When you think about butterflies and moths, what comes to mind? A peaceful scene of these creatures fluttering around flowers, their delicate bodies brushing against petals while they seek nectar. Well, it's time to add another scene to that mental canvas -- one with static electricity.



New research reveals that these insects amass so much static electricity while in flight that they pull pollen towards them from several millimeters or even centimeters away.



Dr. Sam England from <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/biology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol's School of Biological Sciences</a> leads a team of researchers that has made this striking discovery. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterflies-moths-and-static-electricity">Butterflies, moths, and static electricity</h2>



This fascinating finding holds implications for these insects' effectiveness as high-efficiency pollinators.



Dr. England's team also discovered that the extent of static electricity varies amongst different species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-love-pretty-butterflies-and-that-complicates-data-for-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies and moths</a>. 



These differences align with aspects of their ecology, such as whether they visit flowers, hail from a tropical environment, or are day or night flyers.



This evidence suggests that the quantity of static electricity an animal accumulates is an adaptive trait, making it a candidate for natural selection's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary process</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accumulation-in-butterflies">Accumulation in butterflies</h2>



“We knew many species accumulate static electricity as they fly, likely through friction with the air. It had been suggested that this static electricity might enhance the pollination capabilities of flower-visiting animals, like bees and hummingbirds, by using electrostatic attraction for pollen," Dr. England elaborates.



So, the intriguing question was whether this principle extends to an array of crucial pollinators such as butterflies and moths. If they, too, accumulate significant charge, could that charge attract pollen onto them?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-behind-static-electricity-in-butterflies">Factors behind static electricity in butterflies</h2>



The team studied 269 butterflies and moths across 11 different species, native to five continents and found in various ecological niches. 



Scientists then compared these species to determine whether ecological factors correlated with their charge. This investigation helps establish static charging as a trait upon which evolution can act.



"A clearer picture is developing of how static electricity's influence in pollination might be powerful and widespread," Dr. England shared. 



"By establishing electrostatic charging as a trait upon which evolution can act, it opens up numerous questions about how and why natural selection might lead to animals benefiting or suffering from the quantity of static electricity they accumulate."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-power-of-pollinators">Invisible power of pollinators</h2>



"We've discovered that butterflies and moths accumulate so much static electricity when flying, that pollen is literally pulled through the air towards them as they approach a flower," Dr. England concluded. 



These creatures can pollinate without even touching flowers, making them incredibly effective at their job and highlighting their crucial contribution to our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-butterfly-migration-sparked-by-a-surge-in-vegetation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-triggered-by-nature">Innovation triggered by nature</h2>



This study's practical implications are far-reaching. Technology might harness this knowledge to artificially increase pollinators or pollen's electrostatic charges, thereby enhancing pollination rates in natural and agricultural settings.



The insights gained from Dr. England's study could pave the way for innovative strategies in agriculture, particularly in the context of increasing crop yields. 



By manipulating the electrostatic properties of pollen or enhancing the natural static electricity in pollinators like butterflies and moths, farmers could potentially improve the efficiency of pollination processes.



This approach may lead to a reduced need for chemical pollinators and support more sustainable farming practices. 



Moreover, understanding how static electricity influences interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inform conservation efforts</a> aimed at preserving diverse ecosystems that rely on these critical relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-butterflies-and-electricity">Future research on butterflies and electricity</h2>



As the study opens new avenues of inquiry, future research may delve deeper into the genetic and ecological factors that influence the accumulation of static electricity among pollinators. 



Investigating the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon could shed light on the evolutionary history of these species and their interactions with various plants. 



Additionally, examining the effects of environmental changes -- such as climate change and habitat loss -- on the electrostatic charging capabilities of butterflies and moths will be crucial in assessing the resilience of pollination systems.



This line of research may also contribute to our understanding of how biodiversity loss impacts ecosystem functionality, emphasizing the need for comprehensive conservation strategies.



“For me personally, I would love to do a wider survey of as many different species of animal as possible, see how much static electricity they accumulate, and then look for any correlations with their ecology and lifestyle. Then we can really begin to understand how evolution and static electricity interact!” Dr England concluded.



So, the next time you see a butterfly or a moth flutter by, remember, there's a whole lot of science in that seemingly simple flight!



The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2024.0156" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of The Royal Society Interface</a>. 



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Butterflies use static electricity to catch pollen without touching it

When you think about butterflies and moths, what comes to mind? A peaceful scene of these creatures fluttering around flowers, their delicate bodies brushing against petals while they seek nectar. Well, it's time to add another scene to that mental canvas -- one with static electricity. New research reveals that these insects amass so much static electricity while in flight that they pull pollen towards them from several millimeters or even centimeters away. Dr. Sam England from Bristol's School of Biological Sciences leads a team of researchers...

We've all seen the heart-wrenching sight - a dog stumbling through familiar territories rendered unfamiliar by impending blindness. But, recent research brings good news to all dog-lovers. The <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> presents a ray of sunshine that could eliminate Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), a cause of inherited blindness in English Shepherds.



This commendable effort was spearheaded by researcher Katherine Stanbury affiliated with the University's <a href="https://www.vet.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Veterinary Medicine</a>. 



"Once the dog's eyesight starts to fail, there’s no treatment - it will end up totally blind," stated Stanbury. However, with the revelation of a new DNA test, she envisions a future where no English Shepherd is born with this form of PRA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pra-mutation-causing-dog-blindness"> PRA mutation causing dog blindness</h2>



The PRA-causing mutation is recessive, leading to blindness only when a dog inherits two copies. If a dog is a carrier - having only one copy - it remains unaffected but can transfer the mutation to its offspring.



This DNA test could revolutionize breeders' decision-making processes, significantly reducing PRA's prevalence among English Shepherds.



Stanbury's team kicked off their investigation following their interaction with an English Shepherd owner whose dog, a former search and rescue member, was diagnosed with PRA. 



Through whole genome sequencing of DNA samples from both affected and unaffected dogs, the team successfully pinpointed the mutation responsible for PRA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fight-against-dog-blindness">Fight against dog blindness</h2>



The Cambridge research team currently operates a canine genetic testing service, offering PRA tests for English Shepherds at an affordable £48. 



Interestingly, this research may have far-reaching implications beyond canines. PRA shares similarities with retinitis pigmentosa in humans, a condition that also results in blindness. The team's findings could potentially inspire novel gene therapies to combat human disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



“An owner won't necessarily notice their dog has got anything wrong with its eyes until it starts bumping into the furniture. Unlike humans who will speak up if their sight isn’t right, dogs just have to get on with things,” said Dr. Cathryn Mellersh, senior author of the report.



“For the price of a decent bag of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diets-may-not-be-best-for-dogs-after-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog food</a> people can now have their English Shepherd tested for Progressive Retinal Atrophy prior to breeding. 



