<p>NASA pumpkin carving contest shows that NASA engineers are good at most things. Earlier today their pumpkin carving contest went viral. See why<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa-jpl/sets/72157672207667603/with/30490806042/"> here.</a></p>
<p>Happy Halloween from Earth.com.</p>


NASA pumpkin carving contest puts us all to shame

<p>Flu epidemics are caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-has-evolved-into-a-persistent-global-threat/">influenza</a> A or B viruses, resulting in acute respiratory infections and killing about half a million people worldwide each year, while also affecting a variety of other animals, as in the case of the avian flu. Moreover, these viruses’ high capacity for mutation makes them particularly elusive and hard to combat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Now, a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.unige.ch/">University of Geneva</a> (UNIGE) has discovered that the influenza A virus manages to penetrate and infect cells by attaching itself to a receptor on the cell surface and hijacking the organism’s iron transport mechanism to start its infection cycle. Since, by blocking this particular receptor, the experts managed to significantly reduce the virus’ ability to invade cells, this finding could potentially be exploited to combat flu infections and mitigate epidemics.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We already knew that the influenza A virus binds to sugar structures on the cell surface, then rolls along the cell surface until it finds a suitable entry point into the host cell. However, we did not know which proteins on the host cell surface marked this entry point, and how they favored the entry of the virus,” explained study senior author Mirco Schmolke, an associate professor of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine at UNIGE.</p>



<p>At first, the researchers identified cell surface proteins from the vicinity of the viral haemagglutinin, the protein the influenza A virus uses to enter the cells. One of these proteins – called “transferrin receptor 1” – which helps transporting iron molecules that are essential for many physiological functions into the cell was found to play a major role in how the virus succeeds in penetrating the cells.</p>



<p>“The influenza virus takes advantage of the continuous recycling of the transferrin receptor 1 to enter the cell and infect it,” said lead author Béryl Mazel-Sanchez, a senior scientist at the biopharmaceutical company <a href="https://www.cslbehring.com/">CSL Behring</a> and a former post-doctoral researcher in Schmolke’s lab.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“To confirm our discovery, we genetically engineered human lung cells to remove the transferrin receptor 1, or on the contrary to overexpress it. By deleting it in cells normally susceptible to infection, we prevented influenza A from entering. Conversely, by overexpressing it in cells normally resistant to infection, we made them easier to infect.”</p>



<h2 id="h-promising-results">Promising results</h2>



<p>In a follow-up experiment, the scientists managed to use a chemical molecule to reproduce this mechanism by inhibiting the transferrin receptor 1. “We tested it successfully on human lung cells, on human lung tissue samples and on mice with several viral strains. In the presence of this inhibitor, the virus replicated much less. However, in view of its potentially oncogenic characteristics, this product cannot be used to treat humans,” Mazel-Sanchez explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Nonetheless, anti-cancer therapies based on the inhibition of the transferrin receptor could potentially benefit from these discoveries.</p>



<p>In addition to this particular receptor, the researchers have also identified about 30 other proteins that may play a role in how the influenza A virus enter the cells. Although it is likely that the virus uses a combination involving other receptors to infect cells, further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms.</p>



<p>“Although we are still far from a clinical application, blocking the transferrin receptor 1 could become a promising strategy for treating influenza virus infections in humans and potentially in animals,” the authors concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214936120"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-influenza-virus">More about the influenza virus&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily spreads through the upper and/or lower respiratory tract. It is more commonly known as the flu. The influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and are categorized into four types: A, B, C, and D.</p>



<h3 id="h-flu-types">Flu types</h3>



<p>Influenza A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the four influenza types and cause the most severe disease. The influenza A virus can be broken down into different subtypes based on the chemical structure of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins on their surface. For instance, H1N1 and H3N2 are subtypes of influenza viruses that have caused human pandemics.</p>



<p>Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be broken down into lineages and strains. Currently circulating influenza B viruses belong to one of two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. Influenza B is less common but can still cause outbreaks of seasonal flu.</p>



<p>Influenza C viruses cause only mild respiratory illness, or no symptoms at all, so they do not cause epidemics or pandemics. Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.</p>



<p>Flu viruses can change through a process called antigenic drift and shift. Antigenic drift happens gradually over time as the virus makes small changes to its genetic composition, while antigenic shift is an abrupt, major change to the influenza A viruses, resulting in new hemagglutinin and/or new neuraminidase proteins.</p>



<h3 id="h-symptoms-of-infection">Symptoms of infection&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Influenza is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, aching muscles, headache, severe malaise, non-productive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention. But influenza can cause severe illness or death in high-risk populations such as the very young, elderly, and individuals with certain chronic health conditions.</p>



<h3 id="h-flu-vaccination">Flu vaccination</h3>



<p>Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes caused by influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are also available and can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They can also prevent serious flu complications.</p>



<p>Despite the availability of vaccines, the flu virus remains a major public health concern, largely due to its ability to change and mutate over time. Scientists are actively researching ways to develop a universal flu vaccine that would protect against all strains of the virus.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

How does the influenza virus hack our cells?

Flu epidemics are caused by influenza A or B viruses,...

Boat,Dwarfed,By,Antarctic,Mountains

<p>Scientists have mapped the ground beneath Antarctica's most vulnerable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-the-doomsday-glacier-is-melting-from-below/">glacier</a>, Thwaites, for the first time. This breakthrough will aid researchers in understanding the impacts of climate change on this sensitive area.</p>



<p>Thwaites Glacier, a massive formation in West Antarctica comparable in size to Great Britain or the US state of Florida, is one of Antarctica's fastest-changing ice-ocean systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Geophysicist Dr. Tom Jordan, who spearheaded this study at the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/">British Antarctic Survey</a> (BAS), emphasized that the findings are vital due to the glacier's rapid transformation.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-few-surprises-revealed-in-the-data">A few surprises revealed in the data</h2>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv"><em>Science Advances</em></a>, revealed that the area beneath the Thwaites Glacier had less sedimentary rock than anticipated. “Sediments allow faster flow, like sliding on mud,” Dr. Jordan explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding the location of these slippery sediments, he noted, would help predict the glacier's future behavior as it retreats.</p>



<p>The researchers noticed significant changes at the glacier's grounding zone - the spot where it interacts with the seafloor. Since the late 1990s, this point has retreated a staggering 14 km.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, much of the ice sheet rests below sea level, which makes it prone to rapid, irreversible ice loss that could result in a global sea-level rise of over half a meter within centuries.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>This groundbreaking research involved airborne surveys using specially equipped aircraft. These planes housed radar that could penetrate the ice to the rocks beneath, as well as sensors to map minute variations in gravity and magnetism. The instruments operated hundreds to thousands of meters below the ground and seabed where the glacier rests.</p>



<p>In combining the data from these various sources, researchers compiled a 3D representation of several features, including the type and extent of different rocks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Jordan pointed out the importance of the integrated nature of these airborne surveys: “Each sensor on the aircraft provided an important but incomplete part of the picture, but by bringing them all together we could provide the detailed map of the underlying geology."</p>



<p>The study delves into geological history, tracing back to when New Zealand separated from Antarctica around 100 million years ago, long before the formation of the Thwaites Glacier.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Researchers anticipated the discovery of thick sediments at the base of Thwaites Glacier, given its position below sea level and the geological processes of millions of years. Previous analyses of other Antarctic glaciers indicated the presence of thick underlying sediments.</p>



<p>However, the survey data indicated that sedimentary rock constitutes only about a fifth of the ground beneath the Thwaites Glacier. These sediments are scattered in basins ranging between 80 and 200 km in length and about 30 km wide. The remainder of the ground comprises diverse geological bodies, including granite peaks and other hard rocks. The researchers hypothesized that the sedimentary basins were once larger but were eroded down to bedrock due to glacier movement.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-results-are-unclear">Implications of the results are unclear</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings for estimates of ice flow and loss from Thwaites and other glaciers remain unclear. Yet, the study demonstrates that the geological landscape directly impacts the basal shear stress, a key determinant of the speed at which ice can flow into the ocean.</p>



<p>Dr. Jordan expressed his hopes for the study's implications: “We hope that by showing the detailed geology, and how it correlates with the basal friction, future models of glacial retreat will have lower uncertainty, as the controls of the basal processes will be better understood.”</p>



<p>“No single scientific study could ever match the scale and challenge of climate change. But it is the incremental building of all the individual scientific studies like this that allows us to understand and tackle that challenge.”</p>



<p>The team will proceed with more detailed studies of these processes. The newly discovered data may also assist in creating more accurate predictions of future ice loss.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Study co-author and glaciologist Dr. Sarah Thompson added an optimistic note: "The integrated approach used in this study has significant potential for successful application elsewhere in Antarctica, enabling us to explore other potentially vulnerable regions where current knowledge is sparse."</p>



<h2 id="h-much-more-research-is-needed">Much more research is needed</h2>



<p>This research project has opened a new dimension in the understanding of Antarctic glaciers and their response to climate change. Its innovative approach to mapping the geology beneath the ice has shed light on how the structure and composition of the earth beneath a glacier can influence its flow rate and melting process.</p>



<p>More research is forthcoming, and with it, we may gain better predictions about how these massive glaciers will behave in the future. As the team dives deeper into this exciting new knowledge base, the global scientific community eagerly anticipates further insights into our changing world.</p>



