Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today.



Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-intelligence-did-not-evolve-due-to-natural-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a> acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two.



Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as beetleweed (Galax urceolata) shows just how powerful - and complicated - this mechanism can be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-mistake-sparks-new-species">DNA mistake sparks new species</h2>



Most organisms, humans included, are diploid: they carry two complete sets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-animals-balance-their-sex-chromosomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chromosomes</a>, one from each parent.



In autopolyploidy, something unusual happens during the production of sperm or egg cells. Instead of halving the chromosome count, the cell leaves the full complement intact. When such a gamete meets another, the resulting embryo inherits double - or even triple - the usual DNA.



The newcomer may still manage to reproduce with its diploid relatives, but the hybrid offspring generally fare poorly. That mismatch in fertility often pushes the polyploid lineage to mate among its own kind, launching an instant reproductive barrier and, effectively, a new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-types-one-plant">Three types, one plant</h2>



For decades botanists assumed these chromosome copycats were evolutionary curiosities - unlikely to survive, let alone thrive, alongside their diploid parents.



Field surveys later overturned that view: autopolyploids are widespread and resilient. 



The lingering mystery was whether several cytotypes - diploids, triploids, tetraploids - could share the same patch of ground without one eventually eliminating the others through sheer competition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-herb-with-three-identities">Mountain herb with three identities</h2>



Beetleweed, a low evergreen that carpets portions of the Appalachian Mountains, provided the perfect natural experiment. Earlier surveys revealed that some stands contain plants with two, three, or four chromosome sets.



“Through my fieldwork, I discovered that a single population could have a mishmash of cytotypes, which fascinated me,” remarked Shelly Gaynor, lead author of the new study that she&nbsp;completed at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>.



“With this study, I set out to understand if these populations could persist over time. Would one cytotype eventually outcompete the others, or could all three cytotypes persist?”



Answering that required tools beyond the transect tape and microscope. Gaynor and colleagues designed a mathematical framework that treats population change as inherently noisy - subject to random swings in birth, death, climate, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-transforming-pollen-science-and-health-planning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> flow.



Their model tracks how diploids, triploids, and autotetraploids form, spread, and interact when gene flow keeps tossing new genetic combinations into the mix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosomes-coexist-in-plants">Chromosomes coexist in plants</h2>



Two ingredients emerged as critical for long-term coexistence. First, self-fertilization rates matter. 



The more often a plant can pollinate itself, the easier it becomes for an odd-ploidy seedling to find a genetically compatible mate - sometimes its own flowers - without relying on scarce partners.



Second, partial reproductive isolation improves balance. If crosses between cytotypes rarely succeed, each form can maintain its numbers without being swamped by unfit hybrids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-favors-the-strongest">Stress favors the strongest</h2>



Environmental hardship then tilts the playing field. Under harsh conditions and intense competition, the model predicts that autotetraploids gain an edge over their diploid ancestors.



Extra chromosome copies may buffer them against stress, confer broader ecological tolerance or fuel faster adaptation. Triploids, by contrast, often act as a genetic bridge, forming when diploids and tetraploids interbreed but typically suffer lower fertility.



Because Gaynor’s simulations embed both demographic randomness and shifting weather, they reveal outcomes conventional equations might miss.



Sometimes all three cytotypes coexist for centuries; other times one prevails after a long stalemate. The key lesson is that stochasticity - the roll of the “evolutionary dice” - cannot be ignored when forecasting which lineages persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-beyond-one-plant">Impacts beyond one plant</h2>



Although the work focuses on a single Appalachia endemic plant, its reach extends far. Crop breeders deliberately create autopolyploids to enlarge fruit, boost resilience, or break <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-disease-experts-discover-how-bacteria-hijack-plant-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> cycles.



Understanding how mixed-ploidy fields behave over time could help manage gene flow between improved varieties and their wild relatives.



Conservationists, meanwhile, wrestle with how best to protect rare plants that harbor multiple chromosome races within the same reserve; the new model offers a scaffold for predicting viability under climate stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-evolutionary-assumptions">Challenging evolutionary assumptions</h2>



The research also nudges evolutionary theory. Instant speciation via autopolyploidy sits at one extreme of the continuum of reproductive isolation. 



By showing that such sudden splits can persist even when parents and offspring rub shoulders, the beetleweed study challenges the tidy notion that new species must always occupy distinct niches or territories to survive.



Gaynor’s findings do not close the book on polyploid dynamics; rather, they open new chapters. 



Field experiments that monitor marked plants through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a>, fires, and pathogen outbreaks could test whether tetraploids really weather adversity better.



Genetic analyses might uncover which genes, duplicated in extra copies, underpin that resilience. And satellite imagery paired with ecological modelling may reveal whether mixed-cytotype populations correlate with particular microclimates across the Appalachian ridges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-evolutionary-pathways">New evolutionary pathways </h2>



For now, the humble beetleweed stands as living proof that life need not wait for continental drift or glacial cycles to carve new evolutionary pathways.



Sometimes a single cellular hiccup - one missed step in plant chromosome division - is enough to spin off an enduring lineage. 



In the grand narrative that began with rogue molecules self-assembling eons ago, autopolyploidy writes its own rapid-fire chapter, reminding us that the processes that generate biodiversity can be as swift as they are surprising.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/734411" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The American Naturalist</a>.



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Plant chromosome glitch fast-tracks evolution

Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today. Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - natural selection acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two. Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as...

Smiling,Happy,Healthy,Middle,Aged,50s,Woman,Holding,Glass,Of

In the quest to extend human lifespan and improve overall health, scientists have been searching for effective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging interventions</a>. They may have found one by accident. A drug used for high blood pressure, known as rilmenidine, may also be effective in slowing the aging process.



While caloric restriction has been considered the most robust method to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">promote longevity</a> across species, its mixed results and side effects in humans have led researchers to explore alternative solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rilmenidine-potential-game-changer-in-the-fight-against-aging">Rilmenidine: Potential game-changer in the fight against aging</h2>



Researchers from <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zürich</a>, <a href="https://hms.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Medical School</a>, and the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a>, led by Professor João Pedro Magalhães, have found that rilmenidine, an antihypertensive medication, can extend lifespan and slow aging in animals.



The study demonstrates that treating animals with rilmenidine at both young and older ages increases lifespan and improves health markers, mimicking the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caloric restriction</a>. 



Professor Magalhães, now based at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>, emphasized the significance of these findings, stating, "With a global aging population, the benefits of delaying aging, even if slightly, are immense."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-the-i1-imidazoline-receptor">Role of the I1-imidazoline receptor</h2>



The researchers also discovered that the healthspan and lifespan benefits of rilmenidine treatment in the roundworm C. elegans are mediated by the I1-imidazoline receptor nish-1. 



This identification of nish-1 as a potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-anti-aging-drugs-using-ai-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longevity target</a> opens up new avenues for future research and drug development.



I1-imidazoline receptors are a family of receptors that bind to imidazoline compounds and are involved in various physiological processes. 



These receptors are found in both invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans. They are distinct from alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, although some imidazoline compounds can bind to both receptor types.



I1-imidazoline receptors are located in the central nervous system, particularly in the brainstem and hypothalamus, as well as in peripheral tissues such as the kidneys, pancreas, and adipose tissue. They play a role in regulating blood pressure, insulin secretion, and lipid metabolism.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-i1-imidazoline-receptors-are-the-unsung-heroes-of-physiology">I1-Imidazoline receptors are the unsung heroes of physiology</h3>



Several studies have investigated the potential therapeutic applications of targeting I1-imidazoline receptors. For example, some research suggests that activating these receptors may have antidepressant effects and could be useful in treating depression and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lsd-can-treat-crippling-anxiety-with-a-single-dose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety disorders</a>. 



Other studies have explored the role of I1-imidazoline receptors in regulating glucose homeostasis and their potential as targets for the treatment of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-linked-type-2-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>.



However, much remains to be discovered about the specific functions and mechanisms of I1-imidazoline receptors in different species and their potential as therapeutic targets. 



