development in the oil sector, but this has been marred by political and ethnic conflicts. These conflicts have often resulted in severe humanitarian crises, affecting the local population with issues like displacement and shortages of basic necessities.



Despite its challenges, Bentiu is a key player in South Sudan's economy and its future development. The city's role in the oil industry cannot be overstated, and efforts are ongoing to stabilize the region and improve living conditions for its residents.



The city's demographics are diverse, reflecting the ethnic variety of South Sudan, but this diversity has also been a source of tension at times. Efforts towards peace and reconciliation in Bentiu and the wider Unity State are crucial for the long-term stability and prosperity of South Sudan.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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The city of Bentiu in South Sudan

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska. With a size of approximately 1,680 square miles, Malaspina is the world’s largest piedmont glacier. It covers an area larger than the state of Rhode Island.&nbsp;



"To human eyes, glacial ice typically looks white tinged with blue. But in this false-color satellite image, the rippled ice of Alaska’s Malaspina Glacier appears more fiery than frosty," said NASA.



"In this configuration, watery features are displayed in reds, oranges, and yellows; vegetation appears green; and rock is shown in shades of blue."



A piedmont glacier forms when steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, where they spread out into bulbous, lobate shapes. Malaspina is fed by the Seward Ice Field and other smaller glaciers.&nbsp;



Despite its size, it's relatively thin for a glacier of its magnitude, averaging only about 600 meters (2,000 feet) in thickness.



The Malaspina Glacier is a classic example of a glacier experiencing significant retreat and thinning due to climate change. This has raised concerns about its long-term stability and the broader implications for sea-level rise.&nbsp;



The glacier's meltwater contributes to the Gulf of Alaska, and its changes are closely monitored by scientists.



Most of the Malaspina Glacier is located within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Its visually striking nature, including crevasses and moraines, makes it a subject of interest not only for scientists but also for photographers and nature enthusiasts.&nbsp;



The image was captured on October 27, 2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151929/indonesian-fires-return-in-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Moon peeking over Earth's horizon. The image was captured as the International Space Station was orbiting over Iraq. 



"Taken at an oblique angle from an altitude of 406 kilometers (252 miles), the photo has a perspective that highlights Earth’s atmospheric limb, or the edge of the atmosphere," says NASA.



"The blue-toned haze that fades into the darkness of space is the mesosphere, which reaches an altitude of about 80 kilometers (50 miles). Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. Although this layer is part of Earth’s atmosphere, it is commonly considered part of outer space."



According to NASA, the Moon is about 405,500 kilometers (251,000 miles) away from Earth at its furthest point, or apogee.



"Below the wispy clouds in the middle of the view is Lake Assad, a Euphrates River reservoir in northern Syria," notes NASA.



"Lake Assad is Syria’s largest lake and a primary source of the region’s drinking and irrigation water. The Tabqa Dam, which created the lake, is the largest hydroelectric dam in the country."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Moon peeks over Earth's horizon

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a rare view of Elephant Island off the coast of Antarctica. The photo was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission in February 2023.



Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island in the Southern Ocean. It is located in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands.



"The highest peaks are Mount Pendragon, which reaches around 970 meters, visible on the southern end, and, moving northeast, Mount Elder, which reaches around 945 meters," said ESA.



"North of Mount Elder, the wide Endurance Glacier can be seen in the centre of the image. It is the main discharge glacier on the island and drains to the south and into the Weddel Sea. Thin sea ice, visible in light blue in front of the calving front, separates the glacier terminus from the open ocean waters."



Elephant Island holds a special place in polar exploration history because of its role in the Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914-1917). After their ship, the Endurance, was trapped and then crushed by ice in the Weddell Sea, Shackleton and his crew sailed lifeboats over treacherous seas to reach Elephant Island. It was an inhospitable place with no sources of food or shelter, but it was land.



Realizing that there was no chance of rescue from Elephant Island, Shackleton and a few crew members set out in a small lifeboat, the James Caird, to sail 800 miles to South Georgia Island where they hoped to find help. This journey is considered one of the greatest boat journeys ever accomplished. They did eventually reach South Georgia, and Shackleton was able to return to Elephant Island and rescue the remaining crew members.



Though it's largely ice-covered, Elephant Island is home to various wildlife, particularly seals, penguins, and seabirds. The island is uninhabited by humans, but it is a popular destination for expedition cruises and is often visited by those interested in polar exploration history.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Elephant Island off the coast of Antarctica

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Tunulliarfik Fjord, which is located along the southern perimeter of Greenland.



"On March 13, 2023, the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 acquired these natural-color images of Tunulliarfik Fjord. The images have been pan-sharpened to bring out more detail," says NASA.



"At the time, the fjord’s waters were capped with a layer of sea ice. Atop the ice there are several long, straight lines connecting the towns of Narsarsuaq and Qassiarsuk, and running the length of the fjord. Though cracks and ridges can form naturally in the ice, there are indications that people were likely involved with producing some of the tracks pictured here."



The images were reviewed by Nathan Kurtz and several other scientists in the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The experts determined that many of the tracks were produced by vehicles like snowmobiles. 



“It seems likely that residents from the town or nearby were out on the ice, possibly hunting or traveling,“ said Kurtz.



