<p>Bornite is a sulfide mineral with chemical composition Cu5FeS4 that crystallizes in the cubic system. It has a brown to copper-red color on fresh surfaces that tarnishes to an iridescent purple surface. Its purple to bronze iridescence gives it the nickname peacock ore. Bornite is an important copper ore mineral and occurs widely in porphyry copper deposits along with more common chalcopyrite. It also is found in pegmatites. It is important for its copper content of about 63 percent by mass and is found in Arizona, Butte, Montana, and Mexico.</p>


What is Bornite?

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-10-2024-at-9-04-am-edt">Update -- May 10, 2024 at 9:04 AM EDT</h2>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noaa-issues-first-severe-geomagnetic-storm-alert-since-2005">NOAA issues first "Severe Geomagnetic Storm" alert since 2005</h2>



<p>The U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, and the Space Weather Prediction Center have reported that solar activity reached high levels over the past 24 hours. </p>



<p>This activity prompted the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center</a> to issue a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch earlier today, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA region 3664, which spans an impressive 16 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3664</a> was the primary source of X-ray activity, producing an X1.1/2b flare (R3/Strong) at 5:44 PM UTC on May 9 and an X3.9 flare (R3) at 6:31 AM UTC on May 10, 2024. </p>



<p>Both flares were accompanied by strong radio bursts, Castelli-U signatures, Type II and IV radio sweeps, and Tenflares.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-issues-caused-on-earth-by-impacts">Potential issues caused on Earth by impacts</h3>



<p>The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as Alabama in the the southern U.S., down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">CMEs expected to impact Earth today and through the weekend</h3>



<p>The flares generated halo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejection (CME)</a> signatures, which are expected to contribute to a train of at least five CMEs headed towards Earth. </p>



<p>Initial arrival is likely between late May 10 and early May 11. The numerous events along the Sun-Earth line have complicated the modeling process, increasing uncertainty in the arrival timing of individual events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar activity forecast: High to very high levels</h3>



<p>Solar activity is expected to remain at high to very high levels from May 10 to May 12, with M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) to X-class flares (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">R3/Strong</a>) anticipated, primarily due to the flare potential of Region 3664.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Energetic particle activity and forecast</h3>



<p>The greater than 10 MeV proton flux remained slightly enhanced following strong flare activity from Region 3664 but below the S1 (Minor) threshold. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was at normal to moderate levels. </p>



<p>The proton flux is likely to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels from May 10 to May 12 due to the location and flare potential of Region 3664. The electron flux is expected to remain at normal to moderate levels during this period.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind conditions and forecast</h3>



<p>Nominal solar wind conditions prevailed throughout much of the period, with a minor perturbation observed in the magnetic field after 5:30 PM UTC on May 9. </p>



<p>Solar wind speeds decreased from initial readings near 450 km/s to between 400-425 km/s, total field strength ranged 1-7 nT, and the Bz component varied +3/-6 nT. The phi angle transitioned from positive to variable after 3:00 AM UTC on May 10.</p>



<p>A weakly enhanced solar wind environment associated with CME activity is expected through most of May 10. Stronger disturbances are anticipated from May 11 through much of May 12 due to the expected arrival of a series of halo CMEs associated with activity from Region 3664 between May 8 and May 10.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geomagnetic field activity and forecast</h3>



<p>The geomagnetic field was quiet to unsettled over the past 24 hours. Periods of active conditions and G1 (Minor) storming are likely on May 10 with the possible early arrival of a series of CMEs (from May 8-10). </p>



<p>The bulk of the incoming CME(s) is expected to arrive early on May 11, with periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) geomagnetic storming expected and periods of G3-G4 (Strong-Severe) storms likely. </p>



<p>Periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) storms are likely on May 12 due to an enhanced solar wind environment following the passage of the May 8-10 CMEs.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-braces-for-impact-from-another-solar-storm">Earth braces for impact from another solar storm</h2>



<p>In summary, as the Sun continues to showcase its immense power through high levels of solar activity, Earth prepares for the potential impacts of incoming CMEs.</p>



<p>While the timing of these events remains fairly certain, the magnitude of their effects on our planet's geomagnetic field is still a subject of speculation.</p>



<p>Regardless of the outcome, this period of heightened solar activity serves as a reminder of the intricate relationship between our star and the technology we rely on daily.</p>



<p>As we monitor the developments in the coming days, it is crucial to remain vigilant and prepared for any challenges that may arise from this cosmic dance between the Sun and Earth.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-9-2024-at-8-24-pm-edt">Update -- May 9, 2024 at 8:24 PM EDT</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Very high solar activity, multiple CMEs to impact Earth</h3>



<p>Solar activity has reached very high levels, with background flux at or near M1.0. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3664</a> has continued to exhibit growth and has produced two R3 (Strong) and multiple R1 (Minor) events. </p>



<p>This activity prompted the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center to issue a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch earlier today, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>The largest events, an X2.2 flare at 09/0913 UTC and an X1.1 at 09/1744 UTC, were accompanied by Type-II and IV radio sweeps, and complex radio burst signatures were observed across discrete frequencies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs)</h3>



<p>A halo CME associated with the X2.2 flare at 09/0913 UTC from Region 3664 is Earth-directed, with arrival likely on May 11, 2024. Another halo CME, associated with the X1.1 flare at 09/1744 UTC, is undergoing modeling as of the time of this writing.</p>



<p>At present, four halo CMEs (associated with flare activity from Region 3664 over May 8 and May 9, 2024) and a CME associated with a filament eruption (from May 8, 2024) are expected to arrive beginning late on May 10th, with the bulk of geomagnetic impacts predicted on May 11th. </p>



<p>The aforementioned CME associated with the X1.1 flare at 09/1744 UTC will likely add to this count upon completion of analysis, making a total of five CMEs likely to impact Earth this weekend.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-issues-from-the-cme-impacts">Potential issues from the CME impacts</h3>



<p>The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as the southern states, down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar activity forecast</h3>



<p>Solar activity is expected to persist at high to very high levels over May 10-12, with M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) expected and X-class flares (R3/Strong) likely, due to the flare potential of Region 3664.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Energetic particle summary and forecast</h3>



<p>The greater than 10 MeV proton flux became slightly enhanced after 09/0600 UTC, following strong flare activity from Region 3664, but remained below 1 pfu. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was at normal to moderate levels.</p>



<p>There is a chance for the greater than 10 MeV proton flux to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels over May 10-12, 2024 due to the location and flare potential of Region 3664. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux is expected to be at normal to moderate levels over 10-12 May.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind summary and forecast</h3>



<p>Nominal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar wind</a> conditions prevailed throughout much of the period, with a minor perturbation observed in the magnetic field after 09/1730 UTC. </p>



<p>Solar wind speeds decreased from initial readings near 450 km/s to between 400-425 km/s, total field strength ranged 1-7 nT, and the Bz component varied +3/-5 nT. The phi angle was positive.</p>



<p>A weakly enhanced solar wind environment associated with CME activity is expected through most of may 10, 2024. A stronger disturbance is expected in the early hours of May 11 through much of May 12 due to the anticipated arrival of a series of halo CMEs associated with activity from Region 3664 over May 8-9, 2024.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geospace summary and forecast</h3>



<p>The geomagnetic field was quiet.</p>



<p>Periods of active conditions and G1 (Minor) storming are likely on May 10, 2024 with the possible early arrival of a series of CMEs (from May 8-9, 2024). </p>



<p>The bulk of the incoming CME(s) is expected to arrive early on May 11, with periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) geomagnetic storming expected, and periods of G3-G4 (Strong-Severe) storms likely. </p>



<p>Periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) storms are likely on May 12 due to an enhanced solar wind environment following the passage of the May 8-9 CMEs.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds. </p>



<p>-----</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-9-2024-at-5-24-pm-edt">Update -- May 9, 2024 at 5:24 PM EDT</h2>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-cluster-16-times-the-size-of-earth-sparks-concern">Sunspot cluster 16 times the size of Earth sparks concern</h2>