Further research is needed to fully understand the role of these receptors in various physiological processes and to develop targeted therapies that can harness their potential for treating a range of conditions, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-protein-linked-to-healthier-aging-and-lower-risk-of-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging-related diseases</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anti-aging-advantages-of-rilmenidine">Anti-aging advantages of rilmenidine</h2>



One of the key advantages of rilmenidine is its potential for future translatability to humans. Unlike other drugs previously studied for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging purposes</a>, rilmenidine is a widely-prescribed, oral antihypertensive medication with rare and non-severe side effects. 



This makes it a more feasible and safer option for human use compared to caloric restriction, which has shown mixed results and side effects in human studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-untapped-potential-of-drug-repurposing">Untapped potential of drug repurposing</h2>



Professor Magalhães highlighted the immense potential of repurposing drugs for extending lifespan and healthspan, stating, "Repurposing drugs capable of extending lifespan and healthspan has a huge untapped potential in translational geroscience." 



This study marks the first time rilmenidine has been shown to increase lifespan in animals, paving the way for further exploration of its potential clinical applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-step-towards-healthier-aging">Promising step towards healthier aging</h2>



This study on rilmenidine, led by Professor João Pedro Magalhães, offers a glimmer of hope in the search for effective anti-aging interventions. 



By demonstrating rilmenidine's ability to extend lifespan and improve health markers in animals, the researchers have unlocked a potential game-changer in the field of geroscience. 



As they continue to explore the drug's mechanisms and potential clinical applications, the prospect of repurposing this widely-prescribed antihypertensive medication for healthier aging becomes increasingly tangible. 



With further research and development, rilmenidine could pave the way for a new era of accessible and effective anti-aging solutions, bringing us one step closer to the dream of a longer, healthier life.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.13774" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aging Cell</a>.



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High blood pressure drug called 'rilmenidine' dramatically slows aging in animals

In the quest to extend human lifespan and improve overall...

The latest negotiations on a global treaty to address plastic pollution concluded in Canada early Tuesday, advancing the dialogue despite significant debates, particularly over the prospect of setting global limits on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-increases-create-identical-plastic-pollution-increase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic production</a>. 



This session marked a pivotal shift as negotiators for the first time discussed the draft text of the treaty, moving from conceptual discussions to concrete treaty language.



The session in Ottawa, which is the fourth of five planned meetings, saw negotiators grappling with one of the most contentious issues: the potential limitation of plastic production.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-complex-issue">Highly complex issue</h2>



Despite strong objections from countries and industries reliant on plastic production, this issue remained in the treaty draft. Since most plastic is manufactured using fossil fuels and chemicals, reducing production is a highly complex issue.



As the meeting wrapped up, the committee resolved to continue refining the treaty's terms before reconvening for the final session in South Korea later this year.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward-with-the-plastics-treaty">Moving forward with the plastics treaty</h2>



The next session will focus on key issues such as financing mechanisms for the treaty's implementation, assessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a> of concern in plastics, and examining product design. 



However, Rwanda's representative expressed concern that by not directly addressing the volume of plastic production, negotiators were avoiding a critical issue.



“In the end, this is not just about the text, it’s not just about the process,” said Jyoti Mathur-Filipp, the executive secretary of the committee. “It is quite simply about providing a better future for generations and for our loved ones.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-on-circularity-nbsp">Focus on circularity&nbsp;</h2>



Industry representatives, however, have different priorities. Stewart Harris from the <a href="https://icca-chem.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Council of Chemical Associations</a> emphasized the industry's focus on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recycling-is-not-enough-to-address-the-plastic-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a> and reusing plastics, a concept often referred to as “circularity.” 



Thus, the Council does not want a cap on plastic production, and considers that chemicals should not be regulated through this agreement.&nbsp;



Harris also expressed satisfaction with the progress made in discussions, particularly around additional work on financing and plastic product design.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-issue-of-microplastics-nbsp">Addressing the issue of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



The negotiations were also informed by scientific input aimed at dispelling myths about plastics.&nbsp;



“I heard yesterday that there’s no data on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-migrate-from-the-gut-to-other-organs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a>, which is verifiably false: 21,000 articles on micro and nanoplastics have been published,” said Bethanie Carney Almroth, an ecotoxicology professor and co-leader of the <a href="https://ikhapp.org/scientistscoalition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientists’ Coalition for an Effective Plastics Treaty</a>. She also mentioned challenges faced by scientists, including harassment by industry lobbyists.



In a news conference on Saturday, members of an Indigenous Peoples’ Caucus said that microplastics are contaminating their food supply and threatening their communities and ways of life.&nbsp;



“We have bigger stakes. These are our ancestral lands that are being polluted with plastic,” said Juressa Lee of New Zealand. “We’re rights holders, not stakeholders. We should have more space to speak and make decisions than the people causing the problem.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-goal-to-move-forward-with-plastics-treaty">Common goal to move forward with plastics treaty</h2>



Despite these challenges, the diverse group of countries shared a common goal to progress with the treaty.&nbsp;



“Because at the end of the day, we’re talking about the survival of the future of life, not only of human life but all sorts of life on this planet,” argued Ecuador’s chief negotiator, Walter Schuldt.



However, the discussions, initiated by a resolution proposed by Rwanda and Peru, have been marked by slow progress and intense debate.&nbsp;



“We took a major step forward after two years of lots of discussion. Now we have text to negotiate,” said Björn Beeler, the international coordinator for the <a href="https://www.ipen.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Pollutants Elimination Network</a>. “Unfortunately, much more political will is needed to address the out of control escalating plastic production.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastics-treaty-negotiations-continue">Plastics treaty negotiations continue</h2>



As the plastics treaty negotiation process continues, the involvement of affected communities and advocacy groups underscores the urgent need for change.&nbsp;



From Louisiana to New Zealand, individuals and groups are calling for actions that go beyond government discussions to address the tangible impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic pollution</a> on communities and natural environments. 



This collective effort highlights a global recognition of the need for significant and effective measures to combat plastic pollution, ensuring a healthier planet for future generations.



“We are working toward a world where we won’t have plastic litter everywhere in our ecosystems,” said Mathur-Filipp. “The energy is there, the will is there and I know we will get an instrument by the end of the year.”



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Plastics treaty talks: Slow progress, yet restored hope

The latest negotiations on a global treaty to address plastic...

In a remarkable discovery, scientists have found higher-than-usual amounts of manganese in lakebed rocks within <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Mars_Gale-Crater_Newport-Ledge_Curiosity-rover_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gale Crater on Mars</a>. The results suggest that the sediments were formed in a river, delta, or near the shoreline of an ancient, habitable lake on ancient Mars.



The research team, led by Patrick Gasda of Los Alamos National Laboratory's Space Science and Applications group (<a href="https://organizations.lanl.gov/isr/isr-1/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISR-1</a>), used the <a href="https://www.msl-chemcam.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChemCam</a> instrument onboard NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-records-a-martian-day-from-dawn-to-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity rover</a> to make this intriguing finding.



"It is difficult for manganese oxide to form on the surface of Mars, so we didn't expect to find it in such high concentrations in a shoreline deposit," said Gasda, expressing his surprise at the discovery.



"On Earth, these types of deposits happen all the time because of the high oxygen in our atmosphere produced by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-is-letting-out-mysterious-methane-burps-but-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthetic life</a>, and from microbes that help catalyze those manganese oxidation reactions," Gasda explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-manganese-on-mars">Mystery of manganese on Mars</h2>



The presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-mars-had-less-oxygen-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manganese oxide</a> on Mars is perplexing, as there is no evidence of life or a clear mechanism to produce oxygen in the planet's ancient atmosphere. 



"On Mars, we don't have evidence for life, and the mechanism to produce oxygen in Mars's ancient atmosphere is unclear, so how the manganese oxide was formed and concentrated here is really puzzling," Gasda added. 



"These findings point to larger processes occurring in the Martian atmosphere or surface water and shows that more work needs to be done to understand oxidation on Mars," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-sedimentary-rocks-from-ancient-mars">Exploring sedimentary rocks from ancient Mars</h2>



The sedimentary rocks explored by the Curiosity rover are a mix of sands, silts, and muds. The research team investigated how manganese could have been enriched in the sandy rocks. 