Tunulliarfik Fjord, also known as Erik's Fjord, is historically significant because it's close to the site where Erik the Red, the Norse explorer, established the first Norse settlements in Greenland around the year 985 AD. These Norse settlements, particularly Brattahlíð, were key starting points for the Norse exploration of the region and are the reason Greenland has its name.



The fjord offers picturesque landscapes typical of Greenland, with steep cliffs, icebergs, and vast open waters. The region is rich in history, and there have been numerous archaeological digs uncovering remnants of the old Norse settlements.



Today, the nearby town of Qaqortoq is one of the primary settlements in the area, providing modern amenities while retaining a deep connection to the region's historical and cultural significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tunulliarfik Fjord in southern Greenland 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the west coast of South America. The photo was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station while orbiting over the Atacama Desert and Central Andes Mountains near the border of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.



"Over the Pacific Ocean, marine stratocumulus clouds develop over cold water that rises from the ocean depths as the Peru current (Humboldt current) flows north along the west coast of South America," says NASA. "The coastline is marked by low mountains that are dissected by canyons carved by rivers that flow down the western side of the Andes."



The Atacama Desert receives less than 0.2 inches of rain per year on average. According to NASA, this dry environment provides an ideal setting to conduct Mars analog studies.



"Active and inactive volcanoes comprise the Central Andean Volcanic Arc within the Atacama Desert and Andes Mountains. One of the inactive volcanoes visible in this photo is Bolivia’s Nevado Sajama, which has a maximum elevation of 6,542 meters (21,463 feet). Nevado Sajama and other volcanoes in the region often have <a href="http://glaciers">glaciers</a> and snow cover due to their high elevation."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Atacama Desert on the west coast of South America

Bee hives in the desert are always underground or in rock crevices. This large hive took residence in an old ant bear hole underground. Photo Credit: Whensilencefindsme

Desert Bee Hive

A recent scientific discovery could be straight out of a science fiction novel. Researchers involved in the Telescope Array experiment have identified an extraordinarily energetic cosmic ray. <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Amaterasu_cosmic-ray_Credit-Osaka-Metropolitan-University_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This particle</a>, named “Amaterasu,” originated from outside our galaxy and boasts an energy level of approximately 240 exa-electron volts (EeV). 



Despite its remarkable detection, the analysis reveals that the direction from which this cosmic ray arrived does not align with any discernible source.



Cosmic rays are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">not just particles</a> from space; they are energetic charged particles that come from both galactic and extragalactic sources. Among these, the extremely high-energy cosmic rays are particularly rare and fascinating. 



These rays can possess <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-gamma-ray-burst-was-70-times-brighter-than-any-cosmic-explosion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy levels</a> greater than 10^18 electron volts (EeV), a figure that is about a million times higher than the energy achievable by the most powerful human-made accelerators. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-telescope-array-experiment">The Telescope Array experiment</h2>



Associate Professor Toshihiro Fujii is from the Graduate School of Science and <a href="https://www.nitep.osaka-cu.ac.jp/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nambu Yoichiro Institute</a> of Theoretical and Experimental Physics at <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Osaka Metropolitan University</a>. Since 2008, Professor Fujii, alongside an international team, has been at the forefront of the <a href="https://www.telescopearray.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Telescope Array</a> experiment. 



This experiment involves a cosmic ray detector comprising 507 scintillator surface stations spread over an area of 700 square kilometers in Utah, United States. On May 27, 2021, this team made a groundbreaking discovery: they detected a particle with an energy level of 244 EeV.



“When I first discovered this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-detect-highest-energy-gamma-rays-ever-from-a-pulsar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultra-high-energy</a> cosmic ray, I thought there must have been a mistake, as it showed an energy level unprecedented in the last 3 decades,” Professor Fujii remarked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-amaterasu-particle">The Amaterasu particle</h2>



This newly detected particle has been named "Amaterasu," after the sun goddess in Shinto religion, who is believed to have played a crucial role in the creation of Japan. 



The Amaterasu particle's energy level is comparable to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">"Oh-My-God" particle</a>, which held the record for the most energetic cosmic ray with an estimated energy of 320 EeV when detected in 1991.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-amaterasu-particle">Significance of the Amaterasu particle</h2>



The discovery of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Amaterasu_cosmic-ray_Credit-Osaka-Metropolitan-University_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amaterasu particle</a> raises numerous questions: What is its origin? What type of particle is it? Unfortunately, these questions remain unanswered. 



As mentioned previously, no astronomical object corresponding to the direction from which the cosmic ray originated has been identified. This suggests the possibility of unknown astronomical phenomena or novel physical origins that extend beyond the current Standard Model of particle physics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research">Ongoing research</h2>



Professor Fujii and his team are committed to continuing their research with the Telescope Array experiment. They are also involved in an upgraded experiment, known as TAx4, which promises four times the sensitivity of the current setup. Along with next-generation observatories, these advancements will aid in a more detailed investigation into the source of this extremely energetic particle.



