<p></p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Ready to learn how compounds stick together?<br />
First, atoms that share a particular environment bond with one another to become compounds.<br />
Just like us humans, atoms interact and share with one another to keep the peace in the environments that they live.<br />
Atoms carry electrical charges that need to be balanced. This is done by giving and receiving electrons from other atoms.<br />
When atoms have extra electrons, they can give them away or share them with other atoms that need them. This exchanging process is called a chemical bond.<br />
Chemical bonds (ionic and covalent bonds) hold compounded atoms together. This attraction is an electromagnetic event which envelops the atoms and causes them to stick together.<br />
There are two main types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together:<br />
The first are Ionic Bonds<br />
When atoms transfer electrons to other atoms, they make ionic bonds. Ionic compounds like table salt (NaCl) have ions which are of opposite charges. When the positively charged sodium ions combine with the negatively charged chloride ions, they form sodium chloride compounds, one balancing the other.<br />
The second are Covalent Bonds<br />
Even if atoms can’t give or take electrons, they can share their electrons. In a water molecule, two positively charged hydrogen (H) atoms attach to a negatively charged oxygen (O) atom’s free electrons, is missing two electrons, creating the compound H2O.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Sources:</p>
<p><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sodium_chloride#section=Top">https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sodium_chloride#section=Top</a></p>
<p><a href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/polar_c.htm">http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/polar_c.htm</a></p>
<p><a href="http://Ck12.org">Ck12.org</a></p>

How Do Compounds Stick Together?

<p>Wildfires in Siberia are a global concern, as their increasing frequency is predicted to impact the climate, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, health, and economies far beyond their immediate vicinity. A new study highlights the far-reaching consequences of these natural disasters.</p>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.hokudai.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a>, the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, and <a href="https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyushu University</a> used advanced global climate models to analyze the potential impacts of wildfires in Siberia, and the results paint a striking picture. </p>



<p>The experts utilized the MIROC5 - a sophisticated modeling system - along with other predictive tools to actively simulate the broader effects of Siberian fires under current and future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> scenarios.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chilling-effects-the-climate-s-unexpected-response">Chilling effects: The climate's unexpected response</h2>



<p>The simulations revealed that the increased intensity of wildfires in Siberia could lead to significant atmospheric changes, notably a cooling effect across the northern hemisphere. This phenomenon is largely due to the aerosols, or tiny air pollution particles, emitted by the fires which can reflect sunlight away from the earth's surface. </p>



<p>Professor Teppei Yasunari, a key member of the research team, explained: "Our modeling reveals a cooling effect broadly across the northern hemisphere and worsened air quality in extensive downwind regions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-of-wildfires-in-siberia">Health implications of wildfires in Siberia </h2>



<p>The aerosols released during these wildfires not only affect the climate but also degrade air quality, leading to serious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> implications.</p>



<p>The researchers predict a dramatic increase in air pollution, especially under the most extreme wildfire scenarios. This pollution impacts not only Siberia but also vast areas of East Asia, which lie downwind from these fires.</p>



<p>The degraded air quality may cause an increase in premature deaths, respiratory problems, and other health issues. This could translate into health-related costs that potentially reach up to 10 billion US dollars annually.</p>



<p>"Our results suggest that increased efforts are needed to limit the effects of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-in-siberia-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Siberian wildfires</a> somehow to prevent excess deaths, respiratory and other illnesses, and economic losses because it is hard to prevent the occurrence of Siberian wildfires in such large areas," said Professor Yasunari.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-costs-of-siberia-wildfires">Economic costs of Siberia wildfires</h2>



<p>Beyond health, the economic impacts are also profound. The study suggests that the direct costs associated with increased mortality due to air pollution are substantial. </p>



<p>Additionally, the indirect costs, such as loss of productivity due to illness and reduced educational opportunities, could significantly amplify these figures.</p>



<p>The findings underscore the necessity for more refined models to better quantify and mitigate these impacts. </p>



<p>"Our findings send a critical message about the broad effect of increased particulate matter due to massive wildfires in the atmosphere on climate and air quality, which will become ever more significant as the worldwide changes due to global warming proceed," said Professor Yasunari.</p>



<p>The research not only sheds light on the urgent need for global attention to Siberian wildfires but also calls for international cooperation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fire-suppression-methods-increase-the-severity-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire management</a> and mitigation strategies to safeguard public health and protect the global economy from the potentially devastating effects of these increasing natural disasters. </p>



<p>To better understand and address the extensive consequences of wildfires on a global scale, the time to act is now.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about wildfires in Siberia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Siberian wildfires typically occur during the region's dry and warm summer months. Siberia, known for its vast and remote forested areas, is particularly vulnerable to wildfires due to a combination of factors, including rising temperatures and dry conditions, which are often linked to climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Far-reaching impacts&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The impact of Siberian wildfires is extensive, affecting not only local flora and fauna but also contributing to air quality issues over a wide area, including neighboring countries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The smoke from these fires can travel thousands of kilometers, affecting atmospheric conditions and climate patterns on a global scale. For instance, the dense smoke can reduce visibility and impact air quality, posing health risks to populations even in distant areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-management">Fire management</h3>



<p>Efforts to combat and manage these fires are challenged by the sheer scale and remoteness of the affected areas. The Russian government and local authorities often struggle with limited resources and logistical difficulties in accessing these regions.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental threat</h3>



<p>Moreover, the frequency and intensity of these fires have been increasing, prompting concerns about long-term environmental damage, including the release of stored carbon from Siberian peatlands, which exacerbates global warming.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF004129" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Wildfires in Siberia are a growing global threat

Wildfires in Siberia are a global concern, as their increasing...

The,Human,Eye,With,The,Image,Of,The,Brain,In

<p>Working memory plays a pivotal role in our day-to-day functions. It's an essential brain skill that helps us manage and process information while engaging in activities, without losing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-focus-with-so-many-distractions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">focus</a>. </p>



<p>For instance, working memory allows us to remember to buy more dishwasher soap while we're busy loading the dishwasher and to keep track of other future necessities.</p>



<p>Researchers have long understood the significant variability in working memory across individuals but have struggled to pinpoint the reasons behind these differences. </p>



<p>Taking an innovative approach to studying this dilemma, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a>, including Matthew Robinson and Lauren Garner, conducted an experiment that examined whether pupil dilation could be a reliable indicator of working memory capacity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pupil-dilation-and-working-memory">Understanding pupil dilation and working memory</h2>



<p>In a recent study, it was discovered that pupil size could tell us more than just how much light is entering the eye. </p>



<p>Typically, pupils dilate in low-light conditions to improve vision. However, this study revealed that pupils also dilate in response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cognitive-stimulation-at-work-helps-prevent-memory-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> tasks requiring concentration.</p>



<p>The study involved 179 undergraduate students who underwent a series of working memory tests. While they attempted these tasks, an eye-tracker, similar to devices used during routine eye exams, continuously measured their pupil dilation. The findings were quite revealing. </p>



<p>"We found that people who more intensely and consistently paid attention, as evidenced by greater <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traumatic-experiences-can-be-detected-in-the-eyes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pupil dilation</a>, performed better on memory tasks," explained Robinson.</p>



<p>"The highest-performing participants not only had larger overall pupil dilations but were also more discerning about the information they needed to remember," he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-pupil-dilation-correlates-to-performance">How pupil dilation correlates to performance</h2>



<p>The correlation between pupil size and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-students-learn-is-key-to-helping-them-succeed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">task performance</a> could have broader implications. </p>



<p>For instance, Matthew Robison noted that, "The lowest performers on the tasks showed less pupil dilation. For the highest-performing participants, their pupil dilations were both larger overall and the individuals were more discerning about the information they were asked to recall."</p>