<p>While we grapple with the grand challenges of climate change, research endeavors such as this one from the British Antarctic Survey provide us with crucial knowledge and tools.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Incrementally, we are building a scientific understanding robust enough to tackle the profound environmental transformations of our time. This study is an important piece of the jigsaw puzzle, highlighting the inextricable ties between our planet's geology and climate.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-thwaites-glacier">More about the Thwaites Glacier</h2>



<p>Thwaites Glacier, also known as the "Doomsday Glacier," is located in the remote Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica. It's a wide and fast-flowing glacier, roughly the size of Florida or Great Britain, and it has been a significant focus of scientific study due to its sensitivity to climate change.</p>



<p>Thwaites Glacier is one of the most vulnerable and important glaciers in the world in terms of future global sea-level rise. It is believed that the glacier is undergoing significant change due to warming oceans, and this change is accelerating.</p>



<h3 id="h-accelerating-pace-of-ice-loss-is-troubling">Accelerating pace of ice loss is troubling&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the past few decades, the speed at which Thwaites Glacier is flowing into the sea has nearly doubled. Satellite measurements have shown that the glacier is losing an enormous amount of ice each year, nearly 50 billion tons annually, contributing to rising global sea levels. If the entire Thwaites Glacier were to melt, it could raise the world's oceans by about 65 centimeters (over 2 feet).</p>



<p>A critical concern is that much of Thwaites sits on land that is below sea level, in a configuration known as "marine-based." This situation means that as the glacier's grounding line – the point where the glacier's ice lifts off the land and starts floating on the sea – retreats inland, it can pass over deeper and deeper valleys. This process allows more and more ice to discharge into the sea, which might accelerate the glacier's melt in a phenomenon known as "marine ice sheet instability."</p>



<h3 id="h-collapse-of-thwaites-would-cause-disastrous-chain-reaction">Collapse of Thwaites would cause disastrous chain reaction</h3>



<p>The stability of Thwaites is also important because it backs up other glaciers, acting as a kind of doorstop, and preventing the ice in these glaciers from flowing into the sea. The collapse of Thwaites could potentially destabilize a larger part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which contains enough ice to raise sea levels by an additional several meters.</p>



<p>Despite its remote location, research teams from around the world have been traveling to Thwaites for study. They're using ice-penetrating radar and other instruments to map the ice and the sea floor, and are drilling into the glacier to understand its stability and the factors affecting its rapid change.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Predicting the future behavior of Thwaites, the Doomsday Glacier

Scientists have mapped the ground beneath Antarctica's most vulnerable glacier,...

<p>The fascinating world of infant communication is peppered with squeals, vowel-like sounds, growls, and short, word-like sounds such as "ba" or "aga". These are known as protophones, the precursors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-can-tell-when-speech-is-directed-at-them/">speech</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over time, these protophones evolve into early words, then gradually transform into phrases and sentences as the child grows older.</p>



<p>While it's a known fact that some babies are naturally more "talkative" than others, new research published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106884"><em>iScience</em></a> uncovers fascinating insights into gender differences in these early vocalizations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers have discovered that during the first year of life, male babies appear to "talk" more than their female counterparts. This finding confirms earlier, smaller studies by the same team but remains a surprising revelation.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-this-finding-was-a-surprise-to-scientists">Why this finding was a surprise to scientists</h2>



<p>Why the surprise? It challenges a long-standing belief that females typically have a language advantage over males. This discrepancy between the study results and traditional expectations offers compelling implications for understanding the evolutionary foundations of language, say the researchers.</p>



<p>"Females are believed widely to have a small but discernible advantage over males in language," said D. Kimbrough Oller of <a href="https://www.memphis.edu/">The University of Memphis</a>. "However, our findings show that in the first year, males tend to produce more speech-like vocalizations than females."</p>



<p>However, the early language advantage shown by male infants is transient. "While boys showed higher rates of vocalization in the first year, girls caught up and surpassed boys by the end of the second year," Oller noted.</p>



<h2 id="h-accidental-discovery">Accidental discovery</h2>



<p>Interestingly, Oller and his colleagues did not initially set out to examine gender differences. They were primarily interested in the origins of language in infancy. Had they been asked to predict the results, they would have guessed that female infants might produce more sounds than males. Yet, the outcome was consistent with their previous study published in <em>Current Biology</em> in 2020.</p>



<p>The team undertook a more extensive study to validate this unexpected pattern. The analysis involved over 450,000 hours of all-day recordings of 5,899 infants using a device about the size of an iPod. The recordings were automatically analyzed to count infant and adult utterances across the first two years of life.</p>



<p>"This is the biggest sample for any study ever conducted on language development, as far as we know," said Oller.</p>



<p>The data collected showed that male infants made about 10% more utterances in the first year compared to females.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, in the second year, the trend reversed, with female infants making about 7% more sounds than males. Notably, this gender difference was present despite the fact that the adults caring for these infants spoke more words to female infants in both years compared to males.</p>



<h2 id="h-things-begin-to-change-in-the-second-year-of-life">Things begin to change in the second year of life</h2>



<p>The researchers speculate that the higher early vocal activity of male infants might simply be a reflection of their generally higher activity levels. However, this explanation doesn't hold up well, as male infants' increased vocalizations diminish by 16 months, while their higher physical activity levels persist.</p>



<p>Oller suggests these findings could align with an evolutionary theory. It's possible that infants are programmed to make many sounds early on to communicate their health and vitality, thus improving their chances of survival.</p>



<p>If that's the case, why would male infants be more vocal than females in the first year but not later?</p>



<p>"We think it may be because boys are more vulnerable to dying in the first year than girls," said Oller. "Given the higher mortality rates of males in the first year, they may be under especially high evolutionary pressure to produce vocal fitness signals."&nbsp;</p>



<p>By the second year of life, as mortality rates decrease dramatically for both genders, the pressure on special fitness signaling is lower for both boys and girls, explained Oller.</p>



<p>The researchers said that further research is needed to understand how caregivers react to these baby sounds.</p>



<p>"We anticipate that caregivers will show discernible reactions of interest and of being charmed by the speech-like sounds," said Oller. He noted that these vocalizations from babies elicit genuine feelings of affection in caregivers, along with a willingness to invest in the infants' well-being.</p>



<h2 id="h-next-follow-up-experiment-is-on-the-drawing-board">Next follow-up experiment is on the drawing board</h2>



<p>The team is curious to see how caregivers will react differently to the speech-like sounds of boys and girls. However, there's a catch - the caregivers might need to be informed about the baby's gender beforehand. That's because it's still unknown whether the gender can be discerned merely from these vocalizations.</p>



<p>In conclusion, this groundbreaking research offers valuable insights into the early language development of infants and the surprising ways in which gender differences can manifest. While the male infants' early advantage in vocalization is short-lived, it points towards fascinating evolutionary strategies possibly linked to survival.</p>



<p>As the researchers continue to uncover more about the fascinating journey of language development, we'll gain a better understanding of the incredible complexity and resilience of human communication. As they say, every "ba" or "aga" is a step towards the intricate symphony of human language.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-infant-cognitive-development">More about infant cognitive development</h2>



<p>Infant cognitive development is a fascinating process that unfolds across several stages, with milestones in areas such as language acquisition, motor skills, and reasoning ability. Here's an overview of key developmental stages, although it's important to note that individual children may progress at different rates:</p>



<h3 id="h-language-development">Language Development</h3>



<ul>
<li><em>0-5 Months</em>: Infants start to make sense of the world around them through sounds. They will start to recognize their parent's voices and begin cooing and making simple vowel sounds.</li>



<li><em>6-11 Months</em>: During this stage, babies will start babbling, making sounds like "ba-ba" or "ma-ma." They are exploring the sounds that they can make with their mouths and learning to associate them with reactions from adults.</li>



<li><em>12-17 Months</em>: This is the typical age for first words. Initially, vocabulary grows slowly, and words may not always be used correctly. However, babies at this stage are increasingly capable of understanding simple instructions.</li>



<li><em>18-24 Months</em>: Vocabulary begins to increase more rapidly, and infants may start to form simple two-word phrases. They are also better at understanding more complex instructions.</li>
</ul>



<h3 id="h-motor-development">Motor Development</h3>



<ul>
<li><em>0-6 Months</em>: Infants develop their gross motor skills, learning to roll over, sit up with support, and eventually sit independently.</li>



<li><em>7-12 Months</em>: During this stage, babies usually learn to crawl, pull up to a standing position, and may even take their first steps.</li>



<li><em>13-18 Months</em>: Toddlers will become more confident in walking and will begin to explore running, climbing, and possibly even jumping. Fine motor skills also improve, allowing them to manipulate objects with more precision.</li>
</ul>



<h3 id="h-reasoning-and-decision-making">Reasoning and Decision-Making</h3>



<p>The development of reasoning skills and decision-making is a bit more complex. While it's clear that infants and toddlers are constantly learning and experimenting with their environment, the cognitive processes behind these activities are not as well-understood.</p>



<ul>
<li><em>0-12 Months</em>: Infants develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen. This is a foundational concept in understanding cause-and-effect relationships.</li>



<li><em>12-24 Months</em>: Toddlers begin to show early signs of problem-solving skills, such as pushing a stool to reach a toy on a high shelf. They also start to understand more complex cause-and-effect relationships.</li>



<li><em>2-3 Years</em>: Around this age, children begin to develop early symbolic play and imagination, which contribute to decision-making and reasoning. They may also begin to understand simple rules and routines.</li>



<li><em>3-5 Years</em>: Preschool-aged children begin to demonstrate more sophisticated reasoning abilities. They can understand basic logic and can solve more complex problems. They also begin to understand the concept of time and can plan for future events.</li>
</ul>



<p>Again, these are general guidelines and there can be significant variation in the timing and progression of these milestones. It's also important to remember that cognitive development in infants and children is influenced by many factors, including genetics, environment, and parental interaction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Male babies talk more than females during the first year

The fascinating world of infant communication is peppered with squeals,...