<p>On Thursday, May 9, 2024, the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center issued a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>This highly unusual occurrence is attributed to at least five earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed over the past few days.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-strong-flares-detected">Multiple strong flares detected</h3>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA region 3664, which spans an impressive 16 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impact-on-earth">Potential impact on Earth</h3>



<p>The CMEs are expected to arrive as early as midday Friday, May 10, 2024, and persist through Sunday, May 12, 2024.</p>



<p>The potential impact of these geomagnetic disturbances on Earth's magnetic field and technological infrastructure is significant, warranting the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Severe (G4)</a> Geomagnetic Storm Watch.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-occurrence-in-current-solar-cycle">Rare occurrence in current solar cycle</h3>



<p>Since the beginning of the current solar cycle in December 2019, only three Severe geomagnetic storms have been observed.</p>



<p>The most recent G4 (Severe) storm occurred on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-solar-storm-will-generate-auroras-as-far-south-as-alabama/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">March 23, 2024</a>, while the last G5 (Extreme) event, known as the <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Halloween Storms</a>, took place in October 2003.</p>



<p>The G5 storm notably caused power outages in Sweden and damaged transformers in South Africa, underscoring the potential consequences of such powerful geomagnetic disturbances.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-storm">Preparing for the storm</h3>



<p>As the anticipated arrival of the CMEs approaches, scientists, government agencies, and the general public are advised to stay informed about the latest developments and any potential impacts on communication systems, power grids, and satellite operations.</p>



<p>Taking necessary precautions and having contingency plans in place can help mitigate the risks associated with severe geomagnetic storms.</p>



<p>While rare, the Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch serves as a reminder of the dynamic and powerful nature of our Sun and its far-reaching effects on Earth.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

NOAA Warning: "Severe Geomagnetic Storm" to impact Earth starting today

Update -- May 10, 2024 at 9:04 AM EDT NOAA...

<p>Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-black-holes-and-quasars-grew-faster-than-their-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, never to return? These mysterious cosmic monsters are places where gravity bends the rules of the universe, trapping even light in their clutches. At the edge of a black hole lies a boundary called the event horizon – a point of no return. But what does it really look like to cross this threshold? Thanks to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s incredible new visualization, we can now take that terrifying plunge... without the actual danger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-event-horizon">Event horizon</h2>



<p>The event horizon is the defining boundary of a black hole, marking the point beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It separates the black hole from the rest of the universe and acts as a one-way door. Crossing this threshold means being trapped forever in a realm of intense gravity.</p>



<p>In physics terms, the event horizon represents the surface surrounding a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. The radius of this surface is known as the Schwarzschild radius for non-rotating black holes and depends on the black hole’s mass. Within this region, gravitational forces are so strong that even time itself slows down, a phenomenon called gravitational time dilation.</p>



<p>But what lies beyond the event horizon? At the very core of a black hole lies the singularity, where density becomes infinite and the laws of physics as we know them cease to operate. The intense gravitational forces stretch objects falling toward this singularity into long, thin shapes - a process called spaghettification.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supercomputer-simulation-for-black-hole-visualization">Supercomputer simulation for black hole visualization</h2>



<p>The creation of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> visualizations involved a dedicated team. Leading the team was Dr. Jeremy Schnittman, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. They relied on the immense computational power of the Discover supercomputer. The supercomputer is housed at NASA's Center for Climate Simulation.</p>



<p>This extraordinary computing muscle was necessary because simulating the behavior of matter and energy under the influence of a black hole's incredibly strong gravity requires extremely complex calculations. “People often ask about this, and simulating these difficult-to-imagine processes helps me connect the mathematics of relativity to actual consequences in the real universe,” said Schnittman.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-you-fall-in">What happens when you fall in?</h2>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>NASA's simulation presents two distinct scenarios: crossing the event horizon, which determines your ultimate fate, or narrowly escaping the black hole's immense gravitational pull. As you approach the black hole, the profound effects of Einstein's theory of relativity become strikingly evident. </p>



<p>Light emitted by surrounding stars and the swirling accretion disk (a region of superheated gas around the black hole) undergoes severe warping and distortion. The closer you venture, the faster you are propelled, ultimately reaching speeds close to that of light.</p>
</blockquote>



<p>If you cross the event horizon, there is no possibility of return. From the perspective of a distant observer, time would appear to slow down for you to the point where you seem frozen in place, never fully crossing. However, from your own perspective, the end would come swiftly. "Once the camera crosses the horizon, its destruction due to the extreme gravitational forces is just 12.8 seconds away," Schnittman explains. These tidal forces would cause an extreme stretching effect on any object.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="gn0lsftefk-3610576-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>The alternative scenario, while intense, doesn't end in your demise. If you manage to orbit very close to the event horizon and escape, you would experience extreme time dilation. Your journey might seem like a matter of hours from your perspective, but those far from the black hole's influence would have experienced a much longer passage of time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-black-hole-visualization">Significance of black hole visualization</h2>



<p>Black holes may hold a captivating presence in science fiction, but visualizations like NASA's serve a crucial role in furthering our understanding of the very real and intricate scientific principles that govern these cosmic phenomena. </p>



<p>These simulations provide a valuable tool for making Einstein's theory of relativity more concrete. They transform abstract concepts into a comprehensible experience. Remarkably, the visualizations show the profound effects that black holes have on their surroundings. This includes the warping of spacetime and the distortion of light.</p>



<p>The immense public fascination with black holes is understandable – their existence pushes the boundaries of our current knowledge and challenges our perception of reality. It's no wonder that these captivating objects were featured prominently in the film 'Interstellar'.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiencing-black-hole-virtually">Experiencing black hole virtually</h2>



<p>NASA's black hole visualization represents a remarkable leap in our ability to comprehend the awe-inspiring power of these cosmic giants. It provides an unprecedented opportunity to safely delve into the boundaries of known physics, offering us a virtual journey to the extremes of the universe. </p>



<p>Through these simulations, we can witness firsthand how gravity distorts spacetime. They fundamentally alter our understanding of the laws that govern our reality. The visualizations reveal how light warps and time bends. They show how matter behaves in the presence of a black hole's immense gravitational pull.</p>



<p>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</p>



<p>-----</p>



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What would it be like to fall into a black hole?

Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked...

<p>The astonishing diversity of worlds beyond our solar system is consistently revealed with the discovery of new exoplanets. In a recent finding, scientists have encountered a rocky <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-do-we-know-about-possible-earth-like-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a> where extreme gravitational forces create a landscape of extraordinary volcanism. The world of volcanic exoplanets sheds light on the powerful interplay between planets and their host stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-for-exoplanets">The search for exoplanets</h2>



<p>Our solar system is just a tiny neighborhood in a vast and mysterious galaxy.&nbsp;For decades,&nbsp;astronomers have been searching for planets beyond our sun,&nbsp;worlds known as exoplanets,&nbsp;that could harbor environments unlike anything found here on Earth.&nbsp;These distant worlds offer a unique opportunity to understand the incredible diversity of planetary systems that exist in the universe.</p>



<p>One of the key tools in this ongoing hunt is NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Launched in 2018, TESS is specifically designed to identify exoplanets orbiting stars that are relatively close and bright. The focus on nearby stars allows scientists to gather more detailed data about these exoplanets, potentially revealing characteristics like their size, composition, and even the presence of atmospheres.</p>



<p>TESS works by monitoring the brightness of stars over time.&nbsp;When a planet passes directly in front of its host star from our perspective,&nbsp;the star's light dims slightly for a brief period.&nbsp;This dimming event,&nbsp;called a transit,&nbsp;allows scientists to detect the presence of the planet and estimate its size based on the amount of starlight blocked.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-volcanic-exoplanet-toi-6713-01">Discovery of volcanic exoplanet TOI-6713.01</h2>



<p>Astrophysicist Stephen Kane of <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> made an unexpected discovery while studying the star system HD 104067. Initially known to contain a giant planet, data from TESS revealed the presence of not just one but two additional rocky planets orbiting the star. </p>



<p>One of these newly discovered planets, TOI-6713.01, is a rocky world similar to Earth but 30% larger. It is characterized by intense volcanic activity due to gravitational forces from neighboring planets. This brings the total planetary count in the HD 104067 system to three, providing new insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-detects-signs-of-life-on-exoplanet-k2-18b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanetary</a> environments.</p>