In summary, the Amaterasu particle not only challenges our understanding of cosmic rays but also opens the door to potentially revolutionary discoveries in astrophysics and particle physics. As researchers continue to unravel the mysteries of these high-energy particles, we may be on the verge of uncovering new aspects of our universe, far beyond what we currently comprehend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cosmic-rays">More about cosmic rays</h2>



As discussed above, cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outer space and travel at nearly the speed of light. They consist primarily of protons, atomic nuclei, and a small fraction of heavier elements, including electrons and positrons. These particles carry immense energy, often exceeding energies found in even the most powerful particle accelerators on Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-and-composition">Origins and composition</h3>



Cosmic rays originate from various sources in the universe, including the sun, distant stars, supernova explosions, and possibly even distant galaxies. The majority are atomic nuclei stripped of their electron shells, with protons (hydrogen nuclei) being the most common. Helium nuclei (alpha particles) and heavier nuclei like carbon, oxygen, and iron also constitute a significant portion.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-with-earth-s-atmosphere">Interaction with Earth's atmosphere</h3>



Upon entering Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays collide with atomic nuclei in the air, creating showers of secondary particles, including mesons, electrons, and photons. These secondary particles can sometimes be detected on the Earth's surface, providing valuable information about the primary cosmic rays.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-of-cosmic-rays">Scientific significance of cosmic rays</h3>



Cosmic rays are of great scientific interest for several reasons. They provide insights into high-energy physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Studying cosmic rays helps scientists understand the fundamental forces and particles in the universe, the behavior of stars, and the interstellar medium. Additionally, cosmic rays are a key factor in the atmospheric chemistry of Earth and other planets.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-hazards">Potential hazards</h3>



Cosmic rays pose potential hazards to astronauts in space and high-altitude flights, as they can penetrate spacecraft and aircraft. Prolonged exposure to cosmic rays can lead to increased risks of cancer and other health issues. Understanding and mitigating these risks is crucial for future space exploration and aviation safety.



Cosmic rays are not only a fascinating subject of scientific study but also have practical implications for space travel and understanding the universe's fundamental properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-oh-my-god-particle">More about the "Oh-my-God" particle</h2>



In the world of astrophysics, few discoveries stir as much excitement as the detection of extremely high-energy cosmic rays. Among these, the "Oh-My-God" particle, as mentioned above, stands out for its almost unimaginable energy levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-background-on-cosmic-rays">Background on cosmic rays</h3>



Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that travel through space, striking the Earth from all directions. Most originate from the sun or from outside our solar system, possibly even from distant galaxies. They consist primarily of protons or atomic nuclei, and their energy levels can vary widely.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery">Discovery</h3>



The "Oh-My-God" particle, named for its shockingly high energy, was first detected on the night of October 15, 1991. Researchers using the University of Utah's Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector spotted this particle. Its energy was estimated to be around 320 exa-electron volts (EeV) - more than 50 million times greater than the highest energy achieved in any human-made particle accelerator at the time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance">Significance</h3>



This particle's energy posed a significant challenge to scientists. It seemed to violate the so-called Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) limit, a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic rays from distant sources. 



This limit is based on interactions between cosmic rays and the cosmic microwave background radiation, which should theoretically sap these particles of their energy over long distances. The detection of the "Oh-My-God" particle suggested either a violation of this limit or indicated that it originated from a relatively close source in cosmic terms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications">Implications</h3>



The discovery spurred intense research and debate within the astrophysics community. It raised questions about the sources of such high-energy particles and the mechanisms that could accelerate them to such extreme velocities. Understanding these processes is crucial for our broader comprehension of the universe, including the nature of galaxies, quasars, and black holes.



In summary, the "Oh-My-God" particle remains one of the most extreme examples of cosmic rays ever observed. Its detection has played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the universe, challenging existing theories, and pushing the boundaries of astrophysics.



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"Sun goddess" cosmic ray strikes Earth, leaving scientists baffled

A recent scientific discovery could be straight out of a...

A study from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a> has shed new light on the origins of life's essential building blocks. The researchers have discovered that carbamic acid, a simple amino acid, may have formed in the icy environments near newborn stars or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trillions-of-rogue-planets-may-be-wandering-alone-in-our-galaxy/">planets</a>. 



This finding challenges the traditional belief that life's building blocks originated solely on early Earth, suggesting a cosmic genesis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prebiotic-molecules-nbsp">Prebiotic molecules&nbsp;</h2>



Life on Earth is a relatively recent phenomenon in geological terms, but the components that led to its formation could be significantly older.&nbsp;



The study proposes that prebiotic molecules, instead of originating in the oceans of early Earth, might have been birthed in the extreme cold of interstellar ices. These ices, composed of water and various gases, are found in the frigid realms of space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-amino-acids">Origins of amino acids</h2>



Previously, it was believed that amino acids, crucial for life, were products of reactions on prebiotic Earth or were brought to our planet by meteorites.&nbsp;



The meteorite theory suggests that these molecules were collected by space rocks from interstellar ices or cosmic dust. However, the origins and formation period of these building blocks remained a mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-model-ices">Model ices</h2>



To investigate, a research team led by Ralf Kaiser and Agnes Chang conducted experiments simulating conditions in interstellar ices. They created model ices with ammonia and carbon dioxide and observed their chemical reactions as they were gradually warmed on a silver substrate.&nbsp;



Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the researchers detected the formation of carbamic acid and ammonium carbamate at extremely low temperatures of -348 and -389 degrees Fahrenheit (62 and 39 Kelvin). This indicates that these molecules, precursors to complex amino acids, could have formed during the earliest and coldest phases of star development.