<p>The adage "You are what you eat" has never rung more true. The foods we consume shape our health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hibernation-may-be-key-to-extraordinary-longevity-in-bats/">longevity</a>, echoing through the course of our lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A direct correlation exists between nutritional needs associated with age and our metabolic health. In essence, our age-specific nutritional balance significantly influences our overall wellness.</p>



<p>Indeed, nutrition that aligns perfectly with our age can sustain our metabolic health, leading to a superior health span - the portion of our life unmarred by disease - and eventually lengthening our lifespan. Previous research has indicated that altering nutritional interventions with diverse calorie and protein intake can bolster the health and lifespan of rodents and primates.</p>



<p>Moreover, the latest research has drawn links between dietary macronutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats - and cardio-metabolic health and aging in mice. But the enigma persists: what is the precise amount of protein we should eat to maintain metabolic health?</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-team-solved-the-puzzle">How the research team solved the puzzle</h2>



<p>A study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00797-3"><em>GeroScience</em></a> attempts to solve this puzzle. Led by Professor Yoshitaka Kondo from <a href="https://www.waseda.jp/top/en">Waseda University</a>, a research team delved into the dietary protein quantity required to boost metabolic health in mice advancing in age.</p>



<p>The researchers gathered young (6 months old) and middle-aged (16 months old) male C57BL/6NCr mice for their investigation. They nourished these rodents with isocaloric diets encompassing variable protein content (5 to 45 %) over a two-month span.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effect of diverse protein diets was then evaluated based on skeletal muscle weight, liver and plasma lipid profiles, and self-organizing map (SOM) cluster analysis of plasma amino acid profiles.</p>



<p>"The optimal balance of macronutrients for ideal health outcomes may vary across different life stages," explained Kondo. "Previous studies show the possibility of minimizing age-specific mortality throughout life by changing the ratio of dietary protein to carbohydrates during approach to old age in mice. However, the amount of protein that should be consumed to maintain metabolic health while approaching old age is still unclear.”</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The observations were riveting. A low-protein diet culminated in the development of a mild fatty liver, with elevated levels of hepatic lipids in middle-aged mice compared to their younger counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the other hand, a diet with moderate protein resulted in diminished blood glucose concentrations and lipid levels in both liver and plasma. These results signified that a moderate-protein diet (25% and 35%) kept mice - both young and middle-aged - in a metabolically healthier state.</p>



<p>The researchers further scrutinized the impact of varying protein diets on plasma amino acid concentrations in mice of both age brackets. They discovered that the plasma concentration of individual amino acids fluctuated with age and varying dietary protein content.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This revelation was further substantiated using SOM analysis of the plasma amino acids. Additionally, the plasma amino acid profiles, as revealed through SOM analysis, displayed a correlation between differing protein intake and the varying quantities of hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol levels.</p>



<p>"Protein requirements change through the course of life, being higher in younger reproductive mice, reducing through middle age, and rising again in older mice as protein efficiency declines. The same pattern is likely to be observed in humans," said Kondo.</p>



<p>"Therefore, it could be assumed that increasing daily protein intake in meals could promote metabolic health of people. Moreover, ideal dietary macronutrient balance at each life stage could also extend health span.”</p>



<h2 id="h-the-secret-has-been-under-your-nose-the-entire-time">The secret has been under your nose the entire time</h2>



<p>Summing it up, the study presents the fascinating proposition that the secret to a long, healthy life might be hidden in our plates - in balanced servings of protein, to be precise. With dietary moderation and age-specific nutrition as guiding principles, maintaining metabolic health might be an achievable feat.</p>



<p>The breakthrough understanding that the optimal balance of dietary protein can minimize age-specific mortality provides an encouraging blueprint for future research in this field. As our understanding deepens, we can hope to see more precise dietary recommendations for different stages of life.</p>



<p>For now, the takeaway message from Kondo and his team's study is clear: a balanced diet with moderate amounts of protein could indeed be a critical key to unlocking a long, healthy life. So, remember, the next time you plan your meal, a dash of protein might just add years to your life.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-anti-aging-research">More about anti-aging research</h2>



<p>Anti-aging research is a broad and rapidly expanding field focused on understanding the biological mechanisms that lead to aging and developing interventions to slow down or even reverse these processes. The aim is to extend both lifespan (how long we live) and healthspan (how long we live without disease).</p>



<h3 id="h-telomeres">Telomeres</h3>



<p>One significant area of anti-aging research is the study of telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of our chromosomes. Every time a cell divides, its telomeres shorten, and when they become too short, the cell can no longer divide and becomes senescent or dies. Researchers are studying ways to extend the length of telomeres or delay their shortening to promote cellular health and longevity.</p>



<h3 id="h-aging-at-the-molecular-level">Aging at the molecular level&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Another important area of research involves studying the biology of aging at a molecular level. This includes investigating the roles of specific genes and proteins in aging, exploring how DNA damage and repair affect aging, and how cellular processes such as autophagy (the process by which cells remove and recycle their own components) contribute to aging.</p>



<h3 id="h-reducing-calories">Reducing calories</h3>



<p>Caloric restriction (reducing daily calorie intake without causing malnutrition) has been shown in multiple organisms, from yeast to primates, to extend lifespan. The mechanisms are not entirely understood, but they may involve changes in metabolism and stress responses. There's also ongoing research into developing drugs that could mimic the effects of caloric restriction without the need for reduced food intake.</p>



<h3 id="h-ability-of-cells-to-divide-senescence">Ability of cells to divide (senescence)</h3>



<p>Furthermore, research into senescence - the state in which cells lose their ability to divide and function correctly - is another promising area. Senescent cells accumulate with age and are thought to contribute to aging by causing inflammation and tissue dysfunction. Drugs that can selectively eliminate these senescent cells (known as senolytics) or rejuvenate them are currently under study.</p>



<h3 id="h-age-related-disease">Age-related disease</h3>



<p>Age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, heart disease, and cancer, are also a significant focus of anti-aging research. By understanding how these diseases develop and progress, researchers hope to develop preventative measures and treatments to extend healthspan.</p>



<h3 id="h-lifestyle-factors">Lifestyle factors</h3>



<p>Lastly, research on lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and sleep is essential. These factors have been shown to significantly influence lifespan and healthspan, and researchers are interested in understanding why and how these factors have such profound effects on aging.</p>



<p>It's important to note that while this research is incredibly promising, aging is a complex process involving many interconnected biological systems. Therefore, it's unlikely that there will be a "silver bullet" for aging. Instead, anti-aging research will likely lead to a range of interventions that can be used together to extend healthspan and lifespan.</p>



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Eat well, live longer: A dash of protein could add years to your life

The adage "You are what you eat" has never rung...

<p>Scientists at <a href="https://duke.edu/">Duke University</a> and the University of California, Santa Barbara have identified a climate feedback loop involving widely distributed yet underappreciated microbes like plankton that could quicken the pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-affects-ground-squirrels-in-unexpected-ways/">climate change</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, this discovery comes with a silver lining: a potential early warning sign that might help us brace for the tipping point.</p>



<p>The researchers have been studying microscopic organisms called mixotrophs. These versatile organisms have two metabolic modes, allowing them to photosynthesize like plants or consume food like animals, depending on their environment. Daniel Wieczynski, a postdoctoral associate at Duke and the first author of the study, calls them the "Venus fly traps of the microbial world."</p>



<h2 id="h-using-a-computer-model-to-predict-behavior">Using a computer model to predict behavior</h2>



<p>A computer model was used by the team to demonstrate the potential impact of these tiny organisms on the global climate. The researchers discovered that rising temperatures can cause these creatures to shift from absorbing carbon dioxide - a potent greenhouse gas - to emitting it. This shift results from the effects of global warming on their metabolism.</p>



<p>The release of carbon dioxide could potentially lead to increased temperatures, creating a dangerous positive feedback loop. In this scenario, minor degrees of warming could result in a disproportionate impact, accelerating climate change.</p>



<p>Jean P. Gibert, a senior author of the study from Duke, emphasized the role mixotrophs play in regulating the climate, despite their absence in most climate change models. Mixotrophs are abundant in oceans, lakes, and damp soils, forming a significant part of plankton communities and peatlands ecosystems.</p>



<p>“Mixotrophs can both capture and emit carbon dioxide, they're like ‘switches’ that could either help reduce climate change or make it worse,” explained study co-author Holly Moeller, assistant professor at UC Santa Barbara.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>To examine how these effects could escalate, a mathematical model was developed. This model predicted how mixotrophs might shift between different modes of metabolism as global warming continues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The model was run under a temperature range of 19 to 23 degrees Celsius (66-73 degrees Fahrenheit), in line with projected global temperature surges of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels within the next five years, with the potential to exceed 2 to 4 degrees by century's end.</p>



<p>The model revealed that as temperatures increase, mixotrophs are more likely to consume food rather than rely on photosynthesis, leading to an imbalance in carbon absorption and emission. This could eventually push the microbes past a tipping point, shifting from carbon sink to carbon source and thereby contributing to global warming rather than mitigating it.</p>



