Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

In North Queensland, invasive Asian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybee-pollination-produces-plant-offspring-vastly-inferior-to-plants-pollinated-by-other-species/">honeybees</a> (Apis cerana) have surprisingly flourished, expanding from a single swarm to over 10,000 colonies across a 10,000 square kilometer area, akin to the size of Greater Sydney.&nbsp;



This enormous growth challenges the conventional evolutionary theory that a significant genetic bottleneck would hinder such expansion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-adaptability-with-limited-diversity">Unexpected adaptability with limited diversity</h2>



"Our study of this bee population shows that some species can quickly adjust to new environments despite starting with very low genetic diversity relative to their native-range populations," said co-lead author Rosalyn Gloag from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> School of Life and Environmental Sciences 



Gloag's observation highlights the adaptability of species even with minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-with-higher-genetic-variation-are-much-more-adaptable/">genetic variation</a>, contradicting the widespread belief that high genetic diversity is crucial for adapting to new or rapidly changing environments.



This finding underscores the resilience of populations with diminished genetic diversity, offering insights into broader ecological adaptability. "This is even more important as we observe many species dealing with anthropogenic climate change," Gloag said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-queensland-invasion-nbsp">The Queensland invasion&nbsp;</h2>



The team's investigation into the Queensland invasion provides a comprehensive genetic chronology of a natural incursion, tracing back to the bees' 2007 arrival, likely from Papua New Guinea. This event raised biosecurity alarms in Australia due to potential parasite threats.&nbsp;



However, these bees were found to be free of the feared varroa mite, which has since entered Australia through unknown means, posing a risk to the local honey industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-biological-dataset-nbsp">Valuable biological dataset&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries</a>' exhaustive early sampling efforts, aimed at eradicating the bees, yielded a valuable biological dataset. 



“We were lucky to have a complete sample timeline of this invasive population thanks to the incredible efforts of the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, which sampled the population extensively during the early years of the incursion as part of an eradication attempt,” Gloag explained.



“Although that attempt was unsuccessful, the biological material collected has been incredibly valuable for understanding how these invasions proceed. And that in turn helps us prepare better for future invasions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-natural-selection">Observing natural selection</h2>



Analyzing genomes from 118 bees collected over a decade, the researchers witnessed natural selection in action within a genetically constrained population. “We could essentially observe natural selection acting over time in a population that started with low genetic diversity,” Gloag said.&nbsp;



“From this unique vantage point, we could see that selection was acting on the variation in genomes that had arrived with the handful of original bees. It wasn’t variation that arose later by mutations. In other words, some species with very low genetic diversity can adapt very quickly.”



This finding that species can swiftly adapt with scant genetic diversity presents a mixed outcome. While it poses challenges for managing invasive species, it also offers hope for populations endangered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-the-biggest-threat-to-wild-bees/">climate change</a> or catastrophes, demonstrating potential resilience despite genetic losses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-asian-honeybees">Invasive Asian honeybees</h2>



Invasive Asian honeybees, particularly Apis cerana, have become a topic of concern in various parts of the world due to their ability to adapt to diverse environments and compete with local bee populations.&nbsp;



These bees are smaller than the European honeybees (Apis mellifera) commonly found in agriculture and beekeeping industries worldwide.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-challenges">Major challenges</h3>



The spread of Asian honeybees outside of their native range poses several environmental and economic challenges.&nbsp;



First, they compete with local bee species for resources such as nectar and pollen, which can lead to a decrease in the populations of native bees. This is particularly concerning for areas with unique native bee species that are essential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-patches-of-land-can-help-support-pollinators/">pollinators</a> for local flora.



In addition, the introduction and establishment of invasive bee species can disrupt local ecosystems. Asian honeybees are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and efficient utilization of floral resources, which can lead to changes in the pollination dynamics of native plant species. Such changes can have cascading effects on the structure and function of ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-threats">Economic threats</h3>



From an economic perspective, the spread of Asian honeybees can impact the beekeeping industry. They often become pests to beekeepers by invading and colonizing European honeybee hives.&nbsp;



Furthermore, in areas where these bees become dominant, they can change the dynamics of pollination services, potentially affecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/floral-interventions-on-farms-boost-pollinators-and-crop-yields/">crop yields</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-management-and-mitigation">Management and mitigation</h3>



Efforts to manage and mitigate the impact of invasive Asian honeybees include monitoring their spread, implementing biosecurity measures to prevent their introduction into new areas, and researching biological control methods.&nbsp;



Conservationists and researchers are particularly focused on protecting native bee populations and ensuring that the ecological balance is maintained to support both agriculture and biodiversity.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Invasive Asian honeybees defy evolutionary expectations

In North Queensland, invasive Asian honeybees (Apis cerana) have surprisingly...

In the dense forests of Central and South America, Seba's short-tailed bats thrive, navigating through the trees and feeding primarily on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolutionary-secrets-how-bat-teeth-adapted-to-their-diverse-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pepper fruit</a> while living in large communal groups. 



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-a-protein-in-bats-that-can-slow-aging-and-fight-most-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a>, nestled in the safety of hollow trunks and rocky caverns by day, emerge at night in search of food, guided by their unique ability to echolocate. 



This bat navigation process involves emitting ultrasonic sounds that bounce off objects, creating an "image" of their surroundings based on the returning echoes. 



But amidst the constant chatter and ambient noise of their colonies, how do these creatures manage to filter out and focus on the sounds critical for their survival?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-navigation-echolocation-and-communication">Bat navigation: Echolocation and communication</h2>



A recent study led by Johannes Wetekam and Professor Manfred Kössl from <a href="https://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/47091958/Department_of_Neurobiology_and_Biosensors" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goethe University</a> Frankfurt's Neurobiology and Biosensors Working Group has shed light on this fascinating question. 



Previously, it was believed that the brain's higher regions were responsible for processing sounds. 



However, research from 2021, conducted by the same team, revealed that this intricate processing begins in the brainstem -- a part of the brain vital for controlling essential functions like breathing and heart rate.



Unlike prior studies that relied on artificial stimuli, the latest research focused on natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-advice-leave-bats-alone-if-we-want-to-prevent-future-pandemics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat calls</a>, including both communication and echolocation sounds. 



“With our study, we wanted to find out what happens in deviation detection when, instead of meaningless stimuli, ones are presented to Seba’s short-tailed bat that actually occur in its auditory world,” explains Wetekam.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-a-deep-dive-into-bat-brains">Taking a deep dive into bat brains</h2>



To conduct their experiments, the team inserted two ultra-thin electrodes under the bats' scalps, recording <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-have-brains-that-synchronize-when-they-socialize/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain waves</a> while the animals were under general anesthesia to prevent any movement that could skew the results. 