<p>The newly identified planet, designated TOI-6713.01, is particularly intriguing. While 30% larger than Earth, its scorching surface temperature of 2,600 degrees Kelvin places it in a league of its own. Such intense heat is largely due to tidal forces exerted by its neighboring planets. These gravitational interactions force TOI-6713.01 into an eccentric orbit, creating immense pressure that leads to continuous volcanic eruptions.</p>



<p>This exoplanet's volcanic activity gives TOI-6713.01 a distinctive appearance, with its molten lava surface glowing red-hot, resembling a fiery ember from space. The discovery of this planet provides scientists with a rare opportunity to study the impact of tidal forces on planetary geology and climate, expanding our understanding of how gravitational interactions shape planetary environments in distant star systems.</p>



<p>"This terrestrial planet possesses a level of volcanic activity comparable to a hyperactive version of Jupiter’s moon Io,” noted UC Riverside astrophysicist Stephen Kane.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-tidal-forces-in-volcanic-exoplanet">Role of tidal forces in volcanic exoplanet</h2>



<p>Io, the most volcanically active body in our solar system, has relentless eruptions fueled by gravitational interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-use-exoplanet-hunter-to-study-jupiters-winds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter</a> and its other moons. Jupiter's strong gravitational pull, combined with the gravitational influence of its other moons, forces Io into an elliptical orbit. This orbit creates continuous tidal flexing, resulting in intense internal heating and driving the ceaseless volcanic activity on Io’s surface.</p>



<p>Similarly, TOI-6713.01 is subjected to extreme tidal forces due to its proximity to the host star and gravitational interactions with neighboring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. Its larger planetary neighbors distort its orbit, pulling it into an eccentric path around the star. This eccentric orbit causes intense internal heating due to the gravitational pull of the star. The continuous squeezing and stretching from these tidal forces generate significant energy that drives the planet's explosive volcanism.</p>



<p>As a result, TOI-6713.01 has a scorching surface temperature of 2,600 degrees Kelvin, with molten lava erupting frequently across its surface. The extreme gravitational interactions make TOI-6713.01 glow red-hot, creating a fiery appearance visible from space. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



<p>"This discovery expands our understanding of the limits of energy input into a terrestrial planet and showcases the potential consequences," said Kane. His team aims to determine the mass and density of TOI-6713.01, providing insights into the scale of its volcanic processes. </p>



<p>This research highlights how tidal forces can dramatically shape planetary environments. The discovery of TOI-6713.01 emphasizes the dynamic range of planetary systems within our galaxy. </p>



<p>As research continues, scientists will continue to discover extraordinary worlds. These findings will push the boundaries of our understanding of cosmic forces and planetary evolution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad3820" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astronomical Journal</a></em>.</p>



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Volcanic exoplanet glows with red-hot molten lava

The astonishing diversity of worlds beyond our solar system is...

<p>In an era where climate change poses significant challenges, an exciting development in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> has emerged. Researchers have discovered a way to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol, offering a pathway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and move closer to achieving carbon neutrality.</p>



<p>A team of dedicated researchers at the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> has unveiled a novel catalyst material, cobalt phthalocyanine, which facilitates this transformative process. </p>



<p>This innovative catalyst efficiently converts CO2 -- a major contributor to global warming -- into methanol, providing a sustainable alternative for energy production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methanol-production-via-co2">Methanol production via CO2</h2>



<p>Published in the journal ACS Catalysis, this research showcases the multi-step chemical reaction facilitated by cobalt phthalocyanine. </p>



<p>Initially, CO2 is converted into <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/carbon-monoxide-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon monoxide</a> (CO), which is then transformed into methanol. These reactions demonstrate not only the catalyst's effectiveness but also its potential for large-scale applications.</p>



<p>The method is distinguished by its sustainable approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-emissions-save-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reducing emissions</a> while simultaneously generating clean energy. </p>



<p>The capability to chemically convert CO2 into methanol is especially notable, considering methanol's potential as a cleaner fuel alternative that could power vehicles with a significantly lower environmental impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-producing-methanol-from-co2">Challenges in producing methanol from CO2</h2>



<p>While the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-turned-methanol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">industrial conversion</a> of CO2 to methanol is not new, the scale and efficiency of these processes through electrochemical means have posed substantial challenges. Kevin Rivera-Cruz, a recent doctoral graduate in chemistry is a co-primary author of the study. </p>



<p>"Our approach is unique because we are able to bring and bridge all this knowledge that each field has on the same problem. We have scientists and engineers all within one team, brainstorming and gathering insights to design and understand the system in the best way possible," Rivera-Cruz explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-scientific-hurdles">Overcoming scientific hurdles</h2>



<p>The researchers encountered a significant hurdle: cobalt phthalocyanine's tendency to bind more strongly with CO2 than with CO. </p>



<p>This strong binding to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> leads to its displacement by another CO2 molecule before CO can be converted to methanol. </p>



<p>To address this, the team utilized advanced computational modeling and experiments to delve deeper into how the catalyst’s electrons interact with both CO2 and CO molecules. Their findings indicated that cobalt phthalocyanine binds CO2 over three times more tightly than it does with carbon monoxide.</p>



<p>Armed with this knowledge, the researchers propose redesigning the catalyst to enhance its interaction with CO and reduce its affinity for CO2. </p>



<p>Such modifications are crucial for the efficient conversion of CO2 to methanol on a large scale, paving the way for the practical use of this technology in renewable energy applications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Methanol as a pathway to sustainability</h2>



<p>The journey toward a carbon-neutral future is fraught with scientific and technological challenges. Achieving carbon neutrality requires reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and finding innovative ways to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, the path is filled with complex obstacles, from developing efficient technologies to scaling them for widespread use.</p>



<p>Despite these challenges, researchers continue to make significant strides through innovations like cobalt phthalocyanine. This novel catalyst material efficiently converts CO2, a leading contributor to climate change, into methanol. </p>



<p>Methanol is a versatile fuel alternative with a significantly lower environmental impact. By addressing the dual challenge of reducing CO2 emissions and providing cleaner energy, this innovation offers a promising solution.</p>



<p>By redesigning the way we handle waste CO2 and converting it into useful methanol fuel, we edge closer to a sustainable and energy-secure world. This new approach to recycling CO2 mitigates emissions and creates a valuable product that can power vehicles and industries in a more environmentally friendly way.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.3c04957" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Catalysis</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Technological leap turns carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol fuel

In an era where climate change poses significant challenges, an...

<p>Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco stood majestically in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/springtime-in-the-central-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colombian Andes</a>, cloaked in a pristine layer of ice and snow. Today, massive cracks scar its surface, revealing bare rock beneath, and signaling an alarming change. </p>



<p>The glacier, located in <a href="https://old.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/en/ecotourism/andean-region/el-cocuy-national-natural-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy National Park</a>, faces a rapid demise, melting at an unprecedented pace due to the compounded effects of climate change and the El Niño phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappearing-glaciers-of-colombia">Disappearing glaciers of Colombia</h2>



<p>Colombia was once a land of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>. In the early 20th century, 14 of its peaks boasted these icy giants, covering the mountains with a perpetual layer of ice and snow. </p>



<p>Over time, however, relentless warming took its toll on these glaciers. Today, after decades of climate change and rising temperatures, only six remain. Even these survivors are rapidly retreating, and Ritacuba Blanco is the most vulnerable of them all.</p>



<p>The Ritacuba Blanco Glacier, located in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy National Park about 250 kilometers northeast of Bogotá, is melting at an unprecedented rate. </p>



<p>In 2022, it had only 12.8 square kilometers of ice and snow remaining -- the lowest coverage ever recorded by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (<a href="https://www.un-spider.org/colombia-institute-hydrology-meteorology-and-environmental-studies-ideam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ideam</a>). </p>



<p>This year, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a>’s condition has worsened due to the compounded effects of climate change and El Niño. Massive cracks now scar its surface, revealing the bare rock beneath.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-matter">Why does this matter?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/">Gla</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/">iers</a> are more than just picturesque landscapes. They act as natural reservoirs, storing water in frozen form during colder months and releasing it slowly when they melt during warmer periods. </p>