<p>The scientists warned that reverting from this tipping point would require a significant decrease in temperatures, more than one degree Celsius, a challenge that highlights the seriousness of the situation.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-research-team-found-a-ray-of-hope-amidst-the-gloom">The research team found a ray of hope amidst the gloom</h2>



<p>However, there's a glimmer of hope. The study suggests that by carefully observing mixotroph abundance, scientists may be able to anticipate this crucial tipping point.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Right before a tipping point, their abundances suddenly start to fluctuate wildly," Wieczynski said. “If you went out in nature and you saw a sudden change from relatively steady abundances to rapid fluctuations, you would know it’s coming.”</p>



<p>An additional factor identified by the study is nutrient pollution. The researchers found that increased levels of nutrients, like nitrate and phosphate, released from wastewater treatment facilities, farms, and lawns could cause the warning signs of rapid fluctuations to disappear, allowing the tipping point to arrive unannounced.</p>



<h2 id="h-investing-in-early-detection-is-crucial">Investing in early detection is crucial</h2>



<p>While these model predictions require validation through real-world observations, they underscore the importance of investing in early detection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Tipping points can be short-lived, and thus hard to catch,” Gibert said. “This paper provides us with a search image, something to look out for, and makes those tipping points -- as fleeting as they may be – more likely to be found.”</p>



<p>The research team is hopeful that these findings can contribute to the broader climate science community and help focus efforts on preventative measures. By understanding the role these tiny mixotrophs play in our climate and detecting these fluctuations early, we may be able to implement solutions before reaching these potentially irreversible tipping points.</p>



<p>The research paper, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14350">Functional Ecology</a>, combines a fascinating look into the world of microbial activity with critical insights into climate change. The researchers’ efforts underline the complexity and interconnectedness of our ecosystem and the urgency of monitoring even the tiniest contributors to our climate.</p>



<p>This important work was made possible through the support of the Simons Foundation (grant number 689265), the National Science Foundation (grant number 1851194), and the U.S. Department of Energy (grant number DE-SC0020362). As the world continues to grapple with climate change, studies like this remind us of the importance of research and the potentially game-changing insights it can provide.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-plankton">More about plankton</h2>



<p>Plankton is a broad term used to describe the wide range of tiny organisms that drift within oceans, seas, and other bodies of water. The term "plankton" comes from the Greek for "drifter" or "wanderer." They can't swim against the current, but some can move up and down in the water column.</p>



<p>There are two main types of plankton: phytoplankton and zooplankton.</p>



<h3 id="h-phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</h3>



<p>These are the plant-like members of the plankton community, and they're photosynthetic. They're mostly single-celled organisms like cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae) and diatoms but can also form colonies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Phytoplankton serve as the base of the aquatic food web, providing an essential ecological function for all aquatic life. In addition, phytoplankton is responsible for producing approximately half of the oxygen on Earth through photosynthesis.</p>



<h3 id="h-zooplankton">Zooplankton</h3>



<p>These are the animal-like members of the plankton community, which range from tiny protozoans to large jellyfish. Zooplankton are generally larger than phytoplankton, and they often feed on phytoplankton. There are many types of zooplankton, including single-celled dinoflagellates, tiny crustaceans like copepods and krill, and the larvae of larger animals such as fish and crabs.</p>



<p>It's also important to mention mixotrophs, organisms that can switch between photosynthesis (like phytoplankton) and predation (like zooplankton) depending on their environment. Some dinoflagellates and other types of plankton fall into this category.</p>



<p>Plankton play an essential role in the carbon cycle. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to produce carbohydrates for growth. When they die, some of their organic matter sinks to the deep ocean, effectively transferring carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean floor. This process is known as the "biological carbon pump."</p>



<h2 id="h-influence-of-plankton-on-the-environment">Influence of plankton on the environment</h2>



<p>Plankton populations can greatly influence weather patterns and climate. For example, phytoplankton blooms can influence cloud formation, because the particles they release can form nuclei around which water droplets condense to make clouds. In addition, because of their role in the carbon cycle, changes in plankton populations can impact atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, influencing global temperatures and climate.</p>



<p>Plankton populations can also serve as an indicator of environmental changes or disruptions. For example, changes in sea temperature, nutrient availability, or water acidity can all impact plankton populations. Scientists often monitor these populations to understand more about current conditions or future trends in the Earth's climate system.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: Daniel J. Wieczynski, Duke University</em></p>



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Rising temperatures may flip plankton into carbon emitters

Scientists at Duke University and the University of California, Santa...

<p>Codfish have been telling a story of rapid fish evolution, reshaped by human activity more swiftly than previously assumed, reveals a cutting-edge study led by <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/">Rutgers University</a>.</p>



<p>This evolutionary tale, illuminated during the latter half of the twentieth century, signifies the impact of human-driven overfishing. The findings suggest that evolutionary changes, once thought to span millions of years, can be catalyzed within mere decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The report, sharing the first genomic evidence of such accelerated evolution in Atlantic cod, has recently been published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0190"><em>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-breaking-new-ground-with-modern-technology">Breaking new ground with modern technology</h2>



<p>"We broke new ground," explained study senior author Malin Pinsky. Leveraging modern technology, the researchers unearthed the genetic code of codfish caught over a century ago, unveiling subtle genetic shifts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pinsky, an associate professor in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources at Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (SEBS), emphasizes that these new techniques played a pivotal role in the discovery.</p>



<p>By the turn of the 20th century, many overfished cod seemed to have cultivated a survival edge. They matured at a younger age, and their smaller size made them less noticeable to fishing efforts, thus increasing their chances of reproducing before capture. The researchers, in their quest to understand this apparent new fish <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crocodile-evolution-was-influenced-by-environmental-factors/">evolution</a>, searched for key gene mutations, but this proved fruitless.</p>



<h2 id="h-small-setback-spawned-a-new-approach">Small setback spawned a new approach</h2>



<p>Undaunted by initial setbacks, the team adopted a different approach. They theorized that if changes were spread across a multitude of genes, rather than confined to a select few, their analysis might yield different results. Driven by this hypothesis, and empowered by novel technology, the team discovered the intricate genetic dance of the codfish.</p>



<p>"We have now been able to demonstrate that many genes throughout the genome did shift in the same way in cod from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean over the past 100 years," said study first author Brendan Reid.</p>



<p>This indicates that, rather than an isolated genetic aberration, small changes in many of the cod genes triggered the fish evolution. Reid, a postdoctoral associate at SEBS, considers this finding a first of its kind for any overfished species.</p>



<p>Renowned for their mild flavor and flaky flesh, Atlantic cod inhabit the deep-sea regions of the North Atlantic. They have been a staple ingredient in traditional dishes like fish and chips, and their livers are used to produce vitamin-rich cod liver oil. However, during the 1990s, decades of unrelenting overfishing pushed their population down to just 1% of historical levels.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-new-hope-in-the-fight-against-overfishing">A new hope in the fight against overfishing</h2>



<p>Commercial fishing practices underwent a radical transformation in the 1970s, with powerful trawlers equipped with sophisticated radar and sonar systems. These technologies expanded fishing reach, both in terms of depth and duration.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Unfortunately, this resulted in accelerated depletion of cod stocks, culminating in the fishery's collapse and, as the Rutgers research suggests, the cod's swift evolution.</p>



<p>This research brings not just fascinating insights into fish evolution, but also glimmers of hope for the beleaguered codfish. Their population, which has been slowly recovering since fishing pressure lessened, could potentially regain its former glory.</p>



<p>"Since evolution in response to fishing happened through lots of small changes in many genes rather than large changes in one or two genes, and cod have maintained most of their genetic diversity, it will be easier for cod to evolve back towards their previous pattern of slower growth at large sizes,” said Reid.</p>



<p>The scientist also notes encouraging signs in the cod population, suggesting the possibility of a return to previous growth patterns and, with proper management, the restoration of a sustainable fishery.</p>



<p>This research, a testament to international collaboration, also included contributions from Bastiaan Star of the University of Oslo in Norway.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-overfishing">More about overfishing</h2>



<p>Overfishing, or the practice of depleting a fish population to below its natural ability to reproduce and replenish, has far-reaching implications for both the environment and humanity. Its impacts are numerous and interconnected, affecting ecosystems, economies, and global food security.</p>



<h3 id="h-ecosystem-disruption">Ecosystem Disruption</h3>



<p>Overfishing is one of the primary threats to ocean biodiversity. The removal of a significant number of a particular fish species can unbalance the marine ecosystem and fish evolution.</p>



<p>Predatory fish like sharks, tuna, and cod, which are often targeted by commercial fishing, play crucial roles in maintaining the balance of marine life. Their decline can trigger a cascading effect through the food chain, allowing other species to become overly abundant and destabilizing the marine ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, the decline in large predator fish can lead to an overabundance of smaller fish or invertebrates, which can then over-consume vegetation and other smaller organisms, disrupting the balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<h3 id="h-loss-of-livelihood">Loss of Livelihood</h3>



<p>Overfishing not only affects the health of our oceans but also the livelihood of millions of people. According to the United Nations, over 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When fish stocks collapse, the fishing industry - including all those involved in the supply chain, such as boat operators, processors, sellers, and other associated jobs - can be severely impacted. In many developing countries, where alternatives for income are limited, the effects can be particularly devastating.</p>