Remarkably, the bats' brains continued to respond to sounds even in this state, providing a clear picture of how different calls are processed.



The findings revealed a distinct difference in how the brainstem handles echolocation and communication calls. 



Echolocation sounds, which are crucial for navigating and avoiding obstacles, triggered stronger signals in the brainstem when they were less frequent, indicating a mechanism for deviance detection. 



This suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-bats-use-earths-magnetic-field-as-a-compass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> are primed to respond more swiftly to these crucial navigational cues. 



Communication sounds, on the other hand, did not show the same pattern, highlighting a tailored response system based on the type of sound and its importance for survival.



“Bats probably need to react faster during echolocation than when communicating with conspecifics,” presumes Manfred Kössl.



“The brainstem is the first station in the brain to receive the acoustic signals, which is why calculating the probability of echolocation calls might be necessary first of all there, and especially their echoes, so that the animal can dodge obstacles in good time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-insights-from-bat-brain-waves">Surprising insights from bat brain waves</h2>



Moreover, the study uncovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-brains-are-highly-specialized-for-flight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a>' brainstems do not just differentiate sounds based on frequency but can also detect rapid changes in frequency or volume, underscoring its sophisticated capacity for sound processing. 



This challenges the traditional view of the brainstem as a mere relay station for auditory signals, positioning it as a critical component in the early stages of sound analysis.



“This is astonishing, as the brainstem is a rather young part of the brain that scientists did not previously think capable of any substantial involvement in signal processing,” says Wetekam. 



“They saw its role more in receiving signals from the auditory nerve and transmitting them to high-level regions of the brain.”



These insights are not just a breakthrough in understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hibernation-may-be-key-to-extraordinary-longevity-in-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat echolocation</a> but also hold potential implications for human medical research. 



Conditions like ADHD and schizophrenia, characterized by difficulties in processing external stimuli, may benefit from these findings, suggesting that the lower regions of the brain, such as the brainstem, play a more significant role than previously acknowledged. 



Additionally, by unraveling how the bat brainstem distinguishes between complex acoustic signals, researchers hope to gain deeper insights into the human brain's ability to process and interpret complex speech patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-navigation-and-brain-research-implications">Bat navigation and brain research implications</h2>



In summary, this fascinating study on Seba's short-tailed bats uncovers the sophisticated mechanisms of echolocation and communication processing in the bat brainstem, while paving the way for new understandings in human neurology. 



By demonstrating that the brainstem plays a critical role in deciphering complex acoustic signals, this research challenges previous notions and highlights the potential for advancements in treating neurological disorders. 



As we delve deeper into the echoes of bat communication and bat navigation, we uncover valuable insights that bridge the natural world with human health, showcasing the profound impact of animal studies on medical science and our understanding of the human brain.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.jneurosci.org/content/44/9/e1588232023">JNeurosci</a>.



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How bats navigate a noisy world

In the dense forests of Central and South America, Seba's...

Researchers have discovered that our bodies remain attuned to the external environment even as we sleep, reacting positively to relaxing words spoken to the brain during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/while-in-deep-sleep-humans-can-subconsciously-respond-to-verbal-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep stages</a> of slumber.



This revelation was unveiled in a fascinating study conducted by the GIGA - Center of Research Cyclotron (<a href="https://www.gigacrc.uliege.be/cms/c_4212477/en/gigacrc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GIGA-CRC</a>) at the University of Liège, in collaboration with the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. 



Their study challenges the long-held belief that sleep disconnects us from our surroundings, highlighting the intricate ways in which sensory information can influence the quality of our rest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-listening-to-relaxing-words-while-sleeping">Listening to relaxing words while sleeping</h2>



The research focused on the interaction between the brain and the heart during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-we-sleep-study-reveals-new-clues-behind-this-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>, specifically investigating how our heartbeat responds to auditory stimuli. 



The study found that hearing relaxing words while sleeping can slow down cardiac activity, indicating a state of deeper, more restful sleep compared to when neutral words are heard. 



This fascinating discovery provides insight into the complex brain-heart interactions that occur during sleep and opens up new avenues for enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-debt-new-parents-lose-two-months-of-sleep-in-a-babys-first-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> quality through auditory stimuli.



Leading the research was Matthieu Koroma, a postdoctoral researcher with the Fund for Scientific Research (<a href="https://www.frs-fnrs.be/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FNRS</a>). Working alongside was Christina Schmidt and Athena Demertzi, both FNRS Research Associates at the GIGA Cyclotron Research Center at ULiège. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symphony-of-sleep-the-brain-heart-connection">Symphony of sleep: The brain-heart connection</h2>



Previously, this team had established that relaxing words can extend the duration of deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-color-has-no-impact-on-our-internal-clocks-or-sleep-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> and improve sleep quality by analyzing brain activity through electroencephalograms. 



This earlier work laid the groundwork for the current study, which sought to explore how the heart's response to these words during sleep could further influence sleep quality.



By analyzing cardiac activity through electrocardiograms, the team was able to confirm their hypothesis that the heart indeed slows down following the presentation of relaxing words, but not in response to neutral or control words. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-relaxing-words-during-sleep">Power of relaxing words during sleep</h2>



This finding underscores the potential of using meaningful words to positively affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consistent-sleep-slows-down-aging-at-a-cellular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>, demonstrating that our brains and bodies are capable of processing and responding to sensory information in a way that promotes relaxation during sleep.



The study also compared markers of cardiac and brain activity to better understand the interplay between auditory information and sleep modulation. 



This comparison sheds light on the essential role that bodily reactions play in our comprehension of sleep, beyond what brain data alone can reveal. 



As Dr. Schmidt notes, most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sleep-stimulation-can-improve-cardiac-function-overnight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> research has traditionally focused on the brain, often overlooking the significance of bodily activity. 



This research, however, emphasizes the interconnectedness of the brain and body, even in states where communication seems limited, such as during sleep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-body-and-mind-unseen-ties-that-bind">Bridging body and mind: Unseen ties that bind</h2>



Dr. Demertzi elaborates on the importance of considering both brain and body information for a comprehensive understanding of our reactions to the environment, suggesting that this holistic approach can enhance our knowledge of how sensory information modulates <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-need-more-sleep-in-the-winter-season/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> functions.



"We nevertheless hypothesize that the brain and the body are connected even when we cannot fully communicate, including sleep. Both brain and body information need then to be taken into account for a full understanding of how we think and react to our environment", explains Dr. Demertzi.



In the spirit of Open Science, the researchers have made their methodology publicly available, encouraging other scientists to explore the heart's role in various sleep functions. 