<p>This research highlights a fascinating aspect of how our bodies respond to mental exertion and could lead to more personalized approaches in educational and professional settings to enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-smaller-brain-size/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive performance</a>.</p>



<p>The study, published in the peer-reviewed journal <em>Attention, Perception &amp; Psychophysics</em>, provides valuable insights into the physiological underpinnings of working memory. </p>



<p>"This is exciting research because it adds another valuable piece of the puzzle to our understanding of why working <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-multivitamins-slow-cognitive-aging-and-improve-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory</a> varies between individuals," Robison concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Exploring the intricacies of working memory</h2>



<p>Working memory enables us to hold and manipulate information in our minds for short periods, allowing us to perform complex tasks, solve problems, and make decisions. Without working memory, we would struggle to navigate the world around us effectively.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Components</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-phonological-loop">The phonological loop</h4>



<p>This component handles auditory information, such as speech and sound.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-visuospatial-sketchpad">The visuospatial sketchpad</h4>



<p>This component processes visual and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial information</a>, such as images and locations.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-central-executive">The central executive</h4>



<p>This component acts as a control center, allocating attention and coordinating the activities of the other components.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-episodic-buffer">The episodic buffer</h4>



<p>This component integrates information from the other components and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wasabi-linked-to-substantial-boost-in-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term memory</a>, creating a unified representation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Capacity</h3>



<p>Working memory has a limited capacity, typically allowing us to hold and manipulate between three and seven items at a time. This capacity varies among individuals and can be influenced by factors such as age, training, and cognitive impairments. </p>



<p>Researchers have developed various tests and tasks to measure working memory capacity, such as the n-back task and the complex span task.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Importance in everyday life</h3>



<p>Working memory plays a vital role in numerous everyday activities, such as:</p>



<ul>
<li>Following instructions and directions<br></li>



<li>Engaging in conversations and maintaining the flow of dialogue<br></li>



<li>Reading comprehension and language processing<br></li>



<li>Performing mental calculations and problem-solving<br></li>



<li>Multitasking and switching between different tasks</li>
</ul>



<p>Deficits in working memory can lead to difficulties in these areas, impacting an individual's academic performance, work efficiency, and social interactions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhancement strategies</h3>



<p>While working memory capacity is largely determined by genetic factors, research suggests that certain strategies and interventions can help improve its efficiency:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Chunking</strong>: Grouping information into meaningful units to reduce the number of items to be remembered.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Rehearsal</strong>: Repeating information mentally or aloud to maintain it in working memory.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Visualization</strong>: Creating mental images or diagrams to represent information visually.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Mindfulness and meditation</strong>: Practicing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-protects-against-work-stress-burnout/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mindfulness</a> and meditation techniques to improve focus and attention.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Cognitive training</strong>: Engaging in targeted exercises and activities designed to challenge and strengthen working memory</li>
</ul>



<p>By understanding the intricacies of working memory and employing these strategies, individuals can optimize their cognitive performance and enhance their ability to navigate the demands of daily life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pupil-dilation-working-memory-and-future-implications">Pupil dilation, working memory, and future implications</h2>



<p>In summary, this study has revealed a fascinating connection between pupil dilation and working memory performance. By measuring participants' pupils during cognitive tasks, the researchers discovered that individuals with greater pupil dilation and sensitivity consistently outperformed those with less dilation. </p>



<p>This finding enhances our understanding of the factors influencing working memory variation and paves the way for future research into the neural mechanisms underlying this critical cognitive skill. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to explore the complexities of the brain's executive functions, studies like this one bring us closer to developing targeted interventions and strategies to support individuals struggling with working memory, ultimately unlocking the full potential of the human mind.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13414-024-02853-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Attention Perception &amp; Psychophysics</a></em></p>



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Pupils enlarge when the brain's working memory is focused on a task

Working memory plays a pivotal role in our day-to-day functions....

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> have recently reported that both public parks and private backyards play a vital role in supporting bird diversity in urban environments. </p>



<p>"Greenspaces are increasingly valued for supporting biodiversity in urbanized landscapes. Previous research efforts have emphasized the importance of public land such as parks and nature preserves for biodiversity, yet private yards in residential neighborhoods also have great potential for species conservation," wrote the researchers. </p>



<p>By studying two closely situated cities in Illinois with contrasting development histories and green space management, the experts discovered that these spaces are crucial for different bird species during varying seasons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-bird-populations">Urban bird populations</h2>



<p>The researchers monitored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-populations-are-declining-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird populations</a> across 39 public parks and 41 private yards in Urbana and Champaign - cities with distinct urban characteristics and historical development. </p>



<p>Urbana, with a history dating back to 1822, boasts extensive green spaces nurtured within an ancient hardwood forest. By contrast, Champaign was developed in the mid-1800s along a railway - with a focus on human recreation in its smaller parks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-variations-in-urban-bird-diversity">Seasonal variations in urban bird diversity </h2>



<p>The analysis revealed significant seasonal shifts in bird <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-bird-diversity-puzzling-geographical-differences-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> between the two cities. During summer, Urbana's richer vegetation and cooler green spaces attracted a broader variety of birds, including species like the belted kingfisher and scarlet tanager. </p>



<p>Conversely, in winter, Urbana's parks and yards continued to support diverse communities, including the winter wren and yellow-bellied sapsucker.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-urban-management-on-bird-diversity">Impact of urban management on bird diversity</h2>



<p>Pollock pointed out the significant effects of active management in urban green spaces. "In places where there’s been active management to try to increase plant diversity and get some native plant cover back, it has had a big impact on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/as-urban-heat-continues-to-rise-birds-are-moving-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> communities," he explained. </p>



<p>Urbana's parks, with their focus on conservation and habitat restoration, were especially beneficial for rare and specialist bird species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-actions-for-residents">Practical actions for residents</h2>



<p>The study also suggests practical ways for residents to enhance bird diversity in their own backyards. Carena Van Riper, a collaborator on the project, encouraged simple yet effective actions. </p>



<p>"Perhaps this will allow people to see that there are small but important behaviors that will influence birds and increase bird diversity," noted Van Riper. </p>



<p>Among the recommendations were installing bird feeders (especially during winter), planting native vegetation, and setting up bird baths.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-greenery-a-blueprint-for-biodiversity">Urban greenery: A blueprint for biodiversity </h2>



<p>This comprehensive study underscores the interconnectedness of urban management and biodiversity. It offers a fresh perspective on how both public and private green spaces play integral roles in supporting urban wildlife. </p>



<p>As cities continue to grow, understanding and implementing strategies that facilitate coexistence with nature becomes even more crucial. </p>



<p>The insights from Urbana and Champaign can serve as a guide for other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-shape-bird-characteristics-in-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban areas</a> aiming to enhance biodiversity and sustainability within their confines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What influences urban bird diversity?</h2>



<p>Urban bird diversity is influenced by a variety of factors, each playing a role in how well birds can adapt and thrive in city environments. Key factors include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Green spaces</h3>



<p>The presence and quality of green spaces such as parks, gardens, and green roofs are crucial. These areas provide essential resources like food, nesting sites, and safe havens from urban threats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Water bodies</h3>



<p>Rivers, lakes, and ponds in urban settings attract waterfowl and other species that rely on aquatic habitats for feeding and breeding.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Food availability</h3>



<p>The accessibility of natural food sources, supplemented by bird feeders, significantly impacts which species are able to sustain populations in urban areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Building designs</h3>



<p>The architecture of a city influences bird diversity. Features like reflective glass can cause bird collisions, whereas features like ledges and nooks might offer nesting spots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pollution</h3>



<p>Air and noise pollution can deter birds from settling in urban areas. Pollution can also affect the health of the habitats birds rely on.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Human interaction</h3>



<p>The level and nature of human activity and disturbance - ranging from benign presence to active conservation efforts - play a big role. Quieter, less disturbed areas tend to support more diverse bird populations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate</h3>



<p>Urban microclimates, influenced by the heat island effect where cities are warmer than surrounding areas, can affect which species are likely to thrive or decline in urban settings.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204624000598?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landscape and Urban Planning</a></em>.</p>



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How urban spaces support bird diversity

Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have recently reported...