"It’s about prevention, rather than a cure, and it means a huge amount to the people who breed these dogs. They no longer need to worry about whether the puppies are going to be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/probiotics-help-overweight-dogs-shed-pounds/">healthy</a> or are going to develop this horrible disease in a few years’ time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocating-awareness-on-dog-blindness">Advocating awareness on dog blindness</h2>



With the exciting developments in PRA research, the focus now shifts towards increasing awareness within the wider dog-breeding community. The Cambridge team is actively engaging with dog shows, veterinary conferences, and breeding seminars to educate breeders and pet owners about the significance of genetic testing.



Dr. Mellersh emphasizes that "education is key to utilizing the tools at our disposal effectively" and encourages potential participants to understand their roles in eradicating genetically <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-neutering-linked-to-serious-health-risks-in-some-dog-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inherited health issues</a>.



By fostering a collaborative effort among breeders, veterinarians, and dog owners, the dream of a PRA-free future for English Shepherds is more attainable than ever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-at-the-bigger-picture">Looking at the bigger picture </h2>



With the discovery of this DNA test, we’ve stepped into uncharted territory. With 33 genetic mutations causing inherited diseases in dogs identified by the team so far, we are inching closer to a future reality where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-strong-link-between-dog-size-and-disease-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inherited diseases</a> in dogs are a thing of the past.



The work of this team at the University of Cambridge is not just changing lives, but it's also shaping our understanding of inherited diseases.



And while there's a kind of poignancy in knowing that many dogs' health has been compromised because of the way they've been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-breeding-dogs-like-dachshunds-deserve-a-healthy-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bred by humans</a>, let’s also acknowledge that this discovery marks a turning point.



So, what can we do now to contribute? If you’re an English Shepherd owner, you could start by getting your dog tested. As for the rest of us? Let's keep spreading the word, raising awareness, and supporting the teams making this world a more dog-friendly place.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Genes</a>.



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Dog blindness can be avoided with affordable DNA testing

We've all seen the heart-wrenching sight - a dog stumbling...

Ever wondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-retinal-cells-explain-complex-color-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">one sense</a> can influence the other? Researchers from Anglia Ruskin University (<a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARU</a>) and University of East Anglia (<a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UEA</a>) have discovered something, quite mystifying. People who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suffer</a> vision loss in childhood struggle more than those who experience it later in life when it comes to accurately judging the location of a sound.



Led by Professor Shahina Pardhan, director of the Vision and Eye Research Institute at ARU, this pioneering study highlights how the two senses - sight and hearing - are interconnected in ways we never realized before.



Dr. Pardhan and her team's findings help us delve into the world of people with vision loss, shedding light on the challenges they face in their day-to-day lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vision-loss-and-sound-location">Vision loss and sound location</h2>



It appears that growing up with blurry sights or plunging into darkness at a tender age has its unique impact. The findings reveal that individuals who lose their vision before the age of 10 find it harder to judge the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spatial-hearing-how-humans-know-where-sounds-come-from/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">location of sounds</a>.



Imagine being asked to guess the source of a sound. Now think about those who have had partial vision loss during their childhood, for whom this is a part of their daily routine. Our study participants, 52 individuals all under the age of 33, were put to the test - and the results were intriguing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sound-and-vision-of-distance">Sound and vision of distance</h2>



The experiment involved 480 trials, spanning an hour and forty minutes, during which participants estimated the distance of each sound. The sounds, which varied among speech, music, and noise, were emitted from distances ranging from 1.2m to 13.8m away.



The results were revealing. Individuals with early-onset vision loss were more likely to overestimate the distance of sounds up to five meters away.



They perceived the sounds to be coming from farther away than they actually were. These findings reveal a complex relationship between vision loss and our perception of sound.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vision-of-sound-a-nuanced-perspective">Vision of sound: A nuanced perspective</h2>



On the other hand, later-onset vision loss did not significantly alter distance judgments when compared to the fully-sighted control group. 



This points towards how our sensory perception develops and adapts over time. The time frame of vision loss plays a distinct role in how we perceive our environment through our other senses.



According to Dr. Andrew Kolarik, co-author of the study from UEA’s <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Psychology</a> and ARU’s <a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk/vision-and-eye-research-institute" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vision and Eye Research Institute</a>, the research shows that even partial vision loss can lead to changes in hearing abilities, especially if vision is lost early on in life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-this-mean">What does this mean?</h2>



How does this impact the everyday lives of individuals with early vision loss? Here's a simple example. Imagine trying to cross a road and being unable to accurately judge the distance of the sound of an approaching vehicle.



Professor Pardhan emphasized the importance of this study for the healthcare needs of people who suffered partial vision loss early in life, such as at birth or in childhood, who tend to be reliant on their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sounds-can-change-the-way-we-see-things/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other sensory abilities</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-support-and-rehabilitation">Implications for support and rehabilitation</h2>



Understanding the intricate relationship between vision loss and sound perception is crucial for developing support strategies. 



Future studies could explore additional sensory adaptations in individuals with various types of vision loss, offering deeper insights into their unique experiences and challenges.



Professionals in rehabilitation can tailor their approaches to address the specific challenges faced by individuals with early-onset vision loss. 



Encouraging engagement in exercises that enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soundwaves-can-be-used-to-move-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sound localization skills</a> may enable these individuals to navigate their environments more safely and confidently, ultimately improving their quality of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



“These results suggest that people who suffer vision loss at birth or in early childhood are more likely to struggle to accurately judge the distance of close-range sounds," explained Professor Pardhan.



“This is the first study of its kind and is important when assessing the healthcare needs of people who suffered partial vision loss early in life, such as at birth or in childhood, who tend to be reliant on their other sensory abilities."



Professor Pardhan hopes the research will ultimately contribute to solutions to improve the lives of people with vision loss across the world.



That's just the tip of the iceberg. We are only just peeling the layers off this fascinating relationship between our senses. And while there is much more to uncover, one thing is certain - our senses are more interconnected than we ever thought possible. 



Isn’t it fascinating how the absence of one sense can influence our perception through the others?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/fulltext/2024/06000/effect_of_early_versus_late_onset_of_partial.15.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Optometry and Vision Science</a>.



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Vision loss in childhood also affects hearing

Ever wondered how one sense can influence the other? Researchers...

In the coolness of evening, bull <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/these-us-zoos-have-horrific-living-conditions-for-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> gather at a waterhole to drink. After a while, a senior male signals the group to move on with a deep rumble. One by one, the others respond, their infrasonic calls creating a harmonious chorus that echoes across the savanna, indicating it's time to leave.



For the first time, scientists from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and other institutions have documented male elephants using these “let's go” rumbles to coordinate group departures from the Mushara waterhole in Etosha National Park, Namibia. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sophisticated-vocal-coordination-nbsp">Sophisticated vocal coordination&nbsp;</h2>



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-use-specific-names-to-address-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocalization behavior</a>, initiated by the most socially integrated and dominant males, was previously thought to be exclusive to female elephants in family groups.