<p>This gradual melting provides essential water to the surrounding ecosystems and communities, particularly during the dry season. With glaciers shrinking, less ice is available to melt, disrupting the delicate balance and throwing local water supplies into chaos.</p>



<p>The loss of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> like Ritacuba Blanco has significant consequences for both people and nature. Communities that rely on glacial meltwater for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower are at risk of water shortages.</p>



<p>In Bogotá, unprecedented water rationing has already been implemented due to record low reservoir levels. Ecosystems dependent on consistent water flow from glaciers also face severe stress, threatening biodiversity in the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-causing-the-ritacuba-blanco-s-rapid-melt">What's causing the Ritacuba Blanco's rapid melt?</h2>



<p>The culprits behind Ritacuba Blanco’s rapid melting are a double whammy: a natural weather pattern called El Niño, combined with the long-term warming caused by human activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">El Niño</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-impact-el-nino-winters-and-snowfall-amounts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> is a warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every two to seven years, lasting about nine to twelve months. It's a natural climate cycle, but its effects have been amplified by rising global temperatures. </p>



<p>As the world's baseline temperature continues to rise due to climate change, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño events</a> are becoming more intense and damaging.</p>



<p>During an El Niño event, warm ocean waters disrupt normal weather patterns across the globe. In South America, including Colombia, El Niño brings extreme heat and dry conditions. This results in decreased precipitation and more intense solar radiation on glacier surfaces, accelerating their melting.</p>



<p>In Colombia, El Niño has caused major fires, with more than 17,000 hectares of forest going up in flames. Lakes have dried up, and the capital, Bogotá, has implemented unprecedented water rationing due to record low reservoir levels. For glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco, El Niño spells disaster.</p>



<p>"The El Niño phenomenon is perhaps the worst thing that can happen to our snowy peaks or glaciers," said Jorge Luis Ceballos, a glaciologist at the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Ideam).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Greenhouse gases</h3>



<p>The UN's World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://wmo.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>) is unequivocal in its assessment of the main culprit behind global warming: Heat-trapping greenhouse gases are unequivocally the main culprit. </p>



<p>These gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, come mainly from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.</p>



<p>When released into the atmosphere, these gases act like a giant blanket around the Earth, trapping heat that would otherwise escape into space. This greenhouse effect raises global temperatures, leading to widespread climate changes, including glacier melting.</p>



<p>Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has resulted in a steady rise in global temperatures, with 2023 being one of the hottest years on record.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ritacuba-blanco-is-melting-before-our-eyes">Ritacuba Blanco is melting before our eyes</h2>



<p>"At the end of last year, the walls here were about six meters (20 feet) high... today, they are one meter," <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-glacier-melt-found-in-himalaya-has-critical-implications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> guide Edwin Prada told AFP on a recent ascent of the peak.</p>



<p>The speed of the change is what's shocking. Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco's glacier looked eternal. Now, cracks run deep in the ice, revealing bare rock, and the meltwater flows in rivers instead of being locked away safely for future use.</p>



<p>"Never has the thaw been as noticeable as it is now... Every time you go up it is worse," expressed Humberto Estepa, a local resident.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-consequences-of-ritacuba-blanco-melting">Global consequences of Ritacuba Blanco melting</h2>



<p>Ritacuba Blanco isn't an isolated case. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petermann-glacier-melting-has-tripled-due-to-warm-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glaciers</a> worldwide are vanishing. The Himalayas, the "water towers of Asia," are losing their ice, threatening crucial water sources for millions of people. This melting ice has a more direct impact too - rising sea levels.</p>



<p>"Ocean warming and rapidly melting glaciers and ice sheets drove the sea level last year to its highest point since satellite records began in 1993," reports the World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>). Think of glaciers like giant, slow-moving rivers of ice. When they melt into the ocean, the water level goes up.</p>



<p>The devastation of the glaciers isn't just about water and sea levels. It's a wake-up call from the planet that the climate crisis is real, and it's accelerating. El Niño made things worse this time around, but the real problem is the relentless warming we're causing.</p>



<p>El Niño has also contributed to devastating wildfires in Colombia and water shortages so extreme that they've led to rationing in the capital city.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do-to-save-glaciers-like-ritacuba-blanco">What can we do to save glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco?</h2>



<p>The story of Ritacuba Blanco is a somber one, but it's not hopeless. There's still time to act and help preserve this and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cadman-glacier-is-losing-2-1-billion-tons-of-ice-melting-into-the-ocean-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other glaciers</a>:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reduce greenhouse gas emissions</h3>



<p>One of the most effective ways to tackle climate change is to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower can significantly reduce emissions.</p>



<p>Simple measures like using energy-efficient appliances, LED bulbs, and proper insulation can lower our carbon footprint. Walking, cycling, and using public transport instead of driving can reduce emissions. For longer distances, consider carpooling or driving electric vehicles.</p>



<p>By reducing, reusing, and recycling, we can minimize waste and lower emissions associated with the production of goods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Support climate policies</h3>



<p>Individual actions are essential, but systemic change requires collective political will. Let your elected officials know you care about climate issues. Call, write, or email them, urging them to support strong environmental policies.</p>



<p>Advocate for laws and regulations that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable agriculture while reducing emissions from fossil fuels.</p>



<p>Support candidates and political leaders who prioritize climate action and have concrete plans to tackle the crisis. Partner with local and global organizations that are working towards environmental sustainability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Spread the word</h3>



<p>Raising awareness about the climate crisis can inspire others to act. Have conversations about climate change, its impacts, and the actions we can take with friends and family.</p>



<p>Organize workshops, film screenings, or discussion groups on climate topics. Share informative articles, videos, and personal stories about climate action on platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. </p>



<p>Glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco are the canaries in the coal mine when it comes to climate change. Their plight is a warning we can't afford to ignore. It's time to listen and act before we lose more of these icy treasures.</p>



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Ritacuba Blanco glacier is vanishing rapidly due to climate change

Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco stood majestically in...

<p>It's a common belief that learning is predominantly an activity for the young, but recent research suggests that adult chimpanzees continue to refine and improve their tool-using skills, marking a significant discovery in the study of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-primates-that-experience-menopause/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primate</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-give-us-clues-about-early-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a>. </p>



<p>This fascinating insight comes from a study conducted by Mathieu Malherbe and colleagues from the <a href="http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Cognitive Sciences</a> in France. </p>



<p>The study sheds new light on the parallels between human and chimpanzee <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-chimpanzees-and-humans-learn-to-communicate-in-the-same-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning behaviors</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-tool-mastery-in-wild-chimpanzees">Observing tool mastery in wild chimpanzees</h2>



<p>Malherbe's team focused on wild chimpanzees in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, utilizing video recordings collected over several years to observe the primates in action. These observations included 70 chimps of varying ages engaging in the use of sticks to retrieve food. </p>



<p>"Tool use is considered a driving force behind the evolution of brain expansion and prolonged juvenile dependency in the hominin lineage. However, it remains rare across animals, possibly due to inherent constraints related to manual dexterity and cognitive abilities," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"In our study, we investigated the ontogeny of tool use in chimpanzees (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>), a species known for its extensive and flexible tool use behavior."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-tool-proficiency-with-age">Increasing tool proficiency with age</h2>



<p>As the chimpanzees aged, they demonstrated an increasing proficiency in manipulating tools, showcasing more suitable finger grips and more nuanced techniques for specific tasks.</p>



<p>Interestingly, while basic motor skills associated with tool use were well-developed by the age of six, the chimpanzees exhibited significant advancements in their abilities well into their fifteenth year. </p>



<p>This included adeptness in extracting insects from challenging locations and adjusting their grip based on the task at hand, suggesting that the development of such skills is as much about cognitive learning as it is about physical maturity.</p>