<p>Water evaporation is a fundamental process that occurs all around us, from the surfaces of oceans and lakes to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-fog-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">burning off of fog</a> in the morning light from the sun. </p>



<p>For centuries, humans have observed and utilized this phenomenon, assuming that heat was the sole cause of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-technology-can-purify-water-as-it-is-collected-from-fog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evaporation</a>. However, a truly groundbreaking discovery by a team of scientists has revealed that there is more to evaporation than meets the eye.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photomolecular-effect-how-light-breaks-water-molecules">Photomolecular effect: How light breaks water molecules</h2>



<p>In a series of meticulous experiments, a team led by Gang Chen, the Carl Richard Soderberg Professor of Power Engineering at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, along with postdocs Guangxin Lv and Yaodong Tu, and graduate student James Zhang, has demonstrated that light can also cause water to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transforming-drinking-bird-toy-into-power-generator-electricity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evaporate</a>, even in the absence of heat. </p>



<p>Their findings, published in the journal <em>PNAS</em>, suggest that this effect, which they have named the photomolecular effect, could have far-reaching implications in various fields, from climate science to industrial applications.</p>



<p>The researchers have named this phenomenon the photomolecular effect, drawing an analogy with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-ping-pong-game-played-by-two-atoms-controlling-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photoelectric effect</a> discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and later explained by Albert Einstein in 1905. </p>



<p>Just as the photoelectric effect demonstrates that photons of light can liberate electrons from atoms in a material, the photomolecular effect shows that photons can also liberate entire molecules from a liquid surface.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Solving an 80-year-old mystery in climate science</h2>



<p>This discovery may hold the key to solving an 80-year-old mystery in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate science</a>, which has puzzled scientists for decades. Measurements of cloud absorption of sunlight have often shown discrepancies, with clouds absorbing more sunlight than conventional physics dictates possible.</p>



<p>"Those experiments are based on satellite data and flight data. They fly an airplane on top of and below the clouds, and there are also data based on the ocean temperature and radiation balance. And they all conclude that there is more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sci-fi-inspired-scenarios-illustrate-our-impact-on-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">absorption by clouds</a> than theory could calculate," Gang Chen explains. </p>



<p>"However, due to the complexity of clouds and the difficulties of making such measurements, researchers have been debating whether such discrepancies are real or not. And what we discovered suggests that hey, there's another mechanism for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-clouds-may-be-affecting-the-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud absorption</a>, which was not accounted for, and this mechanism might explain the discrepancies," Chen continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rigorous-testing-and-evidence">Rigorous testing and evidence</h2>



<p>Due to the unexpected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-can-drive-water-evaporation-without-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of the effect</a>, the research team conducted 14 different kinds of tests and measurements to establish that water was indeed evaporating due to light alone, not heat. </p>



<p>One key indicator, consistently observed in four different experiments under varying conditions, was the cooling and leveling off of air temperature above the water's surface as evaporation began under visible light. This finding suggests that thermal energy was not the driving force behind the effect.</p>



<p>Lv, one of the postdocs involved in the study, highlights that among the many lines of evidence, "the flat region in the air-side temperature distribution above hot water will be the easiest for people to reproduce." This temperature profile "is a signature" that demonstrates the effect clearly, he says.</p>



<p>Zhang, the graduate student on the team, adds: "It is quite hard to explain how this kind of flat temperature profile comes about without invoking some other mechanism" beyond the accepted theories of thermal evaporation. </p>



<p>According to Zhang, "It ties together what a whole lot of people are reporting in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheap-and-drinkable-water-from-desalination-is-finally-a-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar desalination</a> devices," which again show evaporation rates that cannot be explained by the thermal input.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substantial-impact-four-times-the-thermal-limit">Substantial impact: Four times the thermal limit</h2>



<p>The photomolecular effect can have a substantial impact on evaporation rates. Under the optimum conditions of color, angle, and polarization, Lv says, "the evaporation rate is four times the thermal limit."</p>



<p>"I think this has a lot of applications," Chen says. "We're exploring all these different directions. And of course, it also affects the basic science, like the effects of clouds on climate, because clouds are the most uncertain aspect of climate models."</p>



<p>Since the publication of the <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/surprising-finding-light-makes-water-evaporate-without-heat-1031" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first paper</a> on this topic, the team has been approached by companies hoping to harness the effect for various applications, including evaporating syrup and drying paper in a paper mill. </p>



<p>Chen believes that the likeliest first applications will come in the areas of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/converting-seawater-into-drinkable-water-is-now-more-sustainable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar desalinization</a> systems or other industrial drying processes. "Drying consumes 20 percent of all industrial energy usage," he points out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-frontier-in-light-water-interactions-and-evaporation">New frontier in light-water interactions and evaporation</h2>



<p>As the photomolecular effect is a new and unexpected phenomenon, Chen emphasizes that "this phenomenon should be very general, and our experiment is really just the beginning." </p>



<p>The experiments needed to demonstrate and quantify the effect are very time-consuming, and there are many variables to explore, from understanding water itself to extending the research to other materials, liquids, and even solids.</p>



<p>"The finding of evaporation caused by light instead of heat provides new disruptive knowledge of light-water interaction. It could help us gain new understanding of how sunlight interacts with cloud, fog, oceans, and other natural water bodies to affect weather and climate," enthused Xiulin Ruan, professor of mechanical engineering at <a href="https://www.purdue.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue University</a>, who was not involved in the study.</p>



<p>"It has significant potential practical applications such as high-performance water desalination driven by solar energy. This research is among the rare group of truly revolutionary discoveries which are not widely accepted by the community right away but take time, sometimes a long time, to be confirmed," Ruan concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-photomolecular-effect-could-transform-our-world">How the photomolecular effect could transform our world</h2>



<p>In summary, the photomolecular effect represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of water evaporation and light-water interaction. </p>



<p>This truly groundbreaking discovery by Gang Chen and his team at MIT challenges long-held assumptions and opens up a wealth of possibilities for future research and applications. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to explore the variables and implications of this phenomenon, we can anticipate a new era of innovation in fields ranging from climate science to industrial processes. </p>



<p>The photomolecular effect reminds us that even the most fundamental and seemingly well-understood processes in nature can still hold surprises, and that the pursuit of scientific knowledge is an ongoing journey of discovery and wonder.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2320844121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Paradigm shift: Light causes water evaporation without the need for heat

Water evaporation is a fundamental process that occurs all around...

