<p>Nature Photonics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2007 and published monthly by the Nature Publishing Group. As with other Nature journals, this periodical has no external Editorial Board with editorial decisions made by a fully-functioning in-house team.</p>
<p>The journal covers research related to optoelectronics, laser science, imaging, communications, and other aspects of photonics. It publishes review articles, research papers, news and commentary, and research highlights summarizing the latest scientific findings in optoelectronics. Articles are also covered on the business side of the industry covering areas such as technology commercialization and market analysis.</p>
<p>The journal also covers a wide array of topics including lasers, LEDs, detectors and sensors, engineered structures, physics of light propagation, interaction and behavior, quantum optics, biophotonics, optical data storage, fibre optics, solar energy, nonlinear optics, plasmonics, and X-rays, among others.</p>
<p>Image Caption: July 2009 cover of the scientific journal Nature Photonics. Credit: Wikipedia</p>
<p>Journal Homepage</p>


What is Nature Photonics?

<p>Dreams have been a source of wonder and speculation for millennia. Are they cryptic messages from beyond? Or are our brains merely firing off random patterns as we sleep? What if they change our perceptions?</p>



<p>As it turns out, science is starting to lean away from the "random patterns" idea. Researchers are discovering compelling evidence that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dreams-keep-the-brain-from-becoming-too-familiar-with-everyday-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dreams</a> play a far more important role in our lives than we might have thought.</p>



<p>Think back to your last few nights. What did your dreams hold? Triumphs? Terrors? Perhaps just those odd, fleeting moments that fade with the morning light. At the recent Cognitive Neuroscience Society (<a href="https://www.cogneurosociety.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CNS</a>) annual meeting, experts like Remington Mallett from the <a href="https://www.umontreal.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montréal</a> shared that no matter the content, our dreams can profoundly influence the way we think, feel, and experience the world around us.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-dreams-random-or-perceptions-of-the-self">Are dreams random or perceptions of the self?</h2>



<p>For ages, the question of "Why do we <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meaningful-dream-experiences-can-boost-your-work-productivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dream</a>?" has puzzled philosophers, artists, and scientists alike. One of the biggest challenges, according to Mallet, is the difficulty in studying such a subjective, internal phenomenon. But the tide is starting to shift:</p>



<p>"Because we don't know much about dreams, it is hard to estimate their full impact on our waking lives," says Mallett. "But current results suggest that indeed dreams influence our waking experiences."</p>



<p>So, if your dreams aren't just a jumble of nonsense, what <em>are</em> they, and how are they making a difference?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dreams-insomnia-and-perception">Dreams, insomnia and perception</h2>



<p>If you suffer from insomnia, you're intimately familiar with that frustrating sense of exhaustion that persists even after what seems like a long night of sleep. This begs the question: could how you <em>think</em> you slept be misaligned with the reality of your sleep patterns?</p>



<p>Claudia Picard-Deland and her team investigated this concept by studying "good sleepers." Their method involved waking participants multiple times throughout the night to record their self-reported state (awake or asleep) and the presence or absence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-dreams-help-us-organize-our-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dream</a> activity. </p>



<p>The findings were surprising: Participants often reported feeling awake while measurements clearly indicated they were asleep. This phenomenon was most common in the earlier, lighter stages of sleep.</p>



<p>Moreover, when participants were able to recall their dreams, they reported an overall feeling of having slept more deeply. This effect was strongest when the remembered dreams were particularly vivid or immersive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-findings">Implications of the findings</h2>



<p>For those who struggle with insomnia, understanding that they might be getting more sleep than they realize could significantly reduce anxiety surrounding sleep. This newfound awareness has the potential to break a negative feedback loop fueled by sleep-related worry.</p>



<p>Picard-Deland's research hints at the possibility of "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-genes-control-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dream</a>-based" therapies. The idea is that by learning techniques to have more vivid or memorable dreams, people could train themselves to feel like they've had a more restful sleep, improving their overall sense of well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-lucid-dreaming">The power of lucid dreaming</h2>



<p>What if you could actively take part in your dreams and even send messages to the outside world? Well, some people can, and Saba Al-Youssef of <a href="https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sorbonne Université</a> is uncovering what we can learn from them.</p>



<p>Lucid dreaming happens when you're asleep but become aware that you're dreaming. This grants you a remarkable level of control over your dream world. Al-Youssef's research uses the ability of lucid dreamers to move facial muscles as a real-time communication tool.</p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/angry-dreams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dreams</a> are a hidden world to which we have no direct access," explains Al-Youssef. "The capacity of lucid dreamers to communicate with us in real time gives us side door access to dreams, at least knowing when a specific event is happening."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manipulating-dreams-for-better-living">Manipulating dreams for better living</h2>



<p>The research presented by both Picard-Deland and Al-Youssef hints at the possibility of directly influencing our dreams, a key concept with wide-ranging potential for improving our well-being. Controlled dream manipulation offers several key benefits.</p>



<p>The ability to purposefully modify aspects of dreams would give scientists unprecedented control in their experiments. This could lead to faster, more accurate discoveries about how dreams work and their impact on our waking lives.</p>



<p>Nightmares go beyond mere annoyance; they can be a source of profound distress and even trauma. By understanding the mechanisms behind dream generation, researchers hope to develop methods for altering dreams in real-time. This could mean turning a terrifying nightmare into a neutral or even positive experience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dream-manipulation-and-perceptions">Dream manipulation and perceptions</h2>



<p>Dreams often feel like a kaleidoscope of our lives – fragments of experiences, perceptions, and emotions woven together into strange yet captivating narratives. This unique quality makes dreams a potentially invaluable tool for both self-discovery and therapeutic intervention.</p>



<p>If we can learn to intentionally shape or influence our dreams, we might unlock:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-mind">Understanding the mind</h3>



<p>By manipulating specific aspects of our dreams, researchers could gain insights into the complex ways our minds process information, store memories, and generate emotions. This knowledge could translate into better models of the brain and more effective treatments for cognitive disorders.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeted-therapy">Targeted therapy</h3>



<p>Individuals struggling with conditions like PTSD, anxiety, or depression may benefit from tailored dream manipulation techniques. Therapists could potentially guide patients towards having dreams that promote emotional processing, help work through trauma, or reinforce positive coping mechanisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-mental-wellness-nbsp">Personalized mental wellness&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Even beyond clinical settings, dream manipulation could offer new ways to boost creativity, enhance problem-solving, and foster a greater sense of self-awareness. Imagine being able to cultivate dreams that leave you feeling inspired, mentally refreshed, and better equipped to navigate life's challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-dreams-and-perceptions">Linking dreams and perceptions</h2>



<p>It's easy to dismiss dreams as fleeting nonsense that vanishes with the morning light. However, this research suggests it's high time to reconsider that attitude. Dreams aren't just a quirky form of nocturnal entertainment – they hold a wealth of potential insights into your inner workings, how you rest, and even your overall mental health.</p>



<p>Dreams directly mirror the way we experience the world around us. This means that the themes, emotions, and patterns that emerge in your dreams likely tell a deeper story about how you think, feel, and navigate life in your waking hours.</p>



<p>Imagine if you could learn to understand the language of your dreams. Your dreams could highlight patterns and blind spots in your thinking, emotions, or behavior. This newfound awareness could be a catalyst for self-improvement and growth.</p>



<p>Moreover, paying attention to your dreams might change your perception of your sleep quality. You might realize you're sleeping better than you thought. </p>



<p>Dream interpretation techniques could become a tool for emotional processing, stress reduction, and even creative problem-solving within your subconscious mind.</p>



<p>The science of dreams is still evolving. But one thing is crystal clear: those journeys you take as you sleep have the power to spill over into your reality in fascinating ways.</p>



<p>The study is part of the symposium <a href="https://www.cogneurosociety.org/symposia/?sym=28" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Into the Night: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Dreaming</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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How do dreams influence our perceptions?

Dreams have been a source of wonder and speculation for...