<p>"Wild chimpanzees showed protracted development of their hand grip when manipulating a stick as a tool to extract difficult-to-access foods from cavities. While the <em>digits grip</em> became the predominant hand grip used by 5 to 6 years old (weaning age), it only became ubiquitous at 15 years old (adulthood)," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>"In addition, we found that chimpanzees used 6 actions with stick tools to retrieve 8 food types. Adults, but not non-adults, modulated their behavior to use a more appropriate hand grip to fit action requirements (i.e., power or precision). Such behavioral modulation only by adults indicates an improved understanding of tool use problems and their solutions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-continuous-learning">Implications of continuous learning</h2>



<p>The study underscores the importance of continuous learning in the animal kingdom, particularly among chimpanzees and other species that rely heavily on tool use. </p>



<p>The ability to learn and adapt technologically into adulthood is not merely a trait observed in humans but is evidently part of a broader evolutionary pattern that includes our closest living relatives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifelong-learning-in-chimpanzees">Lifelong learning in chimpanzees </h2>



<p>This ongoing learning process in chimpanzees supports the notion that large brains in hominids - humans and related species - facilitate sustained learning well into the later stages of life. </p>



<p>"In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-chimpanzees-like-to-share-cool-things-with-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild chimpanzees</a>, the intricacies of tool use learning continue into adulthood. This pattern supports ideas that large brains across hominids allow continued learning through the first two decades of life," noted the study authors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-depths-of-chimpanzee-learning">Exploring the depths of chimpanzee learning</h2>



<p>While the study provides valuable insights, the researchers acknowledge that more work is needed to fully understand the dynamics of the chimpanzees’ learning processes. </p>



<p>Questions remain about the roles of reasoning, memory, and whether learning primarily comes from personal experience or if it also involves instruction from peers. </p>



<p>These areas are crucial for a deeper understanding of how learning capacities influence the evolution of tool use and cognitive abilities in primates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-evolutionary-patterns">Broader evolutionary patterns</h2>



<p>The revelation that chimpanzees continue to learn and enhance their tool-using skills well into adulthood not only expands our understanding of primate abilities but also aligns with broader evolutionary theories regarding brain development and learning in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-hominids-walk-upright/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominids</a>. </p>



<p>It highlights the significance of lifelong learning as a key component in the advancement of cognitive and cultural complexities, offering a mirror to our own species' development. </p>



<p>As research progresses, it will be intriguing to see how these insights affect our comprehension of human and primate evolution alike.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002609" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Chimpanzees continue learning as adults

It's a common belief that learning is predominantly an activity...

<p>Chronic sleep deprivation from a young age may significantly heighten the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-psychotic-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychosis</a> as individuals transition into early adulthood. This conclusion stems from a comprehensive study by researchers at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> based on the sleep patterns of children from infancy to the age of seven.</p>



<p>"Short sleep duration over a prolonged period in childhood could have a detrimental impact on long-term mental health, including the development of psychosis. Further, potential underlying mechanisms of these associations remain unknown," wrote the study authors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longitudinal-study-on-sleep-deprivation">Longitudinal study on sleep deprivation</h2>



<p>The analysis, based on extensive data from a long-term cohort, brings to light how critical adequate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-sleep-day-2024-the-quest-for-a-well-rested-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> is for infants and young children. </p>



<p>The findings are significant: children who consistently experienced sleep deprivation were twice as likely to develop a psychotic disorder and nearly four times as likely to have a psychotic episode as they entered early adulthood. </p>



<p>The research underscores the importance of ensuring young children get <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-reduces-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enough sleep</a> to support their mental health into the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landmark-discovery-in-sleep-and-psychosis-research">Landmark discovery in sleep and psychosis research</h2>



<p>The study stands out as the first to demonstrate the strong predictive value of childhood sleep deprivation for psychosis. </p>



<p>Dr. Isabel Morales-Muñoz, the lead researcher, emphasized the importance of recognizing sleep issues in childhood. "While it's normal for children to face sleep challenges, persistent problems warrant attention as they could relate to later psychiatric conditions," she explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimizing-sleep-a-preventative-approach-to-mental-health">Optimizing sleep: a preventative approach to mental health</h2>



<p>Fortunately, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neural-sleep-patterns-developed-over-450-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep patterns</a> can be improved.  "Although sleep deprivation is not the sole cause of psychosis, it is a significant factor, one that parents have the power to influence," said Dr. Morales-Muñoz.</p>



<p>The analysis was based on data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). </p>



<p>The data included comprehensive records from 12,394 children, who were monitored from infancy through seven years of age. The ALSPAC participants were followed up with when they were 24 years old.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-links-between-sleep-deprivation-and-mental-health">Complex links between sleep deprivation and mental health</h2>



<p>While the link between sleep deprivation in childhood and adult psychosis was clear, the researchers noted that this does not establish a causal relationship outright. </p>



<p>The study also investigated whether immune system health might explain the association, based on inflammation levels in blood samples taken when the children were nine. </p>



<p>The results suggest that immune deficiencies could partly account for the link between sleep deprivation and psychosis, though other factors likely play a role as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-research-into-real-world-applications">Integrating research into real-world applications</h2>



<p>The research by Dr. Morales-Muñoz is a crucial component of the broader efforts at the Mental Health Mission Midlands Translational Centre, which is led by the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> with funding from the <a href="https://www.nihr.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute for Health and Care Research</a>. </p>



<p>The center is dedicated to developing and testing interventions aimed at significantly benefiting young individuals who are at risk of or currently experiencing mental health issues. </p>



<p>This initiative represents a concerted effort to translate research findings into practical strategies that can improve mental health outcomes for youth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-early-intervention">The importance of early intervention</h2>



<p>"Early intervention is crucial in managing mental health in young people," said Dr. Morales-Muñoz. She highlighted the center’s commitment to advancing targeted interventions that could profoundly benefit at-risk youth. </p>



<p>Understanding and enhancing sleep hygiene is seen as a vital component of this endeavor, potentially playing a pivotal role in promoting mental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-affects-emotional-well-being-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a> and preventing psychiatric disorders.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-sleep-deprivation-in-childhood-mental-health">The role of sleep deprivation in childhood mental health</h2>



<p>As research delves deeper into the intricate connections between sleep deprivation and mental health, the critical role of adequate sleep from childhood becomes ever more apparent. </p>



<p>Ensuring children get enough sleep is emerging as a fundamental strategy for preventing and managing mental health issues as they grow into adulthood. </p>



<p>By prioritizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-sleep-reduces-the-risk-of-heart-failure-by-up-to-42-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy sleep</a> habits early on, we can potentially ward off serious mental health conditions and foster overall well-being.</p>



<p>"Findings of this cohort study highlight the necessity of addressing short sleep duration in children, as persistence of this sleep problem was associated with subsequent psychosis," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"This study also provides preliminary evidence for future targeted interventions in children addressing both sleep and inflammatory responses."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2818230" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Psychiatry</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Childhood sleep deprivation linked to adult psychosis

Chronic sleep deprivation from a young age may significantly heighten...

<p>The northeastern United States is witnessing a growing environmental challenge as a notorious aquatic weed, known as northern hydrilla, expands its reach. </p>



<p>Initially confined to the Connecticut River, recent studies have shown this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disease-that-kills-bald-eagles-linked-to-invasive-plant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> is now populating multiple waterbodies across Connecticut and even reaching into Massachusetts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ecological-threat-of-northern-hydrilla">The ecological threat of northern hydrilla</h2>



<p>Northern hydrilla is known for its rapid growth, which can form dense canopies that hinder recreational activities like boating and fishing. More critically, its unchecked spread poses a significant threat to native plant and animal species. </p>



<p>This subspecies also carries a bacterium that produces a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-blooms-can-release-neurotoxins-into-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurotoxin</a> linked to fatalities in bald eagles and waterfowl, highlighting its dangerous ecological impact.</p>



<p>Study lead author Jeremiah Foley, an assistant agricultural scientist with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Statio, expressed significant concern about the expansion of northern hydrilla.</p>



<p>"The spread and establishment of yet another hydrilla subspecies in the United States is alarming. Especially alarming is the negative impacts that this invasive aquatic weed can have on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-aquatic-plants-could-help-clean-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">native aquatic</a> and non-aquatic plant and animal species, and how quickly it’s spreading," said Foley.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-discoveries-and-the-need-for-vigilance">Recent discoveries and the need for vigilance</h2>