The confusion lies in the fact that they are more porous and allow for easier groundwater passage compared to the muds that make up most of the lakebed rocks in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gale-crater-reveals-secrets-of-water-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gale Crater</a>. 



They considered possibilities such as the percolation of groundwater through the sands on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shore of a lake</a> or mouth of a delta and what oxidant could be responsible for the precipitation of manganese in the rocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">ChemCam: Unveiling the elemental composition of Martian rocks</h2>



The ChemCam (Chemistry and Camera) instrument, referred to above, is a key scientific tool onboard NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission's Curiosity rover. 



It was developed through a collaboration between Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in the United States and the French space agency, Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES). 



ChemCam is designed to analyze the chemical composition of Martian rocks and soil using a technique called Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS).



Here are some key features and facts about the ChemCam instrument:



<ul>
<li>Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): ChemCam uses a powerful laser to vaporize small portions of Martian rocks or soil from a distance of up to 7 meters (23 feet). The laser creates a plasma, which emits light with wavelengths characteristic of the elements present in the target.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Remote Micro-Imager (RMI): In addition to the LIBS system, ChemCam also includes a high-resolution camera called the Remote Micro-Imager. The RMI provides context images of the analyzed targets, allowing scientists to better understand the geological setting of the sampled area.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Elemental analysis: ChemCam can detect and quantify the presence of various elements, including lighter elements like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, and boron, which are difficult to detect with other techniques. It can also measure the abundances of heavier elements, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Rapid analysis: The instrument can analyze multiple points on a single rock or soil target within a matter of minutes, providing a quick and efficient means of gathering chemical data.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Depth profiling: By firing multiple laser pulses at the same location, ChemCam can analyze the composition of rocks and soils at different depths, providing insights into the vertical distribution of elements.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Discovering manganese: In 2016, ChemCam detected high levels of manganese oxides in Martian rocks, which was unexpected given the planet's current atmospheric conditions. This discovery led to new questions about the history of Mars' atmosphere and the potential for past habitable environments.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Instrument specs: ChemCam's laser operates at a wavelength of 1067 nanometers and can fire at a rate of up to 10 Hz. The instrument weighs approximately 10 kilograms (22 pounds) and consumes about 14 watts of power during operation.</li>
</ul>



The data collected by ChemCam has greatly contributed to our understanding of the geological history and potential habitability of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-explores-mars-ridge-with-intriguing-watery-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>, including its contribution to this recent study of Gale Crater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-life-on-ancient-mars">Implications for life on ancient Mars</h2>



On Earth, manganese becomes enriched due to atmospheric oxygen, a process often accelerated by the presence of microbes. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/curiosity-mars-rover-finds-more-compelling-evidence-for-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">If life existed</a> on ancient Mars, the increased amounts of manganese in these rocks along the lake shore would have been a helpful energy source for metabolism. 



"The Gale lake environment, as revealed by these ancient rocks, gives us a window into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable environment</a> that looks surprisingly similar to places on Earth today," remarked Nina Lanza, principal investigator for the ChemCam instrument. 



"Manganese minerals are common in the shallow, toxic waters found on lake shores on Earth, and it's remarkable to find such recognizable features on ancient Mars," she explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-window-into-the-past-shows-earth-mars-similarities">Window into the past shows Earth/Mars similarities</h2>



In summary, the discovery of higher manganese levels in ancient lakebed rocks on Mars by NASA's Curiosity rover and the ChemCam instrument opens up exciting new possibilities for understanding the Red Planet's geological history and its potential for hosting life in the past. 



As scientists continue to investigate these intriguing findings, they inch closer to unraveling the mysteries surrounding the Martian atmosphere, surface water, and the formation of manganese oxide deposits. 



This intriguing research showcases the similarities between Earth and Mars and highlights the importance of ongoing exploration and scientific inquiry in our quest to comprehend the universe and our place within it.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JE007923" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research Planets</a>.



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More evidence that ancient Mars was Earth-like and habitable

In a remarkable discovery, scientists have found higher-than-usual amounts of...

The <a href="https://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/Tai-Monkey-Project1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tai Forest Monkey Project</a>, operating a research field station in Ivory Coast for three decades, experienced a significant setback on the sole day it was unstaffed due to nearby conflict in Liberia, resulting in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poaching-has-long-term-impacts-on-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poaching</a> of 18 endangered monkeys. 



This incident highlights the vital role that such field stations play in not only advancing scientific knowledge but also protecting biodiversity by deterring poaching and illegal resource extraction.



According to a recent study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.13014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Letters</a>, it is highly important to conserve the red colobus monkey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/speedbumps-help-protect-endangered-red-colobus-monkeys/">species</a> found across Africa, including those in the Tai Project field station area. 



These monkeys are recognized as a conservation priority due to their vulnerability to hunting and climate change impacts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-red-colobus-monkeys">Endangered red colobus monkeys</h2>



“One of the primates at our field station is a red colobus species that is endangered,” said study co-author W. Scott McGraw, a primate behaviorist at OSU, and co-director of the Tai Monkey Project.&nbsp;



“If we were to stop our work and pull out of the forest, I would not be surprised to see the numbers of all animals just crash. By simply being at the field station, we are protecting what we’re studying in addition to generating knowledge. Every one of those species of red colobus in Africa is in danger. And the places where they’re protected the most are those that have research field stations.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-for-red-colobus-monkeys">Conservation efforts for red colobus monkeys</h2>



The ongoing efforts to protect red colobus monkeys and their habitats involve collaboration between nearly 20 institutions from the United States, Europe, and Africa. 



Experts from these institutions focus on actions such as designating red colobus as priority conservation species, conducting ecological surveys to identify populations needing protection, increasing investment in protected area management, and engaging with local communities living near these habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-colobus-monkey-extinction">Red colobus monkey extinction </h2>



The urgency of these efforts was highlighted by the tragic confirmation of the first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-primates-go-extinct-so-will-their-parasites/">primate extinction</a> in 500 years, Miss Waldron’s red colobus, which McGraw and his team documented in the late 1990s. 



“People would say, well, there are lots of other primates – who cares if we lose one? But we argued that this could be the beginning of a wave of extinction that could make its way across all of Africa,” McGraw explained.&nbsp;



“This was the tip of the iceberg suggesting we were on the edge of catastrophe. What’s next? Then the leopards go, then the hippos go.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-field-stations">The role of field stations</h2>



Further emphasizing the role of field stations, a <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/conl.13007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">companion article</a> by McGraw and 172 other scientists outlined how these outposts significantly contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-conservation-can-help-stabilize-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> and forest conservation. 



The analysis, based on a survey of 157 field station leaders in 56 countries, showed that the presence of a staffed field station greatly reduces hunting and enhances enforcement of anti-poaching laws, impacting over 1,200 threatened animal species and nearly 50 square miles of habitat per station.



Despite the crucial conservation work these stations perform, many still struggle with funding, especially following the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.&nbsp;



“Most of these field stations are located in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-biodiversity-hotspots-can-be-found-on-small-scales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity hotspots</a>, and operate at a relatively low cost,” McGraw said. “We work in a well-known national park, but every day we hear gunshots around us. We’ve collected good evidence over 30 years that the density of animals drops off dramatically immediately outside of our primary study area. So just by being there, we are affording protection.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continued-threats-to-biodiversity-nbsp">Continued threats to biodiversity&nbsp;</h2>



The plight of red colobus monkeys in Ivory Coast exemplifies broader challenges, where illegal cocoa farming and hunting in protected areas are rampant due to the high demand for chocolate. 



McGraw and his team found that patrolling two forest reserves significantly reduced illegal activities, yet the conversion of protected lands into cocoa farms continues to threaten biodiversity.