"Ices observed spectroscopically in molecular clouds are predominantly water, unlike model ices employed here; however, the reaction products observed have also been identified with FTIR in model ices composed primarily of water," noted the study authors.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



The team discovered that at higher temperatures comparable to those near a new star, two carbamic acid molecules could combine to form a stable gas. The molecules could have been part of the raw materials of solar systems, including ours, and later delivered to early Earth by comets or meteorites.



The research opens new possibilities for deep space exploration. Instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope could be trained to search for these prebiotic molecules in distant, star-forming regions, potentially unraveling more secrets about the origins of life.&nbsp;



The study was supported by the Division for Astronomy of the U.S. National Science Foundation, the W.M. Keck Foundation, and the University of Hawaii at Manoa.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.3c01108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Central Science</a>.



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Life's building blocks may have formed near newborn stars and planets

A study from the American Chemical Society has shed new...

A biotech firm based in San Francisco (<a href="https://loyalfordogs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Loyal</a>), is making strides in the development of a drug that could potentially increase the lifespan of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer-than-large-breeds/">dogs</a> by at least one year. 



<a href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Food and Drug Administration for Veterinary Medicine</a> recently affirmed that the data for Loyal’s drug candidate, LOY-001, shows promising signs of effectiveness. This advancement brings the possibility of veterinarians prescribing this longevity drug to our canine companions a step closer to reality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-dog-breeds-nbsp">Large dog breeds&nbsp;</h2>



Slated for a 2026 launch, LOY-001 is designed to specifically target cellular mechanisms in large and giant dog breeds. These breeds, known for their rapid aging and shorter lifespans compared to smaller breeds, could benefit significantly from this intervention.&nbsp;



“The extreme phenotypic variety found in dogs is not ‘natural’ - it’s the result of intensive breeding by humans to create dogs that excelled at tasks such as herding, protection, and companionship,” explained Brennen McKenzie, Loyal’s director of veterinary medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-the-drug-work">How does the drug work?</h2>



The drug operates by addressing the genetic anomaly of increased IGF-1 levels, a growth-promoting hormone, which is believed to curtail the lifespan of larger dogs. Studies indicate that larger dogs have IGF-1 levels up to 28 times higher than those of smaller breeds. LOY-001 seeks to reduce these levels, thereby potentially extending the healthy life of larger dogs.



Loyal’s research indicates that this innovative drug development could offer hope in extending the lifespan and healthspan of large dogs by targeting mechanisms associated with their accelerated aging. The drug, if approved, would be administered by vets as an injection every three to six months, but only for dogs that are seven years or older and weigh at least 40 pounds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-implications-nbsp">Research implications&nbsp;</h2>



Loyal is also working on other products like LOY-002, a daily pill for medium to giant breeds, and LOY-003, targeting large and giant breeds only. Celine Halioua, Loyal’s CEO, envisions that this is just the beginning, with potential implications for human longevity as well. “We are not going to make 80-year-old dogs,” Halioua stated, emphasizing the realistic goals of their research.



Inspired by her experience in an oncology clinic at 18, Halioua was moved to tackle aging in dogs. “Feeling that lack of freewill, that lack of ability to control your destiny when it comes to your health completely freaked me out,” she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-trial-phase">Clinical trial phase</h2>



Currently, Loyal is in the "companion dog clinical study" phase, conducting large-scale nationwide studies to evaluate the drug’s safety and efficacy in real-world veterinary settings. With over 1,000 dogs across the US participating in this four-year study, Loyal aims to conduct thorough testing before seeking FDA approval for prescription use.



Loyal, a subsidiary of Cellular Longevity, a San Francisco-based biotech firm, focuses on researching how drugs can control pathological aging mechanisms to prolong life. This endeavor to delay the onset and reduce the severity of age-related diseases could mark a significant advancement in veterinary medicine and beyond.



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Want to extend your dog's lifespan? A new drug shows promise

A biotech firm based in San Francisco (Loyal), is making...

An important discovery in the study of the Sun's behavior was released today by researchers at the Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India (<a href="http://www.cessi.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CESSI</a>). Their work has unveiled a new relationship between the Sun’s magnetic field and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-archipelago-15-times-wider-than-earth-spotted-by-nasa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspot</a> cycle. This discovery holds significant promise for predicting solar activities with greater accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-s-magnetic-field-and-sunspot-cycle">Sun’s magnetic field and sunspot cycle</h2>



The Sun, our nearest star, is a massive sphere of hot ionized gas, or plasma. Within it, immense plasma flows and convection currents interact to form magnetic fields. These fields surface as sunspots, dark patches comparable in size to Earth. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a> are centers of intense magnetism, possessing a magnetic strength about 10,000 times greater than Earth's.