Dr. Koroma expresses hope that the tools and findings from this study will inspire further research into how the body, particularly the heart, interacts with sensory information during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-age-could-predict-health-and-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>.



This pioneering work adds a new dimension to our understanding of sleep opens new doors for innovative approaches to improving sleep quality. 



Future research could explore how the body's responses to sounds affect emotional processing of memories during sleep, offering new perspectives on the role of the body in sleep and cognition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-whispers-in-the-night">Embracing whispers in the night</h2>



In summary, this fascinating study from the University of Liège and FNRS, fundamentally shifts our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-users-seem-to-sleep-better-than-most-other-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> by revealing that our bodies, contrary to prior beliefs, remain in tune with external sensory stimuli during sleep. 



This research highlights how the subtle influence of relaxing words can significantly slow cardiac activity, leading to deeper, more restorative sleep. 



By bridging the gap between brain and heart responses, the study opens up new avenues for enhancing sleep quality through auditory stimulation. 



As we continue to unravel the complex interactions between our environment and our sleep states, this paves new roads for innovative sleep improvement strategies, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach to sleep science that considers both the mind and the body.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr.14160" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Sleep Research</a>.



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Whispered dreams: How relaxing words tune our heartbeat to sleep

Researchers have discovered that our bodies remain attuned to the...

Iceland,,Hot,Springs,In,The,Mountains

In the vast tapestry of Earth's ecosystems, a fascinating discovery has emerged from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-soil-boosts-crop-growth-by-over-50/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil beneath our feet</a>, challenging long-held beliefs and uncovering the intricate dance of microbial life and climate.



Nestled within the soil, a realm teeming with microscopic life, researchers at the Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science (<a href="https://cmess.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CeMESS</a>) at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a> have unveiled a surprising truth.



As our planet warms, the diversity of active soil bacteria flourishes. This revelation, marks a pivotal shift in our understanding of the global carbon cycle and the hidden forces that may shape our climate's future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symphony-of-microbial-life">Symphony of microbial life</h2>



Imagine, if you will, a subarctic grassland in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-captures-eruption-of-icelands-svartsengi-volcano-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Iceland</a>, a place where geothermal warmth has cradled the soil in an embrace 6°C warmer than its surroundings for over half a century. 



Here, scientists embarked on a journey, delving into the soil to uncover the mysteries of microbial life. Through their innovative use of isotope probing techniques, they unearthed a vibrant community of bacteria, previously dormant, now awakened by the warmth.



The study's lead, Andreas Richter, likens the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a> to "Earth's largest reservoir of organic carbon," a domain where microorganisms reign supreme, orchestrating the breakdown of organic matter and the release of carbon dioxide. 



This process, vital to the global carbon cycle, has long been thought to accelerate under the influence of rising temperatures -- a harbinger of increased carbon emissions and a catalyst for climate change. Yet, this new research turns such assumptions on their head.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tale-of-unexpected-diversity">Tale of unexpected diversity</h2>



The findings reveal a narrative not of doom but of complexity and adaptation. Dennis Metze, a PhD student and primary author, observed that decades of consistent warming have indeed spurred the growth of microbial life in the soil community level. 



However, contrary to expectations, the growth rates of these microbes remained consistent with those in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-soil-plays-a-major-role-in-fighting-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cooler soils</a>. The real twist? Warmer soils boasted a significantly richer tapestry of bacterial life.



This diversity is more than a mere curiosity. It represents a fundamental rethinking of how microbial communities respond to climate change. 



Christina Kaiser, associate professor at the CeMESS, emphasizes the challenge of predicting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-dark-earth-could-revolutionize-forest-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil microbiome</a>'s reaction to a warming world.



"Understanding the complexities of the soil microbiome's reaction to climate change has been a considerable challenge, often rendering it a 'black box' in climate modeling," adds Kaiser.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enriching-our-understanding-of-microbial-life-in-soil">Enriching our understanding of microbial life in soil</h2>



For the layperson, gardeners, and farmers alike, understanding the dynamic responses of microbial life in soild to temperature changes is crucial. 



This knowledge can guide sustainable agricultural practices and soil management strategies, ensuring the health and productivity of the land. 



Furthermore, it underscores the importance of preserving our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-salinity-disrupts-the-development-of-wheat-seedlings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soils</a> and diverse ecosystems, which may hold the key to mitigating climate change impacts.



While the study from the University of Vienna stands as a cornerstone, the quest for knowledge continues. Researchers around the globe are urged to explore the multifaceted roles of soil bacteria in different environments, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. 



Each ecosystem offers a unique piece of the puzzle, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of our planet's biological and climatic intricacies.



As we stand at the precipice of potential climate calamity, discoveries like the changing diversity of microbial life in soil invite us to marvel at the resilience and complexity of life on Earth. 



They remind us that even in the face of adversity, life finds a way to adapt, thrive, and surprise us. It's a testament to the wonders hidden in the microscopic world in the soil beneath our feet -- a world that, though small, holds the power to influence the fate of our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Diversity of microbial life is increasing as the Earth's soil warms

In the vast tapestry of Earth's ecosystems, a fascinating discovery...

Researchers from Australia and the United States have developed a new technique that significantly enhances the efficiency of altering the DNA in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-form-memories-and-pass-them-on-to-future-generations/">bacteria</a>, crucial for producing essential medicines like insulin. This method, utilizing high-frequency radio waves, presents a much gentler alternative to the traditional industry practices of employing harsh chemicals or high temperatures for DNA insertion, resulting in a higher survival rate of the modified cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancement-in-genetic-engineering">Advancement in genetic engineering</h2>



Conducted by <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RMIT University</a> in partnership with other Australian institutions and <a href="https://wavecyte.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WaveCyte Biotechnologies</a> in the US, the study leveraged 18 gigahertz <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-radio-waves-disrupt-the-magnetic-compass-of-migratory-birds/">radio waves</a> to temporarily "open the gates" in E. coli bacterial cell walls, enabling the introduction of genetic material without harming the cells.&nbsp;



The successful incorporation of DNA into the cells and their continued healthy functioning post-modification marks a significant advancement in genetic engineering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacterial-cell-permeability">Bacterial cell permeability</h2>



This method's potential was further highlighted by the collaboration with the <a href="https://www.uow.edu.au/acebr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Center for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research</a>, which had previously shown how high-frequency electromagnetic energy could increase bacterial cell permeability temporarily.