“In the eastern part of Ivory Coast, where there should be forest, it looks like a bomb has dropped,” McGraw said. “So much of the forest has been cut down, and that which remains is under increasing pressure from us.”&nbsp;



“The human population growth is so steep and is taking place in areas often containing the largest number of threatened taxa. People are, in many cases, eking out a living right next to a forest containing biodiversity that they’ve grown up with. It’s a real conservation crisis.”



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Red colobus monkeys are threatened by poachers in Africa

The Tai Forest Monkey Project, operating a research field station...

In the vast expanse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/betelgeuse-one-of-our-brightest-stars-will-vanish-from-sight-next-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion constellation</a>, a peculiar group of stars has captured the attention of astronomers for decades. These stars, known as FUor stars, exhibit sudden and dramatic<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/orion-nebula_FU-Ori-binary-system_NRAO_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> increases in brightness</a>, defying the typical behavior of young stellar objects. 



Now, thanks to the powerful observations made by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (<a href="https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>), the secrets behind these enigmatic outbursts are finally being unraveled.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puzzling-case-of-fuor-stars">Puzzling case of FUor stars</h2>



Antonio Hales, deputy manager of the North American ALMA Regional Center and scientist with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (<a href="https://www.nrao.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NRAO</a>), led a research team that delved into the mysteries of FU Orionis, a double star system that first caught astronomers' attention in 1936. 



Published in The Astrophysical Journal, their findings shed light on the mechanisms fueling these stellar eruptions.



"FU Ori has been devouring material for almost 100 years to keep its eruption going. We have finally found an answer to how these young outbursting stars replenish their mass," explains Hales. "For the first time we have direct observational evidence of the material fueling the eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuor-stars-and-their-fuel-source">FUor stars and their fuel Source</h2>



Using ALMA's advanced capabilities, the researchers detected a long, thin stream of carbon monoxide falling onto FU Orionis. 



However, this gas stream alone seemed insufficient to sustain the ongoing outburst. Instead, the team hypothesized that this accretion streamer is a remnant of a much larger feature that previously fell into the young stellar system.



"It is possible that the interaction with a bigger stream of gas in the past caused the system to become unstable and trigger the brightness increase," suggests Hales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modeling-the-accretion-streamer">Modeling the accretion streamer</h2>



To better understand the dynamics of the mass flow into FU Orionis, the researchers employed novel numerical methods to model the accretion streamer and estimate its properties. 



Aashish Gupta, a Ph.D. candidate at the European Southern Observatory (<a href="https://www.eso.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO</a>) and co-author of the study, developed these innovative modeling techniques.



"We compared the shape and speed of the observed structure to that expected from a trail of infalling gas, and the numbers made sense," says Gupta.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alma-s-comprehensive-view">ALMA's comprehensive view</h2>



The observations made by ALMA showcased the instrument's remarkable ability to explore a wide range of angular scales, providing a comprehensive view of star and planet formation dynamics. 



Sebastián Pérez of Universidad de Santiago de Chile (<a href="https://www.usach.cl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USACH</a>) and co-author of the research, highlights the significance of this capability.



"The range of angular scales we are able to explore with a single instrument is truly remarkable. ALMA gives us a comprehensive view of the dynamics of star and planet formation, spanning from large molecular clouds in which hundreds of stars are born, down to the more familiar scales of solar systems," adds Pérez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-star-and-planet-formation">Implications for star and planet formation</h2>



Beyond solving the mystery of FU Orionis, these findings have broader implications for our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star and planet formation</a>. 



The researchers believe that all stars undergo outburst events, which play a crucial role in shaping the chemical composition of accretion disks and the planets that eventually form around them.



"By understanding how these peculiar FUor stars are made, we're confirming what we know about how different stars and planets form. We believe that all stars undergo outburst events. These outbursts are important because they affect the chemical composition of the accretion disks around nascent stars and the planets they eventually form," emphasizes Hales.



The study of FU Orionis has been a long-term endeavor for the research team, dating back to ALMA's first observations in 2012. Hales expresses his excitement about finally having answers to the puzzling behavior of these outbursting stars.



"We have been studying FU Orionis since ALMA's first observations in 2012," adds Hales. "It's fascinating to finally have answers."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orion-constellation-fu-orionis-and-future-observations">Orion constellation, FU Orionis and future observations</h2>



The observations of FU Orionis in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-stars-shape-planetary-systems-like-ours-with-ultraviolet-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion constellation</a> by ALMA have solved a long-standing mystery in astronomy and paved the way for a better understanding of star and planet formation. 



By unraveling the secrets behind the enigmatic behavior of FUor stars, researchers have confirmed the crucial role that outburst events play in shaping the chemical composition of accretion disks and the planets that form around them. 



As astronomers continue to explore the vast reaches of the universe, the insights gained from studying these peculiar stars will undoubtedly contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the cosmic processes that govern the birth and evolution of stellar systems.



The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad31a1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Mystery of Orion's erupting 'FUor' stars solved after 100 years

In the vast expanse of the Orion constellation, a peculiar...

The formidable, saber-like fangs of Smilodon fatalis, also known as saber-toothed cats, are a symbol of prehistoric ferocity and a subject of scientific fascination. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/smilodon-fatalis_sabertoothed-cat_fang-fossil_UCBerkeley_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">These fangs</a>, famously preserved at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, intrigue visitors and scientists alike with their unique structure and evolutionary purpose. 



Researchers found some of these fangs with a curious feature: a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/smilodon-fatalis_sabertoothed-cat_Massimo-Molinero_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">double set of teeth</a> comprising both a baby and a permanent tooth within the same socket.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smilodon-fatalis-and-double-fangs">Smilodon fatalis and double fangs</h2>



Jack Tseng, an associate professor of integrative biology, has dedicated years to studying these peculiar specimens. His upcoming research publication illuminates the evolutionary advantages of this dental arrangement.



Tseng's study suggests that the presence of the milk tooth alongside the erupting permanent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sabertooth-skull-offers-new-clues-about-the-extinct-mammal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saber tooth</a> plays a critical role in preventing the tooth from breaking under lateral pressures. 



This insight was supported by advanced computer modeling and physical tests using 3D-printed replicas of saber teeth.



Initially, Tseng and his team proposed that the baby tooth acts as a stabilizing buttress during the eruptive phase of the permanent tooth. 



They based this hypothesis on growth data, which shows that saber-toothed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-sabertooth-cat-big-polar-bear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cats</a> retained this dual-tooth system for up to 30 months during their adolescence.



"Imagine a timeline where you have the milk canine coming out, and when they finish erupting, the permanent canine comes out and overtakes the milk canine, eventually pushing it out," noted Tseng.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predator-evolution-of-smilodon-fatalis">Predator evolution of Smilodon fatalis</h2>



The implications of this study extend beyond dental mechanics to insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-sabertooth-cat-discovered-in-south-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predatory behavior</a> and survival strategies of saber-toothed cats. 



The dual-fang stage likely provided young Smilodon with a 'learning curve' period, during which they could experiment with their hunting techniques without the immediate risk of damaging their formidable weapons.



Tseng suggests that this prolonged dual-tooth stage acted as an evolutionary adaptation, allowing the young predators to take risks and learn effective hunting strategies while under the protective 'insurance policy' of the milk tooth. 



"The double-fang stage is probably worth a rethinking now that I've shown there's this potential insurance policy, this larger range of protection," Tseng explained. "It allows the equivalent of our teenagers to experiment, to take risks, essentially to learn how to be a full-grown, fully fledged predator."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beam-theory">Beam theory</h2>



Tseng's research incorporated beam theory, an engineering principle typically used to assess the structural strength and behavior of materials under various stress conditions. 



By utilizing this theory for the study of Smilodon's saber teeth, he was able to create simulations that mimicked how these teeth would react under different types of stress, focusing particularly on lateral bending -- how the teeth would bend side to side under pressure.



His analysis showed that although the bending strength of the saber teeth -- how much force they could withstand before bending -- remained relatively unchanged, their stiffness, or how much they resisted bending when force was applied, diminished as the teeth grew longer. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function-of-the-smilodon-fatalis-milk-tooth">Function of the Smilodon fatalis milk tooth</h2>



This finding suggests that the longer the tooth, the more prone it was to bend under force, potentially leading to breakage.