3d,Illustration,Of,A,Robotic,Or,Machine,Hand,With,A

<p>By focusing on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-change-their-roots-to-survive-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">root systems</a>, researchers aim to create new plants, using an artificial intelligence (AI) tool called SLEAP, that can store more carbon for extended periods.</p>



<p>For this intriguing new study, scientists are leveraging AI to optimize plants' natural ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">draw carbon dioxide</a> out of the atmosphere, a crucial step in combating climate change and limiting global temperature rise. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleap-game-changing-ai-tool-that-creates-plants">SLEAP: Game-changing AI tool that creates plants</h2>



<p>Talmo Pereira and Professor <a href="https://www.salk.edu/scientist/wolfgang-busch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wolfgang Busch</a> from Salk’s <a href="https://www.salk.edu/harnessing-plants-initiative/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harnessing Plants Initiative</a> have joined forces to apply SLEAP, a sophisticated AI software initially designed for tracking animal movement, to the study of plants. </p>



<p>Their research introduces a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-022-01426-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new protocol</a> for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes, such as depth, width, and mass.</p>



<p>"This collaboration is truly a testament to what makes Salk science so special and impactful," says Pereira. "We're not just 'borrowing' from different disciplines -- we're really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-streamlining-plant-analysis-with-ai">Streamlining plant analysis with AI</h2>



<p>Prior to SLEAP, analyzing plant and animal characteristics was a labor-intensive process that slowed scientific progress. </p>



<p>Researchers had to manually flag parts of images frame-by-frame, part-by-part, and pixel-by-pixel before older AI models could process the data.</p>



<p>SLEAP's unique combination of computer vision and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a> allows researchers to skip this intermediary step, jumping straight from image input to defined plant features. </p>



<p>This approach significantly reduces analysis time and human error while emphasizing accessibility and ease of use.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleap-roots-digging-deep-into-plant-biology">sleap-roots: Digging deep into plant biology</h2>



<p>The Salk team developed sleap-roots, a downloadable toolkit for SLEAP that enables the software to process biological traits of root systems, such as depth, mass, and angle of growth. </p>



<p>The toolkit, available as open-source software, was tested on various plants, including soybeans, rice, canola, and <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></em>.</p>



<p>"We created a robust protocol validated in multiple plant types that cuts down on analysis time and human error, while emphasizing accessibility and ease-of-use -- and it required no changes to the actual SLEAP software," says Elizabeth Berrigan, a bioinformatics analyst in Busch's lab.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deciphering-the-secrets-of-climate-saving-plants">Deciphering the secrets of climate-saving plants</h2>



<p>By connecting phenotypic data, such as a plant's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/measuring-plant-root-health-scanning-leaves-xray-device/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep root system</a>, with genotype data obtained through genome sequencing efforts, researchers can identify the genes responsible for creating desirable traits. </p>



<p>This step is crucial in Salk's mission to create plants with AI that hold on to more carbon for longer periods, as these plants will require root systems designed to be deeper and more robust.</p>



<p>"We have already been able to create the most extensive catalogue of plant root system phenotypes to date, which is really accelerating our research to create carbon-capturing plants that fight climate change," says Busch, the Hess Chair in <a href="https://pbio.salk.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Science at Salk</a>. </p>



<p>"SLEAP has been so easy to apply and use, thanks to Talmo's professional software design, and it's going to be an indispensable tool in my lab moving forward," Busch concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-hidden-world-of-plant-root-systems">Understanding the hidden world of plant root systems</h2>



<p>To further clarify, plant root systems are intricate networks of roots that play a crucial role in anchoring plants to the soil, absorbing water and nutrients, and storing essential compounds. </p>



<p>There are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maize-plant-genetics-shape-root-health-and-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two main types of root systems</a> exist in plants: taproot systems and fibrous root systems. </p>



<ul>
<li>Taproot systems feature a single, dominant root that grows vertically downward, with smaller lateral roots branching off from it. </li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Fibrous root systems, on the other hand, consist of numerous small roots that grow outward from the base of the plant, forming a dense network.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Functions of root systems</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-roots-follow-gravity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Root systems</a> perform several critical functions for plants:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Anchoring:</strong> Roots secure plants to the soil, providing stability and preventing them from toppling over.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Absorption:</strong> Fine root hairs absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil, which are then transported to the rest of the plant.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Storage:</strong> Some plants, such as carrots and beets, use their roots to store carbohydrates and other essential compounds.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Factors influencing root growth</h3>



<p>Several factors influence the growth and development of plant root systems:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Soil type:</strong> Different soil types, such as sandy, loamy, or clay soils, affect root growth and distribution.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Water availability:</strong> Plants adapt their root systems in response to water availability, with some species growing deeper roots to access water in times of drought.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Nutrient availability:</strong> The presence or absence of essential nutrients in the soil can impact root growth and architecture.</li>
</ul>



<p>Healthy root systems are essential for overall plant health and productivity. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-rooted-crops-can-significantly-improve-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Well-developed roots</a> enable plants to efficiently absorb water and nutrients, leading to stronger growth and increased resilience to stresses such as drought or disease. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-the-future-of-climate-saving-plants">AI and the future of climate-saving plants</h2>



<p>The accessibility and reproducibility of SLEAP and sleap-roots have the potential to revolutionize plant research worldwide. The Salk team has already begun discussions with NASA scientists hoping to utilize the tool to guide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon-sequestering plants</a> on Earth and to study plants in space.</p>



<p>In summary, the Salk Institute's pioneering research in plant-based carbon capture, powered by the innovative SLEAP software and sleap-roots toolkit, paves the way for a greener future. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to refine and expand these tools, they accelerate the development of climate-saving plants with optimized root systems capable of storing more carbon for longer periods. </p>



<p>The accessibility and reproducibility of SLEAP and sleap-roots invite researchers worldwide to join the fight against climate change, fostering global collaboration and innovation. </p>



<p>With the Harnessing Plants Initiative at the forefront, Salk scientists are rooting for change, digging deep into plant biology, and branching out to make a lasting impact on our planet's future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/plantphenomics.0175" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Phenomics</a></em>.</p>



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AI is creating new plants that can help fight climate change

By focusing on root systems, researchers aim to create new...

<p>Bioluminescence, the remarkable ability of organisms to generate light through chemical reactions, originated in marine invertebrates known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-and-reefs-are-showing-surprising-resilience-as-global-waters-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octocorals</a> at least 540 million years ago, according to a new study by researchers at the <a href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History</a>. </p>



<p>These findings significantly predate previous records, which dated the earliest emergence of this luminous trait in animals to about 267 million years ago in ostracods, a type of small marine crustacean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-history-of-bioluminescence-nbsp">Evolutionary history of bioluminescence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This groundbreaking research not only revises the timeline of bioluminescence's evolutionary history but also opens new pathways to understanding why this ability developed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Nobody quite knows why it first evolved in animals,” said senior author Andrea Quattrini, the museum’s curator of corals. This mystery underscores the complexity and significance of bioluminescence, which has independently evolved at least 94 times across various species and plays crucial roles in behaviors such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-are-losing-their-camouflage-under-modern-street-lights/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">camouflage</a>, courtship, communication, and hunting.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioluminescent-group-of-corals-nbsp">Bioluminescent group of corals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The focus of the study was on octocorals - an ancient and frequently bioluminescent group that includes soft corals, sea fans, and sea pens. Unlike hard corals, octocorals consist of tiny colonial polyps that secrete a soft framework as their habitat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These organisms often exhibit bioluminescence when disturbed, although the exact reasons for this trait remain somewhat elusive.</p>



<p>To determine the origins of bioluminescence in octocorals, the researchers, including lead author Danielle DeLeo, a former postdoctoral fellow and museum research associate, analyzed an evolutionary tree of octocorals developed by Quattrini and Catherine McFadden of <a href="https://www.hmc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvey Mudd College</a> in 2022. </p>



<p>This tree, constructed using genetic data from 185 octocoral species, provided a detailed map of the evolutionary relationships within this group.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioluminescence-in-the-ancestors-of-current-octocorals">Bioluminescence in the ancestors of current octocorals</h2>



<p>By integrating two known-aged octocoral fossils into this group based on their physical features, the team was able to estimate the timeline of evolutionary splits within the octocoral lineage. They then mapped bioluminescent species onto this tree and applied statistical techniques for what is known as ancestral state reconstruction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This analysis aimed to infer the likelihood of bioluminescence in the ancestors of current octocorals. “If we know these species of octocorals living today are bioluminescent, we can use statistics to infer whether their ancestors were highly probable to be bioluminescent or not,” Quattrini explained.</p>