“Our novel, cost-effective method is shown to be highly efficient, but also gentler on the cells as no harsh chemicals or high temperatures are used in this process,” said lead author Elena Ivanova, an expert in nanobiotechnology at RMIT, emphasizing the technique's superiority in terms of both efficiency and gentleness compared to existing methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The research's implications extend beyond the immediate benefits of a more effective DNA insertion technique, hinting at potential applications in a wide range of drug delivery systems, microbiome therapeutics, and synthetic biology.&nbsp;



With RMIT applying for intellectual property protection in collaboration with WaveCyte Biotechnologies, and the continued commitment to advancing this technology, this discovery holds promise for significantly impacting the fields of cell and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-gene-therapy-shows-promise-in-treating-autism/">gene therapy</a>.



“This gentle and highly efficient method holds immense promise for enhancing the affordability and accessibility of critical therapies,” said WaveCyte CEO Steve Wanjara. “We continue to actively work towards translating these findings into tangible applications, focusing on optimizing the technique for mammalian cells. This research has the potential to positively impact millions of lives across the globe, and we are dedicated to making it a reality.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-life-saving-treatments-nbsp">New life-saving treatments&nbsp;</h2>



Reflecting on the development of this application, first author Tharushi Perera from RMIT and <a href="https://www.swinburne.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swinburne University of Technology</a> noted the satisfaction in uncovering beneficial uses of high-frequency electromagnetic energy, countering common misconceptions and opening doors to new life-saving treatments.



“People hear electromagnetic energy and 5G and think it’s bad – possibly due to misinformation or lack of understanding – but, as we have shown here, there are actually beneficial applications. My hope is that this can open the door to new life-saving treatments in the long run and look forward to seeing its development,” she concluded.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-frequency-electromagnetic-energy">High-frequency electromagnetic energy</h2>



High-frequency electromagnetic energy encompasses a broad range of electromagnetic waves, including those on the upper end of the electromagnetic spectrum such as X-rays and gamma rays, as well as higher-frequency ultraviolet (UV) light, microwaves, and radio waves. This form of energy is characterized by its high frequency and, correspondingly, short wavelength.



At the core of high-frequency electromagnetic energy is its ability to carry more energy compared to lower-frequency electromagnetic waves, like those used in radio or television broadcasting.&nbsp;This is because the energy of an electromagnetic wave is directly proportional to its frequency. The higher the frequency, the more energy the wave carries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-x-rays-nbsp">X-rays&nbsp;</h3>



One of the most notable properties of high-frequency electromagnetic energy is its interaction with matter. For example, X-rays can penetrate soft tissue but are absorbed by denser materials like bone, making them invaluable in medical imaging.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uv-light">UV light</h3>



Similarly, ultraviolet light has enough energy to cause chemical reactions, which is both good and bad. It is used in processes like sterilization and photolithography for making electronic circuits, but it can also cause <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapes-help-protect-skin-from-uv-damage/">skin damage</a> and increase the risk of skin cancer.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microwaves">Microwaves</h3>



Microwaves, which are on the lower end of the high-frequency spectrum, have the ability to cause water molecules in food to vibrate, producing heat and making them useful in microwave ovens.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radio-waves-nbsp">Radio waves&nbsp;</h3>



On the communication front, high-frequency radio waves, including those used in cellular networks and satellite communications, have the advantage of carrying large amounts of data over long distances, although their propagation characteristics can be affected by obstacles and the atmosphere.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-various-uses">Various uses</h3>



The application of high-frequency electromagnetic energy spans across various fields, from medical diagnostics and treatment to telecommunications, manufacturing, and research.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks">Health risks</h3>



Despite its numerous benefits, the use of high-frequency electromagnetic waves must be carefully managed due to potential health risks associated with exposure to certain types of this energy, highlighting the importance of understanding both its capabilities and limitations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03464" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nano Letters</a>.



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Radio waves can alter bacteria to create life-saving medicines

Researchers from Australia and the United States have developed a...

Vegan,Protein,Source,Top,View.

A popular food guide has undergone a revolutionary change, moving away from traditional food groups, including meat and dairy, to emphasize the significance of plant-based proteins in your diet and how they impact your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-carbon-footprint-urban-farms-and-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> footprint. 



This shift indicates a new direction in nutritional advice, highlighting a growing awareness of the health and environmental impacts of our food choices. 



However, the broader effects of transitioning from animal to plant proteins in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-dietary-changes-could-offset-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human diets</a> remain a topic of exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-diet-impacts-your-carbon-footprint">How diet impacts your carbon footprint</h2>



Recent research conducted by <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a>, in partnership with the <a href="https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</a>, sheds light on this issue, providing clear evidence that replacing animal proteins with plant-based alternatives can lead to increased life expectancy and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. 



This study, and the major shift in <a href="https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canada's Food Guide</a>, underscores that the benefits derived from such dietary changes depend on the specific animal proteins being substituted.



Published in Nature Food, the research utilized data from a national nutrition survey to assess the dietary habits of Canadians. 



It focused on the outcomes of replacing 25% and 50% of red and processed meat or dairy with plant proteins such as nuts, seeds, legumes, tofu, and fortified soy beverages. 



These replacements were evaluated based on their impact on nutrition, health, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-seafood-has-one-sixth-the-carbon-footprint-of-red-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-diets-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions">Plant-based diets and greenhouse gas emissions</h2>



The study reveals that red and processed meat, along with dairy, are significant contributors to Earth's diet-related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. 



A striking finding is that by substituting half of the red and processed meat consumption with plant-based proteins, an individual's carbon footprint from their diet could decrease by 25%. 



Dairy substitutions, however, resulted in a lesser impact, showing reductions of up to 5%.



Olivia Auclair, the study's lead author and a recent PhD graduate from <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill's Department of Animal Science</a>, explains: 



"We show that co-benefits for human and planetary health do not necessarily require wholesale changes to diets, such as adopting restrictive dietary patterns or excluding certain food groups altogether but can be achieved by making simple partial substitutions of red and processed meat, in particular, with plant protein foods."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lowering-your-carbon-footprint-can-extend-your-life">Lowering your carbon footprint can extend your life</h2>



The research also highlights the health implications of such dietary shifts. High consumption of animal products is linked to increased risks of heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. 



The study estimates that replacing half of the red and processed meat in one's diet with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant protein</a> foods could extend life expectancy by nearly nine months, primarily due to a lower risk of chronic diseases. 



Men, in particular, could see greater benefits in terms of life expectancy compared to women. However, replacing dairy with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant proteins</a> showed smaller increases in life expectancy and posed a potential risk of calcium inadequacy, increasing by up to 14%.



Senior author Sergio Burgos, Associate Professor at McGill's Department of Animal Science, expresses his hope that the study's findings will guide consumers towards healthier and more sustainable food choices and inform future food policies in Canada.