“We were astonished to find that male elephants, typically considered to have loose social ties, engage in such sophisticated vocal coordination to trigger action,” said study lead author Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell, a research associate at Stanford University’s Center for Conservation Biology.&nbsp;



“These calls show us that there’s much more going on within their vocal communication than has previously been known.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recording-the-elephant-rumbles-nbsp">Recording the elephant rumbles&nbsp;</h2>



O’Connell-Rodwell first recorded the male “let’s go” rumble in 2004 during nighttime fieldwork to understand how elephant vocalizations travel through the ground.&nbsp;



“I was so excited when I managed to record it,” she recalled. “It was thrilling to realize that these males were using complex vocal coordination like the females were.”



From 2005 to 2017, the team collected data at the Mushara waterhole, mainly during the dry seasons. They used high-tech recording equipment, including buried microphones and night-vision video cameras, to capture the infrasonic vocalizations and behaviors of male elephants.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed the vocalizations for acoustic properties and patterns, using social network analysis to understand relationships and hierarchy among the males, noting which elephants initiated the rumbles, how others responded, and the sequence of events leading to the coordinated departures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-let-s-go-rumbles-are-learned-behaviors-nbsp">“Let's go” rumbles are learned behaviors&nbsp;</h2>



The “let’s go” rumbles observed in male elephants are strikingly similar to those recorded in female elephants. O’Connell-Rodwell and her team hypothesize that male elephants likely learn this behavior when they are young.&nbsp;



“They grew up in a family where all the female leaders were engaging in this ritual,” she said. “We think that as they mature and form their own groups, they adapt and use these learned behaviors to coordinate with other males.”



Both male and female elephants follow a turn-taking pattern in their rumbles, creating a harmonious vocal coordination akin to a barbershop quartet. “It’s very synchronized and ritualized. When one goes high, the other goes low, and they have this vocal space where they’re coordinating,” she explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-language-of-elephants-nbsp">The language of elephants&nbsp;</h2>



The study builds on previous research that used AI to reveal that wild elephants have unique names for each other, indicating the use of nouns in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-disrupts-communication-among-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a>. 



“In our paper, we show that elephants are using verbs in the form of this ‘let’s go’ rumble. If they are using noun-verb combinations together, that is syntax. That is language,” said O’Connell-Rodwell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mentoring-roles-of-dominant-males-nbsp">Mentoring roles of dominant males&nbsp;</h2>



The study also highlights the mentoring roles of some dominant male elephants within their social groups, helping to maintain cohesion and stability.&nbsp;



“These individuals take on mentoring roles,” noted O’Connell-Rodwell. “They care about these young whippersnappers who are very needy and always wanting to be in physical contact. The older males are willing to take them under their wing, to guide them, share resources with them, and partake in their emotional ups and downs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives-of-male-elephants-nbsp">Social lives of male elephants&nbsp;</h2>



In countries that allow hunting, care should be taken to avoid hunting older socially connected male elephants, as their removal could disrupt social cohesion and mentoring structures within elephant populations.&nbsp;



The research also suggests that strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-bonds-can-ease-stress-among-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a> and interactions are essential for the well-being of captive and semi-captive male elephants, highlighting the need for environments that support these social structures.



“Our findings not only underscore the complexity and richness of the social lives of male elephants, but also advance our understanding of how they use vocalizations in ritual and coordination and, really, move us closer to the idea of elephant language,” O’Connell-Rodwell concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://peerj.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PeerJ</a>.



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Bull elephants use deep rumbles to say ‘let’s go’

In the coolness of evening, bull elephants gather at a...

It’s commonly accepted wisdom that genetic diversity is vital for the survival of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fire-ants-can-teach-us-how-to-create-stronger-materials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>, and sexual reproduction helps maintain this diversity. But what happens when a species doesn't reproduce sexually? Usually, it's a recipe for low genetic diversity and a ticket to extinction. Yet, in the realm of clonal raider ants, this doesn't seem to be the case. Why so?



A recent study has shed light on this intriguing mystery, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-are-shifting-to-new-habitats-to-cope-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">story of survival</a> in the face of biological norms, courtesy of researchers from <a href="https://www.rockefeller.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rockefeller University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity-of-clonal-raider-ants">Genetic diversity of clonal raider ants</h2>



To give you some context, the clonal raider ant is a blind, queenless creature found in tropical settings around the globe. 



The species is originally native to Bangladesh and reproduces through parthenogenesis. This type of asexual reproduction results in offspring that inherit two sets of genetically identical chromosomes from the mother – in other words, clone daughters.



Now, you'd be forgiven for thinking that this should lead to a drastic loss in genetic diversity and, over time, species collapse. But these resilient little creatures are confounding expectations and surviving – and flourishing – quite well.



Kip Lacy, a graduate fellow in the Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, and his mentor Daniel Kronauer are the faces behind this discovery. They found out that the clonal raider ant doesn't leave gene transmission to chance. 



Instead, it ensures that offspring inherit two different versions of its complete genome, thus preserving the genetic diversity existing in the ancient founder of each clonal line.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-deeper-into-the-mystery">Diving deeper into the mystery</h2>



Under normal circumstances, chromosomes mix randomly during meiosis, a kind of cell division resulting in sperm and egg cells. This, however, doesn't seem to be the case with our ant friends.



Lacy and Kronauer highlight that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-ants-have-a-big-impact-on-the-hunting-behavior-of-lions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asexual creatures</a> face two significant challenges at the cellular level. Firstly, they need to produce diploid genomes (containing two sets of chromosomes) to pass onto their offspring. 



Secondly, this offspring must have a genetic makeup compatible with development and reproduction, something that many asexual species, burdened with two identical chromosomal sets, lack.



"We think we've discovered how clonal raider ants are avoiding the loss of genetic diversity that otherwise routinely results from parthenogenesis," said Lacy. "Maybe this diversity enables the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-are-now-using-cars-to-travel-spread-to-new-locations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival of the species</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-ant-maintains-genetic-diversity">How the ant maintains genetic diversity</h2>



Here's where the clonal raider ant, a parthenogenetic creature, breaks away from the mold. Contrary to what you'd expect, it manages to retain significant diversity during each reproductive cycle. How does it pull off such a feat? It's all down to the process of genetic recombination.



In the clonal raider ant, recombination events lead to new gene copy combinations. Yet, rather than being shuffled randomly, the recombined chromosomes always inherited together. 



"This co-inheritance could explain how this species continues to survive. In clonal raider ants, it's 800% more likely to occur than would be expected from a random roll of the genetic dice," noted Lacy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-strategy-for-genetic-diversity-retention">Novel strategy for genetic diversity retention</h2>



This, as Kronauer pointed out, is a unique strategy for retaining genetic diversity. It basically shows that there are more ways of dodging random genetic inheritance than we previously thought. 



Notably, this system of unselfish inheritance, where no gene has an advantage and all gene copies are co-inherited, is a new and unexplored concept in the biological sciences. 