<p>Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to recover naturally. <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birds</a> like the collared araçari play a vital role in the growth of diverse young forests by dispersing seeds of various tree species. </p>



<p>Recent findings from the lab of Professor Thomas Crowther at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> shed light on a significant barrier to natural forest regeneration. In the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where data was gathered, wild birds enhance carbon storage by up to 38%. This uplift is vital for the forest's health and our planet's climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-carbon-storage">What is carbon storage?</h2>



<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. This means it traps heat within Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the overall warming of our planet. Excessive amounts of CO2 lead to significant disruptions in weather patterns, rising temperatures, and other negative consequences of climate change.</p>



<p>Trees have an extraordinary ability to naturally remove CO2 from the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, they absorb CO2 and convert it into sugars for energy. The carbon from the CO2 is then stored within the tree's trunk, branches, leaves, and roots, helping the tree grow.</p>



<p>Large, healthy forests act as massive carbon sinks. This means they actively remove significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. Reducing the levels of CO2 in our air helps mitigate the effects of climate change and protects the planet for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seed-dispersal-in-forests-by-birds">Seed dispersal in forests by birds</h2>



<p>Birds play a crucial role in seed dispersal, particularly in maintaining the health and regeneration of forests. Many birds feed on fruits that contain seeds. As they eat, they ingest the seeds along with the fruit.</p>



<p>After eating, birds fly across various distances, carrying the seeds within them. This mobility allows seeds to be dispersed over a wider area than many other natural dispersal mechanisms.</p>



<p>Eventually, the seeds are excreted by the birds in different locations from where they were consumed. This dispersal through bird droppings introduces plant species into new areas.</p>



<p>The seeds, now in a new location and often mixed with natural fertilizers from the bird's droppings, can germinate and grow into new plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragmented-forests-a-problem-for-birds-seeds-and-us">Fragmented forests: A problem for birds, seeds and us</h2>



<p>Deforestation doesn't just remove trees; it disrupts crucial ecological processes like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-are-birds-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>. Smaller birds tend to consume large quantities of seeds but favor smaller seeds from trees with limited carbon storage potential. </p>



<p>Larger birds, like the Toco toucan, target larger, carbon-rich seeds. However, they are less inclined to venture across the open spaces created by deforestation. This means fragmented forests lose out on the most effective carbon-storing trees that depend on large birds for seed dispersal.</p>



<p>The researchers identified a critical threshold for bird movement and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-degradation-is-a-major-cause-of-bird-population-declines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> recovery. Landscapes maintaining at least 40% forest cover, with distances between forest patches not exceeding 133 meters (around 435 feet), allow birds greater freedom of movement. This translates to increased seed dispersal and a better chance for the forest to regenerate.</p>



<p>"This crucial information enables us to pinpoint active restoration efforts - like tree planting - in landscapes falling below this forest cover threshold, where assisted restoration is most urgent and effective," explained Daisy Dent, lead scientist at the Crowther Lab.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-seed-dispersal-beyond-tree-planting">Bird seed dispersal beyond tree planting</h2>



<p>While planting trees is a crucial aspect of reforestation efforts, it doesn't guarantee a fully restored, functional forest ecosystem. This study emphasizes that successful forest regeneration goes beyond just the sheer quantity of trees.</p>



<p>Natural processes, like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-is-harder-on-birds-in-the-forest-than-in-the-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, have evolved over millennia. These processes ensure that the right mix of tree species thrives in a given environment. This leads to a more resilient and biodiverse forest with increased long-term benefits.</p>



<p>Sometimes, creating the right conditions is all it takes for nature to work its magic. Restoring forest connectivity and protecting key species, like fruit-eating birds, creates a space for natural regeneration to flourish. This approach recognizes that the most effective solutions often involve working in tandem with nature rather than trying to replace it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-we-can-help-the-forests-and-birds-seed-dispersal">How we can help the forests and birds seed dispersal</h2>



<p>To ensure a balanced relationship between forests and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-reproduction-suffers-greatly-during-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> seed dispersal, the following steps can be considered:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connect-the-fragments">Connect the fragments</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Wildlife highways:</strong>&nbsp;Forest corridors act like safe highways for birds, particularly those that are hesitant to venture into open areas. These can range from narrow strips of trees to wider "stepping stones" of vegetation depending on the needs of local bird species.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting diversity:</strong>&nbsp;Corridors not only allow for safe passage, but they expand the foraging range for birds. This increases the chances of seeds from a wider variety of plants being dispersed as birds move about.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-feast">Fruit feast</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Supporting the seed spreaders:</strong>&nbsp;Native fruit trees fulfill the dietary needs of local bird populations, making them more likely to stay in the area and continue dispersing seeds. These trees are a vital food source, especially during times when other resources may be scarce.</li>



<li><strong>The right kind of fruit:</strong>&nbsp;Planting the native fruit trees that birds have co-evolved with ensures better success. These are the fruits the birds naturally recognize and prefer, making them more effective seed distributors for the local ecosystem.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-hunting-zones">No hunting zones</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ecosystem balance:</strong>&nbsp;Poaching disrupts the natural balance by removing birds from their vital roles as seed dispersers. Protecting them maintains healthy populations that contribute directly to the forest's ability to regenerate.</li>



<li><strong>Beyond just birds:</strong>&nbsp;Often, anti-poaching measures and protected areas benefit a wide variety of wildlife, not just birds. These can have cascading effects on the health of the forest as a whole.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the word</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Changing perceptions:</strong>&nbsp;Many people might not understand the intricate relationship between birds, seeds and forests. Educational campaigns can shift this mindset and promote the appreciation for birds as more than just pretty creatures.</li>



<li><strong>Advocacy and action:</strong>&nbsp;Increased public awareness can lead to greater support for conservation policies, funding for restoration projects, and individual choices that have positive impacts on bird habitats.</li>
</ul>



<p>"By identifying the thresholds of forest cover in the surrounding landscape that allow seed dispersal, we can identify areas where natural regeneration is possible, as well as areas where we need to actively plant trees, allowing us to maximize the cost-effectiveness of forest restoration," explained study co-author Danielle Ramos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"We have always known that birds are essential, but it is remarkable to discover the scale of those effects," said Professor Crowther. This study shows us that forests aren't just a bunch of trees - they're complex communities. </p>



<p>By protecting and restoring these habitats and the amazing creatures that call them home, we're not just saving birds, we're investing in our planet's future.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01989-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.</p>



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Birds increase forest recovery by dispersing seeds

Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to...

<p>An international team of researchers, co-led by Ariadna Mechó from the <a href="https://www.bsc.es/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación</a> (BSC-CNS), has recently made an exciting discovery off the coast of Chile. During an expedition to the Salas y Gómez Ridge - a less explored stretch of underwater mountains extending from Chile to Rapa Nui - the experts observed 160 deep-sea species that were not known to inhabit the region. </p>



<p>Among the deep-sea species that were spotted, the researchers suspect that at least 50 might be entirely new to science. </p>



<p>The expedition, supported by the <a href="https://schmidtocean.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schmidt Ocean Institute</a>, uncovered a variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/seven-surprising-secrets-of-the-deepest-sea-creatures/">deep-sea organisms</a> including corals, glass sponges, sea urchins, squids, fishes, molluscs, crabs, sea stars, and squat lobsters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerable-deep-sea-species">Vulnerable deep-sea species</h2>



<p>Mechó, part of the Climate Variability and Change group at the BSC's Earth Sciences Department, shared these findings at the <a href="https://oceandecade-conference.com/off-site-satellite-events.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean Decade MPA Forum: Progress, Obstacles and Solutions</a>, an event linked to the <a href="https://oceandecade-conference.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Ocean Decade Conference</a> in Barcelona from April 10-12, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The main results of this campaign are that we have found between 50 and 60 potentially new species at first sight, a number that is likely to increase as we have many samples to work on in the laboratory. We also found one of the deepest mesophotic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">corals</a> in the world, extending the distribution of this Polynesian fauna by several hundred kilometers. And at depth, we have found fields of sponges and corals, habitats that are considered vulnerable and in need of protection,” Mechó said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapa-nui-sea-council">Rapa Nui Sea Council</h2>



<p>The expedition team consisted of 25 scientists from 14 organizations across five countries (Chile, United States, Italy, Spain, Netherlands) and took place from February 24 to April 4. Notably, the team included Emilia Ra'a Palma Tuki, the first Rapa Nui marine biologist, a recent graduate from <a href="https://www.ucn.cl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad Católica del Norte</a> in Chile.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Rapa Nui Sea Council, or Koro Nui o te Vaikava, provided critical support and permits for the expedition, enhancing the project with local knowledge and a representative from the Rapa Nui community.</p>



<p>The discoveries made during this research will contribute significantly to the management and potential expansion of marine protected areas, particularly around Rapa Nui, one of the most unexplored regions on the planet. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitat-for-deep-sea-species-nbsp">Critical habitat for deep-sea species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Salas y Gómez Ridge, spanning 2,900 kilometers and hosting over 200 seamounts, is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-biodiversity-hotspots/">biodiversity hotspot</a> known for its unique ecosystems and high rate of endemism. It serves as a critical habitat for benthic organisms and an important migration corridor for various species, including over 80 that are threatened or endangered.</p>