Occasionally, these sunspot magnetic fields undergo violent disruptions, giving rise to solar magnetic storms such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-massive-solar-flare-struck-earth-on-monday-but-what-does-this-mean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flares</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejections</a>. These phenomena emit high-energy radiation and expel vast amounts of magnetized plasma into space. The most intense of these storms can wreak havoc on satellites, power grids, and communication networks on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-predicting-solar-storms">Challenge of predicting solar storms</h2>



Sunspot observation, dating back to the early 1600s, reveals a cyclic pattern. Approximately every 11 years, the number of sunspots and the intensity of solar activity peak, leading to heightened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather disturbances</a>. However, accurately predicting these peaks has been a longstanding challenge.



A dynamo mechanism, powered by plasma flows inside the Sun, drives the solar cycle. This mechanism involves two primary magnetic field components. 



One component manifests in <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/sunspots_SDO-NASA_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a>. The other component is active in recycling the Sun's large-scale dipole field, similar to Earth's magnetic field. Every 11 years, this dipole field also reverses its poles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-on-waldmeier-s-discovery">Expanding on Waldmeier’s discovery</h2>



In 1935, Swiss astronomer Max Waldmeier discovered a relationship known as the Waldmeier effect. Waldmeier found that the faster a sunspot cycle rises, the stronger the strength of the solar storms. This relationship has been pivotal in forecasting the strength of sunspot cycles based on early observations.



Priyansh Jaswal, Chitradeep Saha, and Dibyendu Nandy of <a href="https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/web/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IISER Kolkata</a> have discovered a complementary relationship. They found that the rate of decrease in the Sun’s dipole magnetic field correlates with the rate of rise of the ongoing sunspot cycle. 



This discovery, leveraging data from decades-old solar observatories, connects the two primary components of the Sun's magnetic field. In addition, it supports the notion that sunspots are integral to the solar dynamo process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictions-for-the-current-solar-cycle">Predictions for the current solar cycle</h2>



The IISER Kolkata team demonstrates how monitoring the Sun's dipole magnetic field's rate of decrease, combined with sunspot observations, can predict the peak of an ongoing cycle. Their analysis suggests that the peak of solar cycle 25 is likely to occur in early 2024, with a range of uncertainty extending to September 2024.



In summary, this new discovery opens a window for more accurate forecasting of solar cycle peaks. These are times when the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intense solar activity</a> and space weather disturbances are expected. Such advancements in understanding the Sun's magnetic dynamics are not only pivotal for space weather prediction but also essential for protecting Earth's technological infrastructure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-solar-storms">More about the solar storms</h2>



As discussed above, solar storms are powerful eruptions of electromagnetic energy and matter from the Sun. They significantly influence the solar system, particularly impacting Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere. Let's dig a little deeper.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-solar-storms">Types of solar storms</h3>



The Sun's magnetic field drives solar storms. Complex magnetic field interactions, often occurring near sunspots, lead to a sudden release of energy, causing these different types.



Solar Flares -- Intense bursts of radiation, are the Sun's most common type of solar storm. They emanate from the release of magnetic energy stored in the Sun's atmosphere and can last from minutes to hours.



Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) -- Massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. CMEs can eject billions of tons of coronal material and carry an embedded magnetic field stronger than the background solar wind interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).



Solar Proton Events -- These involve large quantities of high-energy protons released by the Sun. These particles can reach Earth within minutes to hours of a major solar flare, posing a risk to astronauts and satellites.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-solar-storms-on-earth">Impact of solar storms on Earth</h3>



Solar storms can disrupt satellite operations, communications signals, and navigation systems. They can induce electrical currents in power lines, leading to power outages.



The interaction of solar storm particles with Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere creates spectacular light shows known as auroras, predominantly visible near the polar regions.



In summary, solar storms are dynamic and powerful expressions of the Sun's energy. Understanding them is crucial for protecting Earth's technological infrastructure and furthering our knowledge of solar-terrestrial interactions.



The full study was published in&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/528/1/L27/7441123">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters</a>



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Aurora alert: Earth will soon be bombarded with solar storms as the sunspot cycle peaks

An important discovery in the study of the Sun's behavior...

Glacial ice, typically perceived as white with blue tinges to the human eye, takes on a dramatically different appearance in a recent false-color satellite image. Alaska's Malaspina Glacier, in this unique portrayal, appears more akin to a fiery landscape than a frosty one. This intriguing view was captured by the <a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/beb06da1b28849e3b55f5a93c2b1e1eb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Operational Land Imager-2</a> (OLI-2) on the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landsat 9 satellite</a> on October 27, 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-colors">Science behind the colors</h2>



The image utilizes a specific band combination (1-5-7) from the satellite's capabilities, encompassing coastal/aerosol, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared bands. This configuration presents watery features in vivid reds, oranges, and yellows, while vegetation is shown in green, and rock formations are depicted in various shades of blue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-malaspina-glacier-a-natural-wonder">Malaspina Glacier: A natural wonder</h2>



Malaspina Glacier, or Sít’ Tlein as known in Tlingit, meaning “big glacier”, is a significant natural wonder located predominantly within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. This glacier is the largest piedmont glacier globally, sprawling over approximately 1,680 square miles (4,350 square kilometers), an area exceeding that of Rhode Island. 