“I hope our findings will help consumers make healthier and more sustainable food choices and inform future food policy in Canada,” says Burgos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-towards-a-sustainable-dietary-future">Towards a sustainable dietary future</h2>



As the pursuit of sustainable and health-conscious diets gains momentum, this study offers valuable insights, empowering individuals to make choices that are beneficial for both their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-significantly-reduce-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> and the environment. 



Patricia Eustachio Colombo is the co-author and Honorary Research Fellow at the London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine. He emphasizes, “Increasing the consumption of plant-based foods alongside reductions in red and processed meat would have considerable benefits for health and the environment and would involve relatively small changes in diets for most people.”



In summary, the shift towards plant-based proteins, as evidenced by the latest research from McGill University and the London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, presents a promising path for enhancing both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-are-great-for-weight-loss-regardless-of-the-type/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human health</a> and environmental sustainability. 



By adopting simple dietary substitutions, particularly replacing red and processed meats with plant-based alternatives, people can significantly reduce their carbon footprint and extend their lifespan. 



This study underscores the minimal changes required for substantial benefits in several areas, while serving as a pivotal guide for informed, healthier, and more sustainable food choices. 



This research initiative marks a critical step forward in our collective journey towards a more resilient and eco-conscious society.



This study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-024-00925-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Food</a>.



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Small changes in diet can greatly reduce your carbon footprint

A popular food guide has undergone a revolutionary change, moving...

Astronomers have detected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-earths-building-blocks-contained-water/">water</a> vapor within a disc surrounding a young star, a region believed to be ripe for planet formation. This finding underscores water's crucial role in both the genesis of life on Earth and the process of planet formation. 



This significant advancement in our understanding of planetary formation environments was enabled by the <a href="https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array</a> (ALMA), a project in which the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Southern Observatory</a> (ESO) participates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astonishing-discovery-nbsp">Astonishing discovery&nbsp;</h2>



Stefano Facchini, an astronomer at the <a href="https://www.unimi.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Milan</a>, Italy, who led the research expressed his astonishment: “I had never imagined that we could capture an image of oceans of water vapor in the same region where a planet is likely forming.” 



The study uncovered a volume of water at least triple that of Earth’s oceans within the inner disc of HL Tauri, a young star resembling our Sun, situated 450 light-years away in the constellation Taurus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brand-new-insights">Brand new insights</h2>



“It is truly remarkable that we can not only detect but also capture detailed images and spatially resolve water vapor at a distance of 450 light-years from us,” added co-author Leonardo Testi, an astronomer at the <a href="https://www.unibo.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bologna</a>, Italy. 



The ALMA's "spatially resolved" observations have provided insights into how water is distributed across different areas of the disc.&nbsp;



“Taking part in such an important discovery in the iconic HL Tauri disc was beyond what I had ever expected for my first research experience in astronomy,” said co-author Mathieu Vander Donckt, a master student at the University of Liège.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-vapor-and-planet-formation-nbsp">Water vapor and planet formation&nbsp;</h2>



The experts found a considerable concentration of water in a section of the HL Tauri disc where a gap, potentially carved by a forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-planet-discovered-with-an-ocean-not-far-from-earth/">planet</a>, exists.&nbsp;



“Our recent images reveal a substantial quantity of water vapor at a range of distances from the star that include a gap where a planet could potentially be forming at the present time,” Facchini said. This finding indicates the potential impact of water vapor on the chemical makeup of emerging planets within these gaps.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-observations-nbsp">Revolutionary observations&nbsp;</h2>



Capturing water observations from a ground-based telescope poses a challenge due to the interference caused by Earth's atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-water-vapor-become-a-reliable-source-of-fresh-water/">water vapor</a>.&nbsp;



ALMA, situated in Chile's high-altitude Atacama Desert, was designed in such a dry environment to overcome this obstacle, as noted by Wouter Vlemmings, a professor at <a href="https://www.chalmers.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chalmers University of Technology</a> in Sweden.



Elizabeth Humphreys, an astronomer at ESO and study participant, shared her excitement: “It is truly exciting to directly witness, in a picture, water molecules being released from icy dust particles.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The presence of water, which aids in the agglomeration of dust grains into larger bodies, is believed to play a pivotal role in planet formation.&nbsp;



“Our results show how the presence of water may influence the development of a planetary system, just like it did some 4.5 billion years ago in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-six-planet-star-system-moves-in-strange-perfect-synchrony/">Solar System</a>,” Facchini explained.



With ongoing upgrades to ALMA and the upcoming operation of <a href="https://elt.eso.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope</a> (ELT), our understanding of planet formation and water's role therein is set to deepen. The <a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/METIS/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph</a> (METIS) will particularly enhance our view of the inner regions of planet-forming discs, shedding light on the birthplaces of Earth-like planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-planet-formation-nbsp">More about planet formation&nbsp;</h2>



Planet formation is a complex and intriguing process that unfolds over millions to billions of years within the swirling disks of dust and gas surrounding young stars. This process is often referred to as the protoplanetary disk phase and is fundamental to understanding how planets, including those in our own solar system, come to exist.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setting-the-stage">Setting the stage</h3>



The journey begins when a cloud of interstellar gas and dust collapses under its own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/">gravity</a>, often triggered by external forces such as the shock waves from nearby supernovae.&nbsp;



As the cloud collapses, it begins to spin, flattening into a spinning disk with the new star at its center. This disk is rich in materials, including water ice, silicates, and organic compounds, setting the stage for planet formation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accretion-nbsp">Accretion&nbsp;</h3>



Within this disk, dust particles collide and stick together, forming larger clumps in a process known as accretion. Over time, these clumps grow into kilometer-sized planetesimals, the building blocks of planets.&nbsp;



Through a combination of further accretion and gravitational interactions, these planetesimals can grow into protoplanets.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fate-of-the-protoplanets-nbsp">Fate of the protoplanets&nbsp;</h3>



The fate of these protoplanets depends on their location within the disk. Closer to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-earth-discovered-in-the-habitable-zone-of-its-star/">star</a>, where it is hotter, only metal and rock can condense, leading to the formation of terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars.&nbsp;



Farther from the star, where it is cooler, ices can also condense, allowing for the formation of gas giants and ice giants. These larger planets can then attract surrounding gas to form thick atmospheres.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gravitational-interactions-nbsp">Gravitational interactions&nbsp;</h3>



Throughout this process, gravitational interactions among protoplanets and with the disk itself can lead to migration, where planets change their orbits. This can result in a dynamic and sometimes chaotic evolution of the planetary system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mature-system">Mature system</h3>



Eventually, the gas in the disk is either accreted onto the star, blown away by the star's radiation, or locked up in planets, leaving behind a mature planetary system.&nbsp;



The leftover planetesimals that did not become part of planets may remain as asteroids, comets, and other small solar system bodies, acting as remnants of the system's formation process.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02207-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



Image Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/S. Facchini et al.