Whether this method applies to other organisms, including sexually reproducing species, remains to be determined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-unusual-reproductive-biology">Studying unusual reproductive biology</h2>



This research serves as a powerful reminder of why we must explore species with unique reproductive biology. 



"If we hadn't studied these asexual ants, we might never have learned about this mode of reproduction," noted Lacy.



And who knows? Their further exploration of these fascinating creatures might well rewrite our understanding of genetics and survival in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/desert-ants-use-earths-magnetic-field-for-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural world</a>.



So, next time you see an ant, take a moment to appreciate the astonishing genetic diversity and survival strategies that these tiny creatures carry within. Their tiny bodies bear testament to the wonders of nature and its never-ending capacity to surprise us.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02455-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution.</a>



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How do asexual ants maintain genetic diversity?

It’s commonly accepted wisdom that genetic diversity is vital for...

A chicken named Cluck, a turkey called Tom, or a pig introduced as Penny – the simple act of giving a name and pointing out individual qualities may significantly change young children's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/family-dogs-boost-physical-activity-levels-among-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attitudes towards animals</a>. 



This intriguing concept was demonstrated by researchers from <a href="https://english.swps.pl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPS University</a> who suggest that assigning distinct identities to animals actually makes children perceive them as more similar to humans. 



Rather than seeing them as a source of their next meal, children might instead prefer to foster friendships with these named creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-naming-animals">Science behind naming animals</h2>



To lend substance to these findings, we turn to Dr. Aleksandra Rabinovitch, an expert in the Faculty of Psychology at SWPS University. 



Dr. Rabinovitch sheds light on our relationship with animals, particularly edible ones, and its deep-rooted connection with our dietary choices.



Dive into the world of children's shows and stories, and you'll find animals with unique names, distinct characteristics, and individual preferences playing prominent roles. 



An example that springs to mind is the widely cherished animated series, "Peppa Pig." But, does this approach to characterizing animals encourage children to see them as relatable beings and discourage them from associating them with meat?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cognitive-dissonance-dilemma">The cognitive dissonance dilemma</h2>



The dilemma lies in the recognition that consuming meat causes harm to animals, something humans, generally compassionate towards animals, wrestle with. 



Dr. Rabinovitch explains that to soothe this cognitive dissonance, people often resort to certain defense strategies without altering their existing dietary practices.



The strategies may include denying that edible animals possess human-like mental attributes, such as the capacity to experience suffering. The result? The more meat products people <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-children-healthy-diets-can-be-very-challenging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consume</a>, the less empathy they tend to show towards these animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-meat-a-lesson-for-little-ones">Eating meat: A lesson for little ones</h2>



Surprisingly, children, before understanding the origin of meat, form a unique relationship with animals. 



They are drawn towards animals that appear "nice" and relate to them on an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-near-homes-reduce-emotional-problems-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional level</a>, much like they would with fellow humans. However, children certainly do not associate these friendly creatures with their dinner plate.



According to foreign research, while an impressive number of American children aged 4–7 years considered pigs (73.3%) and chickens (65.9%) as "not OK to eat," approximately 30% had difficulty accurately determining the origin of animal-based products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-animals-with-names">Impact of animals with names</h2>



Despite these trends, there has been no focused attempt to investigate how personalizing animals by ascribing human characteristics to them could influence a decrease in the acceptance of meat consumption.



Thankfully, that's where the team of researchers from the Social Behavior Research Center at SWPS University stepped in, dissecting this issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-s-perception-of-named-animals">Children's perception of named animals</h2>



A total of 208 preschool children aged 5–6 years were part of two studies involving interactions with pictures of pigs and chickens. The studies were carefully designed to unveil how children perceive animals before and after assigning them individual identities.



For instance, in one scenario, some children were shown a photo of a pig named Lelka, given personal habits and preferences. 



The children were then asked about their willingness to foster a relationship with the pig or consume its meat. A similar procedure was conducted with chickens in a separate study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-findings">Surprising findings</h2>



The findings were quite telling. A significant number of children (79% in the case of pigs and over 84% for chickens) found an animal unique when it was given a name and individual characteristics. 



These children expressed a stronger desire to befriend such an animal and a diminished appetite for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soy-foods-boost-cognitive-abilities-and-attention-span-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dishes</a> made with its meat.



Dr. Rabinovitch comments on the results, stating that identifying each edible animal by name and emphasizing its uniqueness through personal characteristics can significantly alter children's attitudes towards it. These findings hold steady regardless of whether the animal is a pig or a chicken.



What does this all mean for parents and educators? Perhaps it's time to reconsider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-are-less-likely-to-see-farm-animals-as-just-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how we introduce animals</a> to children, especially if we strive to foster a future where empathy for all creatures reigns supreme. 



Ultimately, the power to shape children's perceptions and attitudes towards animals lies in our hands, or rather, our words.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195666324003088?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Appetite</a>.



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Kids who identify farm animals by name are less likely to eat them

A chicken named Cluck, a turkey called Tom, or a...

Do you ever stop to think about the hardworking ladybugs in our gardens? These tiny little beetles, with their colorful bodies, perform a vital role in our ecosystems.



This might come as a surprise, but our gardens are thriving because of these diligent, shell-backed beasts. While ladybugs "decorate" our greens with their striking colors, they also safeguard our foliage from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cockroaches-became-global-pests-cleverly-hitching-rides-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pest</a> destruction. Looking at these petite creatures, you wouldn't guess they're such a powerhouse.



A recent study led by Heidi Liere, an assistant professor of biology at <a href="https://www.lclark.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lewis &amp; Clark College</a>, explores the interactions between native and non-native ladybug species.



"For decades, researchers in my field have been looking at the diversity of these beneficial insects," said Liere. "We often get the question, 'Are non-native species as beneficial as native species?'"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-pest-control-services">Ecosystem pest control services </h2>



The team also investigated how local vegetation and garden characteristics affect other important predators, including ground-dwelling beetles, spiders, and opilionids.



"Like other urban green spaces, urban community gardens can act as biodiversity refugees, especially for small organisms like arthropods. In turn, arthropods can provide important ecosystem pest control services to these agroecosystems," wrote the researchers.



They noted that an often-asked question among urban gardeners is how to improve gardens and surrounding areas for natural enemies and associated pest control services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mighty-ladybugs-in-our-gardens">Mighty ladybugs in our gardens</h2>



Dating back to the Middle Ages, ladybugs were called the "Beetles of Our Lady," symbolizing the Virgin Mary to whom farmers prayed for bountiful crops.



The lady beetles are, indeed, the superheroes of the farming realm. Chomping down pests, they're the best allies a farmer or gardener could ask for.



Helping maintain the biodiversity of our ecosystems, they are nature's pest controllers. These beetle superheroes keep herbivore populations in check, preventing the ecosystems from facing imbalance due to disruptive pests. 



Their sensitivity to environmental changes also makes ladybugs an insightful bioindicator of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-ladybugs-in-our-gardens">Survival of ladybugs in our gardens</h2>



Liere and her team are digging into the competition for resources amongst the ladybugs. 