<h3 id="h-threat-to-food-security">Threat to Food Security</h3>



<p>Fish is a crucial source of protein and nutrition for billions of people around the world. Overfishing threatens this vital food source, particularly in poorer countries where people are more dependent on fish for dietary needs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As per the Food and Agriculture Organization, fish provide more than 20 percent of animal protein for about 3.2 billion people. Depleting fish stocks can thus pose a serious risk to global food security.</p>



<h3 id="h-harm-to-coral-reefs">Harm to Coral Reefs</h3>



<p>Overfishing can also harm coral reefs, which are critical habitats for many fish species. Certain types of fishing, such as blast or cyanide fishing, directly destroy coral habitats. Also, the removal of herbivorous fish can lead to the unchecked growth of algae, which can smother coral reefs and disrupt the ecosystem's balance.</p>



<h3 id="h-economic-implications">Economic Implications</h3>



<p>Overfishing can have significant economic repercussions. The World Bank estimates that the mismanagement of fisheries results in an annual loss of $83 billion globally. Ensuring sustainable fishing practices can thus lead to economic benefits as well as ecological ones.</p>



<p>In summary, overfishing is a pressing global issue that extends beyond just the depletion of fish stocks. It has wide-reaching impacts on the marine ecosystem, global economies, and human livelihoods and food security.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Addressing overfishing requires coordinated global efforts to implement sustainable fishing practices, enforce regulatory measures, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving marine biodiversity. Hopefully, this new discovery about rapid fish evolution will lead to further scientific breakthroughs.</p>



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Fish evolution takes place in decades - not millions of years

Codfish have been telling a story of rapid fish evolution,...

<p>A groundbreaking study from the <a href="https://asm.org/">American Society for Microbiology</a> reveals that domestic cats can play an instrumental role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-plant-virus-could-help-cure-cancer/">virus</a> responsible for COVID-19. In fact, our feline companions can not only contract the virus but also spread it to other cats and even contaminate their environment.</p>



<p>This study, published in the journal <a href="https://journals.asm.org/journal/spectrum"><em>Microbiology Spectrum</em></a>, offers vital insights into the potential risks associated with cats infected with the virus.</p>



<p>"In practice, after introduction of SARS-CoV-2 in our household, we should see our cat as part of the family regarding virus transmission," said study co-author Professor Wim van der Poel.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



<p>To understand the risks related to COVID-19 infection from cats, Professor Van der Poel and his team conducted an extensive study. They tested 16 cats, which were exposed to the virus in several ways.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Some cats were directly exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus obtained from a human patient naturally infected with COVID-19. Other cats were exposed indirectly, either through contact with a directly exposed cat or through exposure in a pen where an infected cat was housed.</p>



<p>Throughout the study, the researchers closely monitored the cats and carried out regular testing. They collected nasal and oropharyngeal samples, along with blood samples.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team also gathered environmental samples from the pens. All samples were subsequently tested for SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the blood samples were scrutinized for SARS-CoV-2 antibody development.</p>



<p>The sampling process was meticulous and spanned three weeks, starting from the day the cats were directly exposed to the virus. The team took nasal and oropharyngeal samples three times during this period.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Similarly, they collected oral and rectal samples 15 times. The goal was to evaluate both direct and indirect transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 between the cats.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The team found that cats are indeed susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, infected cats can efficiently transmit the virus to their peers and contaminate their environment. While the environment can potentially be infectious, this infectiousness rapidly decays over time.</p>



<p>"SARS-CoV-2 transmission between cats is efficient and can be sustained," said Professor Van der Poel. "Infections of cats via exposure to a SARS-CoV-2-contaminated environment cannot be discounted if cats are exposed shortly after contamination."</p>



<p>The team discovered that the average duration of infectiousness was slightly more than one-third of a day. This duration was estimated based on the periods when the virus was detected in the cats' excreta, including oral/nasal fluid or feces.</p>



<p>To ensure the safety of all involved, Van der Poel noted that the team did not expose humans to the infectious cats. "Our animal handlers were always fully protected."&nbsp;</p>



<p>Yet, he cautioned that we should consider the risk of transmission from our pets: "We must assume that cat owners can be infected by SARS-CoV-2 infected cats since these cats excrete infectious virus."</p>



<p>Moving forward, the research team plans to further investigate SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in different animal species and delve deeper into the risks associated with virus transmission.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-animals-and-covid-19">More about animals and COVID-19</h2>



<p>Research has shown that SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, has the ability to infect various animal species, not just humans.</p>



<p>Many of the earliest reported cases of COVID-19 were linked to a seafood market in Wuhan, China, which also sold live wild animals, suggesting a possible zoonotic origin. In fact, SARS-CoV-2 is part of a larger family of coronaviruses known to cause diseases in a range of mammals and birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The exact pathway of transmission to humans remains under investigation, but the virus is believed to have originated in bats and may have passed to humans through another species.</p>



<h3 id="h-other-animals-that-can-be-infected">Other animals that can be infected</h3>



<p>Several animals, including household pets such as cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition to domestic animals, the virus has also been found in farmed mink, and these animals appear to be particularly susceptible to the virus. There have been instances of mink transmitting the virus back to humans, highlighting the potential for a feedback loop of transmission between humans and animals.</p>



<p>Experiments have shown that a variety of animals can be infected with the virus in a laboratory setting, including ferrets, hamsters, and monkeys. This research has helped scientists understand how the virus spreads and impacts different species, aiding in the development of vaccines and treatments.</p>



<p>Zoos have also reported infections in animals. For example, lions and tigers at the Bronx Zoo in New York were confirmed to have COVID-19 in April 2020, likely infected by a caretaker. And gorillas at the San Diego Zoo tested positive for the virus in January 2021.</p>



<h3 id="h-transmission-animal-human-of-covid-19-can-go-both-ways">Transmission animal/human of COVID-19 can go both ways</h3>



<p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains that the risk of animals spreading SARS-CoV-2 to people is considered to be low, and the primary mode of transmission is human-to-human through respiratory droplets. However, it is recommended that people with COVID-19 limit contact with pets and other animals until more is known about the virus.</p>



<p>On the other side of the equation, there is concern about humans transmitting the virus to wildlife, particularly to species that are already endangered. This could introduce a new disease threat and potentially decimate populations that are already vulnerable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, great apes share 98 percent of their DNA with humans and are known to be susceptible to human respiratory illnesses, hence there's concern about the potential impact of COVID-19 on these species.</p>



<p>Research into how SARS-CoV-2 affects animals and the potential for transmission between humans and animals is ongoing. It's a critical part of the puzzle in understanding this virus and managing the pandemic.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Shock discovery: Cats play a role in spreading COVID-19

A groundbreaking study from the American Society for Microbiology reveals...

Aerial,Drone,Top,View,Photo,Of,Small,Exotic,Atoll,Island

<p>Today, <a href="https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv"><em>Science Advances</em></a> published a groundbreaking study demonstrating that large-scale, offshore, fully-protected marine areas, often referred to as MPAs, are critical for preserving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predators-help-prevent-biodiversity-loss/">biodiversity</a> without posing detrimental effects on the fishing industry or food security.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study unveils the evidence drawn from the first-ever “before and after” assessment of the impact on the fishing industry from establishing Mexico’s Revillagigedo National Park.</p>



<p>The research team, composed of US and Mexican scientists, discovered that the industrial fishing sector in Mexico experienced no economic losses five years after the creation of the park, even with a comprehensive fishing ban within the MPA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This counters the common fears among fishermen and provides a reassuring response to the doubts raised by the Mexican industrial fishing lobby when the park was proposed. They argued that such a ban would negatively affect their catches and raise costs.</p>



<h2 id="h-where-the-study-was-done">Where the study was done</h2>



<p>Revillagigedo National Park, established in 2017, is also known as the "Galápagos of Mexico." Ranking as the world's 13th largest MPA, it stands as one of the few marine areas where all damaging human activities, including fishing, are strictly prohibited.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This stringent protection aims to aid the recovery of marine populations in the region, which hosts a diverse array of marine life. It shelters not only a significant aggregation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-threaten-australian-tiger-sharks/">sharks</a>, manta rays, tuna, humpback whales, and five species of sea turtles, but also more than 300 species of fish, 36 of which are uniquely found within these waters.</p>



<p>Study co-author Enric Sala is an Explorer in Residence at the National Geographic Society and founder of Pristine Seas. He commented: "This study, utilizing satellite tracking of fishing vessels and artificial intelligence (AI), shows that the fishing industry’s concerns are unfounded."&nbsp;</p>



<p>Sala stressed that even the largest MPAs, which protect entire ecosystems and thousands of marine species, don't impinge upon the fishing industry's targeted species. "The larger the MPA, the larger the benefits."</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-team-conducted-the-study">How the research team conducted the study</h2>



<p>The study was undertaken by researchers from several institutions: the Mexican Center for Marine Biodiversity, <a href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/">UC San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a>, the Institute of Americas' Gulf of California Marine Program, and the National Geographic Society.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts scrutinized the behavior and productivity of the Mexican industrial fishing sector both before and five years after the introduction of North America's largest fully protected MPA, the Revillagigedo National Park.</p>



<p>The researchers harnessed various data sources to conduct their study: satellite tracking data, fish catch records from the Mexican Fisheries Commission, and cutting-edge AI tools from the Allen Institute for AI's Skylight platform. The ultimate objective was to determine if the creation of the MPA led to a reduction in fishing within the protected area, altered fishing catches, and caused the expansion of fishing into a larger area, which could consequently negatively affect marine biodiversity.</p>