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Oceans of water vapor may be involved in planet formation

Astronomers have detected water vapor within a disc surrounding a...

Eastern,Chimpanzee,At,Kibale,Forest,,Uganda

In the heart of Africa's lush landscapes, a climate crisis is unfolding that threatens some of our planet's most majestic inhabitants: the African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-can-understand-the-gestures-of-other-great-apes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>. Sharing over 98% of their DNA with humans, these remarkable creatures are facing an unprecedented challenge. 



Recent research spearheaded by Razak Kiribou at <a href="https://www.haramaya.edu.et/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Haramaya University</a> in Ethiopia, published in the open-access journal PLOS Climate, reveals a troubling future. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impending-reality-of-great-apes-and-climate-change">Impending reality of great apes and climate change</h2>



The study predicts that within the next thirty years, great apes will frequently face extreme climate events -- from wildfires and heatwaves to flooding -- endangering their very survival.



The serenity of Africa's forests, alive with the calls of wildlife, stands on the brink of disruption. Wildfires, scorching heat, and sudden floods could soon shatter this tranquility, as detailed by the study's thorough investigation. 



This climate scenario is not a mere possibility but an impending reality for the African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playful-teasing-among-apes-suggests-that-humor-has-ancient-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>, demanding our immediate attention and action.



Undertaking an ambitious analysis, the researchers examined data from 363 sites across Africa, focusing on temperature and rainfall records from 1981 to 2010. 



By applying two climate change scenarios, they projected future conditions for African great apes from 2021 to 2050 and then from 2071 to 2099. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heatwaves-and-havoc-climate-forecast-for-great-apes">Heatwaves and havoc: Climate forecast for great apes</h2>



The results issued a compelling call to action, revealing that nearly half of the sites have already experienced higher than average temperatures between 2007 and 2016. 



Eastern chimpanzees are a particularly vulnerable species of African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-malaria-impact-wild-african-apes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>, having faced the most severe heat extremes. 



The study's future projections are even more alarming, with both scenarios predicting soaring temperatures across all sites, leading to widespread wildfires and crop failures. 



An estimated 84% of sites could experience frequent heatwaves, and 78% could face devastating flooding over the next 30 years. 



The situation for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-recognize-long-lost-friends-after-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great ape</a> cousins could deteriorate further should global temperatures rise by 3°C, intensifying the severity and frequency of these climate events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-as-a-human-imperative">Conservation as a human imperative</h2>



This pioneering study is the first to concretely illustrate the climate change impacts currently affecting African apes and to forecast the increased frequency of extreme weather events they will endure. 



The stark implications highlight the urgent need for swift conservation actions to bolster the resilience of ape populations, without which we may see profound biodiversity and ecosystem health losses.



The authors emphasize the critical necessity of integrating climate change adaptation strategies into conservation planning for African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-may-have-begun-walking-upright-to-eat-leaves-not-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>. 



This directive extends beyond conservationists to all of humanity, reflecting the interconnected fate of these apes and our shared environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-strategy-for-great-ape-survival">Climate strategy for great ape survival</h2>



In summary, this study illuminates the immediate threats African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-evolved-shoulders-as-brakes-to-safely-climb-down-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a> face from climate change, including an uptick in extreme climate events. 



The scientists outline the projected climate impacts under two scenarios, forecasting a rise in temperatures, wildfires, and crop failures, alongside significant variability in heatwaves and flooding. 



These findings underscore the critical need for conservation strategies that protect apes while adapting to the evolving climate landscape.



As observers of these changes, the urgency to act is undeniable. We are called upon to engage in a concerted effort to protect our closest living relatives from the looming threats of climate change. 



Through education, conservation, and global cooperation, we have the opportunity to forge a resilient future for African great apes and the rich ecosystems they call home. Their important research serves as a warning and a guide for transformative action, urging us to respond before it's too late.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Climate</a>.



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Great apes will suffer through frequent and extreme climate events

In the heart of Africa's lush landscapes, a climate crisis...

Concept,Of,A,Futuristic,3d,Illustration,Of,A,China,Base

Seismologists have long harnessed the Earth's underbelly's secrets through seismic waves using fiber optic cables, a technique now eyed for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon's mysteries</a>. 



The question at the core of a recent study by Wenbo Wu and colleagues from the <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute</a> isn't just theoretical -- it's a stepping stone towards unveiling the enigmatic layers of our celestial neighbor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-seismology-with-fiber-optic-cables">Lunar seismology with fiber optic cables</h2>



Wu and his team have proposed an audacious plan: deploying a fiber optic seismic network on the moon's surface. This isn't a mere flight of fancy.



The groundwork is laid on the Apollo missions' legacy, which, between 1969 and 1976, installed four <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/9-measuring-chaos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismometers</a> on the Moon. 



These instruments captured thousands of seismic activities, revealing both the shallow and profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/1895670/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moonquakes</a> and meteorite impacts. 



However, the Apollo data left unanswered questions, notably the scarcity of moonquakes detected on the Moon's far side and the detection of quakes deep below the surface, at depths where, on Earth, materials behave differently due to heat and pressure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distributed-acoustic-sensing-das-on-the-moon">Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) on the Moon</h2>



Enter Distributed Acoustic Sensing (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_acoustic_sensing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DAS</a>), the proposed technology for this lunar endeavor. DAS doesn't just observe seismic activity. It redefines observation. 



Utilizing the minor imperfections in a long fiber optic cable laid under the moon's regolith, DAS will transform these flaws into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon_fiber-optic-cables_credit-Wu_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dense array of seismic sensors</a>. 



A single cable, as Wu highlights, could offer thousands of individual sensors, a density unachievable with traditional methods. 



This technology is adept at capturing and analyzing the seismic waves disturbed by lunar quakes, offering a granular view of the Moon's internal machinations.



One significant hurdle in lunar seismology is the Moon's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-will-melt-lunar-dust-to-build-roads-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regolith</a>, a porous and fractured rubble blanket that scatters the initial seismic waves of a moonquake.



This scattering muddies the waters, obscuring the waves that follow, which could provide insights into the Moon's deeper secrets. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sifting-through-cosmic-chatter">Sifting through cosmic chatter</h2>



Wu's team addresses this challenge head-on with array stacking, a signal processing technique that filters the noise, revealing the deep signals hidden within.



Their method's efficacy was proven through artificial seismograms derived from Apollo mission data, successfully identifying the ScS seismic wave phase. 