Crucially, Tseng found that the presence of a milk tooth alongside the permanent tooth in young Smilodon played a significant role in enhancing the overall structural integrity of the growing fang. 



The milk tooth seemed to serve as a supportive structure, improving the alignment of the tooth's stiffness with its bending strength. 



This improved alignment significantly reduced the risk of the saber tooth breaking during hunting, particularly when catching and subduing prey. 



The combination of the baby and permanent teeth provided a critical balance, ensuring that young saber-toothed cats could effectively and safely develop their hunting skills without the immediate risk of damaging their essential fangs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



While the focus of Tseng's study was Smilodon fatalis, the findings have broader implications for understanding other saber-toothed species as well. 



Moreover, the presence of similar dental features in other species suggests that this adaptation could be more widespread than previously thought. This opens new avenues for research into the evolutionary pathways that led to the development of such specialized predatory adaptations.



Tseng's work not only enhances our understanding of one of the most iconic predators of the Pleistocene but also invites us to reconsider how we view the growth and development of these fascinating creatures.



As these investigations continue, they not only illuminate the past but also enrich our broader understanding of evolutionary biology and the mechanics of survival in the natural world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25447" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Anatomical Record</a>.



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Young saber-toothed cats had double fangs, but for good reason

The formidable, saber-like fangs of Smilodon fatalis, also known as...

In recent findings presented at the ESCMID Global Congress in Barcelona, Spain, researchers uncovered concerning levels of antibiotic resistance in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cooked-versus-gut-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">uncooked meat</a> intended for both human and animal consumption. 



This research, carried out by Dr. Jordan Sealey, Professor Matthew Avison, and their team from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, delves into the risks associated with meat products sold in the UK.



Unfortunately, despite being regulated by the UK Government Food Standards Agency (<a href="https://www.food.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FSA</a>), meat products are not tested for resistant opportunistic pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibiotic-resistance-in-meat">Antibiotic resistance in meat</h2>



The study examined 58 samples of uncooked meat -- beef, chicken, lamb, and pork -- all intended for cooking before human consumption, along with 15 samples of raw chicken-based dog food. 



These samples underwent testing for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-fed-raw-meat-may-spread-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">E. coli resistance</a> to several antibiotics, including amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin, which are critically important for human health due to their role in combating antibiotic resistance.



The findings were striking. Chicken meant for human consumption exhibited a 100% positivity rate for resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin.



In addition, nearly half of these samples were resistant to the critically important antibiotic class, fluoroquinolones. The levels of antibiotic resistance in beef, lamb, and pork were also significant, though slightly lower.



This consistent pattern of antibiotic resistance was also noted in the raw dog food, indicating a concerning similarity in the bacterial profiles of meats designated for both humans and pets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-findings">Implications of the findings</h2>



The presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-create-viruses-to-combat-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic-resistant bacteria</a> in raw meats is not just a theoretical concern. It poses a real risk of transmitting these bacteria from the meat to consumers and their pets, particularly through improper handling and consumption of uncooked meat. 



Dr. Sealey and Professor Avison emphasize the importance of cooking meat thoroughly to kill harmful bacteria and practicing good hygiene during meat preparation to prevent the spread of these pathogens.



"Most people are aware of the risks of food poisoning from uncooked meat but are less informed about the dangers of picking up antibiotic-resistant pathogens," the researchers noted. 



Owners feeding their dogs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-raw-meat-diet-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">raw meat</a> may also unknowingly handle meat contaminated with these pathogens, increasing the risk of spreading to humans within the household.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-the-risks">Mitigating the risks</h2>



This study serves as a stark reminder of the hidden dangers lurking in uncooked meats and underscores the critical importance of safe food handling practices to combat antibiotic resistance.



Moreover, it confirms that raw meats can harbor multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli, which, if ingested, can enter the gut and potentially lead to resistant opportunistic infections, such as urinary tract infections.



To mitigate these risks, the researchers advocate for stringent hygiene practices during meat preparation, thorough cooking of meat before consumption, and careful handling of raw <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harmful-bacteria-dog-food-raw-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog food</a>. 



Implementing these steps is essential to prevent the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and protect public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fight-against-antibiotic-resistance">Fight against antibiotic resistance</h2>



The research discussed sheds light on a critical public health concern: the prevalence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-fed-raw-meat-may-spread-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic-resistant bacteria</a> in meat products intended for both human and animal consumption. 



These findings indicate that various meats, such as chicken, beef, lamb, and pork, harbor bacteria that have developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics. 



This resistance makes infections from these bacteria harder to treat and increases the risk of more severe health outcomes.



The widespread nature of this problem highlights the necessity for heightened awareness among consumers, healthcare providers, and food industry professionals. 



Increased awareness can lead to more informed decisions about meat purchasing, handling, and cooking, which are vital steps in preventing the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educating-the-public-about-antibiotic-resistance-from-meat">Educating the public about antibiotic resistance from meat</h2>



Public education campaigns could be an effective tool in raising this awareness, informing people about the risks of raw meat and the importance of thorough cooking and proper hygiene.



Moreover, the research emphasizes the need for proactive steps to tackle this issue. This could include stricter regulations on antibiotic use in agriculture, improved testing and monitoring of antibiotic resistance in meat products, and the development of new policies to manage and reduce the use of antibiotics in farming. 



These measures are crucial to controlling the spread of resistance and ensuring that antibiotics remain effective for treating infections in both humans and animals.



The urgency of these actions stems from the potential public health crisis that could arise if antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked. 



Without robust efforts to manage this issue, there could be a significant increase in drug-resistant infections, which would be harder and more costly to treat. 



Therefore, this research serves as a call to action for all stakeholders involved -- from farm to table -- to engage in more responsible practices concerning antibiotic use and meat handling to protect public health.



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Worrying levels of antibiotic resistance found in uncooked meats

In recent findings presented at the ESCMID Global Congress in...

Our modern, convenience-driven lifestyles often involve prolonged periods of sitting, whether at work, commuting, or relaxing at home. While seemingly harmless, sitting more than you stand is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sedentary-behavior-sitting-for-hours-health-risk-early-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bad for your overall health</a>.



Prolonged sitting is a major risk factor for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-can-counteract-the-health-risks-of-sitting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic diseases</a> such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and even a shortened lifespan. 



Fortunately, an important new study offers a surprisingly simple solution that could make a huge difference in your long-term health: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/standing-lose-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">standing</a> up more often.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sit-less-for-better-health">Sit less for better health</h2>



Australian researchers carefully studied how the way we spend our time (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sedentary-behavior-sitting-for-hours-health-risk-early-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sitting</a>, sleeping, standing, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-significantly-lowers-heart-disease-risk-by-reducing-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercising</a>) directly influences our heart health. They analyzed multiple factors that indicate cardiovascular wellbeing.



<ul>
<li>Sit no more than 6 hours per day.&nbsp;This may be a challenge, but it highlights the importance of reducing sedentary time.</li>



<li>Stand for a total of 5 hours per day.&nbsp;Note, this is simple standing, not even walking.</li>



<li>Engage in 2+ hours of vigorous exercise.&nbsp;Brisk walking, swimming, running, cycling, or gym workouts would fit here.</li>



<li>Incorporate 2+ hours of light exercise.&nbsp;This includes daily tasks like laundry, cooking, gardening, or walking the dog.</li>



<li>Sleep for 8 hours, 20 minutes.&nbsp;Quality sleep is essential for overall health.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-standing">Power of standing</h2>



This study draws attention to the unique power of standing time. It demonstrates that even if you consistently engage in intense exercise, spending too many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ten-hours-of-sitting-amplifies-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hours sitting</a> still has a negative impact on your health. This highlights the importance of actions beyond just dedicated workouts.



The research suggests that simply breaking up extended periods of sitting by incorporating standing intervals can have significant benefits for your overall health. This means that small changes throughout your day can make a real difference.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance </h2>



"For different health markers, from waist circumference to fasting glucose, there would be different levels for each behavior. This breakdown encompasses a wide range of health markers and converges on the 24 hours associated with overall optimal health," said Dr Christian Brakenridge, study author and expert in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> physiology at <a href="https://www.swinburne.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swinburne University of Technology</a>, Melbourne.