<p>Northern hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata subspecies lithuanica) remained undocumented outside the Connecticut River until 2022. However, by the end of 2023, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-chorus-invasive-plants-change-the-soundscape/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive weed</a> had been detected in six additional locations. </p>



<p>These sites are frequently near boat-launch ramps, indicating a potential route for the spread of northern hydrilla.</p>



<p>“Significant costs are already associated with the impact and maintenance of the prior two subspecies established in the U.S. since the 1960s and 1980s," said Foley.</p>



<p>"The discovery of Hydrilla verticillata and its subspecies lithuanica in the Connecticut River and the breadth of the current infestation represent a significant ecological invasion event with potentially far-reaching implications.”</p>



<p>Popular fishing spots such as East Twin Lakes, Amos Lake, and Congamond Lakes, which regularly host fishing tournaments, are particularly at risk.</p>



<p>Moreover, the movement of boats from infested waters to uninfected areas during these tournaments poses a high risk of spreading northern hydrilla.</p>



<p>Foley highlighted the specific dangers associated with these movements: “Of particular concern are tournaments that involve travel from infested waterbodies to non-infested ones.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-fight-against-northern-hydrilla">The crucial fight against northern hydrilla</h2>



<p>Given the situation, Foley emphasized the importance of research into how angling tournaments might contribute to the spread of hydrilla. </p>



<p>“Management efforts should prioritize early detection and prevention strategies, such as increased monitoring at boat-launch ramps and enhanced education for boaters to mitigate the spread of this invasive species.”</p>



<p>The battle against the spread of northern hydrilla is crucial for preserving our aquatic ecosystems. </p>



<p>The detailed findings and recommendations from this study are available in an article published by <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridge University Press</a> in a journal of the Weed Science Society of America. </p>



<p>The publication not only raises awareness but also serves as a call to action for all stakeholders involved in the health of our water bodies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about northern hydrilla&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Northern hydrilla, also known as Hydrilla verticillata, is a submersed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-bombs-invasive-plants-can-lie-dormant-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic plant</a> that has garnered attention due to its invasive nature and rapid growth in freshwater environments. Originally native to Asia, it has spread across various regions including North America and Europe, thriving in lakes, rivers, and canals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics</h3>



<p>This plant is characterized by its dense, mat-like growth which can dominate water bodies, blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen levels, thus outcompeting native species and altering aquatic ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Hydrilla has slender stems that can grow up to 25 feet long, depending on water depth, and it features small, pointed leaves that grow in whorls of four to eight around the stem. It also reproduces prolifically not only through seeds but also vegetatively through fragments, tubers, and turions, making it particularly difficult to control once established.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Management of northern hydrilla&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Due to its aggressive growth and resilience, managing hydrilla often involves a combination of mechanical harvesting, chemical herbicides, and biological control, such as introducing specific fish species that feed on it. Despite control efforts, hydrilla remains a challenging and costly invasive species to manage in affected water bodies.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/invasive-plant-science-and-management/article/abs/northern-hydrilla-hydrilla-verticillata-ssp-lithuanica-discovery-and-establishment-outside-the-connecticut-river/00B45505BAB20976FE34BCCF12E75E69" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Invasive Plant Science and Management</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Invasive aquatic weed  is spreading rapidly in the northeastern U.S.

The northeastern United States is witnessing a growing environmental challenge...

<p>Recent research highlights a significant alteration in the preservation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-organisms-are-a-rich-source-of-natural-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine organisms</a> due to human activities. The alterations, which have lasting effects on the fossil record, serve a dual role. They can both enhance and impair our understanding of the marine past.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-and-shifting-our-ecological-records">Shaping and shifting our ecological records</h2>



<p>The study revealed that human actions have profoundly changed the environment and the nature of the fossil records that archive these changes. </p>



<p>Michal Kowalewski, an expert in invertebrate paleontology from <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, emphasized the complexity of this impact. “We are not only changing the environment; we’re also changing the nature of the record that archives this information,” he stated. </p>



<p>This dual impact manifests in two ways. In some instances, human activities prevent the fossil record from preserving useful information about ongoing changes. </p>



<p>In others, these actions enhance the quality of the currently forming fossil record, providing clearer insights into our ecological past.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-hidden-consequences-of-altered-ecosystems">The hidden consequences of altered ecosystems</h2>



<p>The researchers pointed out that without accounting for these effects, there could be a misinterpretation of data crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>. </p>



<p>Understanding what a degraded ecosystem looked like before human alteration is essential for effective restoration. </p>



<p>“We use fossils in conservation to understand the transition from natural, pristine environments to the ones we have today,” explained Kowalewski.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Factors that affect fossilization </h2>



<p>The researchers, including experts in marine paleoecology, delved into numerous factors that affect fossilization. The team looked at factors such as how quickly sediment accumulates, the behavior of burrowing creatures, how deeply remains are buried, and how fast certain organic materials decay. </p>



<p>Notably, human activities such as bottom trawling have drastically altered and oxygenated the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-is-impacting-life-on-the-seafloor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seafloor</a> sediments. This widespread activity disrupts the natural sediment layering, speeding up the decomposition of organic materials and stirring up as much sediment as all the world's rivers combined.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-modify-the-fossil-record">Human activities modify the fossil record </h2>



<p>The introduction of species like the red king crab to new environments has also indirectly modified the fossil record. The crabs diminish burrowing invertebrate populations, reducing sediment oxygenation and thus, ironically, enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> preservation. </p>



<p>However, their shell-crushing behavior reduces the number of preservable shells, complicating future paleontological analysis.</p>



<p>Many changes driven by human activities are so significant that they closely resemble natural phenomena such as erosion or species migration. These actions can sometimes erase entire fossil archives or introduce foreign materials into an environment. </p>



<p>Kowalewski pointed out specific human interventions like beach replenishment, where sediments from deep-water environments are moved to shorelines. This disrupts natural erosion patterns and can even result in the relocation of ancient fossils.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disentangling-human-impact-from-the-natural-fossil-record">Disentangling human impact from the natural fossil record</h2>



<p>Rafal Nawrot, the study's lead author and a paleontologist at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>, noted the complexities of distinguishing between natural and human-induced changes. Innovative methods, such as increased use of radiocarbon dating, offer potential solutions. </p>



<p>This approach, though once cost-prohibitive, is now more accessible and can provide clearer timelines for recent sediment layers disrupted by activities like trawling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Human activities' impact on fossil records</h2>



<p>As the researchers emphasized, embracing more thorough sampling methods and sophisticated statistical analyses could enhance our grasp of how human activities shape our understanding of Earth's historical biological record. </p>



<p>"Changes in the geological record can be fingerprints of human activity and may themselves reveal something about the history of an ecosystem,” said Kowalewski.</p>



<p>This pivotal research calls for a renewed approach to interpreting the marine fossil record, particularly in light of persistent human influences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ocean-fossil-record">More about the ocean fossil record</h2>



<p>The ocean fossil record is a rich archive that provides a window into the life that has inhabited Earth's seas over billions of years. It encompasses the remains and traces of marine organisms embedded in sedimentary rock layers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As researchers study these fossils, they learn about the various forms of life, from microscopic plankton to gigantic marine reptiles and mammals that have evolved and sometimes gone extinct.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Marine fossils</h3>



<p>Marine fossils are particularly significant because water bodies tend to offer ideal conditions for fossilization. Organisms can be quickly buried by sediment in calm or deep waters, slowing decomposition and allowing the preservation of bones, shells, and even soft tissues in some cases. This process captures snapshots of marine biodiversity at different periods in Earth's history.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental conditions</h3>



<p>The study of these fossils helps scientists understand not only the evolutionary history of marine life but also the environmental conditions of past eras.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Changes in the types and distributions of fossils across different layers can indicate shifts in climate, ocean chemistry, or sea levels. For instance, the presence of certain types of coral or foraminifera can reveal information about the temperature and chemistry of ancient oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mass extinction events&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, the ocean fossil record is crucial for studying mass extinction events, such as the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Paleogene extinctions, which significantly impacted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-lionfish-global-domination-mediterranean-sea-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>. </p>



<p>These studies offer insights into the resilience and vulnerability of ocean life, providing valuable lessons for addressing current and future challenges in marine conservation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/21/2177/2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biogeosciences</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Rewriting history: Human activities modify the marine fossil record

Recent research highlights a significant alteration in the preservation of...