"There is lots of evidence that the presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-assist-farmers-by-consuming-harmful-pests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-native species</a> affects the native species," noted Liere. "We're taking a closer look at how these interactions will be impacted by climate change. Will the effects of non-native species on native species be dampened or exacerbated by climate change?"



Through the John S. Rogers Science Research Program, students Jackson Gamby and Mairin Thorne joined Liere's team, gaining hands-on experience.



The researchers collected non-native lady beetle species and aphids from local urban farms and gardens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-the-petite-predators">Observing the petite predators</h2>



Back in the lab, the collected specimens are put under a microscope and their behaviors are captured using a video camera. Observing beetles in their unadulterated form lets the researchers understand the dynamics of the tiny creatures.



"I'm not totally sure what I want to do after Lewis &amp; Clark, but this is definitely helping me narrow it down," said Gamby, sharing her research experience.



With the experiments conducted so far at room temperature, the plan is to conduct them under hotter conditions, representing the scorching Portland summer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-citizen-science-in-ladybug-research">Citizen science in ladybug research</h2>



Citizen science initiatives play a crucial role in ladybug research, engaging the public in data collection. By reporting sightings and collecting specimens, everyday individuals contribute valuable information to scientists. 



This collaboration not only enhances research efforts but also fosters a greater awareness of biodiversity and ecosystem health in local communities.



By working together, scientists and citizens strengthen the bond between community awareness and ecological preservation. Engaging everyone helps protect our ecosystems effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-perspective">Broader perspective</h2>



Before Liere joined Lewis &amp; Clark, she was involved in research in Seattle, studying the ecological interplay in community gardens. The findings led to the insight that different groups of natural enemies are associated with different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apple-trees-surrounded-flowers-protected-from-pests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental variables</a>.



Liere also co-directs the Urban Garden Ecology project at the <a href="https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California</a>. The project is a deep dive into understanding the ecology of urban green spaces.



"As a growing percentage of the global landscape continues to urbanize, it becomes more and more important to understand the ecology of urban green spaces and their ecosystems," noted Liere.



A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-significantly-improves-sleep-quality-in-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardener's best friend</a>, a researcher's favorite subject, and a vital cog in our ecosystem's wheel, the ladybugs are truly extraordinary creatures. 



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.4816" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecosphere</a>.



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Ladybugs are essential for keeping gardens healthy

Do you ever stop to think about the hardworking ladybugs...

Imagine coming across a fish, one that looks uniquely out of place with its eyes sitting atop its head, breathing not underwater, but in air. Guess what? You don't need to take a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dive into the ocean</a> to catch a glimpse of such a creature; the mudskipper already walks and roams our land.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mudskippers-among-the-mangroves">Mudskippers among the mangroves</h2>



Nestled in the lush backdrop of Okinawa's mangrove forests, where crabs scuttle and kingfishers swoop, resides a peculiar resident: Minami-Tobihaze, famously known as the barred mudskipper.



"They are fish, but they can walk and live partly on land," explains Dr. Fabienne Ziadi-Künzli, part of the <a href="https://www.oist.jp/research/research-units/nnp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nonlinear and Non-equilibrium Physics Unit</a>, who led the recent mudskipper study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-fish-walking-on-land">Unique fish walking on land</h2>



Periophthalmusargentilineatus, the barred mudskipper, certainly is an oddball in the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-use-collective-behavior-to-reduce-energy-costs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic life</a>. With the ability to absorb oxygen through their moist skin or their mouth, mudskippers don't rely on lungs like terrestrial creatures do. 



They sometimes take in a big mouthful of air and hold it there to ensure their eggs receive ample oxygen.



However, their fascinating adaptability doesn't end there. They walk - yes, walk. Without limbs or digits, these amphibious fish have developed a way to use their fins, specifically their pectoral fins, for both swimming and walking.



Mudskippers' movement, known as "crutching," is as captivating as it is unexpected. "Instead of moving their pectoral fins alternately... the mudskippers swing their pectoral fins forward simultaneously," says Dr. Ziadi-Künzli. 



It's much like how we would advance our crutches together when easing an injured leg.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-within-the-fins">Mystery within the fins</h2>



Following a project on the stability offered by the human foot's shape, Professor Mahesh Bandi and colleagues brought their curiosity to the unique locomotion of the amphibious mudskipper.



The last comprehensive anatomical investigation of mudskipper fins dates back to the 1960s. With the scarce information on the adaptation of the mudskipper's muscles and other soft tissues to terrestrial life, Dr. Ziadi-Künzli decided to take the plunge herself.



Thanks to the micro-computed tomography (µCT) at the <a href="https://www.oist.jp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OIST</a> Core Facilities, she and her team took a closer look at these adaptations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-mudskipper-s-ability-to-walk">Studying mudskipper's ability to walk </h2>



The µCT uses x-ray sourcing and microscopic detection to study soft tissue with better contrast - thanks to iodine. The team studied various fish, starting with the mudskipper and its close <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiktaalik-fossil-discovery-sheds-light-on-how-fish-walked-onto-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary relatives</a> and the zebrafish for comparison.



Analyzing thousands of images from the µCT was no small feat. "We had to manually sort through all those images to identify each tissue," recounts Dr. Ziadi-Künzli. However, their painstaking work bore fruit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-images-reveal">The images reveal...</h2>



The 3D images eventually unveiled several adaptations. For one, the pectoral fin muscles and the shoulder girdle they attach to were significantly larger in the mudskippers.



Additionally, some tendons connecting the bones in the mudskipper's pectoral fins - their 'walking' fins - were replaced by fascia tissue. "We think this is an adaptation that helps the mudskippers to push themselves forward during walking," explains Dr. Ziadi-Künzli.



The gravity on land also led to another modification in the mudskipper's bodies. "There is a connection between the shoulder and the pelvic fin through a kind of joint that we don't see in any other fish we scanned," notes Dr. Ziadi-Künzli.



Changes were also noticed in their bones. "Usually pectoral fin rays are crescent-shaped if you look at a cross-section but, in the mudskipper, they were round near the fin ray base and then changed to crescent shape towards the tip of the fin ray," says Dr. Ziadi-Künzli.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-walking-fish">Significance of the walking fish</h2>



The revelations from this study have further sparked the researchers' interest in deepening their understanding of mudskipper evolution. They are particularly intrigued about the rapid body and fin anatomy shift that takes place during the transition from larvae to adult stage.



In a collaboration for future research, Dr. Ziadi-Künzli and Dr. Ken Maeda from the Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit aim to study this intriguing metamorphosis.



"Using these virtual dissection tools gives us a whole new perspective on the anatomy of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>. After all, how shall we understand an organism and its evolutionary adaptations if we don't know how they are built?" concludes Dr. Ziadi-Künzli.



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.14071" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Anatomy</a>.



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Bizarre fish can walk and thrive on land

Imagine coming across a fish, one that looks uniquely out...