"Of course, moving as much as you can is always encouraged when so much of life requires us to be sitting in front of screens.&nbsp;Shorter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-can-counteract-the-health-risks-of-sitting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sitting</a> time and more time spent standing, undergoing physical activity and sleeping give great boosts to our cardiometabolic health," Brakenridge added.



Researchers acknowledge that this serves as a general recommendation and individual needs may vary. Those with specific health concerns should consult their doctors first.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daily-sitting-sleeping-standing-and-exercising-for-optimal-health">Daily sitting, sleeping, standing, and exercising for optimal health</h2>



Here are practical ways to apply the insights from this study:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The power of interruptions</h3>



Interrupting sedentary periods throughout your day can significantly boost your overall health. By setting reminders to stand up every 30 to 60 minutes, you commit to breaking the cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moving-more-and-sitting-less-leads-to-healthier-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prolonged sitting</a>, which research has linked to various health issues such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and lower back pain. 



These brief interruptions for standing or stretching can help improve circulation, increase energy, reduce fatigue, and enhance focus. This habit ensures that even on your busiest days, you are taking steps (literally and figuratively) toward maintaining your physical well-being.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Re-think meetings</h3>



Work environments are traditionally sedentary, but they don't have to be. Rethinking how and where you conduct meetings can introduce beneficial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-aging-physical-activity-has-a-direct-impact-on-life-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical activity</a> into your daily routine. 



For example, if a meeting doesn't require extensive note-taking or technology, consider having it while standing, walking, or even outdoors. 



Walking meetings not only foster a dynamic environment for brainstorming and problem-solving but also promote health by reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sitting-increases-risk-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sitting</a> time and encouraging gentle physical activity that supports heart health and muscle tone.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sit-stand workstation for better health</h3>



Adopting a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/every-move-counts-even-minimal-activity-can-boost-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">standing desk</a> or an adjustable sit-stand workstation is a proactive approach to combatting the negative health effects of prolonged sitting. 



These desks allow you to easily alternate between sitting and standing, which can reduce the risk of chronic health issues like type 2 diabetes and heart disease, as well as alleviate musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the lower back. 



Standing desks have also been shown to boost productivity and enhance mood, as standing helps increase blood flow and energy levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Everyday movement</h3>



Incorporating movement into your everyday life is about making intentional choices that contribute to your physical well-being. Simple acts such as opting for the stairs instead of the elevator, taking a brisk walk during your coffee break, or choosing a parking spot at the far end of the lot increase your daily physical activity. 



These choices help you accumulate the recommended 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week, as suggested by health authorities. Each decision to move more is a step toward better health, enhancing your cardiovascular fitness and increasing your energy levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Bedtime ritual</h3>



A consistent bedtime routine is key to achieving high-quality sleep, which is crucial for overall health. Developing a series of relaxing, pre-sleep activities can greatly improve your ability to fall and stay asleep. Activities might include dimming the lights, reading a book, meditating, or practicing gentle yoga stretches. 



These activities help lower your body's stress levels and prepare your mind for sleep, making it easier to achieve the deep, restorative stages of sleep necessary for optimal health. By prioritizing these rituals, you not only enhance your sleep quality but also contribute to better mental and physical health.



This cutting-edge research highlights the vital role that movement and minimizing sedentary behavior plays in overall health. By integrating easy changes, like taking regular standing breaks and increasing light, everyday activity, we can significantly counter the negative effects of the "sitting disease" and cultivate a healthier, more vibrant life.



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Sit, stand, exercise and sleep this much each day for optimal health

Our modern, convenience-driven lifestyles often involve prolonged periods of sitting,...

Medium-sized dog breeds are more prone to cancer than both the smallest and the largest breeds, according to a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/">University of California, Riverside</a>.



These findings challenge the multistage model of cancer, which associates increased size within a single species to a heightened risk of cancer due to more frequent cellular mutations as cells divide and replicate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-cancer-risk">Size and cancer risk</h2>



“The question that arises is why, then, don't we get more cancer than a mouse? We don't. There is no increase in cancer risk as animals increase in size from species to species,” explained Leonard Nunney, a UC Riverside evolutionary biologist and the study's author.&nbsp;



The paradox lies within species where size appears to correlate with cancer risk, as seen in humans, where taller individuals have about a 10% increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/you-can-reduce-your-risk-of-cancer-with-just-4-5-minutes-of-daily-activity/">cancer risk</a> for every 10 centimeters in height.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-and-cancer-risk">Dogs and cancer risk</h2>



To delve deeper into these relationships, Nunney looked at dogs - a species with significant size variation - to understand how size impacts cancer risk.&nbsp;



“Testing this in dogs is even better because you can compare a tiny chihuahua to a great Dane. That's a 35-fold difference in size, and people can't come close to that,” he explained.&nbsp;



His findings showed that smaller dogs like Pomeranians, miniature pinschers, and chihuahuas have approximately a 10% chance of dying from cancer, while some larger breeds like Bernese mountain dogs exhibit more than a 40% chance.



However, the research also identified outliers, such as flat-coated retrievers and Scottish terriers, which exhibit higher cancer rates than typical for their size. Despite these anomalies, the study generally supports the multistage model’s assertion that larger size within a species may increase <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cigarette-smoke-exposure-elevates-cancer-risk-in-dogs/">cancer risk</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifespan-and-cancer-risk">Lifespan and cancer risk </h2>



Surprisingly, the study also found that the very largest breeds, like Great Danes, actually show lower cancer rates compared to medium-sized breeds. This is attributed to their shorter life spans.&nbsp;



“For every pound increase in typical breed size you lose about two weeks of life. A very big dog, you're lucky if they live past nine years, whereas small dogs can go about 14,” Nunney said. Since cancer is predominantly an affliction of older age, these reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer-than-large-breeds/">lifespans</a> in larger dogs correlate with decreased cancer risk.



These insights suggest that size and life expectancy within species are significant factors in cancer risk, aligning closely with the multistage model of cancer. “I was surprised how well dogs fit the model,” Nunney said. “But that doesn't happen when you compare a mouse to an elephant or a human to a whale. So, does that undermine the model in some way?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-prevention-mechanisms-nbsp">Cancer prevention mechanisms&nbsp;</h2>



Nunney proposes that larger species have evolved more sophisticated cancer prevention mechanisms. “My argument is that preventing cancer is an evolving trait, so a whale will have more ways of preventing cancer than a mouse does,” he explained. 



This evolutionary perspective is supported by observations of elephants, which rarely suffer from cancer despite their size and longevity.



The broader implications of this research extend beyond veterinary science to potential insights into cancer prevention in humans. Understanding the natural mechanisms that larger species use to protect themselves from cancer could lead to breakthroughs in human cancer treatments and prevention strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-in-dogs-nbsp">Cancer in dogs&nbsp;</h2>



Cancer in dogs is a significant health concern and one of the leading causes of death in older dogs, though it can also affect younger ones. The disease occurs when cells grow uncontrollably, forming masses or invading tissues throughout the body.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-types">Cancer types</h3>



Different types of cancer in dogs include lymphoma, melanoma, bone cancer, and mammary gland cancer, among others. Symptoms vary widely depending on the type of cancer, but common signs include abnormal swelling, sores that don't heal, weight loss, and changes in appetite.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diagnosis-of-cancer-in-dogs">Diagnosis of cancer in dogs</h3>



Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical exams, blood tests, imaging like X-rays and ultrasound, and biopsies. 



Treatment options are similarly varied, depending on the stage and type of cancer, and can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. These treatments aim to remove or kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal cells.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outcomes">Outcomes</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-should-you-begin-cancer-screening-for-your-dog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early detection</a> and treatment can significantly improve outcomes, which is why regular veterinary check-ups are important. Advances in veterinary medicine have improved the management of cancer in dogs, leading to better quality of life and longer survival rates for many dogs diagnosed with the disease. 