<p>The results were striking: bioluminescence likely existed in the common ancestor of all octocorals around 540 million years ago, a significant advancement over the previous record held by bioluminescent ostracods. </p>



<p>This early emergence suggests that bioluminescence has been a key trait contributing to the evolutionary success and long-term survival of octocorals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-bioluminescence-nbsp">Mystery of bioluminescence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings also raise further questions about the specific uses of bioluminescence in octocorals, prompting DeLeo and her colleagues to plan additional research. They are developing a genetic test to determine the presence of luciferase, an enzyme crucial for bioluminescence, in octocorals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This tool will help identify which of the over 3,000 living octocoral species still possess this luminescent capability and which have lost it, potentially shedding light on the ecological factors influencing this trait.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-biological-trait-nbsp">Fascinating biological trait&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Beyond its scientific implications, the study provides essential evolutionary context for the conservation and management of octocorals, which are increasingly threatened by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and human activities such as fishing, oil and gas extraction, and marine mineral mining. </p>



<p>The research is part of the museum’s Ocean Science Center's mission to enhance global understanding of oceanic processes and challenges.</p>



<p>As this study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2626" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences</em></a>, redefines the ancient origins of bioluminescence, while highlighting the need for further exploration into why such a fascinating biological trait evolved and its role in the survival and adaptation of marine organisms over millions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-bioluminescence-in-animals">Advantages of bioluminescence in animals</h2>



<p>Bioluminescence offers several advantages in the natural world. Predominantly found in marine organisms, though also present in some terrestrial species, this fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescent-gene-identified-that-makes-sea-pickles-glow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological trait</a> serves various ecological roles. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-luring-prey-nbsp">Luring prey&nbsp;</h3>



<p>For many deep-sea creatures, bioluminescence is crucial for attracting prey. The deep ocean is pitch dark, so any source of light is likely to draw attention. Organisms can use this to lure smaller creatures close enough to capture them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defense-mechanism-nbsp">Defense mechanism&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Moreover, bioluminescence is used for defense. Some species emit light to startle or distract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a>, giving them a chance to escape. Others may use bioluminescence to camouflage themselves, blending in with light filtering down from the surface to erase their silhouette and confuse predators from below.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-nbsp">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In addition to predation and defense, bioluminescence plays a role in reproduction. Certain species emit specific light patterns to attract mates, ensuring that they can find one another in the vast and dark depths of the oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



<p>The light can also serve as a form of communication among members of the same species, helping them signal their location, maintain group cohesion, or even warn others of dangers.</p>



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Bioluminescence emerged in animals 540 million years ago

Bioluminescence, the remarkable ability of organisms to generate light through...

<p>Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least one slice of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physics-perfect-pizza/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza</a>, contributing an impressive $47 billion annually to the U.S. economy. A significant portion of these pizzas arrives in corrugated cardboard boxes, posing a notable challenge for waste management due to their contamination with fats, oils, and greases (FOGs). Therefore, recycling pizza boxes is essential.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the contaminants make pizza boxes a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a> nightmare. Delicious, cheesy slices leave a greasy residue that renders the pizza boxes unsuitable for traditional recycling processes.</p>



<p>Compounds like peanut butter and pizza box grease are also incredibly difficult to clean off, essentially relegating many of these boxes to landfills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recycling-pizza-boxes">Recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory (<a href="https://inl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INL</a>) have embarked on a mission to change this. Consequently, they've developed a new method to decontaminate cardboard, which could revolutionize recycling practices for food containers. </p>



<p>Their latest publication in the <em>Journal of Cleaner Production</em> details this breakthrough, highlighting a process that uses material separation capabilities to address the issue.</p>



<p>"To make specific separations possible, we need to first prove the overall concept of material separations, which is what this study accomplished," explained Aaron Wilson, the principal investigator for this project.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dimethyl-ether-for-pizza-box-recycling">Dimethyl ether for pizza box recycling</h2>



<p>The heart of their experiment lies in the use of dimethyl ether (DME), a green solvent known for its use in refrigeration. The team designed a system with two vertical stainless-steel reactors to facilitate the extraction and separation of FOGs from contaminated cardboard. </p>



<p>The process begins by mixing broken-down cardboard pieces with DME, which pulls the contaminants out of the cardboard. The system then <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-recycle-know-new-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycles</a> this solvent, allowing for continuous operation without creating waste.</p>



<p>"The reactor process allowed us to extract the contaminants into separate fractions," Wilson shared, noting the successful separation of oils, water, and dryer solids into distinct components.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pizza-box-recycling-on-the-front-lines">Pizza box recycling on the front lines</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond just cleaner recycling.  Originally part of a research initiative linked to the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/program/resource" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ReSource Program</a>, the technology developed could significantly reduce the logistical footprint of military operations by transforming waste into useful resources. </p>



<p>This has potential benefits for operational security and efficiency, particularly in hostile environments where supply lines are vulnerable.</p>



<p>"Knowing that this works for the highly contaminated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza boxes</a> has helped validate the system for use in the battlefield," stated Jeff Lacey, another leading researcher on the project. </p>



<p>Lacey's team is now focused on refining the technology to enhance its portability and efficiency, critical factors for deployment in military contexts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-future">Sustainable future</h2>



<p>The successful application of this technology to pizza box waste not only promotes environmental sustainability but also opens doors to myriad other applications. From converting military waste to enabling more efficient battery recycling, the potential is vast.</p>



<p>"In essence, this research has many possible applications for national security and a net-zero future," Lacey concluded.</p>



<p>This initiative represents a significant step forward in tackling the recycling challenges posed by everyday waste and could pave the way for innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-zero-waste-a-global-commitment-to-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste management</a> solutions across various sectors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-recycling-pizza-boxes">Benefits of recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes offers substantial environmental and economic benefits that contribute to sustainability efforts. Here’s a detailed look at these advantages:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduces-waste-in-landfills">Reduces waste in landfills</h3>



<p>One of the immediate benefits of recycling pizza boxes is the reduction of waste sent to landfills. Pizza boxes are made from corrugated cardboard, which is biodegradable but can still take a considerable amount of time to decompose in landfill conditions. </p>



<p>Moreover, the presence of greases and residues can slow down this process and contribute to the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By recycling, these materials are reused rather than occupying landfill space.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserves-natural-resources">Conserves natural resources</h3>



<p>Recycling cardboard, including pizza boxes, helps conserve valuable natural resources, particularly wood fibers. The fibers in cardboard can be recycled several times before they become too short for paper production. This means that fewer trees need to be cut down to produce new cardboard, helping to preserve forests and the biodiversity within them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saves-energy">Saves energy</h3>



<p>The process of recycling cardboard uses significantly less energy than producing new cardboard from virgin pulp. Energy savings arise from reduced demands in raw material extraction, transportation, and processing. By using less energy, recycling also lowers greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevents-pollution">Prevents pollution</h3>



<p>By recycling pizza boxes, pollution generated from the production of new cardboard is also reduced. The manufacturing of cardboard from virgin materials involves various chemical processes that can release pollutants into the air and water. Recycling helps to minimize these pollutants, leading to cleaner air and water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits">Economic benefits </h3>



<p>Recycling creates more jobs than landfilling or incineration. The process of collecting, sorting, and processing recyclable materials is more labor-intensive than using these materials as a fuel source or burying them. This means more employment opportunities in the recycling and manufacturing industries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encourages-sustainable-practices">Encourages sustainable practices</h3>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes can foster a culture of recycling and sustainability within communities. When people engage in recycling, they become more aware of their waste habits and environmental impact. This awareness can lead to broader support for other sustainable practices, such as reducing plastic use, conserving water, and supporting renewable energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improves-community-health-and-safety">Improves community health and safety</h3>



<p>By reducing the amount of waste in landfills and decreasing pollution from new production processes, recycling helps to improve overall community health. Less landfill waste reduces potential soil and water contamination, and fewer emissions mean cleaner air and fewer respiratory issues for the community.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652623032389?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

New recycling solution tackles greasy pizza boxes

Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least...