This shear wave, crucial for understanding the Moon's inner structure, travels from the quake's origin to the core and back, a journey unveiled through Wu's innovative approach.



The implications of Wu and colleagues' research extend beyond academic curiosity. Before any physical deployment on the Moon, the team emphasizes the necessity of robust numerical simulations to predict the data's potential yield and applications. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infinite-potential-of-fiber-optic-cables-on-the-moon">Infinite potential of fiber optic cables on the moon</h2>



This preparatory step ensures that, if realized, a fiber optic seismic network on the moon could operate for years, if not decades, with proper power and maintenance provisions.



Moreover, the possibility of integrating this seismic network with other lunar initiatives, such as a proposed radio telescope on the Moon's far side, could economize and amplify the scientific outcomes. 



Wu envisions a collaborative approach to lunar exploration, where combining projects could not only reduce costs but also maximize scientific returns.



In summary, the intriguing research by Wenbo Wu and his team heralds a new era in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-anthropocene-how-humans-have-impacted-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar exploration</a>, promising to unlock the mysteries of the Moon's deep core structure through the innovative application of Distributed Acoustic Sensing technology. 



By leveraging the dense array of sensors provided by a single fiber optic cable, this approach addresses the lingering questions left by the Apollo missions while planning for future seismic networks on the Moon. 



With the potential to operate for decades and the capability to integrate with other lunar initiatives, this fiber seismic network stands as a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of knowledge beyond our Earthly confines.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/doi/10.1785/0220230067/635638/Fiber-Seismic-Network-on-the-Moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seismological Research Letters</a>.



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Scientists want to put fiber optic cables on the moon

Seismologists have long harnessed the Earth's underbelly's secrets through seismic...

Daylight saving time (DST) sparks both excitement and annoyance when the clocks change each spring. However, beyond the simple inconvenience, a bigger question exists: does it affect our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-health-benefits-of-weight-loss-persist-for-years/">heart health</a>?&nbsp;



A new study by the <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mayo Clinic</a> tackles this debate head-on, aiming to provide clear and definitive answers about the true impact of daylight saving time on our well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-daylight-saving-time">Benefits of daylight saving time</h2>



Daylight saving time was first created with the goal of saving energy. By shifting clocks forward in the summer, there would be more daylight in the evenings. This, in theory, would mean people wouldn't need to turn on lights as early, leading to less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-have-a-surprising-link-to-electricity-consumption/">electricity use</a>.&nbsp;



Beyond just saving energy, DST aimed to better align human activity with the natural light cycle, allowing people to take advantage of daylight hours for activities.&nbsp;



Over the years, the reasons for DST have expanded to include arguments that it allows for more leisure time in the evenings and even helps boost economic activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers studied the health records of 36 million Americans to see if switching to and from daylight saving time impacted their heart health.&nbsp;



The experts checked how often individuals experienced heart issues like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-attacks-young-women/">heart attacks</a> and strokes in the days following the spring "spring forward" and fall "fall back" time changes. They then compared these occurrences to other periods throughout the year to identify any significant differences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spring-transition">Spring transition</h2>



The study found a minor increase in heart problems after the spring time change when clocks "spring forward." This increase is noteworthy because it suggests a possible, though very minor, effect of the time change on heart health.&nbsp;



However, the researchers emphasized that the rise in events is so small that it's unlikely to have any noticeable impact on most people's health. While there might be a measurable effect, it's not a cause for major concern and shouldn't lead to significant changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-flu-emerges-as-a-public-health-risk/">public health</a> policies regarding daylight saving time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-autumn-transition">Autumn transition</h2>



The number of heart problems did not increase significantly during the fall when daylight saving time ends and people "fall back" an hour. This suggests that the extra hour of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-we-sleep-study-reveals-new-clues-behind-this-mystery/">sleep</a> gained in the fall might balance out any negative effects caused by the time change.&nbsp;



In other words, switching back to standard time in the autumn doesn't seem to have a noticeable negative impact on heart health, unlike the small increase seen in the spring when time jumps forward.&nbsp;



"We looked at five years across the U.S., and what we found is that it’s unlikely that there is a clinically meaningful difference in cardiovascular health due to daylight saving time," noted study lead author Dr. Benjamin Satterfield.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



Since the health effects seem small, the discussion might now focus on whether the benefits of daylight saving time, like saving energy and boosting the economy, outweigh the disruptions it causes to our natural sleep patterns and daily routines.&nbsp;



"When decisions are made about whether to abolish daylight saving time, there is no need to take concerns regarding heart health into account," noted study senior author Bernard J. Gersh.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2023.12.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality &amp; Outcomes.</a>



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Daylight saving time has little influence on heart health

Daylight saving time (DST) sparks both excitement and annoyance when...

Woman,With,Bowl,Of,Potato,Chips,Watching,Tv,On,Sofa

In a world where sitting has become the norm for many, emerging research underscores the significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-causes-of-sedentary-behavior-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health risks</a> associated with prolonged sedentary behavior. 



Drawing on decades of observations, author Dan Buettner suggested that longevity is linked to regular movement, a theory now supported by a comprehensive study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-dangers-of-a-sedentary-lifestyle">Hidden dangers of a sedentary lifestyle</h2>



This study found that older women who sat for more than <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sedentary-behavior-graph_credit-UC-San-Diego-Health-Sciences_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">11.7 hours daily faced a 30% increased risk of death</a>, a statistic that held true regardless of their exercise routines.



Steve Nguyen, Ph.D., M.P.H., a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://www.ucsd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California San Diego</a>, delved into this topic by analyzing data from 6,489 women aged 63 to 99.



These participants, part of the Women’s Health Initiative, were tracked over eight years for mortality outcomes. 



Nguyen's innovative approach utilized a machine-learned algorithm, CHAP, to distinguish between sitting and standing periods accurately, shedding light on the dire consequences of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-physical-activity-reverses-the-damage-of-sedentary-behavior-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extended sitting</a>.



“Sedentary behavior is defined as any waking behavior involving sitting or reclining with low energy expenditure,” explains Nguyen. 



“Previous techniques for calculating sedentary behavior used cut points that identified low or absent movement. The CHAP algorithm was developed using machine-learning, a type of artificial intelligence, that enhanced its ability to accurately distinguish between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sedentary-behavior-cardiovascular-trouble/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">standing and sitting</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-finds-health-patterns-in-sitting-behavior">AI finds health patterns in sitting behavior</h2>



The traditional methods for measuring this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sedentary-behavior-linked-to-higher-risk-of-cancer-mortality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a> often missed nuanced differences between sitting and standing. 



However, the CHAP algorithm's use of artificial intelligence has enabled a more precise analysis of sitting times and patterns.