<p>Dr. Fabio Favoretto, a postdoctoral scholar at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and lead author of the study, underlined the importance of satellite tracking devices and AI monitoring platforms in demonstrating compliance from the fishing industry.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-results-of-the-study">Results of the study</h2>



<p>The data revealed that the Revillagigedo National Park's creation didn't have any adverse effects on the Mexican industrial fleet's catches or compel them to expand their fishing territories.</p>



<p>Additionally, the team employed machine learning to detect patterns associated with vessels. The satellite data analyzed were collected from GPS devices installed on approximately 2,000 fishing vessels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Skylight platform revealed only sporadic incidents of illegal fishing within the MPA after its establishment in 2017, emphasizing the potency of technology in protecting the 147,000 square kilometers of waters within the park’s boundary.</p>



<p>Contradicting the Mexican fishing industry's initial concern of losing 20 percent of their tuna and other pelagic catches the study provided convincing evidence that large, fully-protected MPAs can encourage a more sustainable and equitable use of the ocean without causing severe economic repercussions to the fishing industry.</p>



<p>Professor Octavio Aburto, co-author of the study and a marine biology expert at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, affirmed these findings. "Any argument to the contrary were just assumptions - this study provides the data to show that negative impacts to fishing do not exist," said Aburto.</p>



<p>He hopes this research will spark productive conversations with the fishing industry, ultimately leading to improved fish stocks and better protection of biodiversity.</p>



<h2 id="h-safeguarding-biodiversity">Safeguarding biodiversity</h2>



<p>This research comes at a crucial juncture when nations are considering how to achieve the global goal set forth at the UN Global Biodiversity Conference (COP15) in December 2022, to protect and conserve at least 30% of the ocean by 2030. Furthermore, just last month, United Nations members agreed on a legally-binding instrument to safeguard biodiversity in international waters beyond national jurisdictions.</p>



<p>"If the world is serious about protecting the natural world - our life support system - we need to drastically increase ocean protection," said Sala. "The clock is ticking until 2030."</p>



<p>The world's oceanic biodiversity, threatened by human activities such as overfishing, is rapidly diminishing, creating potential risks to food security, health, and the environment. By swiftly establishing marine protected areas in strategic ocean areas, the world can collectively secure more than 80 percent of the habitats of endangered species, a considerable leap from a current coverage of less than two percent.</p>



<p>Amid these global conversations, this study offers empirical evidence that large-scale MPAs within countries’ Exclusive Economic Zones can aid in reaching global conservation goals without compromising fisheries’ interests or a nation’s food security assurance.</p>



<h2 id="h-hope-for-the-future">Hope for the future</h2>



<p>The results challenge the long-held belief, propagated by the industrial fishing lobby, that ocean protection damages fisheries. Instead, the study suggests new avenues to rejuvenate the industry that is currently struggling due to overfishing and the impacts of global warming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Some argue that closing areas to fishing hurts fishing interests. But the worst enemy of fishing is overfishing and bad management - not protected areas," said Sala.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings of this study promise to enrich discussions in Mexico and elsewhere. Catalina López-Sagástegui, a co-author of the study and a researcher at the Institute of Americas, believes that "access to data and technology is improving our collective understanding of marine ecosystems health, which allows us to design and implement MPAs that help restore the health and resilience of marine ecosystems, benefiting fisheries in the long term."</p>



<p>Even those not directly involved in the study, like Dr. Reniel Cabral of James Cook University in Australia, concur with the study's findings. "It’s simple: When overfishing and other damaging activities cease, marine life bounces back. Target species and large predators come back, and entire ecosystems are restored within MPAs. With time, the ocean can heal itself and again provide services to humankind," said Dr. Cabral.</p>



<p>“MPAs are the most effective tool we have for protecting the health and diversity of our oceans," said Sala. "Our study helps to dispel the myth put forward by the industrial fishing lobby that MPAs harm them.”</p>



<p>Funding for the study was provided by Oceans 5 and the Patrick J. McGovern Foundation, underscoring their commitment to understanding and protecting our oceans. As the study's findings make clear, protecting our oceans is not just about safeguarding marine life, it's also about ensuring a sustainable future for our fishing industry, and ultimately, for us all.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-marine-protected-areas-mpas">More about Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)</h2>



<p>Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are designated regions in the oceans or seas where human activities are more tightly regulated than in the surrounding waters to protect the natural or cultural resources contained within.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These resources can include various types of marine life, such as fish, crustaceans, and coral reefs, or even archaeological sites like shipwrecks.</p>



<h3 id="h-benefits-of-mpas">Benefits of MPAs&nbsp;</h3>



<h4 id="h-protecting-biodiversity">Protecting Biodiversity&nbsp;</h4>



<p>MPAs can help preserve diverse ecosystems and marine species, many of which are threatened or endangered.</p>



<h4 id="h-maintaining-ecological-processes">Maintaining Ecological Processes</h4>



<p>They protect the ecological processes necessary for the survival of marine life, like breeding and feeding.</p>



<h4 id="h-supporting-fisheries">Supporting Fisheries</h4>



<p>MPAs can improve the health of fish populations, leading to increased fish numbers and sizes, which can spill over into surrounding fishing areas.</p>



<h4 id="h-safeguarding-cultural-heritage">Safeguarding Cultural Heritage</h4>



<p>MPAs may protect culturally important sites and traditional fishing grounds.</p>



<h4 id="h-enabling-scientific-research">Enabling Scientific Research</h4>



<p>They offer opportunities for scientific research and monitoring of marine ecosystems and biodiversity.</p>



<h4 id="h-enhancing-tourism">Enhancing Tourism</h4>



<p>Well-managed MPAs can attract tourists for wildlife watching, snorkeling, and scuba diving, thus benefiting local economies.</p>



<p>There are various types of MPAs with different levels of protection. Some allow sustainable fishing and other non-extractive activities, while others, known as "no-take" zones or marine reserves, ban all forms of extraction, including fishing and mining.</p>



<p>The percentage of the world's oceans covered by MPAs is still far from the international target set in the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Biodiversity Targets, and the newer 30x30 campaign, which aim to protect 30% of the Earth's land and sea areas by 2030. It is crucial to continue expanding and managing MPAs effectively to safeguard our oceans' health and biodiversity.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Large ocean sanctuaries do not impact regional fishing industries

Today, Science Advances published a groundbreaking study demonstrating that large-scale,...

<p>In a striking revelation, a survey has unearthed a new facet of how the COVID-19 lockdowns have tampered with our collective consciousness. Participants asked to remember the timing of significant events from 2021 showcased a high rate of errors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These surprising insights spring from a study conducted by Daria Pawlak and Arash Sahraie of the University of Aberdeen, UK. Their findings have been published in the open-access journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278250"><em>PLOS ONE</em></a>.</p>



<p>Remembering past events often poses a challenge, especially as time marches on. Yet, our perception of time is not an isolated phenomenon. It's intertwined with our actions and emotions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The unique circumstances created by the COVID-19 lockdowns have had a profound effect on both. Social isolation dictated by the lockdowns changed our daily routines, often throwing our emotions into a whirlpool. Earlier research has already hinted at the pandemic's influence in causing distortions in people's perception of time.</p>



<h2 id="h-mysterious-link-between-time-perception-and-the-pandemic">Mysterious link between time perception and the pandemic</h2>



<p>The intriguing link between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pets-and-owners-had-complex-relationships-during-the-pandemic/">pandemic</a> and time perception, backed by clinical reports of patients struggling to create accurate timelines of their medical history, inspired Pawlak and Sahraie. They embarked on a journey to delve deeper into the pandemic's effect on our sense of time.</p>



<p>In May 2022, Pawlak and Sahraie conducted an online survey. They presented 277 participants with questions about the year of several memorable recent events, such as the finalization of Brexit or Meghan Markle's entry into the British royal family. The study also examined factors related to mental health, including levels of boredom, depression, and resilience.</p>



<p>Not surprisingly, participants found it harder to accurately recall events from the distant past. However, what emerged as an unexpected trend was their struggle to remember events from 2021 - a mere year before the survey.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In fact, their recollection of 2021 was as flawed as their memories of events from three to four years prior. The year of the lockdown seemed to have blurred in their memories, leaving them grappling to pinpoint events accurately.</p>



<h2 id="h-another-disturbing-correlation-discovered">Another disturbing correlation discovered</h2>



<p>Alongside these intriguing findings, Pawlak and Sahraie discovered a correlation between errors in timing and mental health. Participants who misremembered event timings were also more likely to have experienced heightened levels of depression, anxiety, and physical mental demands during the lockdowns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, these individuals showcased lesser resilience. However, no significant correlation emerged between timeline accuracy and boredom. The results mirror previous observations made with prison inmates. This led the authors to propose a theory.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Accurate recollection of event timing, they argue, requires "anchoring" life events. These could be occasions like birthday celebrations or vacations, events noticeably absent during the lockdown. This lack of distinctive markers, they suggest, might have contributed to the collective disorientation in remembering the timing of significant 2021 events.</p>



<p>“Our paper reports on altered timescapes during the pandemic. In a landscape, if features are not clearly discernible, it is harder to place objects/yourself in relation to other features," said the researchers.</p>



<p>"Restrictions imposed during the pandemic have impoverished our timescape, affecting the perception of event timelines. We can recall that events happened, we just don’t remember when."</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-covid-19-pandemic">More about the COVID-19 pandemic</h2>



<p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a global health crisis of unprecedented scale since its emergence in late 2019.</p>



<p>Originating in Wuhan, China, the virus swiftly spread worldwide. It was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets, transmitted when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also survive on surfaces for varying amounts of time, leading to indirect transmission.</p>



<p>COVID-19 symptoms range from mild to severe and can result in death, particularly in older individuals and those with underlying health conditions. Symptoms typically include fever, cough, loss of taste or smell, and difficulty breathing. However, a significant number of infected individuals remain asymptomatic, unknowingly contributing to the virus's spread.</p>



<p>Globally, governments implemented varying degrees of public health measures to curb the virus's spread. These included quarantines, travel restrictions, mask mandates, social distancing measures, and in many cases, complete lockdowns. These measures significantly impacted every aspect of life, leading to an international economic slowdown, disruptions in education, and an increase in mental health issues.</p>



<p>Scientific and medical communities worldwide worked at unprecedented speed to understand the virus and develop treatments and vaccines. By early 2021, multiple vaccines had received emergency use authorizations, and vaccination campaigns began worldwide. These vaccines have proven highly effective in preventing severe illness and death, though challenges remain, such as vaccine distribution equity and the emergence of new virus variants.</p>



<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of global health security, exposed weaknesses in health systems worldwide, and underscored the need for international cooperation in tackling health crises. The virus continues to evolve, and dealing with its ongoing effects remains a global challenge.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

The COVID-19 pandemic blurred our memories

In a striking revelation, a survey has unearthed a new...