<p>The region's rich cultural and maritime heritage, significant to both indigenous islanders and global communities, underscores the urgent need for international cooperation to protect these pristine environments from exploitation and the loss of biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-uncharted-territory-nbsp">Exploring uncharted territory&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In addition to field research, the BSC's role involves leveraging supercomputing to model climate scenarios that help predict the distribution of key species and understand how future changes might impact them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But first, we need to better understand the biodiversity and connectivity of the region to know which keystone species are found there and on which mountains exactly, as well as potential faunal breaks (where communities change or stop connecting with each other). Basically, it is a unique exploration in places where practically everything is unexplored,” Mechó explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-deep-sea-species-in-the-high-seas">Protecting deep-sea species in the high seas</h2>



<p>This research is crucial for advocating the designation of the Salas y Gomez Ridge as an ecologically and biologically significant marine area (EBSA) under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and as a “priority area” for international protection under the 2023 <a href="https://highseasalliance.org/treaty-negotiations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High Seas Treaty</a>.</p>



<p>Further emphasizing the importance of this region, a previous campaign between January and February 2024 focused on the intersection of the Salas y Gomez and Nazca Ridges and the Desventuradas Islands. </p>



<p>Across both expeditions, more than 100 new deep-sea species were discovered, highlighting the necessity for a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-pinpoint-blue-corridors-for-large-migratory-fish/">blue corridor</a>" that would establish one of the world's first high-seas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/">marine protected areas</a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ROV SuBastian / Schmidt Ocean Institute</p>



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Dozens of deep-sea species discovered off the coast of Chile

An international team of researchers, co-led by Ariadna Mechó from...

<p>Historically, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have played a significant role in shaping economies worldwide. Examples of NTFPs include items like mushrooms, berries, medicinal herbs, and bamboo.</p>



<p>From the Roman Empire, which significantly bolstered its revenues with customs taxes on spices like black pepper, to the Middle Ages when Europeans colonized Asia to dominate the spice trade, these products have consistently been economic stalwarts.</p>



<p>Yet, despite their substantial contributions to the economies of many countries, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-action-combat-illegal-timber-trade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global trade</a> statistics, both in the EU and worldwide, often neglect these products today.</p>



<p>The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that non-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timber-industries-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wood products</a> generate $88 billion annually for producers. Including processing and other value-added activities, their total economic impact reaches trillions of dollars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-undervalued-forest-products">Undervalued forest products</h2>



<p>Professor Carsten Smith-Hall from the <a href="https://ifro.ku.dk/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen’s Department of Food and Resource Economics</a> highlights the overlooked potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arbor-day-a-celebration-of-trees-and-their-unrivaled-importance-to-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTFPs</a>. </p>



<p>"We estimate that roughly 30,000 different non-timber forest products are traded internationally, yet fewer than fifty are currently assigned a commodity code in global trade accounts," noted Smith-Hall. </p>



<p>This oversight renders these valuable products invisible in official statistics. Consequently, it deprives the communities that harvest these products of potential earnings and investment in local processing industries</p>



<p>"These goods play a significant role in food security, health, and employment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. By underestimating these goods, we miss clear opportunities to combat poverty," said Smith-Hall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h2>



<p>One striking example of the potential of NTFPs is caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), known as the "Viagra of the Himalayas." </p>



<p>Harvesters collect caterpillar fungus on the Tibetan plateau, where it is highly valued in China as an aphrodisiac and traditional medicine. It commands prices as high as €11,500 per kilogram.</p>



<p>"This trade significantly enhances the local economy, enabling communities to invest in education and housing," explained Smith-Hall. "Yet, its benefits are curtailed due to its exclusion from formal trade records."</p>



<p>"When these products are excluded from official trade accounts, they are also neglected in the development of industry policies and technology, missing out on crucial investment opportunities."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-timber-forest-products">Non-timber forest products</h2>



<p>Recognizing the enormity of the task, Smith-Hall suggests we prioritize and effectively manage economically significant products.</p>



<p>"By identifying and focusing on a concise list of key products, countries can better direct their research and investments towards developing cultivation techniques and enhancing local economies."</p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers advocate for systematic data collection on traded volumes and prices at all levels. They note that existing tools for this purpose could be more widely used.</p>



<p>"We have a huge untapped potential here that can contribute to tackling extreme poverty while conserving nature and biodiversity," said Smith-Hall. "We must broaden our focus beyond just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timber-innovation-offers-hope-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">timber</a> and recognize the value of all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-forests-2024-new-solutions-for-a-better-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest resources</a>."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-forest-resources">Rethinking forest resources</h2>



<p>The critical role of NTFPs highlights the need to reevaluate how we value and manage forest resources. By incorporating these products into official trade statistics, we can unlock their potential. This would support sustainable development and aid in poverty alleviation.</p>



<p>Consequently, this shift not only promises economic benefits but also ensures the preservation of biodiversity and the enhancement of global food security and health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-properties-of-non-timber-forest-products">Properties of non-timber forest products</h2>



<p>Non-timber forest products encompass a broad array of resources harvested from forests that do not involve logging trees. These products hold immense ecological, economic, and cultural significance and are crucial for the biodiversity of their ecosystems. Characteristics and benefits of NTFPs include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological benefits</h3>



<p>NTFPs are key components of forest ecosystems, providing critical habitat, food sources, and maintaining ecological balances. They help in:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Pollination support</strong>: Many NTFPs such as fruits and flowers provide resources for pollinators, which are essential for the reproduction of many plant species.</li>



<li><strong>Soil enrichment</strong>: The harvesting of NTFPs like fallen leaves, seeds, and certain fungi contributes to nutrient cycling and soil fertility.</li>



<li><strong>Forest structure</strong>: The varied use of different forest layers for NTFPs helps maintain the complexity of forest structure, which is vital for diverse wildlife.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic importance</h3>



<p>NTFPs offer significant economic benefits, particularly in remote and rural areas where they serve as a primary source of income:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Trade and livelihoods</strong>: Local and international trade in non-timber forest products provides livelihoods for millions of people globally. Items like resins, essential oils, and decorative flowers have substantial markets.</li>



<li><strong>Micro-enterprises</strong>: Many NTFPs serve as the basis for small-scale industries at the community level, such as basket weaving, natural dyes, and artisan crafts.</li>



<li><strong>Tourism attraction</strong>: Eco-tourism and cultural tourism often promote the unique aspects of local NTFPs, attracting visitors interested in organic and native products.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>The cultural implications of NTFPs are profound and varied:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Traditional knowledge</strong>: Many communities have deep knowledge of the medicinal, nutritional, and spiritual properties of forest products, passed down through generations.</li>



<li><strong>Spiritual and religious use</strong>: Certain NTFPs enhance their value and the need for sustainable management by being used in spiritual or religious rituals.</li>



<li><strong>Cultural heritage</strong>: Crafts, folklore, and festivals often revolve around the collection and use of NTFPs, embedding these products into the cultural fabric of societies.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health and nutrition</h3>



<p>NTFPs are vital sources of nutrition and medicinal benefits:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Medicinal plants</strong>: Many plants used as NTFPs have recognized medicinal properties, used in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.</li>



<li><strong>Nutritional supplements</strong>: Forest foods such as nuts, berries, and edible mushrooms are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to food security and nutrition.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Challenges and management</h3>



<p>Despite their benefits, the sustainable management of NTFPs faces several challenges:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Overharvesting</strong>: Without proper management, some valuable NTFPs are at risk of overexploitation, which can lead to the depletion of resources.</li>



<li><strong>Legal and policy frameworks</strong>: In many regions, there is a lack of clear legal frameworks that regulate the sustainable harvesting and fair trade of NTFPs.</li>



<li><strong>Climate change impacts</strong>: Changes in climate patterns can affect the growth cycles and availability of certain NTFPs, requiring adaptive management strategies.</li>
</ul>



<p>Effective management of non-timber forest products requires an integrated approach that respects ecological balances, promotes fair economic benefits, and preserves cultural values. This necessitates policies that support sustainable practices, promote fair trade, and include local communities in conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1389934123002009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Policy and Economics</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Non-timber forest products provide opportunities to reduce poverty

Historically, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have played a significant role...