<p>Did you know that the gender of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-stressed-at-work-and-at-home-during-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a> could influence your health outcomes? That's right, a new study has uncovered some fascinating – and potentially life-altering – differences between how male and female physicians practice medicine.</p>



<p>This intriguing finding opens up a conversation about the subtle differences in how male and female doctors practice medicine and their impact on patient care</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-female-doctors-and-patient-health">Female doctors and patient health</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a> meticulously analyzed a massive collection of medical records – over 770,000 in total. This extensive dataset allowed them to spot trends and patterns that might not be visible in a smaller study. They honed in specifically on patients who had been hospitalized, as that's a critical point in the healthcare journey.</p>



<p>The study revealed that patients of both genders had slightly better survival chances within the 30-day period following their hospital stay if their attending physician was a woman. Importantly, this positive effect was even stronger when the patient was female.</p>



<p>Another key finding was that patients, regardless of gender, were less likely to need readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge when treated by a female physician.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-this-mean-female-doctors-are-better">Does this mean female doctors are better?</h2>



<p>The situation isn't as straightforward as simply saying one gender makes a better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-using-emoji-to-diagnose-patients-in-clinics-and-hospitals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>. It's tempting to jump to conclusions, but this research doesn't support the idea that male doctors are inherently less skilled. </p>



<p>The research underscores a key insight: male and female physicians often differ subtly in their patient care approaches. These nuanced, perhaps subconscious, differences in doctor-patient interactions and decision-making can significantly affect a patient's health and recovery.</p>



<p>Studies suggest that biases might sometimes creep in. Male doctors, though well-intentioned, might underestimate the severity of symptoms reported by female patients. This misjudgment could lead to less aggressive or delayed treatment, impacting the patient's outcome.</p>



<p>Some experts observe that female physicians might have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-lying-doctor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> styles better suited to building trust and rapport with female patients. </p>



<p>Stronger doctor-patient communication could lead to more complete information sharing, better diagnoses, and more effective treatment plans.</p>



<p>Female patients may feel more at ease discussing sensitive or potentially embarrassing health issues with a female doctor. This increased comfort level could make them more likely to share vital details, allowing for better-informed medical decisions and positively influencing their health journey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-female-physicians">Critical role of female physicians</h2>



<p>This study opens a fascinating door, but it doesn't give us all the answers. We need to dig deeper to pinpoint the exact reasons why patients, particularly female patients, seem to have slightly better outcomes when treated by female physicians. </p>



<p>Is it communication style? Implicit bias? A mix of factors? More research is crucial to answer these questions fully.</p>



<p>Sadly, even with their proven skills and contributions, female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-doctors-and-nurses-need-more-training-in-disaster-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctors</a> often earn less than their male counterparts for the same work. This study is yet another reminder of the incredible value they bring to the healthcare system. </p>



<p>Closing the pay gap isn't just about fairness; it's about recognizing the critical role female physicians play in improving health outcomes for everyone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The deeper we understand the factors behind these findings, the better we can design training and systems to improve patient care across the board. This benefits everyone, regardless of the gender of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-work-cut-fake-news-online-misinformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>.</p>



<p>When everyone is compensated fairly, it attracts the best and brightest to the medical field. Ensuring pay equity could mean an even stronger healthcare system for everyone.</p>



<p>“What our findings indicate is that female and male physicians practice medicine differently, and these differences have a meaningful impact on patients' health outcomes,” said Dr. Yusuke Tsugawa. He is the associate professor-in-residence of medicine in the division of general internal medicine and health services research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study’s senior author. </p>



<p>“Further research on the underlying mechanisms linking physician gender with patient outcomes, and why the benefit of receiving the treatment from female physicians is larger for female patients, has the potential to improve patient outcomes across the board," Tsugawa concluded.</p>



<p>While your doctor's gender shouldn't be the <em>only</em> factor in your decision-making, this study reminds us that it might carry more weight than we previously thought. If you're searching for a doctor, it's definitely worth considering whether a female physician might be a better fit based on your personal needs.</p>



<p>The study is published in the peer-reviewed journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3163" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Internal Medicine</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Female doctors show significantly better patient health outcomes

Did you know that the gender of your doctor could...

<p>A recent comprehensive study has revealed alarming increases in copper, zinc, and sulfate levels in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-streams-are-not-as-clean-as-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain streams</a> of Colorado, influenced by acid rock drainage. Over the past three decades, these metal concentrations have roughly doubled in Colorado streams, endangering local ecosystems, water quality downstream, and complicating efforts in mining remediation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These problems are primarily caused by the natural chemical weathering of bedrock, which been intensified by ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.</p>



<p>“Heavy metals are a real challenge for ecosystems,” said lead Arthur Andrew Manning, geologist at the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey </a>in Denver. "Some are quite toxic. We are seeing regional, statistically significant trends in copper and zinc, two key metals that are commonly a problem in Colorado. It’s not ambiguous and it’s not small."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rusting-arctic-rivers-nbsp">Rusting Arctic rivers&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This study is based on previous research on the management of Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-resources-are-becoming-increasingly-polluted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water resources</a>. The study further explores the complex relationship between rising temperatures and increased sulfide weathering, a topic that remains partially understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, recent phenomena such as the emergence of “rusting Arctic rivers,” which have begun to flow from thawing permafrost areas, suggest a similar underlying process but on a magnified scale, according to Manning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metal-deposits-in-mountain-streams-nbsp">Metal deposits in mountain streams&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Colorado's unique geology, rich in metal sulfides like the well-known iron sulfide (fool’s gold or pyrite), as well as copper and zinc sulfides, plays a crucial role in this scenario.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When these sulfides are exposed to air, they oxidize, a reaction that liberates metals into the groundwater. This contaminated water then surfaces in streams, leaving behind distinctive rusty red deposits indicative of iron sulfide oxidation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the oxidation process acidifies the water, potentially hastening further weathering and environmental degradation. Notably, some of the alpine streams sampled exhibited extremely low pH levels, ranging from 3 to 4.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isolating-the-effects-of-climate-change">Isolating the effects of climate change</h2>



<p>Drawing on 40 years of water chemistry data, with the latest samples collected in 2021, the researchers analyzed conditions in 22 headwater streams across 17 high-altitude watersheds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These areas, situated above 3,000 meters (approximately 10,000 feet) and characterized by their natural acidity and metal richness, have historically limited the presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-aquatic-plants-could-help-clean-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic plants</a> and animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Importantly, these watersheds have experienced no recent mining or remediation interventions. “The key point is no recent mining or remediation work has been done,” Manning explained. “These watersheds have just been sitting there responding to nothing other than the climate.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initial-spike-of-metals-in-streams">Initial spike of metals in streams</h2>



<p>As these enriched streams descend into larger rivers, the metal concentrations are somewhat diluted, yet the initial spike remains a significant concern.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“I don’t think this is a big red flag for major metropolitan or agriculture users way downstream at lower elevations but some of our mountain communities get their water only a short distance down from these mineralized streams,” Manning said.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-study-implications-nbsp">Broader study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The data from this study are critical for water managers who need to anticipate which metals are entering the streams, and at what rate, to effectively mitigate risks and allocate resources for stream remediation and tourism development.</p>



<p>The broader implications of this study extend beyond local concerns, as it links similar increases in sulfate concentrations observed in mountain streams globally to climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research is the first to statistically connect accelerated sulfide weathering with rising temperatures across a broad geographical area.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-universal-signal-of-climate-change">A universal signal of climate change </h2>



<p>Manning postulates that thawing underground ice at the highest, coldest mountain elevations is a major factor.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Ice is like armor. Melt it and you create windows for groundwater to get into rock that has not seen water and oxygen for millennia, and it will begin to oxidize quite quickly,” explained Manning.</p>



<p>While the study did not find direct correlations with other potential factors such as falling water tables or melting rock glaciers, these could still influence other areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“There’s just no other logical explanation than this is a changing climate signal. Nothing else would reach all these watersheds universally,” concluded Manning.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036062" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Water Resources Research.</em></a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Metals have doubled in streams due to climate change 

A recent comprehensive study has revealed alarming increases in copper,...