Primarily fed by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decades-of-change-how-climate-is-affecting-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seward Glacier</a> from the St. Elias Mountains, it is further bolstered by other glaciers like the Agassiz, spreading across a coastal plain and merging to form the colossal Malaspina.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-features-and-movement">Unique features and movement</h2>



The glacier's distinct appearance is highlighted by dark blueish-purple lines, representing moraines. These are areas where the glacier has accumulated soil, rock, and other debris along its edges. 



The intriguing zigzag patterns of these debris are a result of variations in the ice's velocity, highlighting the dynamic nature of the glacier's movement.



Periodic surges, a phenomenon where <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mendenhall-glacier-in-southeast-alaska/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in this region of Alaska suddenly move forward for a duration ranging from one to several years, contribute to the unique textural characteristics seen on Malaspina. These irregular flows lead to the folding, compression, and shearing of the moraines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-the-malaspina-glacier">Climate change and the Malaspina Glacier</h2>



At the glacier's terminus, a slender land strip forms a barrier between the ice and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gulf of Alaska</a>. Satellite imagery over time has unveiled the gradual formation of a lagoon system along this barrier in recent decades. 



The small patches of open water visible in the image, depicted in a rusty red color, indicate that some of this water is almost as saline as the ocean. Recent research suggests that this could be due to the contact between relatively warm ocean water and the ice. Such interactions might accelerate large-scale calving, potentially hastening the retreat of the glacier.



In summary, the false-color satellite image of Malaspina Glacier offers more than just a visual spectacle. It provides crucial insights into the glacier's structure, movements, and the potential environmental impacts of its interaction with surrounding waters. As technology continues to evolve, such images become invaluable tools for understanding and monitoring the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-fueling-earthquakes-in-alaska/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delicate balance</a> of our planet's natural wonders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-malaspina-glacier-in-depth">Malaspina Glacier in depth</h2>



Nestled in the southeastern region of Alaska, the Malaspina Glacier stands as a testament to the grandeur and dynamic nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-previously-stable-glaciers-are-now-rapidly-disappearing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's glacial systems</a>. 



As touched upon previously in this article, Malaspina is the world's largest piedmont glacier. It captivates with its immense size and serves as a critical subject for scientific study and environmental monitoring.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-and-structure-of-malaspina-glacier">Formation and structure of Malaspina Glacier</h3>



Named after the Italian explorer Alessandro Malaspina, the Malaspina Glacier originates primarily from the ice flows of the Seward Glacier, as mentioned previously. These flows, descending from the rugged terrain of the St. Elias Mountains, converge with other glaciers like the Agassiz and Hayden to form Malaspina's vast expanse. 



This convergence occurs on a coastal plain, where the glacier spreads out like a fan, covering an area of approximately 1,680 square miles (4,350 square kilometers) - larger than the state of Rhode Island.



What sets Malaspina apart is its classification as a piedmont glacier. This type of glacier occurs when steep valley glaciers spill into relatively flat plains, where they spread out extensively. As a result, Malaspina presents a remarkable juxtaposition of rugged mountain ice flows and a sprawling ice plateau.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-moraines-in-shaping-malaspina">Role of moraines in shaping Malaspina</h3>



As Malaspina Glacier advances, it carries with it an assortment of rocks, soil, and other debris. These materials accumulate along the glacier's edges and internal flow lines, forming prominent features known as moraines. The moraines of Malaspina are particularly noticeable, marked by dark, zigzag patterns that are visible from aerial and satellite imagery.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-reveals-the-evolution-of-alpine-ice-over-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moraines</a> play a significant role in the glacier's dynamics. They indicate areas of different ice velocities and provide clues about the glacier's past movements and surge events. These surge events, characterized by rapid forward movements of the glacier, dramatically reshape the moraines, adding to the glacier's complex texture.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-significance">Environmental significance</h3>



Malaspina Glacier is a focal point for glaciologists and climate scientists. Due to its size and sensitivity to climate variations, the glacier acts as an indicator of environmental changes. Scientists study Malaspina to understand glacial dynamics, ice-ocean interactions, and the broader implications of climate change on glacial systems.



Recent observations have shown signs of thinning and retreating in parts of Malaspina Glacier. This retreat is particularly concerning as it contributes to sea-level rise and affects the regional ecosystem. The glacier's interaction with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/dust-streams-over-the-gulf-of-alaska/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gulf of Alaska</a> is also of interest, as warming ocean temperatures could accelerate its melting.



In summary, the Malaspina Glacier, with its vast size and dynamic nature, is a crucial component of Earth's cryosphere, acting as both a subject for scientific inquiry and a barometer for environmental changes. As we continue to witness the impacts of climate change, understanding and monitoring glaciers like Malaspina becomes increasingly important in our global effort to comprehend and mitigate these changes.



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Breathtaking NASA photo of the Malaspina Glacier resembles an abstract painting

Glacial ice, typically perceived as white with blue tinges to...

In a recent development hailed as a conservation success, bluefin tuna have made a remarkable return to Northern European waters. This resurgence, however, is shadowed by concerns over rising sea temperatures in their Mediterranean nursery grounds. 



New research led by the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> suggests that this recovery may be fleeting due to the impending climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-rising-temperatures">Impact of rising temperatures</h2>



According to the research, the Mediterranean Sea is expected to reach temperatures that could drive juvenile bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tunas-billfishes-and-sharks-are-sentinels-of-global-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> out within the next 50 years. 