<p>Deep down, we all have that burning sense of curiosity, that insatiable urge to explore the unknown. But how does this curiosity manifest in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adults-are-more-compassionate-when-children-are-nearby/">children</a> compared to our closest animal relatives, the great apes? The answer may surprise you.</p>



<p>Researchers Alejandro Sánchez-Amaro of the <a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/index/">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a> and Federico Rossano of the <a href="https://ucsd.edu/">University of California San Diego</a> have recently published their findings in the open-access journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285946"><em>PLOS ONE</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study marks the first direct comparison between human children and great apes regarding their propensity for exploration and risk-taking.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>The investigation centered around a series of ingenious experiments involving rewards hidden under upturned cups. Children, chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, and orangutans were all presented with the same choice.</p>



<p>In each case, two cups were presented to the subjects. One cup, transparent, held a small reward visible to the participant - grapes for the apes, stickers for the children. The second cup was opaque, effectively concealing a larger reward. The test was designed to see whether the subjects would opt for the sure thing or take a gamble on the hidden, potentially greater, reward.</p>



<p>Children showed an outstanding inclination to explore the unknown, with 85 and 77 percent of them choosing the opaque cup at least once in the fourth and fifth trials, respectively. The apes, in contrast, were more cautious, with only 24 percent choosing the mysterious cup in the third trial.</p>



<p>However, when researchers briefly revealed the hidden reward and allowed participants a second chance at their choice, the playing field leveled somewhat. An overwhelming majority of both children and apes, over 88%, chose the opaque cup with the more substantial reward.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The researchers observed that, although children seemed naturally more drawn to uncertainty and exploration, apes could learn the potential benefits of such behavior and adapt. In essence, the apes' decision-making became more adventurous after gaining awareness of the possible rewards of risk-taking.</p>



<p>"This study is the first to compare curiosity in human children and great apes using the same experimental set-up," said Sánchez-Amaro and Rossano. They believe the results imply that children may be inherently more inclined to explore the unknown, or perhaps they are simply less risk-averse than great apes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, they note, "after learning about the rewards of exploring uncertainty, apes quickly applied this knowledge to future scenarios."</p>



<p>This study offers an exciting glimpse into the cognitive parallels and differences between humans and our evolutionary cousins, and the potential role of curiosity in survival and learning. It reinforces the idea that exploration and risk-taking, tempered by learning and experience, are shared traits that span across our evolutionary family tree.</p>



<p>“In this comparative set of studies, we explored whether children and non-human great apes would be curious to forego a visible benefit under a transparent cup to explore an uncertain option under an opaque cup," said the researchers. "We found that children were more likely to explore the uncertain option than the great apes when no other information was available."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Only after we unveiled the content of alternative opaque cups, which yielded better outcomes than the visible options during an intervention phase, did apes quickly overcome their initial risk aversion towards uncertain options. Children continued engaging in some level of exploration to diversify their options.”</p>



<h2 id="h-the-evolutionary-benefits-of-curiosity">The evolutionary benefits of curiosity</h2>



<p>Curiosity, the drive to seek out and explore new environments, is an integral part of many creatures' behavioral repertoire. But why has evolution favored this trait? How has curiosity provided a survival advantage to organisms across various species? Let's delve a little deeper.</p>



<h3 id="h-knowledge-and-learning">Knowledge and Learning</h3>



<p>Curiosity fuels learning and the acquisition of knowledge. It drives organisms to explore their surroundings, understand cause-and-effect relationships, and learn about the potential dangers and opportunities that exist. This continual process of learning helps creatures to adapt better to their environments, survive, and reproduce. In humans, our advanced cognitive abilities allow us to build on this knowledge over generations, leading to the development of complex societies and technologies.</p>



<h3 id="h-resource-discovery">Resource Discovery</h3>



<p>Curiosity can lead organisms to discover new resources. This might include finding new sources of food or better habitats. For example, an animal's curiosity might lead it to explore a new territory, where it discovers abundant food or a safer nesting place. This aspect of curiosity can be particularly beneficial in changing environments or when resources are scarce.</p>



<h3 id="h-problem-solving">Problem-Solving</h3>



<p>Curiosity is a key driver in problem-solving, a critical skill for survival in many species. It encourages individuals to experiment with different solutions when faced with challenges. Curious animals, including humans, tend to be better problem-solvers as they explore different strategies and learn from their experiences.</p>



<h3 id="h-social-bonding">Social Bonding</h3>



<p>Curiosity about others can lead to social bonding and improved group dynamics. In many social species, including humans, individuals show curiosity about each other. This can lead to stronger social bonds, improved cooperation, and better group cohesion, all of which can enhance survival.</p>



<h3 id="h-innovation-and-evolution">Innovation and Evolution</h3>



<p>On a larger scale, curiosity can lead to innovation and evolution. By driving organisms to explore and experiment, it can lead to the development of new behaviors, technologies, and ways of life. These can then spread through populations and drive evolutionary change.</p>



<p>It's important to note, however, that like many traits, curiosity comes with trade-offs. While it can lead to learning and the discovery of new resources, it can also expose an individual to risks. Too much curiosity can lead to wasted time, energy, or even danger if a curious individual exposes themselves to unnecessary risks. Therefore, a balance of curiosity and caution is often the most advantageous approach.</p>



<p>Overall, curiosity has been a major driver of survival, learning, and evolution in numerous species. As a result, it remains a fascinating area of study for scientists seeking to understand animal and human behavior.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Are children more curious than apes? Yes, and no, finds new study

Deep down, we all have that burning sense of curiosity,...

<p>Dogs aren't just man's best friend. They can also become hospital therapy dogs -- an integral part of a healthcare team, providing emotional and psychological support to patients during times of terminal illness, according to a recent study. </p>



<p>This study, undertaken in Japan, provides fascinating insights into the vital role that full-time hospital facility dogs (HFDs) play in the medical setting, particularly within the context of pediatric care.</p>



<p>The fascinating research, led by Natsuko Murata-Kobayashi from Shine On! Kids, Japan, and her team of colleagues, is slated for publication in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285768"><em>PLOS ONE</em></a> journal on May 31, 2023. It delves into the impact of these specially trained dogs, whose purpose extends beyond that of regular volunteer therapy dogs. HFDs are groomed and trained by medical professionals to work in the hospital environment daily, becoming integral members of the healthcare team.</p>



<h2 id="h-hospital-facility-dogs-hfds">Hospital facility dogs (HFDs)</h2>



<p>The concept of hospital therapy dogs isn't new in Japan. The first HFD team was introduced in 2010 at Shizuoka Children’s Hospital, a partnership initiative with the non-profit organization Shine On! Kids. The program has since garnered attention, prompting researchers to understand better the role these dogs play in patient care.</p>



<p>To facilitate this understanding, a comprehensive 20-question survey was distributed among the 626 full-time medical staff at Shizuoka Children’s Hospital in 2019. The survey aimed to gather their experiences and observations of the HFDs in action.&nbsp;</p>



<p>An impressive total of 431 healthcare professionals responded to the survey, with 270 of them having directly observed the HFD activities.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-about-hospital-therapy-dogs">What the researchers learned about hospital therapy dogs</h2>



<p>The findings from the survey were enlightening. Most notably, HFDs have been seen to make a significant impact in terminal care and patient cooperation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In fact, 73% of respondents reported that these dogs were "very often" or "always" beneficial in providing comfort and support during the final phase of life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The same percentage of healthcare professionals also observed that HFDs played a crucial role in winning over patient cooperation, proving to be a valuable asset in the healthcare sector.</p>



<p>Beyond these primary areas of impact, the majority of the medical staff also noted that the presence of HFDs positively affected their workload. Furthermore, these dogs were instrumental in assisting children who had difficulty adapting to schedule changes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following an HFD intervention, it was observed that children became noticeably more expressive and communicative.</p>



<h2 id="h-clear-recommendations-garnered-from-the-results">Clear recommendations garnered from the results</h2>



<p>In light of these observations, the authors of the study conclude that the full-time model of having HFDs and nurse handlers is significantly beneficial in supporting patients in children's hospitals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Yet, they acknowledge that further research is necessary to explore and optimize specific interventions of HFDs, promising an exciting avenue of inquiry into this compelling interplay of healthcare and animal-assisted therapy.</p>