The approach to treating canine cancer often involves a team of specialists, including veterinarians who specialize in oncology.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231356" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Medium-sized dogs have a greater risk of developing cancer

Medium-sized dog breeds are more prone to cancer than both...

Did you know that the choices you make in the supermarket aisle might have more consequences than you think? A new study sheds light on nanoparticles, tiny ingredients in many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-household-products-expose-people-to-dangerous-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">household</a> products, and the potential risks they might pose to your health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-nanoparticles">What are nanoparticles?</h2>



Nanoparticles are astonishingly tiny fragments of a material, measuring approximately one billionth of a meter in size. Due to their extraordinarily small size, nanoparticles can exhibit unique and surprising properties that differ significantly from those of the same material in its everyday, bulk form. 



For instance, bulk gold typically displays a familiar yellow hue. However, when gold is reduced to the nanoscale, it exhibits a surprising change in color based on its size and the shape of the nanoparticles. Smaller gold nanoparticles may appear red, while larger particles can shift towards purple or even blue. These distinctive and often unexpected properties make nanoparticles incredibly valuable for integration into a vast array of products. 



Nanoparticles are utilized across a variety of industries due to their unique properties. In cosmetics, they are added to improve the smoothness of products and enhance sun protection, making creams and lotions more effective against UV rays. 



Similarly, in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harmful-chemicals-found-household-dust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">household</a> cleaning solutions, nanoparticles are used to increase the germ-fighting capabilities of these products. This allows for more efficient cleaning and disinfecting processes. The versatility of nanoparticles enables them to be a beneficial additive in numerous consumer products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nanoparticle-danger-zone-in-household">Nanoparticle danger zone in household</h2>



A new study from <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/">Rutgers University</a> has shed light on a hidden consequence of using everyday household products containing nanoparticles. These products, commonly found in sunscreens, cleaning solutions, and even cosmetics, release tiny nanoparticles when sprayed. The cause for concern lies not just in the initial release, but in the particles' lingering presence.



Unlike typical dust or larger particles that might settle and remain relatively stationary, nanoparticles don't simply disappear after leaving the spray can. Instead, they act more like microscopic hitchhikers. They cling to surfaces like carpets and floors, creating a potential reservoir of airborne particles. The truly unsettling aspect comes into play with our everyday activities. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-settled-household-nanoparticles">Settled household nanoparticles</h2>



"If an adult is walking in a room, and steps on some of these deposited particles, we found that the particles will be re-suspended in the air and rise as high as that person's breathing zone," said Gediminas Mainelis, a professor at Rutgers.



The very act of walking across a recently sprayed room can disturb these settled nanoparticles in household. This disturbance acts like a microscopic dust storm, kicking the particles back up into the air. The issue arises because the resuspension zone of nanoparticles overlaps with our breathing zone in household. This overlap raises concerns about the potential for inhalation of these particles. 



Prolonged inhalation could pose risks to our respiratory systems. The long-term health effects of such exposure to nanoparticles remain a significant concern. These effects are still under investigation, highlighting the need for caution and further research.



Children are potentially at even greater risk. Since they play on the floor and are closer to the ground, their exposure to these particles may be much higher.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-the-exposure-matter">Why does the exposure matter?</h2>



The long-term health effects of exposure to nanoparticles remain a subject of intense scientific investigation. The minuscule size of nanoparticles is at the heart of this uncertainty. 



When a material is scaled down to the nanoscale, its properties can shift dramatically from the way it acts in bulk form. This means standard methods for understanding and predicting a material's safety may not apply fully. 



Consequently, it's difficult to say with absolute certainty how nanoparticles will interact with the human body over extended periods of time. The concern among scientists is the possibility of our bodies responding to these microscopic particles in negative and surprising ways. 



These reactions might take years or even decades to manifest, making long-term studies and careful monitoring essential to uncover the full picture. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-you-do">What can you do?</h2>



While it's alarming to think about an invisible hazard in your home, there are steps you can take to reduce your exposure to nanoparticles:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-be-a-responsible-shopper">Be a responsible shopper</h3>



When shopping for household items and personal care products, pay attention to their labeling. Some products might specifically mention "nano-free" or "does not contain nanoparticles" on their packaging. 



The "nano-free" designation on products is crucial. It confirms that the product does not contain engineered nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are typically added to enhance product features, such as clarity, strength, or sun protection in sunscreens. 



By choosing products labeled as nano-free, you can reduce your exposure to nanoparticles in households. This reduction is important because some studies suggest there could be health risks associated with nanoparticle exposure.



However, it's important to understand that such labeling does not guarantee complete avoidance of all nano-sized particles naturally present in the environment, but it does help in reducing exposure from engineered sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choose-ventilation">Choose ventilation</h3>



Effective ventilation is crucial when using products that may release nanoparticles, such as aerosol sprays, paints, or other pressurized goods. To facilitate the rapid dissipation of these particles, open windows or use an exhaust fan to increase airflow in the area where the products are used. 



This not only helps in reducing the concentration of nanoparticles that you might inhale but also minimizes overall indoor air <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indoor-air-pollution-india/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>. Increased airflow can significantly lower the duration these particles remain airborne, thereby reducing the likelihood of respiratory exposure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mask-up">Mask up</h3>



For individuals who are either particularly sensitive to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-forever-chemicals-costs-billions-in-the-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a> or concerned about potential health risks from nanoparticles, wearing a protective mask can be a beneficial precaution. Masks, especially those rated N95 or higher, can filter out a significant portion of nano-sized particles. 



This preventive measure is particularly recommended when using sprays or other products in confined or poorly ventilated spaces. By wearing a mask, you can protect your respiratory system from inhaling nanoparticles that might be suspended in the air during and after the application of such products.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-read-the-labels">Read the labels</h3>



Regularly checking and understanding the ingredient lists on products can be a very effective way to control your exposure to nanoparticles. Many consumer products, such as sunscreens, cosmetics, and household cleaning sprays, may contain nanoparticles for their beneficial properties. 



Manufacturers often use ingredients like titanium dioxide or zinc oxide in nanoparticle form in sunscreens for their UV protection properties. Similarly, they might include silver nanoparticles for their antimicrobial effects.



By reading labels, you can make informed choices about avoiding products with these ingredients if you are concerned about the potential health impacts. This habit also helps you become more aware of the chemical contents in your everyday products, fostering better consumer awareness and safety practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-awareness-on-household-nanoparticles-is-key">Awareness on household nanoparticles is key</h2>



We don't have all the answers about the long-term consequences of nanoparticle exposure. But researchers like those at Rutgers are drawing attention to a potential problem lurking right under our noses. "At this point, it's more about increasing awareness so that people know just what they are using," said Mainelis.



By knowing what these products contain, we can make informed choices about how to protect the health of ourselves and our families.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969724016000?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of The Total Environment</a>.



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Household sprays release dangerous nanoparticles that linger in the home

Did you know that the choices you make in the...

Recent findings presented at the <a href="https://www.eccmid.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESCMID Global Congress</a> in Barcelona reveal a concerning level of contamination in UK hospital <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flushing-toilets-eject-virus-containing-droplets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toilets</a>, highlighting significant differences among various toilet types.



The research, led by Professor Stephanie Dancer, delves into the proliferation of microbes, particularly in areas frequently used by patients, revealing a potential risk for hospital-acquired infections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-presence-across-hospital-toilets">Microbial presence across hospital toilets</h2>



Professor Dancer and her team conducted a meticulous study in three general hospitals, swabbing ten different surfaces within six toilet types, including staff and patient facilities as well as gender-neutral options. 



Patient toilets exhibited a higher concentration of multi-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-compound-can-kill-drug-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drug resistant bacteria</a>, underscoring a significant hygiene challenge in hospital settings.



The research revealed that while cleaning crews often thoroughly cleaned hand-touch surfaces like taps and door handles, they left floors and high surfaces such as air vents and door tops with higher microbial loads.