<p>A recent study led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/">University College London</a> (UCL) and the <a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> has unveiled significant differences in the way nasal cells from young and elderly individuals respond to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This discovery provides new insights into why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-play-an-unexpected-role-in-covid-19-transmission/">children</a> generally exhibit milder <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasal-vaccine-shows-potential-to-stop-covid-19-before-it-starts/">COVID-19</a> symptoms compared to older adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings shed light on the initial interactions between the virus and human nasal epithelial cells (NECs), which are among the first cells targeted by the virus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>“Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 rarely progress to respiratory failure. However, the risk of mortality in infected people over 85 years of age remains high,” wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“Here we investigate differences in the cellular landscape and function of pediatric (&lt;12 years), adult (30–50 years) and older adult (&gt;70 years) ex vivo cultured nasal epithelial cells in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analysis-of-nasal-cells-exposed-to-the-virus">Analysis of nasal cells exposed to the virus</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed nasal cells donated by healthy individuals across all three age groups to the <a href="https://www.gosh.org/">Great Ormond Street Hospital</a> (GOSH), <a href="https://www.uclh.nhs.uk/our-services/our-hospitals/university-college-hospital">University College London Hospital</a> (UCLH), and the <a href="https://www.royalfree.nhs.uk/">Royal Free Hospital</a>.</p>



<p>The cells were cultured to regrow into the diverse cell types originally found in the nasal passages. Employing advanced single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, the researchers identified 24 distinct types of epithelial cells. Each age group’s cultures were then exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in controlled experiments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-s-nasal-cells-mounted-a-rapid-response-nbsp">Children’s nasal cells mounted a rapid response&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Three days post-infection, the results showed that children’s nasal cells mounted a rapid response by increasing the production of interferon, a critical component of the body’s initial antiviral defense, which effectively restricted viral replication. However, this robust antiviral response was found to diminish with age.</p>



<p>In elderly individuals, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severity-of-covid-19-may-be-tied-to-nasal-cells/">NECs</a> not only produced more infectious virus particles but also exhibited increased cellular shedding and damage. This could explain the higher severity of COVID-19 symptoms and complications seen in older adults.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-related-changes-in-nasal-cells-nbsp">Age-related changes in nasal cells&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our research reveals how the type of cells we have in our nose changes with age, and how this affects our ability to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. This could be crucial in developing effective antiviral treatments tailored to different age groups, especially for the elderly who are at higher risk of severe COVID-19,” explained project leader Claire Smith, an associate professor in infection, immunity, and inflammation at UCL <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/child-health/great-ormond-street-institute-child-health-0">Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health</a>.</p>



<p>“By carrying out SARS-CoV-2 infections of epithelial cells in vitro and studying the responses with single-cell sequencing, we get a much more detailed understanding of the viral infection kinetics and see big differences in the innate immune response between cell types,” added co-senior author Kerstin Meyer, an expert in cellular genetics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-is-the-single-greatest-risk-factor">Age is the single greatest risk factor</h2>



<p>Despite the advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-vaccination-reduces-mortality-risk-but-only-for-6-months/">vaccination</a> and treatment options, the mortality risk remains high for those over 85 who contract the virus. This research emphasizes the importance of age as a critical factor in both the study and treatment of infectious diseases.</p>



<p>“Despite effective vaccines, age remains the single greatest risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. Children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rarely develop severe disease, while the mortality in infected people over 85 years is currently as high as 1 in 10,” noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-specific-differences-in-our-body-s-response">Age-specific differences in our body’s response</h2>



<p>“It is fascinating that when we take away immune cells from nasal samples, and are only left with nasal epithelial cells grown in a dish, we are still able to identify age-specific differences in our body’s response to the SARS-CoV-2 between the young and elderly to explain why children are generally protected from severe COVID-19,” said co-senior author Marko Nikolic, a clinical scientist the UCL Division of Medicine.</p>



<p>“Understanding the cellular differences at the initiation of infection is just the beginning. We now hope to investigate the long-term implications of these cellular changes and test therapeutic interventions using our unique cell culture model. This ‘gold-standard’ system is only possible with the support of our funders and the willingness of participants to provide their samples,” Smith concluded.</p>



<p>The researchers suggest that future studies should explore how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-diet-puts-the-brakes-on-brain-aging/">aging</a> affects the body’s response to other viral infections, potentially leading to more age-specific medical strategies.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01658-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Microbiology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Nasal cells protect children against severe COVID-19

A recent study led by researchers at the University College...

<p>From a young age, individuals are taught the importance of being aware of their external environment, yet the significance of attuning to one’s internal environment often receives less attention. Neuroscientists are now increasingly exploring how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-protects-against-work-stress-burnout/">mindfulness</a> training can impact a wide range of psychological aspects, from depression and memory to stress levels and aging.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of ongoing research is to demystify the neural mechanisms that underlie these brain changes, providing clearer guidelines for individuals interested in incorporating mindfulness into their daily lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-short-cuts-in-mindfulness-training-nbsp">No short-cuts in mindfulness training&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Attentional training is a mechanism by which you can train your brain,” said Erika Nyhus, a cognitive neuroscientist at <a href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bowdoin College</a>, who is chairing a session on new research findings in mindfulness at the annual <a href="https://www.cogneurosociety.org/annual-meeting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cognitive Neuroscience Society (CNS) meeting</a> in Toronto. </p>



<p>“Work to understand the neural mechanisms at play in this mindfulness training show potential pathways toward enhanced cognition but there are no short-cuts. It takes practice.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-mental-health-benefits-of-mindfulness-training-nbsp">Predicting mental health benefits of mindfulness training&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers presenting their latest work at CNS 2024 are excited about the potential benefits that mindfulness training can offer not only to individual practitioners but also to the scientific community’s understanding of cognition. </p>



<p>Their collective research points to the idea that differences in sensory and cognitive processing within our brains can predict <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/">mental health</a> outcomes and may be improved through novel technological training methods.</p>



<p>One crucial aspect of mindfulness training involves enhancing interoception - the perception of the body’s internal states - which is pivotal in managing mood disorders such as depression.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acceptance-of-new-sensations-and-emotions">Acceptance of new sensations and emotions</h2>



<p>“Interoception matters in depression because our emotions are made up of both visceral body sensations and our cognitive appraisals of these sensations that help us make sense of those feelings and put them into context,” explained Norman Farb, a psychologist at the <a href="https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/">University of Toronto Mississauga</a>. </p>



<p>“For example, a fluttering in our belly could be judged as excitement or anxiety depending on our context and appraisal habits.”</p>



<p>Farb and his team are keen on deciphering how the brain processes these interoceptive signals. The findings suggest that mindfulness training focused on internal awareness can divert mental resources away from entrenched cognitive appraisal habits, facilitating the acceptance of new sensations and emotions. </p>



<p>This shift can significantly help individuals become unstuck from maladaptive self-perceptions and their interactions with the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-mental-resilience-nbsp">Improving mental resilience&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A landmark neuroimaging study on vulnerability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-a-history-of-depression-tend-to-process-more-negative-information/">depression</a> relapse, published in the journal <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8978278/">NeuroImage Clinical</a>, provided significant insights. Farb and his colleagues identified a major predictor of depression trajectories: the extent to which individuals engage rather than inhibit sensory and motor processes.</p>



<p>“This result contrasts other neural indicators of depression as being driven by too much activity in regions supporting judgment and appraisal. And it points to the importance of maintaining sensation in times of stress as a sign of mental resilience,” Farb said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-control-and-appraisal">Cognitive control and appraisal</h2>



<p>Further research published in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37316296/"><em>ENeuro</em></a> focused on the mindfulness practice of attention to the&nbsp; breath, which is a key aspect of mindfulness training. Farb and his team discovered that while attending to external senses activates specific brain regions like the visual cortex, focusing on one’s breath tends to reduce activity across the cerebral cortex, which is associated with cognitive control and appraisal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This suggests that mindfulness exercises may first help people to use their attention to stop doing so much with their brains, providing relief from rumination and judgment,” he said.  </p>



<p>“It also has a fascinating implication for how interoception differs from the external senses: interoceptive processing may be continuously represented in the brain to regulate biological processes such as the breath or heartbeat. To detect it, we just need to quiet down.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mindfulness-training-and-technology">Mindfulness training and technology</h2>



<p>On the technological front, David Ziegler, a cognitive neuroscientist at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">University of California, San Francisco</a> (UCSF), has been pioneering a digital meditation game called <a href="https://www.alternova.co/projects/meditrain-meditation-training-for-adults/">MediTrain</a>, which is rooted in the principles of internal attention. </p>



<p>This app is designed based on extensive research into neuroplasticity and how the brain compensates for attentional control deficits. “It’s a personalized experience for every individual at every point in their training,” Ziegler explained.</p>



<p>At CNS 2024, Ziegler is presenting data from several studies utilizing MediTrain across different demographics, including young adults, aging adults, and adolescents who have experienced childhood neglect. </p>



<p>Most notably, a new study published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0611-9"><em>Nature Human Behavior</em></a>, involving healthy older adults found that the training not only improved attention but also reduced stress reactivity and lengthened telomeres, indicators of reduced cellular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-may-be-driven-by-genetic-imbalances/">aging</a>.</p>



<p>However, the researchers face the challenge of determining the optimal dosage of meditation needed to achieve beneficial effects - a question Ziegler believes technology is uniquely positioned to address. Plans are in motion for a large-scale, nationwide dose-response study of MediTrain that will assess its efficacy in thousands of older adults, utilizing the app's fully mobile digital platform.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-cognitive-function-nbsp">Enhancing cognitive function&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Both Nyhus and Farb, who are practitioners themselves, initially approached mindfulness with a degree of skepticism.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Nyhus, inspired to explore this field further after participating in an eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course, will present findings from her research into the effects of mindfulness on episodic memory. “You see mindfulness training everywhere and don’t know if there is anything to it, but I was shocked to see the results we got in the lab,” she said.</p>



<p>By investigating the scientific underpinnings of mindfulness, these researchers hope to refine this practice and advocate for its use not only as a psychological tool but also as a means of enhancing overall cognitive function.</p>



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Mindfulness training improves mental resilience

From a young age, individuals are taught the importance of...