<p>We tend to think of earthquakes as purely geological events – a result of shifting tectonic plates and churning pressure far beneath our feet. But what if our weather and climate change can also play a role? A new study led by <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> scientists suggests that the heavy rains and snowstorms caused by climate change have the potential to trigger earthquake swarms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noto-peninsula-and-earthquake-swarm">Noto Peninsula and earthquake swarm</h2>



<p>The focus of the MIT study was a region in Japan called the Noto Peninsula. This finger-shaped landmass has experienced ongoing earthquake activity for over a decade. The specific type of earthquake activity observed is known as an earthquake swarm, characterized by a series of smaller quakes happening continuously without a clear main event.</p>



<p>The researchers at MIT aimed to unravel the mysteries behind this relentless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic</a> unrest in the Noto Peninsula. Their investigation on earthquakes went beyond the usual focus on subterranean activity and ventured into the realm of climate change data.</p>



<p>"We see that snowfall and other environmental loading at the surface impacts the stress state underground, and the timing of intense precipitation events is well-correlated with the start of this earthquake swarm," noted William Frank, an assistant professor at MIT.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-earthquake-swarm">More about earthquake swarm</h2>



<p>When we think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tool-designed-to-predict-earthquake-severity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a>, we usually picture one large shock followed by a series of smaller tremors. This sequence starts with the "mainshock," the primary and largest earthquake event, and is followed by smaller tremors known as "aftershocks." These aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, or even years as the Earth's crust readjusts after the initial rupture.</p>



<p>An earthquake swarm, however, operates differently. Unlike a typical earthquake sequence that features a distinct mainshock, an earthquake swarm lacks a single, identifiable main event. Instead, it's characterized by a series of smaller, ongoing earthquakes of roughly similar magnitude. The swarm may continue for days, weeks, or even months without a clear focal point.</p>



<p>The key difference between a typical earthquake sequence and an earthquake swarm lies in the absence of a distinct mainshock. In a conventional earthquake sequence, aftershocks generally decrease in magnitude over time. </p>



<p>In an earthquake swarm, the tremors are of similar magnitude and occur without a consistent pattern. While a typical earthquake sequence often follows a predictable decay pattern, a swarm can last for an unpredictable period, sometimes stretching over years.</p>



<p>This phenomenon is precisely what's shaking up Japan's Noto Peninsula, a rugged region that juts into the Sea of Japan. Since late 2020, hundreds of small earthquakes have rattled the region in an unusual swarm. </p>



<p>Instead of starting with a mainshock, the Noto Peninsula swarm began with a gradual increase in seismic activity. The earthquakes intensified and clustered, creating persistent tremors unlike the mainshock-aftershock model.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-japan-s-history">Japan's history</h2>



<p>As mentioned earlier, Japan's Noto Peninsula is a region accustomed to occasional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aftershocks-can-last-for-centuries-after-historic-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tremors</a>. This area has a history of seismic activity stretching back over a decade. However, in recent years, this unrest has reached new heights. Since 2020, the peninsula has become a hotbed of small but continuous earthquakes swarms.</p>



<p>The constant shaking has raised concerns and prompted a quest for answers. The team of MIT researchers decided to embark on an in-depth investigation, looking for patterns within the seismic history of the region. They meticulously analyzed earthquake catalogs and records of past tremors, and dove into detailed meteorological data in search of a potential explanation for these relentless quakes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-earthquake-swarms">Climate change and earthquake swarms</h2>



<p>By analyzing earthquake frequency in the Noto Peninsula, the researchers pinpointed a distinct seismic change. Prior to 2020, the occurrence of quakes appeared sporadic, displaying no discernible pattern. However, a dramatic shift took place in 2020. Earthquakes began to cluster together tightly in time, signaling the initiation of the ongoing swarm.</p>



<p>But the real surprise came when researchers investigated seismic velocity – the speed at which earthquake-generated waves travel through Earth's layers. This measurement revealed a remarkable correlation. Changes in seismic velocity seemed to follow a seasonal rhythm, intriguingly aligned with the timing of the earthquake swarm.</p>



<p>This discovery raised a tantalizing question: What environmental factor, caused by climate change, could potentially influence the timing and intensification of earthquakes in the Noto Peninsula?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-climate-change-and-earthquakes">Snow, climate change, and earthquakes</h2>



<p>Heavy snowfall events, as it turns out, are a critical piece of the puzzle. When snow piles up, it adds immense weight to the earth. This weight, combined with rainfall, increases what scientists call “pore fluid pressure.” That's the pressure fluids exert within the minuscule cracks and gaps in the bedrock beneath us.</p>



<p>Think of it like a sponge. Waterlogged rock, heavy from snow and rain, is more susceptible to the forces deep underground, sometimes causing it to fail and slip – resulting in earthquakes. It's important to note that this doesn't replace plate tectonics as the earthquakes' primary cause, but it can act as the final push.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-implications-for-earthquake">Climate change implications for earthquake</h2>



<p>The big question now is whether this link between climate events and earthquakes is specific to Japan's Noto Peninsula, or if it has broader global implications. Researchers at MIT believe this connection could extend far beyond this single region. The findings suggest that other locations around the world might also be susceptible to earthquakes influenced by climate.</p>



<p>As the undeniable reality of climate change unfolds, it brings with it an increase in extreme weather events. This includes periods of intense precipitation and snowfall. The MIT study indicates that these intensified weather patterns could potentially exacerbate the effects observed in Japan, leading to more frequent or even stronger earthquakes in vulnerable areas.</p>



<p>The research underscores the complex interplay between various Earth systems – the delicate balance between the atmosphere, the solid ground beneath our feet, and the potential for seismic activity. Further investigations are needed to solidify the connection in climate change and earthquake to pinpoint the specific regions that might be most at risk.</p>



<p>"If we’re going into a climate that’s changing, with more extreme precipitation events...that will change how the Earth’s crust is loaded," said Professor Frank.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado1469" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Earthquake swarms: The latest hazard of climate change

We tend to think of earthquakes as purely geological events...

<p>Scientists at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> have made a significant breakthrough in understanding how plants adapt to varying light and temperature conditions - adaptations that are crucial for their survival. The study is particularly relevant for anticipating how plants respond to changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climates</a>.</p>



<p>The research, detailed in two recent articles in the journal <em>Nature Communications</em>, sheds light on the inner workings of previously mysterious structures within plant cells.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The role of organelles in changing climates</h2>



<p>Traditionally, research has focused on well-defined organelles within plant cells, such as mitochondria and the nucleus. However, the team at UC Riverside has shifted focus to a different type of structure: membrane-less organelles.</p>



<p>These organelles, unlike their membrane-bound counterparts, can dynamically assemble and disassemble within the cell, particularly in response to light, playing a critical role in adaptation to changing climates.</p>



<p>"At one time, people called these photobodies 'garbage cans,' because they didn’t understand them. When people don’t understand something, they call it useless. But they aren’t useless at all; they are a new frontier in science," explained study senior author Dr. Meng Chen.</p>



<p>The revelation comes after years of research aimed at deciphering the roles that these fluid structures might play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/american-bellflower-plants-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant adaptation</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-plant-sensitivity-to-light">Understanding plant sensitivity to light </h2>



<p>The researchers have discovered that the organelles are critical for plants to detect and respond to different light intensities. By manipulating the size of these organelles, the team was able to demonstrate their function in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-cleverly-adapt-their-photosynthesis-to-changes-in-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light</a> sensing with more clarity. </p>



<p>"What we saw, ultimately, is that the membrane-less organelles help plants distinguish a whole range of different light intensities. Without them, plants would not be able to 'see' changes in light intensity," said Dr. Chen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-and-organelle-formation">Temperature and organelle formation</h2>