Some primates have bigger personalities than others, and surprisingly, it has nothing to do with size or strength. According to a recent study at <a href="https://www.ntu.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nottingham Trent University</a>, expressive faces in primates lead to stronger social connections, impacting their social structures.



The study was led by Dr. Jamie Whitehouse, a research fellow at NTU's School of Social Sciences, along with Professor Bridget Waller, a seasoned expert in Evolution and Social Behaviour at NTU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-expressive-primates">Analyzing expressive primates</h2>



The team ventured out to study nine social groups of rhesus macaques, each comprising one adult male, multiple adult females, and offspring. 



To analyze the facial expressions of the dominant male in each group, the researchers used a specially designed coding system called MaqFACS. This clever system tracks 17 different facial muscle movements, revealing the spectrum of expressivity.



To tie these measurements to social connections, the team observed the lives of 66 monkeys across the groups. They measured how often each pair spent time together, the intensity of their friendly grooming interactions, and the social status each primate held within their group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-connections-of-expressive-primates">Social connections of expressive primates</h2>



The results were fascinating. The males who showcased more diverse facial expressions were discovered to be more socially connected within their groups. They also had stronger social bonds and sat at more central positions in their social networks. 



And their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/goats-can-recognize-human-emotions-in-the-sound-of-a-voice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expressivity</a> didn't just benefit them - it led to a more balanced social structure within their group, suggesting a more tolerant leadership style.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-dynamics-of-primate-social-behavior">Environmental dynamics of primate social behavior </h2>



The impact of environmental factors on primate social behavior cannot be overlooked. Different habitats present various challenges and opportunities that shape the way primates interact with one another.



In environments with abundant resources, social bonds may become less competitive, leading to increased collaboration and supportive behaviours among individuals. 



Conversely, in resource-scarce settings, competition can intensify, potentially leading to strained relationships. 



Understanding how these environmental dynamics interplay with facial expressivity opens new avenues for exploring the ecological contexts in which social structures evolve.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-efforts">Implications for conservation efforts</h2>



The findings from this study hold significant implications for primate conservation efforts. As humans continue to encroach on natural habitats, understanding the social dynamics of primate species becomes increasingly crucial. 



Conservation strategies that consider social structures and communication methods may be more effective in promoting the survival of endangered species. 



By fostering environments that encourage expressive behaviors and social cohesion, conservationists could aid in the development of resilient primate populations that can adapt to changing conditions.



Ultimately, these insights underscore the importance of maintaining biodiversity and protecting the rich tapestry of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-use-nearly-300-facial-expressions-to-communicate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interactions</a> within primate communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insight-into-human-behavior">New insight into human behavior</h2>



The broader implications of this research extend to us, humans. Just as monkeys form social structures based on expressive communication, we too may lean on our facial expressions to build and maintain social relationships. Does this mean that our most expressive friends are the de facto leaders of our social circles?



"This research demonstrates how individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-emotions-evoke-different-responses-in-dogs-and-pigs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">variation in expressivity</a> can shape social dynamics for primates, including humans—suggesting that a broader range of expressions might be more effective for navigating complex social relationships than a limited repertoire," noted Dr. Whitehouse.



On a larger scale, these expressive individuals might have the upper hand in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-many-facial-expressions-seem-more-social-and-likeable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forming strong social connections</a>, leading to more resources, greater mating opportunities, and even protection from threats. Doesn't this somehow remind you of your office environment?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-the-dots-past-present-and-future">Connecting the dots: Past, present, and future</h2>



And what about the course of evolution? "Humans have evolved incredibly expressive faces with highly complex facial musculature, and these findings help us understand what advantage this has provided over evolutionary time," said Professor Waller.



So, the next time you're feeling a little withdrawn, remember that a smile or a grimace might just be your ticket to a better social connection.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0984" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a>.



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Primates who are facially expressive make the best leaders

Some primates have bigger personalities than others, and surprisingly, it...

Every year, thousands of people worldwide succumb to the lethal amounts of cobra venom injected into their bodies through bites. 



These victims, often living in rural or impoverished regions with limited access to medical care, face not only the immediate threat of death but also the harrowing aftermath of envenomation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-cobra-venom">Impacts of cobra venom</h2>



Insidiously, the venom causes necrosis, the death of body tissue and cells, which often leads to severe complications, including the necessity for amputation of the affected limbs. 



This devastating process not only inflicts excruciating pain but also results in long-term disability and a significant reduction in quality of life.



Current treatments - mostly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universal-antivenom-to-heal-all-snakebites-is-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antivenoms</a> - barely tackle the necrotic effects of the venom and come with a heavy price tag, making them inaccessible to many who need them the most.



The financial burden and limited effectiveness of these treatments highlight the urgent need for more affordable and efficient solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundbreaking-cobra-venom-treatment">Groundbreaking cobra venom treatment</h2>



Scientists based out of Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, and the UK have made a game-changing breakthrough that could drastically reduce the life-threatening and devastating effects of cobra venom.



"Snakebites kill an estimated 138,000 people each year, with another 400,000 people experiencing long-term morbidity," noted the study authors.



"Most of these envenomings occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South or Southeast Asia and disproportionately affect young adults and children."



At the heart of their discovery is a widely available and affordable blood thinner known as heparin.



“Our discovery could drastically reduce the terrible injuries from necrosis caused by cobra bites – and it might also slow the venom, which could improve survival rates," noted study co-author Professor Greg Neely from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-heparin-to-combat-cobra-venom">Using heparin to combat cobra venom</h2>



The researchers utilized CRISPR gene-editing technology to identify ways to block cobra venom. They successfully 'repurposed' heparin and related drugs, demonstrating their effectiveness in stopping the necrosis caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venomous-snake-bites-are-more-likely-to-occur-in-warmer-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cobra bite</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venomous-snake-bites-are-more-likely-to-occur-in-warmer-weather/">s</a>.



“Heparin is inexpensive, ubiquitous, and a World Health Organization-listed Essential Medicine," said study lead author Tian Du, a PhD student at the University of Sydney.



"After successful human trials, it could be rolled out relatively quickly to become a cheap, safe, and effective drug for treating cobra bites.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-the-discovery">The science behind the discovery</h2>



The researchers used CRISPR to identify the human genes that cobra <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-developed-an-immunity-to-cobra-venom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">venom</a> needs to initiate necrosis, killing the flesh around the bite.



One of venom's targets are enzymes necessary for producing molecules heparan and heparin, which many human and animal cells produce. 



The venom can bind to both molecules due to their similar structure, and the scientists used this information to create an antidote capable of stopping necrosis in human cells and mice.



The newly discovered heparinoid drugs function differently from traditional antivenoms. They act as a "decoy," flooding the bite site with heparin sulfate or related heparinoid molecules.



The decoy molecules bind to and neutralize the venom toxins responsible for tissue damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-of-the-discovery">Global implications of the discovery</h2>



Professor Nicholas Casewell, head of the Centre for Snakebite Research &amp; Interventions at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, emphasized that snakebites disproportionately impact people in poor, rural communities. 