Notably, male toilets showed a higher presence of microbes compared to female toilets, with female staff toilets being the cleanest. This discrepancy may stem from more frequent handwashing practices observed among women.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerosolization-a-hidden-threat-in-toilet-hygiene">Aerosolization: A hidden threat in toilet hygiene</h2>



One intriguing aspect of the study is the role of aerosolization during toilet flushing. Aerosolization is the process of converting substances into very fine particles or droplets, often tiny enough to become airborne. In the context of toilets, it refers to the spraying of microorganisms into the air during flushing, which can spread bacteria and viruses.



"The only logical explanation for finding Gram-negative pathogens like E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae on ceilings and air vents as well as on floors is that flushing aerosolizes contents from the toilet bowl, sending microbes airborne," explained Professor Dancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gender-neutral-hospital-toilets">Gender-neutral hospital toilets</h2>



The transition from single-sex toilets to unisex facilities in some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-hospital-infections-have-a-mysterious-trigger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hospitals</a> has brought unexpected challenges. The study revealed that unisex and disabled toilets, often used by a broader demographic, presented the highest levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-dryers-spread-germs-to-surfaces-beyond-the-restroom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contamination</a>. 



"The move to convert traditional male and female facilities to unisex facilities raises concern that people might be exposed to higher risks of contamination," noted Professor Dancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommendations-for-improved-hygiene-practices">Recommendations for improved hygiene practices</h2>



The research has provided critical insights into microbial contamination in hospital toilets, resulting in several actionable recommendations aimed at improving hospital hygiene. The key suggestions include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-cleaning-frequencies">Increasing cleaning frequencies</h3>



Professor Dancer stresses the need for hospitals to clean patient toilets more often. Given that these areas showed higher levels of contamination, including drug-resistant bacteria, more frequent and thorough cleaning could significantly reduce the risk of infections spreading.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-installing-toilet-lids">Installing toilet lids</h3>



To combat the risk of airborne contamination through aerosolization during flushing, the installation of toilet lids is recommended. This measure would help contain the spread of microorganisms, keeping them confined within the toilet bowl and reducing the potential for them to settle on nearby surfaces or become inhaled by patients and staff.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-hand-hygiene-practices">Enhancing hand hygiene practices</h3>



Emphasizing the importance of hand hygiene, Professor Dancer calls for better enforcement of handwashing protocols. Proper hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of infections in hospital settings, and reinforcing these practices can lead to significant improvements in overall cleanliness and safety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-single-sex-hospital-toilets">Maintaining single-sex hospital toilets</h3>



Based on the finding that female toilets are generally cleaner, Professor Dancer suggests that keeping single-sex toilets might help in reducing the overall microbial burden. This approach could leverage the better hygiene practices observed in different groups to minimize cross-contamination risks.



These recommendations aim to address specific issues identified in the study, offering practical steps that hospitals can implement to improve sanitation and reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired infections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hygiene-education-and-infrastructure">Hygiene education and infrastructure</h2>



Professor Dancer concluded her presentation with a call for better education on hand hygiene and a reevaluation of toilet designs, including the potential benefits of windows in hospital toilets for natural ventilation.



Her insights not only shed light on current <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harmful-microbes-persist-on-hospital-surfaces-after-disinfection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hygiene</a> practices but also suggest paths forward that could benefit hospitals globally. As hospitals continue to combat the spread of infectious diseases, these findings underscore the critical need for targeted hygiene interventions and infrastructure improvements to safeguard patient health.



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Hospital toilets are contaminated with drug resistant 'superbugs'

Recent findings presented at the ESCMID Global Congress in Barcelona...

Millions of years ago, the end-Triassic period was marked by a cataclysmic mass extinction event during which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-volcanic-eruptions-led-to-the-rise-of-the-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive volcanoes</a> reshaped Earth’s climate and its life forms. A recent study from an international team of researchers highlights how ancient volcanoes and climate change caused lasting impacts on ecosystems and ferns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-malformed-ferns">Malformed ferns</h2>



The researchers examined sediments from Germany and uncovered a wealth of fossilized pollen and spores from ancient plants. Shockingly, they found a large number of fern spores with unusual deformities. These weren't minor imperfections; the spores were distorted in strange ways, suggesting major problems during their growth.



"The sheer number and variety of malformations were astounding," said Remco Bos, a PhD candidate at <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht University</a> and lead author of the study. "It's a clear sign that these ferns were under immense stress."



And this wasn't an isolated event. Similar patterns of deformed fern spores have been discovered in Denmark and Sweden. This suggests that vast regions across Europe were once filled with these struggling ferns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilient-ferns">Resilient ferns</h2>



Ferns are remarkably resilient plants. They are known to quickly take root in areas ravaged by natural disasters like fires or volcanic eruptions. The end-Triassic extinction, caused by massive volcanic activity, would have destroyed huge portions of forests. In this devastated landscape, ferns seized their chance and flourished, replacing trees in a significant change to the ecosystem.



However, while ferns managed to survive the immediate extinction event, their challenges were far from over. The lack of forests had a negative impact on ferns, exposing them to new dangers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanos-and-fern-deformities">Volcanos and fern deformities</h2>



Volcanoes release numerous harmful substances, including mercury, a highly toxic element. Mercury is particularly dangerous because it can transform into a gas and be carried by winds over vast distances, contaminating areas far from the eruption site.



The research team carefully analyzed the sediment layers and discovered surges in mercury levels that directly matched the periods when deformed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-had-complex-leaf-vein-networks-200-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ferns</a> spores were most abundant. This strong correlation provides compelling evidence that mercury poisoning was responsible for the ferns' abnormalities.



Surprisingly, the damage wasn't limited to the immediate aftermath of the volcanic eruptions. Scientists discovered four additional periods of elevated mercury levels and fern deformities spanning an astonishing 1.3 to 2 million years after the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/its-too-late-the-6th-mass-extinction-is-here/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a> event. This reveals a much longer and more complex environmental crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-cycle-due-to-volcanoes-and-ferns">Climate cycle due to volcanoes and ferns</h2>



The presence of repeated mercury spikes long after the volcanic activity subsided raises the question: what was the ongoing source of this toxic pollution? The answer involves a long-term astronomical cycle. Every 405,000 years, subtle changes in Earth's orbit cause it to move slightly closer to the sun. This results in a periodic increase in the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth.



In the aftermath of the extinction, the planet was already experiencing abnormally high temperatures. This cyclical boost in sunlight likely caused recurring episodes of forest death. Forests that decayed or burned released the mercury they had absorbed during the volcanic era back into the environment. Rain and erosion then carried this mercury, along with mercury trapped in the soil, into waterways and surrounding landscapes.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-ferns-in-panama-turn-their-dead-leaves-into-new-roots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ferns</a>, with their ability to thrive in disturbed environments, were able to recolonize these devastated areas. However, their resilience couldn't protect them from the renewed waves of mercury poisoning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-volcano-eruptions-and-fern-mass-extinction">Significance of volcano eruptions and fern mass extinction</h2>



"This echoes what we see with present-day mercury pollution," said Dr. Tomas Navratil, a co-author on the study. "Forest soils can act as long-term reservoirs for mercury, which can be remobilized during hotter periods, poisoning ecosystems long after the initial contamination."



The end-Triassic extinction serves as a powerful reminder of how climate change and pollution can become intertwined, creating devastating environmental crises. Mass extinction events, often portrayed as sudden catastrophes, are far more complex. They trigger long and unpredictable environmental disruptions that play out over extended periods.



In the case of the end-Triassic extinction, the initial volcanic eruptions caused a dramatic shift in the planet's climate. However, the environmental consequences unfolded over millions of years. Mercury contamination from the eruptions lingered in the environment, poisoning ecosystems long after the immediate extinction event. Furthermore, natural climate cycles interacted with this pollution, creating repeated waves of ecological damage.



Earth's resilience eventually allowed it to recover from this mass extinction. Life, however, took millions of years to return to a semblance of normality. This extended period of environmental instability highlights the profound impact that mass extinction events can have on the trajectory of life on our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47922-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Ancient volcanoes poisoned ferns for millions of years

Millions of years ago, the end-Triassic period was marked by...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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