<p>Have you ever felt the urge to scream during a frustrating moment but somehow managed not to? This restraint is thanks to the sophisticated way our brains handle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>, which plays a crucial role in our daily interactions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision-making processes</a>. </p>



<p>The brain regulates emotions through a network of brain regions, neurotransmitters, and hormones, primarily involving the limbic system.</p>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://home.dartmouth.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dartmouth College</a> have conducted a pioneering study that sheds light on this complex process. The experts have distinguished between the neural activities involved in generating emotions and those involved in regulating them.</p>



<p>The research offers new perspectives on emotional flexibility and its significance for mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-brain-a-dartmouth-discovery">Decoding the brain: a Dartmouth discovery</h2>



<p>The Dartmouth-led team, including lead author Ke Bo, a postdoctoral researcher at the Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab (<a href="https://sites.dartmouth.edu/canlab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CANlab</a>), used advanced computational methods to analyze fMRI data.</p>



<p>The data had been previously collected by study co-author Peter Gianaros at the University of Pittsburgh, involving participants' responses to emotionally charged images. </p>



<p>Through this analysis, the researchers pinpointed specific brain regions active during emotional regulation - a process known in neuroscience as "reappraisal." The anterior prefrontal cortex and other higher-level cortical areas, which also play roles in abstract thinking and future planning, were identified as key to regulating emotions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-regions-involved-in-regulating-emotions">Brain regions involved in regulating emotions</h2>



<p>"As a former biomedical engineer, it was thrilling to identify <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-violence-may-rewire-teenage-brains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> regions uniquely involved in regulating emotions," said Bo. "Our findings not only enhance our understanding of how emotion regulation works but also reveal potential clinical applications."</p>



<p>The ability to activate these specific regions correlates with greater resilience against negative experiences, highlighting a critical aspect of mental health.</p>



<p>Furthermore, these areas are also linked to resisting temptations and avoiding dependencies, such as drug addiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amygdala-and-cortex-at-work">Amygdala and cortex at work</h2>



<p>The research also explored the role of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amygdala-experience-fear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amygdala</a>, traditionally seen as a center for processing threats and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/managing-negative-emotions-may-prevent-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">negative emotions</a>. </p>



<p>The study confirmed that the amygdala consistently responds to negative experiences, regardless of attempts to lessen these emotions.</p>



<p>"It's really the cortex that is responsible for generating people's emotional responses, by altering our perceptions and meanings attached to events," explained Bo.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-connections-the-neurotransmitter-network">Chemical connections: The neurotransmitter network</h2>



<p>Further intriguing aspects of the study involved examining how neurochemicals like dopamine and serotonin influence these emotion-regulating networks. These chemical messengers are essential for communication within the brain and play a significant role in emotion regulation.</p>



<p>Comparing the emotion regulation brain maps with neurotransmitter binding maps from other studies highlighted significant overlaps.</p>



<p>"Our results showed that areas rich in receptors for cannabinoids, opioids, and serotonin, particularly the 5H2A receptor, are crucial for emotion regulation," noted Tor Wager, senior author and director of the Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center. </p>



<p>"This discovery is pivotal, especially considering the impact of drugs that target these receptors, shedding light on their potential long-term effects on our ability to manage emotions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapeutic-implications">Therapeutic implications</h2>



<p>Serotonin's role is particularly well-known in the context of depression, with most antidepressants designed to inhibit its reuptake. </p>



<p>Serotonin is often called the "feel-good" neurotransmitter because it contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness. Low levels of serotonin in the brain are commonly linked to a depressed mood.</p>



<p>Additionally, the study highlights the significant effects of psychedelic drugs on these receptors. It suggests that the therapeutic benefits of such treatments depend on their ability to change our cognitive processes and emotional responses.</p>



<p>This underscores the necessity of combining psychological support with pharmaceutical treatments to effectively address mental health challenges.</p>



<p>"It's important to consider these connections that come from basic science," said Wager. "Understanding drug effects requires a deep knowledge of the involved brain systems and their cognitive functions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-emotion-in-the-brain">Mapping emotion in the brain</h2>



<p>This research from Dartmouth provides groundbreaking insights into the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation and generation. </p>



<p>By identifying specific brain regions and their interactions with neurochemicals, the study has the potential to enhance mental health treatment, offering hope for more effective integration of psychological and pharmaceutical approaches.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01605-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Neuroscience</a></em></em>.</p>



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Study pinpoints the brain regions that regulate emotions

Have you ever felt the urge to scream during a...

<p>We often admire skyscrapers as wonders of human engineering. But nature has its own architects, and they’ve been around much longer. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termites-tropical-ecosystems-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Termites</a> can build enormous, complex nests that stand several meters tall. </p>



<p>Termites do not just construct random piles of dirt – they build intricate tunnels that even have natural air conditioning. But how do legions of these tiny creatures coordinate to create such impressive structures?</p>



<p>A new study by researchers at the <a href="https://www.imtlucca.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca</a> in Italy has cracked the mystery. It turns out, termites have a surprisingly simple, yet ingenious secret.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-termites-build-nests-without-a-blueprint">Termites build nests without a blueprint</h2>



<p>Picture a human construction project. Teams follow a detailed architectural plan, ensuring everything is in its designated place. But termites don't seem to have any grand designs drawn up. </p>



<p>In a fascinating experiment, researchers observed groups of termites (the species <em>Coptotermes gestroi</em>) as they built their way around small arenas with pre-built structures.</p>



<p>Scientists offered following theories to explain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/family-of-termites-has-been-adrift-at-sea-for-50-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termite</a> coordination:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-1-pheromones">Theory 1: Pheromones</h3>



<p>Some insects, like ants, use chemicals called pheromones as signals. These scents can act like a "build here!" sign, guiding the actions of other insects in the colony.</p>



<p>If <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-could-inspire-living-and-breathing-buildings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a> also relied on pheromones, we'd expect them to drop their building materials (clay pellets) somewhat randomly throughout the experimental space. However, the researchers observed a very different pattern. The termites focused their building efforts on specific spots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-2-height-sensing">Theory 2: Height-sensing</h3>



<p>Perhaps <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-brazil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a> have a way to measure existing structures. If they preferred taller structures, it would suggest they're aiming to build upward as quickly as possible.</p>



<p>The termites didn't discriminate between tall and short pillars. They were equally interested in building upon structures regardless of their current height. This meant some other factor was influencing their behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-termites-use-the-right-curve-while-building-nests">Termites use the 'right curve' while building nests</h2>



<p>What the scientists did notice was that termites were obsessed with...curvature. They consistently added their pellets to the most curved surfaces. Termites favored pillar tops, and even the sharp corners of little walls given to them. This led the researchers to a simple yet brilliant solution.</p>



<p>While the termites didn't stick to one spot or solely focus on height, the scientists discovered they had a clear preference. Termites consistently placed their clay pellets on surfaces with the most pronounced curve. Examples of this were the pointed tops of the pillars or the very sharp bends at the corners of the walls.</p>



<p>This focused building behavior led researchers to consider a new possibility. Since curved surfaces affect things like airflow and moisture differently than flat areas, it suggested that termites might be sensing and reacting to subtle environmental changes caused by the shape of the structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-termites-sense-humidity-to-build-nests">Termites sense humidity to build nests</h2>



<p>Termites are super-sensitive to humidity. Unlike many insects, their soft skin makes them vulnerable to drying out. The researchers suspected the termites could sense subtle differences in humidity levels that are influenced by the shape of the structures they’re building.</p>



<p>Termites are much more delicate than many other insects. Their lack of a tough outer shell means they lose moisture quickly in dry environments, which can be dangerous. This led scientists to think that perhaps humidity plays a major role in termite building behavior.</p>