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snakebites-caused-over-63000-deaths-in-2019/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Snakebites</a> remain the deadliest of the neglected tropical diseases, with its burden landing overwhelmingly on rural communities in low- and middle-income countries."



Cobra bites, which inject lethal amounts of cobra venom, are one of the leading causes of snakebite incidents in some regions of India and Africa.



The World Health Organization has categorized snakebite as a priority in its program for tackling neglected tropical diseases, aiming to halve the global burden of snakebite by 2030. This new discovery can be instrumental in achieving that goal.



“That target is just five years away now. We hope that the new cobra antidote we found can assist in the global fight to reduce death and injury from snakebite in some of the world’s poorest communities," said Professor Neely.



This research is just one more example of how scientists worldwide are striving to use modern scientific techniques to combat age-old global health challenges.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adk4802" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Translational Medicine</a>.



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Cobra venom just became less deadly, thanks to a common drug

Every year, thousands of people worldwide succumb to the lethal...

Have you ever wondered about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-whale-perucetus-colossus-smaller-than-blue-whale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creatures that lurk beneath the surface</a> of the vast oceans, mysteries cloaked in the blue abyss? There's one in particular that plays a game of "hide-and-seek" with scientists so well, they have never seen it alive. We're talking about the rare elusive spade-toothed whale. 



Its rare remains recently made a surprise appearance on a New Zealand beach, and the scientific community is buzzing with excitement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-whale-of-a-mystery">Rare whale of a mystery</h2>



Scientists from New Zealand's <a href="https://www.doc.govt.nz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Conservation</a> and the national museum Te Papa stumbled upon an intriguing find this past 4th of July. 



It was a creature from the depths, washed ashore near a river mouth in southern Otago province. The 16.4-foot long specimen was no ordinary sea dweller. These experts believe it to be a male spade-toothed whale, a species so rare, it has been dubbed the "Ghost of the Ocean."



Gabe Davies, the coastal Otago operations manager of the conservation department, is very enthusiastic about the find. "Spade-toothed whales are one of the most poorly known large mammalian species of modern times."



According to Davies, only six samples have existed since the 1800s, and five of those were from New Zealand. "From a scientific and conservation point of view, this is huge," said Davies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-rare-whale-s-secrets">Unraveling the rare whale's secrets</h2>



To ensure the classification is correct, a DNA investigation is currently ongoing. The body was fresh enough, providing a unique opportunity for scientists to dissect a spade-toothed whale. 



The Department of Conservation said that the species is "so rare, next to nothing is known about them."



The body has been placed in cold storage and genetic samples have been shipped off to the University of Auckland, curators of the New Zealand Cetacean Tissue Archive. It may take weeks, even months, for the DNA to be processed and a final confirmation to be made.



The significance of the whale's rarity, according to the Department of Conservation, expands the conversation about what to do next beyond national borders. It becomes a topic of "international importance."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-efforts">Implications for conservation efforts</h2>



The unexpected discovery of the spade-toothed whale on a New Zealand beach has broader implications for conservation efforts.



Because these whales are so rarely seen, their population status remains largely unknown, making it difficult to implement effective conservation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strategies</a>.



The new specimen gives us a chance to highlight the species. It also helps bring attention to marine biodiversity.



Moreover, the data collected from this whale could contribute to international conservation policies aimed at protecting not just spade-toothed whales but also other elusive and endangered marine species. 



Researchers hope this event will spur further investment in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-whales-continue-their-battle-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine research and conservation initiatives</a> worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigma-of-the-spade-toothed-whale">Enigma of the spade-toothed whale</h2>



The first description of the species came in 1874 based on merely a lower jaw and two teeth discovered in the Chatham Islands off the east coast of New Zealand.&nbsp;



Coupling that with skeletal remains found in New Zealand and Chile, scientists were able to confirm a new species. The missing pieces are hard to come by, however.



The first intact specimen was a mother and calf that stranded in the Bay of Plenty in 2010. A further stranding in 2017 in Gisborne added one more specimen to the mix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Marine scientist Vanessa Pirotta emphasized the potential of the recent sample to offer new insights. Experts intend to study the stomach contents and genetics of the whale and compare this sample with previous ones.



This might shine a light on the behavior of these whales, their population, and reasons behind their rarity. "It's like hitting the jackpot," said Pirotta.



With no live sightings and so few specimens found, the spade-toothed whale is classified as "data deficient" under New Zealand's Threat Classification System. Let's hope that this jackpot discovery can help fill in some of the blanks in our understanding of this ocean ghost.



The story of the spade-toothed whale continues to captivate the scientific community, offering a rare glimpse into the mysterious life of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-benefits-of-whale-remains-and-their-proper-disposal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elusive marine mammal</a>, and igniting hope for new discoveries.



Remember, the ocean is wide and its secrets are deep. Who knows what mysteries it will unveil next?



Image Credit: Department of Conservation via AP



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World's rarest whale found on New Zealand beach

Have you ever wondered about the creatures that lurk beneath...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-are-shifting-to-new-habitats-to-cope-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ants</a> are well-known for their complex social behaviors and mutualistic relationships with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-plants-partnership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>, particularly in the tropics. These interactions often involve ants inhabiting hollow swellings in trees and defending them against predators in exchange for food. 



While these mutualisms have been observed for centuries, their origins remain a mystery. Recent research led by <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a> field biologist Rodolfo Probst has shed new light on this intriguing phenomenon, specifically focusing on the ant genus Myrmelachista.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellow-ants-and-understory-trees-nbsp">Yellow ants and understory trees&nbsp;</h2>



Probst's study, published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.1214" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>, has investigated Myrmelachista species that typically nest in dead or live stems of plants without specialized mutualistic associations. 



However, one group of these species in Central America nests exclusively in live stems of specific understory trees, forming a specialized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/symbiotic-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiosis</a> similar to other ant-plant mutualisms. 



These tiny yellow ants hollow out the stems without harming the host plants, a behavior commonly observed throughout Central America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-convergent-evolution-nbsp">Convergent evolution&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers noted that obligatory ant–plant symbioses often appear to be single evolutionary shifts within particular ant lineages; however, convergence can be revealed once natural history observations are complemented with molecular phylogenetics.&nbsp;



“Here, we describe a remarkable example of convergent evolution in an ant-plant symbiotic system,” the study authors wrote.



The research revealed that this symbiosis requires complex behaviors and morphological adaptations, thought to occur infrequently in the evolutionary history of life.&nbsp;



The nine species exhibiting these traits were initially believed to share a single common ancestor that evolved this mutualism over a long period of time. However, Probst discovered through DNA sequence data that these species formed two distinct clusters in different parts of the evolutionary tree.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-species-develop-similar-traits-nbsp">Different species develop similar traits&nbsp;</h2>



“Using ultraconserved element phylogenomics and ancestral state reconstructions, we show that shifts from opportunistic to obligately symbiotic evolved independently in South and Middle America,” the authors explained.&nbsp;



This suggests that the complex relationship evolved twice independently from non-specialist ancestors around three million years ago - a fascinating case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-there-cases-of-convergent-evolution-between-reptiles-and-amphibians/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">convergent evolution</a>.