<p>The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc on cacao trees in Ghana, posing a serious threat to the world’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-eating-chocolate-feels-so-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> supply. Approximately half of the global chocolate production originates from West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana. </p>



<p>The spread of CSSVD, primarily transmitted by mealybugs that feed on the leaves, buds, and flowers of cacao <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cacao-trees-5000-year-odyssey-global-domestication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>, has resulted in substantial harvest losses, ranging from 15% to 50% in affected areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-cacao-trees-lost-to-the-virus">Millions of cacao trees lost to the virus</h2>



<p>“This virus is a real threat to the global supply of chocolate,” said Benito Chen-Charpentier, a professor of mathematics at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a>. “Pesticides don’t work well against mealybugs, leaving farmers to try to prevent the spread of the disease by cutting out infected trees and breeding resistant trees. But despite these efforts, Ghana has lost more than 254 million cacao trees in recent years.”</p>



<p>The economic impact is further compounded for farmers by the high cost of vaccines for the trees, which are not only expensive but also lead to a reduced yield of cacao, exacerbating the challenges posed by the virus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-strategy-against-chocolate-tree-virus">New strategy against chocolate tree virus</h2>



<p>In response to this crisis, Chen-Charpentier has collaborated with researchers from the <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>, the <a href="https://www.usf.edu/">University of South Florida</a>, and the<a href="https://www.crig.org.gh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Cocoa Research Institute</a> of Ghana to devise a novel strategy. </p>



<p>The team utilized mathematical modeling to determine optimal spacing for planting vaccinated cacao trees. This spacing is critical to prevent mealybugs from transferring the virus between vaccinated and unvaccinated trees.</p>



<p>“Mealybugs have several ways of movement, including moving from canopy to canopy, being carried by ants or blown by the wind,” Chen-Charpentier said. “What we needed to do was create a model for cacao growers so they could know how far away they could safely plant vaccinated trees from unvaccinated trees in order to prevent the spread of the virus while keeping costs manageable for these small farmers.”</p>



<p>The team developed two types of mathematical models that enable farmers to create a barrier of vaccinated trees around those that are unvaccinated, potentially offering a new way to manage the spread of CSSVD while maintaining crop yields.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While still experimental, these models are exciting because they would help farmers protect their crops while helping them achieve a better harvest. This is good for the farmers’ bottom line, as well as our global addiction to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-discovery-eating-chocolate-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a>,” Chan-Charlpetier concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cacao-trees">More about cacao trees</h2>



<p>Chocolate trees, scientifically known as Theobroma cacao, are the source of all the world's chocolate. These tropical trees are native to the deep tropical regions of Central and South America, where they thrive in the understory layer of forests, needing a mix of shade and humidity to prosper.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growth-of-cacao-trees-nbsp">Growth of cacao trees&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The trees are relatively small, usually not growing beyond 4 to 8 meters in height. They bear fruit called cacao pods, which are large, colorful, and contain the precious cacao beans used in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-chocolate-in-the-morning-may-help-you-lose-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> production. The pods themselves are directly attached to the trunk and larger branches of the tree, a growth pattern known as cauliflory.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle-and-challenges">Life cycle and challenges</h3>



<p>The life cycle of a cacao tree begins with its flowers, which are pollinated by tiny insects. After pollination, the pods take several months to mature, with each pod containing 20 to 60 beans surrounded by a sweet, pulpy matrix. The beans are harvested, fermented, dried, and then processed to make various chocolate products.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A key challenge for cacao farmers is the tree's sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-a-compound-that-protects-cacao-trees-from-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>, which can affect yield and quality of the chocolate products.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-and-cultural-significance-nbsp">Economic and cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Historically, cacao has been significant both culturally and economically in the regions where it is grown. It was used by ancient Mesoamerican civilizations like the Aztecs and the Maya not just as food, but also as currency and in religious rituals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Today, the global demand for chocolate keeps cacao cultivation economically relevant, though it also presents challenges including the need for sustainable and fair farming practices.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294579" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Deadly virus threatens global chocolate supply

The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc...

<p>For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process by which materials emit light after exposure -- has fascinated scientists. </p>



<p>Traditionally linked to semiconductors like silicon, luminescence aids scientists in understanding vital electronic processes, especially in devices like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-prove-valuable-for-making-solar-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cells</a>.</p>



<p>However, researchers recently achieved a breakthrough that has clarified the behavior of metals under luminescence, which had long remained a mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-code-to-gold-s-luminescence">Cracking the code to gold's luminescence</h2>



<p>Metals have been known to emit light since 1969, but understanding their luminescence has eluded scientists for decades. Consequently, this mystery persisted due to the complex quantum mechanical effects that govern luminescence at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-put-nanoscale-tattoos-onto-individual-cells-inside-your-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>.</p>



<p>The breakthrough came from Giulia Tagliabue's team at the Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LNET</a>), within a prestigious School of Engineering.</p>



<p>They developed high-quality monocrystalline gold films, ranging from 13 to 113 nanometers thick. These films were key to eliminating the confounding factors that had obscured earlier experiments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-laser-beams-reveal-gold-s-luminescence">Laser beams reveal gold's luminescence</h2>



<p>Using focused laser beams, the researchers observed a faint glow from these gold films. This unexpected and detailed data prompted collaboration with theoreticians from the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (<a href="https://bist.eu/">BIST</a>), the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a>, and the <a href="https://www.rpi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in the USA. </p>



<p>Together, they applied refined quantum mechanical models to interpret the results. Subsequently, this collaborative effort resulted in the first complete and quantitative model of photoluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-be-a-valuable-source-of-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold</a>.</p>



<p>This model defines how electrons and their counterparts, known as holes, respond to light in a specific way unique to photoluminescence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-quantum-effects">Surprising quantum effects</h2>



<p>As the team investigated further, they found unusual quantum effects in unexpectedly thick gold films.</p>



<p>“We observed certain quantum mechanical effects emerging in films of up to about 40 nanometers, which was unexpected. "Normally for a metal, you don’t see such effects until you go well below 10 nm,” Tagliabue clarified.</p>



<p>This finding is crucial because it pinpoints exactly where luminescence occurs in the gold, which is essential for using it as a probe in scientific research.</p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers discovered a new use for the gold's photoluminescent signal. It can measure surface temperatures at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-first-evidence-of-a-self-healing-metal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>, offering a significant benefit due to the difficulties associated with temperature measurements in such small scales.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-climate-change-with-new-technologies">Tackling climate change with new technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend far beyond basic science. “To combat climate change, we are going to need technologies to convert CO2 into other useful chemicals one way or another,” stated Alan Bowman, a postdoctoral researcher at LNET and the study’s first author.</p>



<p>Gold and copper, which the team will explore next, are vital for triggering chemical reactions that produce solar fuels. </p>



<p>These fuels convert solar energy into chemical bonds, offering a sustainable energy storage solution. Improved understanding of metal surfaces through luminescence could enhance the efficiency of these reactions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-gold-s-glow-and-metal-luminescence">Understanding gold's glow and metal luminescence</h2>



<p>In summary, the LNET team's fascinating research has settled the long-standing debate surrounding metal luminescence and gold's "glow" while unlocking new possibilities for nanoscale temperature mapping and energy research.</p>



<p>By developing high-quality metal gold films and applying innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bridging-quantum-classical-physics-nanoparticle-entanglement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanical</a> modeling methods, the researchers have unveiled unexpected quantum effects and demonstrated the potential of photoluminescence as a self-probing tool for surface temperature. </p>



<p>As the world faces the urgent challenge of climate change, these findings pave the way for more efficient and effective technologies to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals, offering hope for a more sustainable future. </p>



<p>The LNET team's work marks the beginning of a new era in understanding metal luminescence and its far-reaching implications for energy research and beyond.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-024-01408-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Light Science &amp; Applications</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Gold owes its 'glow' and luminescence to the quantum realm

For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process...