<p>The shape of a structure can change how air moves around it, which in turn affects how quickly moisture evaporates. Areas with high curvature might create little pockets where humidity remains higher compared to flatter surfaces. The researchers thought termites might be able to detect these subtle differences.</p>



<p>To test their theory, they pulled a clever trick. They repeated the experiment, but this time with clay mixed with a salt solution. As the water evaporated, tiny salt crystals formed – and guess where those crystals appeared? All the spots with high curvature favored by the termites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simplicity-of-termites">Simplicity of termites</h2>



<p>"What really surprised us was to discover that termites use such a simple solution to a very complex problem," said Andrea Perna, a professor in complex systems at the IMT School.</p>



<p>Characteristics of termites and their remarkable nest building:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humidity-sensor">Humidity Sensor</h3>



<p>As discussed, termites need a moist environment to survive. They have built-in sensors that help them detect even small differences in humidity levels within their surroundings. They are naturally drawn to areas where the air holds more moisture.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-build-and-change">Build and change</h3>



<p>Clearly, when a termite adds a clay pellet to a structure, it slightly alters its shape. This tiny change influences how air flows around it, and how quickly water evaporates from that spot. More evaporation means drier air, which might be less comfortable for termites.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chain-reaction">Chain reaction</h3>



<p>Even though a single termite isn't trying to communicate, their act of building changes the local humidity. Other termites, also seeking the most comfortable spots, sense this change. They become more likely to deposit their own clay pellets in that same area, further altering the structure and the moisture patterns around it.</p>



<p>Repeating this simple process results in incredibly intricate nests.&nbsp;This continuous feedback loop is the magic ingredient. Each termite simply responds to the immediate humidity levels. </p>



<p>Yet, over time, as thousands of termites make these tiny adjustments, elaborate nests emerge. These nests boast tunnels for travel, chambers optimized for airflow, and structures that help maintain the perfect internal humidity for the whole colony.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-termites">Lessons from termites</h2>



<p>Sometimes, the most amazing things can be built with simple rules. Think how a tiny drop of water, responding to gravity, can shape magnificent caves over time. The study demonstrates a fascinating truth:</p>



<p>"In our experiments, nest complexity emerges from just one simple mechanism: termites only need to add pellets of material depending on the local humidity, but the pellets that they add in turn change all the pattern of evaporation and humidity, inducing other termites to build at a different location, and so on, until very complex structures are produced," explained Perna.</p>



<p>Nature shows us that sometimes it's not about grand plans, but simply responding to your environment, one small step at a time. That's a lesson humans building their own communities might take to heart.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/articles/86843" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ELife</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Termites are nature's architects, building well-ventilated nests

We often admire skyscrapers as wonders of human engineering. But...

<p>Did you know that enormous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-giant-kangaroo-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kangaroos</a>, larger than any alive today, once roamed Australia and New Guinea? Meet the remarkable <em>Protemnodon</em>, a genus of extinct megafauna a team of paleontologists has just spent years investigating. Their discoveries have rewritten how we understand these ancient giants, revealing even more fascinating details of their time on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-kangaroo"><em>Protemnodon</em> kangaroo</h2>



<p>Protemnodon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-fanged-kangaroos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kangaroos</a> were a diverse genus that lived from 5 million years ago up until about 40,000 years ago. These creatures showcased a considerable variation in physical size across different species. </p>



<p>While some of the Protemnodon species had body sizes that were comparable to today's grey kangaroos, others were substantially larger, reaching weights upwards of 350 pounds. </p>



<p>This weight is roughly double that of the heaviest red kangaroos known today, which typically weigh around 200 pounds. These larger Protemnodon species displayed a much stockier build, making them significantly bulkier and larger than any contemporary kangaroo species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-the-fossil">Finding the fossil</h2>



<p>In 2013, with further discoveries in 2018 and 2019, scientists made a remarkable breakthrough at Lake Callabonna in South Australia. They unearthed multiple complete skeletons of <em>Protemnodon</em>.</p>



<p>This remarkable fossil collection ignited a comprehensive 5-year research project led by Dr. Isaac Kerr. The outcome of this investigation has fundamentally changed how scientists perceive these fascinating ancient creatures.</p>



<p>Kerr's team pored over hundreds of fossils, traveling the globe. They found significant differences in how <em>Protemnodon</em> species looked, lived, and even hopped. Some were built for speed in open deserts. Others, slow and stout, might have even walked on all fours.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-protemnodon-kangaroos">Meet the <em>Protemnodon</em> kangaroos</h2>



<p>Let's introduce three of the newly described <em>Protemnodon</em> kangaroos:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-viator">Protemnodon viator</h3>



<p>This species, known as Protemnodon viator, weighed approximately 350 pounds and was uniquely adapted to the arid central Australian deserts, an environment similar to that inhabited by today’s red kangaroos. </p>



<p>With its long limbs and a more streamlined body compared to its relatives, Protemnodon viator was evidently designed for efficient, fast hopping across vast, open landscapes. The name "viator," which translates to "traveler" in Latin, aptly reflects its ability to cover large distances in search of food and water in its harsh desert habitat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-mamkurra">Protemnodon mamkurra</h3>



<p>Protemnodon mamkurra was a distinctive member of the Protemnodon genus, characterized by its thick bones and robust structure. Unlike the more gracile and agile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-changes-our-understanding-of-mammal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kangaroos</a> familiar today, mamkurra was likely more akin to a large, somewhat clumsy quokka, potentially adopting a mixed mode of locomotion that included walking on all fours at times. </p>



<p>In consultation with the Boandik people, native to southeastern South Australia, researchers named this species. The name they chose, "mamkurra," translates to "great kangaroo," reflecting both its impressive size and cultural significance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-dawsonae">Protemnodon dawsonae</h3>



<p>Among the newly described species, Protemnodon dawsonae remains somewhat enigmatic due to the limited fossil records available. What is known suggests that this species was likely a mid-speed hopper, conceptually similar in its locomotion to the modern swamp wallaby, which is capable of both fast movements and more measured, energy-conserving hops. </p>



<p>This species honors Dr. Lyndall Dawson, a renowned Australian paleontologist who made significant contributions to the study of kangaroo systematics and fossil analysis. The naming of this species recognizes her dedication and impact in the field of paleontology, particularly in enhancing our understanding of Australia's rich megafauna history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kangaroo-mystery-why-did-protemnodon-disappear">Kangaroo mystery: Why did <em>Protemnodon</em> disappear?</h2>



<p>The big question surrounding the Protemnodon species is their sudden disappearance around 40,000 years ago. These kangaroos were notably robust and adaptable, thriving across a wide range of environments from the arid deserts of central Australia to the lush, high-rainfall forests of Tasmania and New Guinea. </p>



<p>Despite their ability to adapt to vastly different habitats and their physical robustness, all Protemnodon species became extinct, while their smaller, less specialized relatives such as wallaroos and grey kangaroos managed to survive.</p>



<p>Dr. Isaac Kerr and Professor Gavin Prideaux, among other researchers, are actively studying these extinct kangaroos to understand the factors behind their disappearance. The comprehensive study led by Dr. Kerr, which meticulously reviewed fossil records and other archaeological data, aims to provide insights into the life and eventual extinction of these creatures. </p>



<p>By analyzing aspects such as their bone structure, geographic distribution, and environmental adaptations, the research seeks to uncover whether changes in climate, habitat loss, increased predation, or human activity might have contributed to their extinction.</p>



<p>This investigation is part of a broader effort to piece together the puzzle of megafauna extinctions in Australia, which saw the disappearance of many large species. Understanding why Protemnodon vanished, despite their apparent advantages in size and adaptability, could provide crucial insights into the ecological dynamics and environmental shifts of their time. </p>



<p>The findings of this and future studies could potentially offer broader lessons about species survival and adaptation under changing environmental conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>“It’s great to have some clarity on the identities of the species of&nbsp;<em>Protemnodon</em>,” says Flinders Professor \ Prideaux, a co-author of the research.</p>



<p>While the numbers and measurements are fascinating, it's the image of these giants that's truly captivating. Imagine encountering a 350-pound, high-hopping marsupial on the plains.</p>



<p>Or witnessing a massive, bear-like roo ambling slowly through a prehistoric forest. Projects like Dr. Kerr's give us more than data; they fuel our imagination, bringing a bit of that long-lost world back to life.</p>



<p>“It feels so good to finally have it out in the world, after five years of&nbsp;research, 261 pages and more than 100,000 words. I really hope that it helps more studies of<em>&nbsp;Protemnodon</em>&nbsp;happen, so we can find out more of what these kangaroos were doing," explained Dr Kerr.</p>



<p>“Living kangaroos are already such remarkable animals, so it’s amazing to think what these peculiar giant kangaroos could have been getting up to.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.00.0.0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megataxa</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Protemnodon kangaroo fossils may explain their extinction

Did you know that enormous kangaroos, larger than any alive...