The health implications of sedentary lifestyles are stark. As Andrea LaCroix, Ph.D., M.P.H., points out, sitting diminishes muscle contractions, blood flow, and glucose metabolism, leading to a cascade of negative effects on the body. 



“When you're sitting, the blood flow throughout your body slows down, decreasing glucose uptake. Your muscles aren't contracting as much, so anything that requires oxygen consumption to move the muscles diminishes, and your pulse rate is low,” LaCroix states. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-paradox-why-sitting-still-impacts-health">Exercise paradox: Why sitting still impacts health</h2>



Contrary to popular belief, these effects aren't mitigated by exercise if one continues to sit for prolonged periods. LaCroix advises against long sitting durations, suggesting that even brief periods of standing or moving can mitigate risks.



"The risk escalates with more than 11 hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dangerous-sedentary-older/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sitting per day</a>, particularly when sitting stretches exceed 30 minutes," she recommends. 



Encouragingly, LaCroix suggests achievable adjustments like standing once an hour or every 20 minutes as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-aging-physical-activity-has-a-direct-impact-on-life-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beneficial interventions</a>.



“For example, sitting more than 30 minutes at a time is associated with higher risk than sitting only 10 minutes at a time," says LaCroix. 



"Most people aren't going to get up six times an hour, but maybe people could get up once an hour, or every 20 minutes or so. They don't have to go anywhere, they can just stand for a little while.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sedentary-behavior-and-cognitive-health">Sedentary behavior and cognitive health</h2>



Nguyen, however, introduces a nuanced perspective on sedentary activities, especially those involving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sedentary-behavior-is-not-always-bad-for-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive engagement</a>, such as learning a new language. 



The impact of such activities on overall health, particularly cognitive health and the potential for conditions like dementia, remains complex and underexplored.



With a grant from the <a href="https://www.nigms.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute of General Medical Sciences</a>, Nguyen is set to further investigate the relationship between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cognitive health outcomes. This research could offer crucial insights into balancing sedentary activities with physical movement for overall well-being.



LaCroix acknowledges the cultural challenges in addressing sedentary behavior, given the allure of screen-based entertainment and social media. 



“We've created this world in which it's so fascinating to sit and do things. You can be engrossed by TV or scroll on your Instagram for hours," explains LaCroix. 



"But sitting all the time isn't the way we were meant to be as humans, and we could reverse all of that culturally just by not being so attracted to all the things that we do while sitting.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-movement-towards-a-healthier-future">Embracing movement: Towards a healthier future</h2>



In summary, the mounting evidence underscores the critical importance of reevaluating our sedentary lifestyles and making concerted efforts to incorporate more movement into our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ten-hours-of-sitting-amplifies-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daily routines</a>. 



This study illuminates the significant health risks associated with prolonged sitting while offering practical advice for breaking the cycle of inactivity. 



By understanding the detrimental effects of sedentary behavior on our health and adopting simple strategies to stand and move regularly, we empower ourselves to lead healthier, longer lives. 



Embracing regular physical activity, even in small increments, can dramatically improve our overall well-being, signaling a necessary shift towards more active and vibrant lifestyles.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.123.031156" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Heart Association</a>.



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Sitting for hours without breaks greatly diminishes overall health

In a world where sitting has become the norm for...

Recent advancements from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> have initiated a significant reevaluation of the operational mechanisms behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/running-is-just-as-effective-as-drugs-for-treating-depression/">antidepressants</a> and other emotion-regulating drugs, highlighting the intricate communication between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/appetite-control-intermittent-fasting-alters-gut-brain-communication/">gut and the brain</a>.



The research introduces a notable shift in understanding the gut-brain axis, a complex network facilitating bidirectional neural interactions between the gastrointestinal system and the brain's emotional and cognitive centers.&nbsp;



“The gut-brain axis consists of a complex bidirectional neural communication pathway between the brain and the gut, which links emotional and cognitive centers of the brain,” said lead author Nick Spencer, a professor at the College of Medicine and Public Health at Flinders.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vagal-sensory-nerves">Vagal sensory nerves</h2>



The study emphasizes the role of vagal sensory nerves, which transmit signals from the gut to the brain, influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/">mental health</a> and well-being.&nbsp;



“The mechanisms by which vagal sensory nerve endings in the gut wall are activated has been a major mystery but remains of great interest to medical science and potential treatments for mental health and wellbeing,” Spencer explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-diffusion-nbsp">Process of diffusion&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-dance-of-dopamine-and-serotonin-influences-social-behavior/">Serotonin</a> is predominantly synthesized in the gut's enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and plays a pivotal role in mental health. The research challenges prior assumptions about the direct synaptic communication between EECs and vagal sensory endings, proposing instead a diffusion process.&nbsp;



“It had once been proposed that EECs make physical synaptic connections with the sensory nerve endings of the vagus and use fast neurotransmitters to activate vagal sensory endings,” said Spencer.&nbsp;



“However, the results of our new research uncover that any substances (including serotonin) released from EEC cells must communicate via a process of diffusion to the sensory nerve endings of the vagus nerve that lie in the colon (large intestine).”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights-nbsp">Critical new insights&nbsp;</h2>



“We found that the distances between individual EECs that contain serotonin and vagal afferent nerve endings were too far apart to occur via a mechanism that involved synaptic communication and fast neurotransmission, as was previously thought,” Spencer added.



This finding has broad implications for the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/willow-bark-may-contain-life-saving-antiviral-medications/">medications</a> targeting the gut-brain axis, offering new insights into treating anxiety, depression, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), conditions linked to serotonin.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synaptic-transmission-ruled-out">Synaptic transmission ruled out</h2>



The methodology involved anterograde neuronal tracing from the vagus nerve to the gut, uncovering the significant distances between serotonin-containing EECs and vagal nerve endings, which preclude synaptic transmission.&nbsp;



“The mean distances between vagal nerve endings and the nearest serotonin containing EECs were hundreds of times greater than known distances that underlie synaptic transmission in vertebrates. This rules out any possible mechanism of fast synaptic transmission,” Spencer explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study marks a pivotal step in redefining our grasp of gut-brain communication, potentially guiding future pharmaceutical research and the holistic management of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-apps-to-practice-mindfulness-improves-mental-health-of-children/">mental health</a> and gastrointestinal disorders.&nbsp;



“Our understanding of how the gut communicates with the brain, via sensory nerves has been substantially improved based on the findings of this study, and we look forward to exploring this topic further,” Spencer concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-024-03879-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell and Tissue Research</a>.



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How does gut-brain communication affect emotional well-being?

Recent advancements from Flinders University have initiated a significant reevaluation...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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