<p>The tobacco industry may have found a new way to target our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-platforms-earned-11-billion-last-year-from-kids-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kids</a>, and it's hiding in plain sight. Disguised as cool vibes and social trends, a new study reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-posts-are-not-a-good-representation-of-our-true-selves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> is having a powerful influence on teen smoking initiation.</p>



<p>What seems like harmless digital content can have lasting, real-world consequences. A remarkable new study by Boston University School of Public Health (<a href="https://www.bu.edu/sph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BUSPH</a>) sheds light on this worrying connection, demonstrating how social media use heavily influences youth habits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-use-and-smoking">Social media use and smoking</h2>



<p>According to the study, teens who use social media every day face a 67% higher risk of starting to smoke compared to those who use these platforms less often. This demonstrates the powerful influence social media has on youth behavior.</p>



<p>Approximately 10% of middle and high school students – a staggering 2.8 million kids – are currently using at least one tobacco product. This shockingly high number shows how successful tobacco companies are in reaching young people.</p>



<p>Moreover, e-cigarettes and vaping are making the problem even worse. Many teens now use multiple tobacco products, increasing their exposure to harmful chemicals and long-term health risks.</p>



<p>"Our results add to a growing body of literature documenting the harms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> use for this age group, as well as how commercial interests such as the tobacco industry are targeting kids on these platforms," says study lead author Dr. Lynsie Ranker, assistant professor of community health sciences at BUSPH.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tobacco-industry-targeting-young-minds">Tobacco industry targeting young minds</h2>



<p>The tobacco industry has a long history of targeting youth, and social media is their latest weapon. Their tactics are carefully designed to appeal to and manipulate young minds.</p>



<p>Flavors like cotton candy and bubblegum in e-cigarettes are deliberately aimed at teens and young adults. These flavors mask the harshness of nicotine and make the products seem fun and harmless.</p>



<p>Moreover, by partnering with celebrities and popular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-break-can-significantly-improve-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> influencers, they create an illusion of glamour and social acceptance around smoking and vaping. This makes these products seem desirable and trendy.</p>



<p>Images of happy groups using tobacco or vaping products create the false perception that "everyone's doing it." This taps into the natural teenage desire to feel included and can pressure teens to experiment to avoid feeling left out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-social-media-scrolling-to-smoking">From social media scrolling to smoking</h2>



<p>The Boston University study reveals critical details about the tactics social media uses to influence teens' tobacco use. Surprisingly, teens who use social media every day are at the highest risk. </p>



<p>This underscores how repeated exposure to pro-tobacco messages and images gradually breaks down their resistance and makes smoking seem more normal.</p>



<p>Even seemingly small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-you-use-social-media-affects-your-sense-of-happiness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interactions</a>, like liking or following a tobacco brand's page, increases a teen's risk of trying tobacco. These actions make teens more receptive to the idea of smoking, slowly changing their perception of the product.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencers-and-social-norming">Influencers and "social norming"</h2>



<p>As discussed, social media often presents a highly edited and unrealistic view of the world. When teens constantly see their peers or favorite influencers seemingly enjoying tobacco products without consequences, it has a dangerous impact.</p>



<p>This constant exposure normalizes tobacco use. It makes smoking and vaping seem like harmless everyday activities rather than a serious health risk.</p>



<p>Images of others seemingly having fun while using tobacco can trigger FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) in teens. This powerful emotion can push teens to experiment with tobacco just to feel like they belong to the perceived "in" crowd.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-responsible">Who is responsible?</h2>



<p>"It is not surprising that tobacco manufacturers target youth through social media,” says study coauthor Dr. Traci Hong, professor of media science at Boston University College of Communication.</p>



<p>Currently, the burden of regulating tobacco promotion on social media is largely left up to the platforms themselves. This has resulted in a confusing patchwork of policies that tobacco companies are all too adept at exploiting.</p>



<p>"Based on our research, social media platforms lack self-regulation,” says study coauthor Dr. Jessica Fetterman, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University <a href="https://www.bumc.bu.edu/camed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine</a>. "The government must step forward to regulate tobacco marketing on social media, just as they have done for other forms of media such as TV and print ads.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-stop-teens-on-social-media-from-smoking">How to stop teens on social media from smoking?</h2>



<p>We can't place the entire burden on legislation. Here's what parents, educators, and teens themselves can do:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talk-openly">Talk openly</h3>



<p>Equipping our teens with the knowledge and tools to resist social media manipulation is crucial. Don't wait until you suspect a problem. Begin talking to teens about the dangers of tobacco use, including cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and vaping products, well before they enter their teenage years.</p>



<p>Provide teens with accurate information about the addictive nature of tobacco and the serious health risks associated with its use. Highlight the long-term consequences like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.</p>



<p>Practice how teens can politely decline social pressure to experiment with tobacco. Role-playing potential situations and responses can empower them to make healthy choices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-media-literacy-nbsp">Media literacy&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Help teens understand that not everything they see on social media is real, honest, or unbiased. Teach them to be savvy consumers of online content by asking themselves these key questions:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Who created this content?</strong> Is it an individual, a brand, an influencer, a news organization, etc.? Understanding the source helps evaluate potential motives.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>What is the purpose?</strong> Are they trying to sell something, promote an idea, entertain, or inform? Identifying the purpose reveals possible biases.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>How does this make me feel?</strong> Does the content make you feel insecure, excited, happy, or afraid? Strong emotions can be a sign of manipulation.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Does this seem realistic?</strong> Is the content portraying situations or lifestyles that seem overly perfect or dramatic? Perfection is often a sign of staging, not reality.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Where else can I find information?</strong> Encourage teens to cross-check facts on reputable news sites, government health websites (.gov), or educational organizations (.org) to see if the information aligns.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-find-alternative-connections">Find alternative connections</h3>



<p>While social media can offer a form of connection, it cannot replace the value of genuine, face-to-face interactions. Sports teams, clubs, and activities provide a space for teens to meet others with shared interests. This fosters deeper friendships based on real connections, common experiences, and shared goals.</p>



<p>Focusing on in-person activities helps combat the feelings of loneliness and isolation that can result from excessive social media use.</p>



<p>Face-to-face interactions are essential for developing crucial communication skills like reading body language, resolving conflict, and having meaningful conversations – skills that don't always translate well online.</p>



<p>Feeling part of a team, contributing to a group project, or performing in front of an audience can all build confidence and self-worth – something that isn't as easily achieved through social media likes and comments.</p>



<p>Physical activity, creative pursuits, and shared hobbies offer healthy ways to manage stress and promote overall well-being.</p>



<p>Developing a healthy skepticism of online content takes time and practice. Encourage teens to have these conversations with friends, teachers, and parents as they navigate social media. Let's help our youth be smarter than the algorithms designed to manipulate them.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460324000492?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Addictive Behaviors</a></em>.</p>



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Daily social media use makes teens more likely to start smoking

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