Professor Clive Trueman is the lead author and a Geochemical Ecology expert at the University of Southampton. He emphasized the critical temperature threshold, saying, “We have found that anything over 28 degrees Celsius will adversely impact bluefins’ growth.”



The study predicts a potential shift in the tuna's nursery areas to cooler regions like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/desert-dust-over-the-bay-of-biscay/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bay of Biscay</a>. This migration poses a new challenge as juvenile tuna might end up in existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-fisheries-threatened-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fisheries</a> for sardines and anchovies. This confluence of events would necessitate a change in fishery management practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-use-of-otolith">Innovative use of otolith</h2>



An international team, including the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a> and Spain's <a href="https://www.azti.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AZTI</a> science and technology centre, used a novel method involving the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/bluefin-tuna-otolith_credit-Clive-Trueman_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">otolith</a> -- a tissue found behind the brains of bony fish. 



This method was pioneered by Professor Trueman. It analyzes the otolith's chemistry to measure the tuna’s metabolic rate, offering insights into the ideal living conditions for these fish.



The otolith, or 'ear stone', is crucial for a fish’s ability to hear and balance. Professor Trueman explained its significance, saying, “Our new work uses variations in the levels of natural stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in the otolith to reveal each tuna’s individual metabolic rate. This can tell us when waters are getting too hot for the fish to handle - it’s like a natural fitness tracker.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bluefin-tuna-value">Bluefin tuna value</h2>



Bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-payment-tuna-ocean-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> are among the largest and most powerful fish in the sea. They are capable of impressive speeds, leaping out of the water at 43 miles per hour. These fish are not just ecologically significant but also economically valuable, with their meat being a prized component in sushi and sashimi.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-pinpoint-blue-corridors-for-large-migratory-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> spawns on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, with Eastern Atlantic bluefin spending their first year in the Mediterranean. Upon reaching maturity, they venture into the Atlantic. Bluefin will often cross the ocean in search of prey like sardines and herring, before returning to the Mediterranean to spawn.



In summary, the return of bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mercury-levels-in-bluefin-tuna-reveal-patterns-of-ocean-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> to Northern European waters is a testament to successful conservation efforts. However, the looming threat of climate change, specifically the rising temperatures in their Mediterranean nursery grounds, presents new challenges. 



This research highlights, most importantly, the resilience of bluefin tuna. However, it also underscores the need for adaptive management in fisheries and a deeper understanding of the impact of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bluefin-tuna">More about bluefin tuna</h2>



As discussed previously, bluefin tuna are one of the ocean's most magnificent creatures. They command the attention of environmentalists, fishermen, and seafood connoisseurs alike. Let's now delve into their biology, behavior, and the challenges they face in today's oceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biology-and-characteristics">Biology and characteristics</h3>



Impressive Size and Speed -- Bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tuna-contain-toxic-mercury-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> stand out for their size and speed. They can grow up to three meters in length and weigh over 680 kilograms (1,500 pounds). Known for their incredible speed, they swim at bursts of up to 70 kilometers per hour (43 miles per hour), as mentioned above.



Unique Physiological Traits -- These fish possess several unique physiological adaptations. Unlike most fish, bluefins can regulate their body temperature, allowing them to thrive in diverse water temperatures. Their streamlined bodies and powerful tails make them highly efficient swimmers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-migration-patterns">Habitat and migration patterns</h3>



Diverse Habitats -- Bluefin tuna inhabit various oceanic environments. They primarily roam the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with distinct populations in the Eastern and Western Atlantic.



Long-Distance Migrations -- These fish are renowned for their long-distance migrations, crossing oceans for feeding and spawning. Western Atlantic bluefins migrate between North American waters and the Gulf of Mexico, while Eastern Atlantic populations travel between European waters and their spawning grounds in the Mediterranean.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bluefin-tuna-diet-and-feeding-habits">Bluefin tuna diet and feeding habits</h3>



Predatory Nature -- Bluefin tuna are apex predators, feeding on a diet rich in fish and cephalopods. Their preferred prey includes herring, mackerel, and squid. They hunt both individually and in schools, showcasing impressive coordination.



Foraging Strategies -- Bluefins employ various foraging strategies, from swift, powerful attacks to cooperative hunting in groups. Their keen eyesight and heightened sense of smell aid in locating prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-life-cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h3>



Spawning Rituals -- Bluefin tuna spawn in warm waters, typically in the Mediterranean Sea for the Eastern Atlantic population. Spawning occurs annually, with females releasing millions of eggs, ensuring a higher chance of survival for the offspring.



Growth and Development -- Young bluefins grow rapidly, a necessity for survival in the competitive oceanic environment. They reach sexual maturity at around 3-5 years, embarking on their first spawning migrations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-and-threats">Conservation status and threats</h3>



Overfishing and Population Decline -- Bluefin tuna face significant threats from overfishing. Their high market value, particularly for sushi and sashimi, has led to intense fishing pressure, causing a stark decline in their populations.



Environmental Challenges -- As mentioned previously in this article, climate change and pollution also pose grave threats to bluefin tuna. Changes in ocean temperatures affect their spawning grounds and migration patterns, while pollution impacts their health and the ecosystems they inhabit.