<p>We all know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> is good for us. It strengthens our muscles, boosts our metabolism, and keeps our hearts healthy. But did you know your workouts also give your brain a major tune-up? A fascinating new study shows that physical activity can actually reduce stress-related brain signals, protecting your heart in the process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-stress-on-the-body">Impact of stress on the body</h2>



<p>It's no secret that stress takes a toll on the body. When stress becomes chronic, our bodies release a surge of the stress hormone cortisol. This hormone is meant for short-term survival responses, but constant elevation leads to a cascade of problems. </p>



<p>Cortisol can contribute to high blood pressure, weight gain, and an increased risk of heart disease. But how does the brain play a role in this dangerous cycle?</p>



<p>Scientists are increasingly interested in how our brains handle the pressure of stress. Imagine your brain contains a tiny alarm system called the amygdala. When you're under stress, this alarm gets triggered and goes into overdrive, sending signals of danger throughout the body. </p>



<p>Fortunately, your brain also has a region called the prefrontal cortex. This area is responsible for logic, reasoning, and self-control. Think of it as the part of your brain that can calm the alarm down. Under normal circumstances, your prefrontal cortex can manage the amygdala's stress signals. </p>



<p>However, under chronic stress, the amygdala can become hyperactive, overwhelming your brain's ability to manage the response.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-benefits-the-brain-and-the-heart">Exercise benefits the brain and the heart</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> reveal that physical activity quiets stress-related brain activity, especially giving that hardworking prefrontal cortex a boost.</p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-achieve-greater-benefits-from-exercise-with-less-effort/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical activity</a> was roughly twice as effective in lowering cardiovascular disease risk among those with depression," explains Dr. Ahmed Tawakol, a cardiologist at MGH and the study's lead author. "Effects on the brains' stress-related activity may explain this novel observation."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-a-power-prescription">Exercise, a power prescription</h2>



<p>Researchers in this study carefully analyzed a massive amount of health data collected from over 50,000 individuals. This type of large-scale study gives scientists a much clearer picture of the real-world impact of physical activity. </p>



<p>Individuals who consistently met recommended physical activity guidelines (at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week) had a significant advantage. They had a 23% lower risk of developing heart disease compared to those who didn't get enough <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduces-aging-related-fat-buildup-in-tissues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>.</p>



<p>Those who were physically active also showed a fascinating change: lower levels of stress-related activity within their brains. This suggests that exercise has a direct, calming effect on the areas of the brain that manage stress responses.</p>



<p>Importantly, this calming effect on the brain seemed to play a major role in protecting the heart. The researchers believe that the reduced stress response from exercise is a key reason why physically active people enjoy a lower risk of heart disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-for-depression-and-heart-health">Exercise for depression and heart health</h2>



<p>The study revealed a particularly encouraging discovery. Individuals who struggled with depression actually gained even more heart-healthy benefits from exercise than those without depression. This means that for people facing the challenges of chronic stress and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-all-types-proven-to-ease-depression-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>, regular physical activity could be a particularly powerful tool in protecting their hearts. </p>



<p>The idea that those who might be feeling the most overwhelmed by stress could benefit the most from exercise is a remarkable and inspiring takeaway.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-in-daily-life">Exercise in daily life</h2>



<p>The study adds even more power to the simple recommendation to “get moving”. Here's what to keep in mind:</p>



<ul>
<li>Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (activities like brisk walking) or 75 minutes of vigorous activity (like running) each week, plus muscle-strengthening exercises twice a week.</li>



<li>Even short bursts of activity throughout the day can lower stress and improve your health.</li>



<li>Exercise can be a blast. Dance class, swimming, hiking – if it's fun, you're more likely to keep it up.</li>
</ul>



<p>While more research is needed, it's becoming clearer that exercise can change your brain in remarkable ways. Want a healthier heart <em>and</em> a calmer mind? Your sneakers are your new secret weapons!</p>



<p>Note: If you're new to exercise, have health concerns, or suffer from depression, always talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise program.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.02" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American College of Cardiology</a>.</p>



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Exercise significantly lowers heart disease risk by reducing stress

We all know that exercise is good for us. It...

<p>Coffee is the fuel that keeps the world running. Whether you prefer a bold espresso or a creamy cappuccino, the chances are that your favorite brew comes from a plant called <em>Coffea arabica</em>. Yet, behind the daily caffeine fix lies an incredible genome story spanning hundreds of thousands of years, continents, and even changing climates. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-coffee-genome">History of coffee genome</h2>



<p>You might not think about it as you sip your morning coffee, but within your cup lies a fascinating genetic story. Scientists at the University of Buffalo (<a href="https://www.buffalo.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UB</a>) have recently created an incredibly detailed map of the DNA of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-stimulates-digestion-and-protects-against-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>. This map, known as a genome, acts like a blueprint for the plant, revealing the complex ancestry of the coffee you enjoy.</p>



<p>“We’ve used genomic information in plants alive today to go back in time and paint the most accurate picture possible of Arabica’s long history, as well as determine how modern cultivated varieties are related to each other,” said study co-author Victor Albert, a professor in the <a href="https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/biological-sciences.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UB Department of Biological Sciences</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It turns out that Arabica coffee isn't the product of a single, isolated lineage. Instead, it's the result of a natural hybridization event between two different coffee species: <em>Coffea canephora</em> (commonly known as Robusta) and <em>Coffea eugenioides</em>. </p>



<p>This unusual event is called allopolyploidization. In this process, the two parent species contributed their full sets of chromosomes, resulting in Arabica inheriting a double set of genetic instructions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-origin">Coffee origin</h2>



<p>The story of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dedicated-coffee-drinkers-have-lower-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> becomes even more intriguing when we consider how it came to be. This remarkable merging of two coffee species wasn't the result of human manipulation in a laboratory or on a carefully controlled plantation. It was an entirely natural event that unfolded within the lush forests of Ethiopia.</p>



<p>Scientists harnessed the power of advanced computer modeling to trace the origins of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-with-milk-has-powerful-anti-inflammatory-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>. These models allowed them to look back through time, pinpointing the birthplace of this unique coffee species. Their findings suggest that this extraordinary hybridization event, where two species became one, occurred an astonishing 600,000 to a million years ago.</p>



<p>To put that in perspective, this was long before the emergence of modern humans, let alone the development of coffee brewing techniques or the rise of coffee shops. Coffee was flourishing in its natural environment, completely independent of human influence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-coffee-genome">Climate impact on coffee genome</h2>



<p>The delicate aroma and smooth taste of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-before-breakfast-has-a-negative-impact-on-metabolism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> disguise its surprisingly robust history. While we may think of it as a cultivated plant, Arabica comes from a long lineage that has successfully weathered dramatic environmental changes.</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of the origins and breeding history of contemporary varieties are crucial to developing new Arabica cultivars better adapted to climate change,” explained Professor Albert.</p>



<p>Earth's climate has fluctuated significantly over the past millennia, experiencing periods of intense glaciation followed by warmer, wetter phases. Scientists studying the Arabica genome were able to trace how these climate shifts impacted the coffee plant populations. Their findings revealed a fascinating correlation between climate and Arabica's abundance.</p>



<p>During harsh periods, particularly extended droughts, the Arabica population numbers dwindled. These challenging times likely resulted in increased competition for resources and reduced breeding success. </p>



<p>However, when the climate shifted towards warmer and wetter conditions, Arabica populations experienced a boom. Favorable growing conditions allowed the plants to thrive and reproduce more readily.</p>



<p>This cyclical pattern of population decline and growth, linked directly to climate change, demonstrates the remarkable resilience of Arabica coffee over hundreds of thousands of years. It highlights the plant's remarkable ability to adapt and survive in a dynamic environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-ancestors">Coffee ancestors </h2>



<p>Coffee plants share an ancestral bond with Eastern Africa, specifically an expansive geological formation known as the Great Rift Valley. This region has served as a natural cradle for coffee's evolution. Interestingly, scientists have observed a distinct geographical divide between the wild coffee plants of the region and the specific varieties that humans have cultivated for our beloved beverages.</p>



<p>The cultivated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-great-coffee-debate-harmful-or-beneficial/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> varieties that dominate global production all trace their origins to the eastern side of the Great Rift Valley, the region closer to Yemen. This geographical pattern provides strong support for the historical understanding that Yemen played a pivotal role in the initial domestication of coffee sometime around the 15th century. </p>