<p>The study authors noted the significance of the finding that "terminal palliative care" provided by facility dogs working in Japanese children’s hospitals is highly valued by the medical staff. "Through accumulating evidence from research, we aim to contribute to the broader adoption of facility dogs in children’s hospitals both domestically and internationally.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-therapy-dogs">More about therapy dogs</h2>



<p>Therapy dogs play an integral role in many medical and therapeutic settings, offering comfort, companionship, and emotional support to those in need. These dogs have been recognized for their ability to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, while simultaneously promoting overall well-being and improvement in social, emotional, and cognitive functioning.</p>



<p>Therapy dogs undergo a training process to ensure that they're well-behaved, sociable, and comfortable in a variety of environments. They need to exhibit a calm and patient demeanor, showing tolerance with a variety of interactions, including petting, hugging, and sometimes crying or shouting from the people they're helping.</p>



<p>Once trained, therapy dogs can work in numerous environments. They are commonly found in hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and even airports. In hospitals, they often visit patients to provide comfort and stress relief.&nbsp;</p>



<p>At schools, therapy dogs can help to create a supportive environment for children to learn and grow. Some therapy dogs even specialize in certain areas, like supporting those with autism, providing palliative care, or aiding individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</p>



<p>However, it's important to note the distinction between therapy dogs and service dogs. While therapy dogs provide emotional support and comfort to many individuals, service dogs are specially trained to perform specific tasks for a person who has a disability, such as guiding a blind person or alerting a person with diabetes when their blood sugar levels drop.</p>



<p>Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact that therapy dogs have on physical health, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. They truly represent a remarkable blend of companionship and therapeutic intervention, making a significant difference in many people's lives.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Full-time hospital therapy dogs benefit both patients and staff

Dogs aren't just man's best friend. They can also become...

<p>A remarkable study led by <a href="https://wsu.edu/">Washington State University</a> has unveiled that even in the absence of nerves, plants can perceptively sense touch and its cessation.</p>



<p>This discovery centers around the experiments in which individual plant cells displayed a noticeable reaction to the delicate touch of a fine glass rod. These cells responded by transmitting slow calcium signals to their neighboring cells.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-fascinating-discovery-stuns-scientists">Fascinating discovery stuns scientists</h2>



<p>What's even more astonishing, upon the release of the pressure, these cells initiated much faster wave patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While the scientific community has long recognized that plants can react to touch, the novel insight here is that plant cells generate distinct signals when they encounter touch and when it stops.</p>



<p>“It is quite surprising how finely sensitive plants cells are - that they can discriminate when something is touching them. They sense the pressure, and when it is released, they sense the drop in pressure," said study senior author Professor Michael Knoblauch.</p>



<p>He found it fascinating that plants manage to do this differently than animals, despite the absence of nerve cells and at such an exquisite level.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>In pursuit of this breakthrough, Knoblauch and his team conducted 84 detailed experiments on 12 plants, specifically on thale cress and tobacco plants. These plants were uniquely bred to incorporate calcium sensors, thanks to modern technology.</p>



<p>The researchers studied pieces of these plants under a microscope, applying a subtle touch to the individual plant cells with a micro-cantilever. This tiny glass rod, almost the size of a human hair, enabled them to witness complex responses, varying with the intensity and duration of the touch. However, the distinction between the touch and its removal was vividly apparent.</p>



<h2 id="h-waves-instead-of-nerves">Waves instead of nerves</h2>



<p>The study revealed that a touch to a cell instigated slow waves of calcium ions, also known as cytosolic calcium. These waves propagated from the touched cell to adjacent cells within 30 seconds, lasting about three to five minutes. Conversely, the removal of the touch spurred an almost immediate set of rapid waves that subsided within a minute.</p>



<p>The researchers attribute these waves to alterations in the cell's internal pressure. Unlike their animal counterparts, plant cells possess strong cell walls, resistant to permeation. Consequently, even a light touch temporarily increases the pressure within a plant cell.</p>



<h2 id="h-confirming-the-pressure-theory">Confirming the pressure theory</h2>



<p>To validate this pressure theory, the team inserted a minuscule glass capillary pressure probe into a plant cell. They found that altering the pressure inside the cell triggered similar calcium waves to those stimulated by the onset and cessation of a touch.</p>



<p>Knoblauch compared this to humans and animals: “Humans and animals sense touch through sensory cells. The mechanism in plants appears to be via this increase or decrease of the internal cell pressure. And it doesn't matter which cell it is. We humans may need nerve cells, but in plants, any cell on the surface can do this."</p>



<p>Past research has demonstrated that plants can respond to pests such as caterpillars by activating defensive responses, like releasing chemicals that render leaves less appealing or toxic to the pest. Previous studies also established that brushing a plant incites calcium waves that activate various genes.</p>



<p>The latest study,&nbsp; published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01418-9"><em>Nature Plants</em></a>, takes a step forward by distinguishing between the calcium waves activated by touch and its cessation.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-many-mysteries-remain">Many mysteries remain</h2>



<p>However, how the plant's genes react to these signals remains a mystery. With advanced technologies like the calcium sensors utilized in this study, scientists can start unraveling this enigma, according to Knoblauch.</p>



<p>Knoblauch shares his vision for future research: “In future studies, we have to trigger the signal in a different way than has been done before to know what signal, if touch or letting go, triggers downstream events.”</p>



<p>The National Science Foundation financially backed this study. The international collaboration featured researchers from the Technical University of Denmark, Ludwig Maximilian Universitaet Muenchen and Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet Muenster in Germany, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and of course, Washington State University.</p>



<h2 id="h-plants-continue-to-amaze">Plants continue to amaze</h2>



<p>These findings promise to provide the groundwork for further studies on plant senses and responses. The key lies in exploring diverse methods to stimulate signals and analyze how touch or letting go triggers subsequent events.</p>



<p>While there is much more to discover, this study has significantly broadened our understanding of how plants, despite lacking nerve cells, can sense their environment with a surprising degree of sensitivity. The plant kingdom continues to amaze us with its complex and efficient communication system, which operates in unique and innovative ways compared to animal life.</p>



<p>In a world grappling with ecological challenges, insights into the subtleties of plant behavior could serve as pivotal knowledge for environmental management, agriculture, and conservation. As our understanding of these green beings deepens, it's clear that there's more to plants than meets the eye.</p>



<p>The shared endeavor of these international researchers continues to shed light on the remarkable world of plants, ushering in a new era of plant biology and opening up a myriad of potential applications. Indeed, the future of plant science looks promising.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-plants">More about plants</h2>



<p>Plants are the backbone of all life on Earth and are essential to the survival and well-being of humans in countless ways. They play crucial roles in various ecological functions, including climate regulation, soil conservation, and water cycle maintenance, and they provide a wide array of goods and services directly benefiting humans.</p>



<h3 id="h-photosynthesis-and-oxygen-production">Photosynthesis and Oxygen Production</h3>



<p>Through the process of photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide - a major greenhouse gas - and release oxygen, which is essential for most forms of life, including humans. This process helps regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and contributes significantly to mitigating climate change.</p>



<h3 id="h-food-production">Food Production</h3>



<p>Plants serve as the primary food source for humans and other animals. From fruits, vegetables, and grains to the various spices and herbs we use for flavor, almost all of our diet comes directly or indirectly from plants. Moreover, many plants, like legumes, play a critical role in soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere, benefiting other crops.</p>



<h3 id="h-medicinal-use">Medicinal Use</h3>



<p>A significant portion of modern medicines are derived from plant extracts. For centuries, various cultures worldwide have utilized a vast array of medicinal plants for treating diseases and promoting overall health.</p>



<h3 id="h-ecosystem-services">Ecosystem Services</h3>



<p>Plants provide habitat and food for many species, thus supporting biodiversity. They also protect soil from erosion, improve soil quality through organic matter decomposition, and regulate water flow in many landscapes.</p>



<h3 id="h-economic-importance">Economic Importance</h3>



<p>Plants contribute greatly to economies worldwide. Timber, fibers, and many other plant materials are used for housing, furniture, and clothing. Many jobs are tied to the plant-based industries, including agriculture, forestry, and horticulture.</p>



<h3 id="h-cultural-significance">Cultural Significance</h3>



<p>Many plants have significant cultural, spiritual, and symbolic value in different societies. They play a crucial role in rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations, and some are considered sacred in various cultures.</p>



<h3 id="h-climate-change-mitigation">Climate Change Mitigation</h3>



<p>Forests, in particular, act as carbon sinks, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide and storing carbon in their biomass. This function is crucial in the fight against global warming and climate change.</p>



<h3 id="h-aesthetics-and-mental-health">Aesthetics and Mental Health</h3>



<p>Gardening and exposure to nature have been shown to have therapeutic effects, reducing stress and promoting mental well-being. Furthermore, plants contribute to the aesthetic appeal of an area, be it a city park, a backyard, or a nature reserve.</p>



<h3 id="h-scientific-importance">Scientific Importance</h3>



<p>Plants are important in scientific research and are often used as model organisms in various studies, ranging from genetics to ecology.</p>



<p>To conclude, plants are an essential component of the Earth's ecosystems and our survival. Our responsibility is to protect and preserve plant life to maintain the health of the planet and ensure the well-being of future generations.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Plants can sense when something touches them, despite not having nerves

A remarkable study led by Washington State University has unveiled...