In summary, bluefin tuna are not only a seafood delicacy, they are integral to the marine ecosystem. Understanding their biology, behavior, and the challenges they face is crucial for their conservation. 



Efforts to manage fisheries sustainably and address environmental issues are vital to ensure the survival of these magnificent creatures for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41930-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Bluefin tuna, a sushi delicacy, will likely be extinct within 50 years

In a recent development hailed as a conservation success, bluefin...

Female,Pupils,And,Brain,Function,,Reveal,A,Hidden,Signal,About

In a recent study led by Dr. Shawn Olsen at the <a href="https://alleninstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Allen Institute</a>, researchers have made significant strides in understanding how our brains perceive - or fail to perceive - visual stimuli. The research, focusing on a mind-blowing phenomenon known as visual masking, reveals intriguing insights into the mechanisms of conscious perception in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/">brain</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-visual-masking">What is visual masking?</h2>



Visual masking occurs when an individual fails to consciously <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-sense-of-smell-can-change-the-colors-we-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perceive</a> an image due to the rapid succession of another image. 



For the effect to occur, the first image must appear and disappear swiftly, followed rapidly (within about 50 milliseconds) by the second image. The current study explores visual masking in mice for the first time.



Scientists discovered this puzzling phenomenon in the 19th century, but the underlying mechanisms remain a mystery.&nbsp;



From previous studies, the scientists knew that neurons in the retina and parts of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> in that pathway are activated even when a person is not aware that they are seeing an image. This means that your brain can see things without your knowledge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-masking-and-awareness">Visual masking and awareness</h2>



Dr. Olsen and his team, including Dr. Christof Koch and Dr. Sam Gale, trained mice to respond to visual stimuli. The mice were taught to turn a tiny LEGO wheel in the direction of a briefly flashed image to receive a treat.&nbsp;



When a masking image was introduced immediately after the target image, the mice failed to perform the task correctly, indicating a loss of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-and-adults-perceive-time-differently/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conscious perception</a> of the original image.



“This is an interesting observation, where what is present in the world is not accurately reflected in your perception,” said Dr. Olsen. “Like other visual illusions, we think that it tells us something about the way the visual system works and ultimately about the neural circuits that underlie visual awareness.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conscious-perception">Conscious perception </h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-in-the-brain-does-consciousness-reside-scientists-think-they-might-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conscious perception</a> refers to the awareness that one has of their surroundings and internal states through sensory experiences. It involves the recognition and interpretation of sensory inputs, such as sights, sounds, and tactile sensations, as well as internal stimuli like thoughts and emotions.



The researchers pinpointed a specific brain region that is necessary for visual masking illusion to work. They propose that the visual cortex or higher areas of the cortex are responsible for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conscious-awareness-when-does-our-sense-of-purpose-emerge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conscious perception</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-and-mouse-perception-nbsp">Human and mouse perception&nbsp;</h2>



The experts wanted to confirm that the optical illusion they showed the rodents is relevant to humans. They tested 16 people using a keystroke instead of the wheel. The results showed that human and mouse perception - or lack thereof - is very similar.&nbsp;



The fact that human and mouse perceptions of this visual masking illusion were similar reinforces the theory that conscious perception resides in the cortex of mammals. That fits with the general sentiment in the field that the cortex is the seat of conscious perception in mammals, including us, said Dr. Koch.



In summary, the Allen Institute's research offers profound insights into how our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-advanced-brain-mapping-yet-reveals-how-we-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains process</a> visual information and what factors contribute to our conscious perception of the world. It opens new avenues for understanding more about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-stability-vision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">visual system</a> and the neural circuits that govern visual awareness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-visual-masking">More about visual masking</h2>



As discussed above in the Allen Institute study analysis, visual masking is a fascinating phenomenon in the realm of perceptual psychology that offers key insights into how our visual system processes information. It occurs when the perception of one visual stimulus (the mask) impairs the visibility of another stimulus (the target) when they are presented in close temporal succession.



To reiterate and further clarify, the process of visual masking can be broken down into two primary types: backward masking and forward masking. In backward masking, the mask appears after the target, disrupting the processing of the initial stimulus. This type is particularly intriguing because it suggests that our perception is not instantaneous but rather involves a certain degree of processing time. 



Forward masking, on the other hand, involves the mask appearing before the target. It demonstrates the preparatory effect of the visual system in anticipating and processing incoming stimuli.



Visual masking has significant implications in understanding the temporal dynamics of visual processing. It reveals that our perception of the present is partially influenced by recent visual experiences. This aspect is crucial in fields like cognitive psychology, neurology, and even in practical applications like the design of user interfaces and visual displays.



In summary, visual masking is not just a curious trick of perception but a window into the complex and dynamic nature of how we interpret and understand visual information. Its study continues to uncover the intricate workings of the human visual system, enhancing our comprehension of the brain and perception.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01488-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Neuroscience</a>.&nbsp;



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Visual masking: Your brain can see and process information without "your" knowledge

In a recent study led by Dr. Shawn Olsen at...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Wild hog in the Namib desert in Namibia Photo Credit: Photofex-AUT

Wild Hog

Black Widow Spider -Female, male and egg sac Photo Credit: Mark_Kostich