<p>It was from this starting point that coffee cultivation practices and the enjoyment of coffee spread outwards, eventually establishing the vibrant global coffee culture we experience today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-mapping-reveals-coffee-future">Genome mapping reveals coffee future</h2>



<p>Despite its immense popularity, Arabica coffee faces significant threats. Centuries of selective breeding practices have led to a limited genetic diversity within Arabica populations. This lack of diversity leaves the species highly susceptible to devastating pests and diseases, such as the notorious coffee leaf rust. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the ongoing impacts of climate change, including unpredictable weather patterns and rising temperatures, pose additional challenges to the survival and productivity of Arabica coffee plants.</p>



<p>However, the recent mapping of the Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a> offers a glimmer of hope. This intricate genetic blueprint allows scientists to delve deeper into the coffee plant's inner workings. By analyzing this map, researchers can identify specific genes that might be associated with resistance to diseases or the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. </p>



<p>This newfound knowledge is essential for developing strategies to safeguard the future of Arabica coffee production. It provides a roadmap for researchers seeking ways to breed more resilient coffee varieties, ensuring our continued enjoyment of this beloved beverage.</p>



<p>So, the next time you take a sip of your morning brew, remember this: your coffee carries within it a tale of natural wonder, ancient climates, and the enduring power of plants. From Ethiopia to your cup, the story of coffee is one to savor. </p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556570v2">BioR<em>xiv</em></a>.</p>



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Coffee genome adapted to climate changes over millennia

Coffee is the fuel that keeps the world running. Whether...

<p>A new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ant-species-discovered-in-ancient-amber/">ant species</a>, Leptanilla Voldemort, has been discovered in the stark and ancient Pilbara region of northwestern Australia, a place known for its relentless sun and minimal rainfall. </p>



<p>This discovery adds a mystical layer to one of Earth’s oldest landscapes, renowned for its unique subterranean biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ant-named-after-harry-potter-villain">Ant named after Harry Potter villain</h2>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Mark Wong from the <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Western Australia</a> and Jane McRae from <a href="https://www.bennelongia.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bennelongia Environmental Consultants</a>. The study introduces a pale, slender <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ant-species-discovered-in-ancient-amber/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant</a> with its notable long, sharp mandibles and spindly legs. </p>



<p>The name Leptanilla Voldemort actively pays tribute to the infamous dark wizard from the Harry Potter series, reflecting the ant's eerie appearance and its emergence from the dark, underground world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-leptanilla-voldemort-ant">Finding Leptanilla Voldemort ant</h2>



<p>The researchers unearthed the species during an ecological survey that aimed to document the subterranean fauna of the arid Pilbara. They used an innovative collection method by lowering a net down a 25-meter drill hole. </p>



<p>The team skillfully retrieved the net as it scraped against the hole’s inner surface, a technique known as "subterranean scraping." Remarkably, they collected only two specimens, underscoring the rarity and elusive nature of this species.</p>



<p>Compared to its kin in the Leptanilla genus, L. voldemort exhibits extreme body slenderness and uniquely long antennae and legs. This suggests that it inhabits not only the soil but possibly also air-filled voids or cracks deeper within the rock layers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predatory-nature-of-the-new-leptanilla-ant">Predatory nature of the new Leptanilla ant</h2>



<p>"Leptanilla voldemort is almost surely a predator, a fearsome hunter in the dark. This is backed up by what we know from the few observations of specialized hunting behaviors in other Leptanilla ant species, where the tiny workers use their sharp jaws and powerful stings to immobilize soil-dwelling centipedes much larger than them, before carrying their larvae over to feed on the carcass," noted Dr. Wong.</p>



<p>Similarly, although researchers have not yet identified the exact prey of Leptanilla Voldemort ants, they collected various other subterranean invertebrates, including centipedes, beetles, and flies, from the same locality. These findings hint at a diverse underground ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leptanilla-ants">Leptanilla ants</h2>



<p>Leptanilla ants are part of an enigmatic group. Out of over 14,000 known ant species worldwide, only about 60 belong to this genus. Adapting to their underground lifestyle, these ants form small, blind, and colorless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ant-colonies-behave-like-neural-networks-when-making-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colonies</a> to navigate the darkness. </p>



<p>The tiny workers, measuring just 1 to 2 millimeters - barely larger than a grain of sand - move effortlessly through soil, making them incredibly challenging to locate and study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-finding-leptanilla-voldemort-ant">Significance of finding Leptanilla Voldemort ant</h2>



<p>L. Voldemort becomes only the second Leptanilla species identified on the Australian continent. Previously, researchers discovered the first, Leptanilla swani, nearly a century ago in 1931, and it has rarely been seen since. </p>



<p>This recent discovery further highlights the rich diversity of ants in Australia, a country that is home to an estimated 1,300 to 5,000 species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-the-wizardry-of-nature">Celebrating the wizardry of nature</h2>



<p>This discovery not only enriches our understanding of the region's ancient and complex ecosystem. Moreover, it underscores the continuous surprises hidden in the depths of our planet. </p>



<p>The enigmatic L. Voldemort serves as a testament to the intricate wizardry of nature and the ongoing mysteries that await discovery beneath our feet in the shadows of the Pilbara.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-leptanilla-voldemort-ant">Key characteristics of Leptanilla Voldemort ant</h2>



<p>As discussed, Leptanilla Voldemort showcases several distinctive characteristics that set it apart within the enigmatic Leptanilla genus and the broader ant family. </p>



<p>These features are not only adaptations to its specific ecological niche but also reflections of its evolutionary history and habitat in the Pilbara region of Australia. Here are all of its characteristics summarized:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-description-and-size">Physical description and size </h3>



<p>Leptanilla Voldemort ant is noted for its pale, almost ghostly appearance. This is quite unusual for ants, which are typically darker. </p>



<p>This pallor likely helps it blend into its subterranean habitat. The ant's body is exceptionally slender and elongated, with dimensions that are extreme even within its genus. </p>



<p>Adults measure just 1 to 2 millimeters in length, positioning them among the smallest ants globally. This tiny size allows L. voldemort to navigate through soil and possibly smaller crevices within rocks more efficiently than larger ants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mandibles">Mandibles</h3>



<p>The mandibles of L. Voldemort are long and sharp. This feature is particularly adapted for a predatory lifestyle. These mandibles are essential for subduing prey, which may include a variety of other soil-dwelling invertebrates such as centipedes, which are much larger than the ant itself. The ability to immobilize and consume larger prey is a significant advantage in the nutrient-sparse underground environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antennae-and-legs">Antennae and legs</h3>



<p>The antennae and legs of Leptanilla Voldemort ants are notably long and spindly. These extended limbs enhance the ant's sensory capabilities and mobility, crucial for navigating in complete darkness and through complex underground terrains. </p>



<p>The long antennae serve as sensitive detectors of vibrations and chemical signals, helping L. voldemort locate prey, mates, and navigate around obstacles in its path.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-adaptations">Habitat adaptations </h3>



<p>L. voldemort is primarily subterranean, residing in the soil. However, its physical adaptations suggest it might also exploit other subterranean niches, such as air-filled voids or deeper cracks within rock layers. This versatility in habitat preference indicates a high level of adaptability and a possibly broader ecological role than previously understood for this genus.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predatory-behavior">Predatory behavior</h3>



<p>The predatory nature of L. Voldemort is a significant aspect of its behavior. Like other species in the Leptanilla genus, it likely employs a combination of ambush and pursuit tactics to capture prey. The sharp jaws and potentially venomous stings provide it with the tools necessary to tackle prey that provides substantial nutritional returns relative to the ant’s small size.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colony-structure">Colony structure</h3>



<p>The colony structure of the Leptanilla Voldemort ant mirrors the typical pattern observed in the Leptanilla genus, featuring small, blind, colorless workers and colonies usually comprising no more than a few hundred individuals. </p>



<p>The small size of these colonies and the specialized nature of their underground environment necessitate highly integrated and cooperative interactions within the colony, crucial for survival in such a challenging environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elusiveness-and-rarity">Elusiveness and rarity</h3>



<p>Due to its minuscule size, pale coloration, and subterranean lifestyle, detecting and studying L. Voldemort poses significant challenges. This elusiveness contributes to the rarity of sightings and the difficulty in gathering substantial data on their biology and ecology.</p>



<p>The discovery of the latest Leptanilla ant species not only adds a new member to the biodiversity of one of the Earth's oldest landscapes, but also opens new questions about the ecological dynamics of subterranean environments and the evolutionary pathways that lead to such highly specialized life forms.</p>



<p>The full study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/114072/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ZooKeys</a></em></em>.</p>



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Newly discovered Leptanilla ant named after Harry Potter villain

A new ant species, Leptanilla Voldemort, has been discovered in...