<p>Temperature plays an equally critical role in how these organelles function, especially in changing climates. The team observed that as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-alter-photosynthesis-and-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures rise</a>, the number of organelles decreases. This variability suggests that the structures are also crucial for temperature sensing within the cell. </p>



<p>Surprisingly, more than half of the organelles formed near centromeres, areas of the chromosome where gene activity is typically low. This indicates a non-random pattern to organelle formation, which challenges previous assumptions that their formation was random.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-agriculture-and-climate-adaptation">Implications for agriculture and climate adaptation</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are vast, especially for agriculture. For example, climate change is posing significant challenges in California, where half of the country's fruits and vegetables are grown.</p>



<p>Without intervention, average temperatures in the state could rise by as much as 11 degrees by the end of the century, severely affecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-rising-co2-affect-crop-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop production</a>.</p>



<p>"To predict and mitigate climate change, we need to understand how plants sense and respond to their environment, especially temperature," said Chen. He further noted that temperature affects not just growth but also flowering times, fruit development, pathogen responses, and overall plant immunity.</p>



<p>The ongoing research at UC Riverside aims to further explore how manipulating the formation sites of these organelles could enhance plant resilience to light and temperature changes in changing climates. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-adaptation-and-food-security-in-changing-climates">Plant adaptation and food security in changing climates</h2>



<p>The research opens up new avenues for understanding plant biology and offers hope for developing more resilient crop varieties. </p>



<p>As we continue to face global challenges in changing climates, the insights from UC Riverside's pioneering work will undoubtedly play a critical role in securing food resources for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about plants and changing climates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plants are intricately linked to the climate and environment in which they exist, and changes in the climate can have profound effects on plant life. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns shift due to climate change, plants face numerous challenges and adapt in various ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Growth patterns&nbsp;</h3>



<p>One of the most visible effects of changing climates on plants is the alteration of growth patterns. Warmer temperatures may lead to earlier flowering and fruiting times in some plants, which can disrupt the synchrony between plants and their pollinators. In other cases, prolonged heat and drought stress can reduce plant productivity, stunt growth, or increase mortality rates.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geographical range</h3>



<p>Changing climates can expand or shift the geographical ranges of plants. Species that were once confined to specific temperature zones might start migrating towards poles or higher elevations where conditions are cooler and more suitable for their growth. Conversely, plants that cannot adapt or migrate quickly enough may face significant population declines or even extinction in certain areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Extreme weather</h3>



<p>Climate change affects the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, which can devastate plant communities. The recovery from such events can be slow and may result in long-term changes to the ecosystem structure and function.</p>



<p>In response to these changes, many ecosystems and the plants within them are undergoing transformations, some of which may be irreversible if climate trends continue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts, such as the creation of seed banks and the use of climate-resilient crop varieties, are critical in helping mitigate some of these impacts and in supporting the continued health and diversity of plant life around the world.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47789-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Study reveals how plants adapt to changing climates

Scientists at UC Riverside have made a significant breakthrough in...

<p>A new study by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> raises concerns about the long-term impacts of early summer salmon fishing. The research suggests a potential link between fishing pressure during the early season and a decline in the average size of Atlantic salmon. This change could be attributed to evolutionary processes influenced by human activity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-factor-in-salmon-size-and-growth">Genetic factor in salmon size and growth</h2>



<p>Atlantic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-chinook-salmon-almost-extinct-due-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> possess a genetic variant that influences their growth and maturity patterns. Individuals carrying this variant adopt a life history strategy characterized by larger body size and later maturation. This strategy allows salmon to invest more energy in growth before diverting resources towards reproduction. </p>



<p>Larger females can produce more eggs, and larger males have a competitive advantage during spawning. This increased potential for reproductive success over their lifetime provides an evolutionary benefit to salmon carrying the "large salmon variant." Larger fish also offer a more substantial catch, making them highly desirable to anglers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fishing">Fishing </h2>



<p>"This finding suggests that the timing of fishing may cause evolutionary changes in the age and size that Atlantic salmon reach before maturation. Intensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> especially in the early fishing season may lead to the 'large salmon variant' becoming rarer and to salmon spawning at a younger age and smaller size," explained lead author Dr. Antti Miettinen.</p>



<p>The study revealed a concerning trend. Salmon possessing the "large salmon variant" were more likely to be caught during the early part of the fishing season. This isn't random. Early-arriving salmon tend to be larger and older, making them more attractive targets for anglers. Over multiple seasons, the consistent removal of larger fish with the valuable growth gene creates a form of artificial selection.</p>



<p>Fish populations naturally exhibit a range of genetic variations. When fishing pressure heavily targets a specific trait, like the larger size associated with the "large salmon variant," it disrupts the natural balance of these variations. </p>



<p>Over time, fish with the variant become less common in the population. Conversely, salmon that mature earlier and are smaller in size – traits not targeted by early season fishing – survive and reproduce at a higher rate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-consequences-for-salmon-populations-and-size">Long-term consequences for salmon populations and size</h2>



<p>If this trend of targeting larger fish during the early season continues unchecked, it could have serious consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salmon-migration-routes-discovered-using-historical-data/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> populations in the long run. Here's why:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-genetic-diversity">Reduced genetic diversity</h3>



<p>Within a population, a wide range of genetic variations improves resilience. Different gene combinations provide a wider array of traits, offering better chances of some individuals adapting to diseases or changing environments.</p>



<p>Targeting larger fish disproportionately removes those carrying the "large salmon variant." This gene, which promotes size and later maturation, becomes less common over generations. The loss of this beneficial trait limits the population's potential to rebound when conditions improve.</p>



<p>Less genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding and make the population more susceptible to diseases. It can also hinder their ability to adapt to changes like warming water temperatures or shifts in prey availability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-average-salmon-size">Smaller average salmon size</h3>



<p>As larger salmon are consistently removed, the average size of the population gradually declines. Over many generations, this decrease could become substantial.</p>



<p>Salmon play a crucial role in their ecosystems, both as predators and prey. Smaller salmon may be less effective hunters and more vulnerable to their own predators. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of the food web.</p>



<p>Large adult salmon carry a significant amount of nutrients back to freshwater when they spawn. These nutrients boost the growth of insects and other organisms, which in turn support birds and other wildlife. Smaller salmon contribute fewer nutrients, potentially affecting the entire ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-success">Reproductive success</h3>



<p>In fish, there's a strong correlation between body size and egg production. Larger females produce a higher number of eggs, which translates to more potential offspring.</p>



<p>When smaller salmon dominate the population, fewer eggs are produced overall. Without sufficient new members joining the population, it can gradually decline over time.</p>



<p>Reduced reproductive success makes it harder for populations to recover from natural fluctuations or additional pressures like habitat loss or reduced food availability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-of-the-baltic-salmon">Case of the Baltic salmon</h2>



<p>The researchers focused on wild salmon in the northern Baltic Sea, where the impact was noticeable. Salmon caught early in the season, especially in upstream areas of the Tornio and Kalix Rivers, were more likely to have the "large salmon variant."</p>



<p>"Fishing in the early part of the fishing season targets salmon that spawn in the headwaters of these rivers, which should be accounted for in fisheries management to ensure the viability of these salmon populations," said Miettinen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-and-fishing">Implications for conservation and fishing</h2>



<p>This study highlights the complex ways our actions can shape wild animal populations. Fishing, if not carefully managed, can inadvertently drive evolutionary changes over time. Policymakers and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-are-on-the-frontline-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> communities face the challenge of balancing immediate needs with the long-term health of salmon stocks.</p>



<p>"By analyzing the genetics of samples collected across the northern Baltic over many decades, this study shows how human activities could cause evolutionary changes in wild salmon populations," said study co-author Dr. Victoria Pritchard.</p>



<p>The researchers emphasized the need for continued monitoring and research. The genetic tools created in this study provide a way to track the effects of changing fishing practices. It's vital to find solutions that protect salmon populations while supporting sustainable fishing.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.13690" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolutionary Applications</a></em>.</p>



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Early fishing season actually alters the genetic evolution of Atlantic salmon size

A new study by the University of Helsinki raises concerns...