“I wish I could just take a time machine and see it,” Probst said. “Maybe it was the ecology or plant availability that helped those friendships evolve in the first place.”&nbsp;



Probst describes this phenomenon as “evolutionary déjà vu,” where different species develop similar traits due to occupying similar ecological niches.&nbsp;



“The coolest part of our paper is that we’re showing that these types of ant-plant friendships evolve multiple times independently. It’s like if it happens, it might happen again if you’re given the appropriate ecological conditions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-relationships-of-ants-and-trees">Complex relationships of ants and trees</h2>



Probst's co-authors include Jack Longino, a renowned entomologist known as “The Astonishing Ant Man,” and former University of Utah School of Biological Sciences postdoctoral researcher Michael Branstetter, now with the <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/pollinating-insect-biology-management-systematics-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Agriculture's Pollinating Insect Research Unit</a>. Longino highlights the significance of Probst's findings. 



“Rodolfo’s work revealed two independent evolutions of a complex relationship with plants. It suggests that the developmental building blocks for very distinctive or complex features are readily at hand, and can quickly evolve among different sets of species when the conditions arise.”



Probst, a postdoctoral researcher in the School of Biological Sciences and the university’s Science Research Initiative (SRI), has also involved undergraduates in his research, during fieldwork in Costa Rica funded by the University of Utah’s Wilkes Center for Climate Science &amp; Policy.&nbsp;



The group conducted research at the San Gerardo Station in the Bosque Eterno de los Niños (Children’s Eternal Rainforest) nature reserve.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-efforts">Ongoing research efforts</h2>



With ongoing assistance from SRI undergraduates, Probst currently aims to conduct whole genomic sequencing to identify the genes involved in ant-plant associations, delving deeper into a phenomenon that has fascinated naturalists for centuries.



This research not only enhances our understanding of ant-plant mutualisms but also underscores the role of convergent evolution in the development of complex ecological relationships.&nbsp;



By studying these intricate interactions between different species, scientists can gain new insights into the adaptive mechanisms that drive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> and the intricate web of life in tropical ecosystems. 



Probst's findings highlight the importance of continued research and conservation efforts to protect these remarkable mutualistic relationships and the complex ecosystems they support.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Evolutionary déjà vu: The symbiotic relationships of trees and ants

Ants are well-known for their complex social behaviors and mutualistic...

New insights from marine scientists are shedding light on an unexpected <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/clear-lake-turns-green-with-algal-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underwater phenomenon</a>. It involves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crown-of-thorns-starfish-gene-expression-may-help-protect-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral-destroying</a> crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), their larvae, and their unexpected diet of "sea sawdust."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underwater-feast-sea-sawdust">Underwater feast: Sea sawdust</h2>



The story starts with Dr. Benjamin Mos, a renowned researcher in the School of Environment at <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Queensland</a>.



Dr. Mos found himself working alongside a team of experts from <a href="https://www.scu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Cross University</a>. The scientists made an unexpected discovery, observing how this notorious reef pest feeds on a peculiar item.



Scientifically known as Trichodesmium, sea sawdust is a type of blue-green <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-algae-play-an-unexpected-role-in-cooling-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">algae</a> bacteria. It often forms large slicks, floating on the ocean's surface, hardly touched due to its toxicity and poor nutritional value. So how does this come into play with the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS)?



"Until now, not much has been known about sea sawdust as a food source," said Dr. Mos. "So we were certainly surprised to say the least." It turns out, COTS larvae thrive on a diet exclusively made up of this bacteria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-sawdust-and-coral-predation">Sea sawdust and coral predation</h2>



Sea sawdust, which is named after the way it floats in large rafts on the water's surface, is a critical player within marine ecosystems. Besides its newfound status as a meal for starfish larvae, it also makes nitrogen from the atmosphere available to other sea life.



"Our findings suggest this could help explain the increase in COTS populations, which have devastated our coral reefs for decades,” explained Dr. Mos. 



The nitrogen in sea sawdust moves into the tissues of COTS larvae, acting as a sustenance source. With the recent rise in sea sawdust blooms, this could fuel the growth of COTS populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-human-activities">The role of human activities </h2>



Investigations into this underwater diet unravel further implications. Previous research has linked human activities to the proliferation of blue-green algae blooms, which create sea sawdust. 



Fertilizer usage, sewage treatment, and stormwater runoff have been implicated in the surge of these blooms.



There's a ripple effect here that we cannot ignore. "It’s important we understand the flow-on effect of how human impacts in one ecosystem might flow on to other seemingly unrelated ecosystems," noted Dr. Mos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curbing-the-spread-of-cots">Curbing the spread of COTS</h2>



Addressing the growing issue of COTS populations and their destructive impact on coral reefs requires a multifaceted approach. 



Scientists and environmentalists suggest that mitigating human-induced causes of sea sawdust blooms, such as reducing agricultural runoff and improving sewage treatment processes, could be a key step. 



Additionally, initiatives like manual removal of COTS, breeding natural predators like the giant triton snail, and implementing marine protected areas are being considered to combat the coral crisis. 



Dr. Mos and his team are hopeful that with increased awareness and coordinated efforts, it might be possible to curb the spread of COTS and safeguard the delicate balance of our marine ecosystems for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-steps-a-puzzle-to-crack">The next steps: A puzzle to crack</h2>



Are sea sawdust blooms leading to more adult crown-of-thorns starfish on coral reefs? For now, the matter remains unresolved. 



Professor Symon Dworjanyn from Southern Cross University's National Marine Science Centre acknowledges the need for more research. “Our findings could be an important part of cracking that puzzle,” he added.



The goal now is to identify how to tone down the impact of COTS. After all, any measure that gives coral reefs a little more time is worth exploring. 



The relationship of COTS larvae and sea sawdust has become an intriguing piece of the bigger puzzle that is our complex marine ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sea-of-possibilities">A sea of possibilities</h2>



When crown-of-thorns starfish larvae feast on sea sawdust, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/killing-crown-of-thorns-starfish-cots-could-save-great-barrier-reef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">they’re doing much more</a> than grabbing a quick snack. They are tapping into a food source with deep implications for the future of our oceans and esteemed marine life.



As marine scientists continue to unravel these unexpected mysteries of the deep, their finds remind us all of the interconnectedness of life on our planet. From the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-emerged-zygnema-star-algae-conquer-earths-landmass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smallest algae</a> to the most massive coral reef, every little piece matters.



This study is published in&nbsp;the journal Science Advances.



-----



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Sea sawdust: Unexpected diet of crown-of-thorns starfish

New insights from marine scientists are shedding light on an...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...