<p>Liophus ornatus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.</p>
<p>FWS Digital Media Library &#8212; Liophus ornatus The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service&#8217;s National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Erythrolamprus ornatus, also known commonly as the ornate ground snake and the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=saint+lucia&amp;cvid=99a31e0dc9aa484d9e0b32b4854335d9&amp;aqs=edge.0.0l7.4029j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Saint Lucia</a> racer, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to the eastern Caribbean. It is the rarest snake on earth with fewer than 20 left in the wild.  The St.<strong> Lucia</strong> racer (Liophis ornatus) or kouwès in patois is one of the world’s rarest snakes and guess what? It’s endemic to St. Lucia. Wow, this is wonderful! Yet another treasure for us to boast about. Possibly the world’s rarest snake!! I had to repeat myself for emphasis. Erythrolamprus ornatus, also known commonly as the ornate ground snake and the Saint Lucia racer, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to the eastern Caribbean. It is the rarest snake on earth with fewer than 20 left in the wild.</p>


Liophus ornatus

<p>Since the 1930s, the <a href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/">Old Farmers' Almanac</a> has been publishing names for the full moons, drawing from what were termed “Indian” names that have since become widely recognized and utilized. </p>



<p>The full moon of April is often called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a>, a name attributed to the herb moss pink or creeping phlox - also known as moss phlox, mountain phlox, and creeping phlox - which is native to the eastern United States and one of spring's earliest widespread flowers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Other names for this April moon include the “Sprouting Grass Moon,” the “Egg Moon,” and the “Fish Moon,” the latter being used by coastal tribes to mark the time when shad fish move upstream to spawn.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-return-of-navigable-waterways">The return of navigable waterways</h2>



<p>Moreover, the names "Breaking Ice Moon" (Algonquin) and "Moon When the Streams Are Again Navigable" (Dakota) capture the thawing of ice and the return of navigable waterways typical of early spring. </p>



<p>The "Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs" (Tlingit) and "Moon of the Red Grass Appearing" (Oglala) highlight the imminent surge in plant life as spring progresses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reemergence-of-life-in-april">The reemergence of life in April</h2>



<p>Additional names reflect the reemergence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/">wildlife</a> during this season, such as the "Moon When the Ducks Come Back" (Lakota), "Moon When the Geese Lay Eggs" (Dakota), and "Frog Moon" (Cree), each indicating the return or increased activity of these species.</p>



<p>Similarly, the "Sucker Moon" (Anishinaabe) marks the period for harvesting sucker fish, which migrate to streams or shallow lake areas to spawn. </p>



<p>According to cultural lore, during this time, the sucker fish returns from the spirit world to cleanse the waterways and the life within them. </p>



<p>This name is sometimes used for the February Moon as well, to honor the sucker fish's role in sustaining the Anishinaabe people through the winter by providing a crucial food source.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-observances-and-april-s-full-moon">Cultural observances and April's full moon </h2>



<p>This moon also corresponds with significant cultural and religious observances in various parts of the world. It aligns with the Jewish festival of Pesach, or Passover, which in 2024 will begin at sundown on April 22 and conclude at nightfall on April 30. </p>



<p>The celebration starts in the middle of the Hebrew month of Nisan, with the Seder feasts taking place on the first two nights.</p>



<p>In the Hindu lunisolar calendar, which varies by region, this full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tonights-worm-moon-marks-the-beginning-of-spring/">moon</a> typically coincides with Hanuman Jayanti, the celebration of the birth of Lord Hanuman.</p>



<p>For Buddhists in Sri Lanka, this full moon is known as Bak Poya and commemorates the Buddha's visit to Sri Lanka, where he averted a war by settling a dispute between chiefs.</p>



<p>This lunar event falls near the middle of Shawwāl, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar, and during the third month of the Chinese Year of the Dragon.</p>



<p>In light of these diverse celebrations, people all over the world  are encouraged to wear festive celestial attire in honor of the full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/">moon</a>. </p>



<p>It’s a time to enjoy the burgeoning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-has-arrived-in-the-northern-hemisphere/">spring</a>, acknowledge these various cultural celebrations, set an extra seat at the table in a spirit of inclusivity, and importantly, strive for peace and not war.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-april-s-full-moon">More about April's full moon</h2>



<p>April’s full moon will reach its brightest point at 7:49 P.M. on Tuesday, April 23. Astronomically, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a> signifies the time when the moon is fully illuminated by the sun as seen from Earth, appearing fully round.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Like Earth, the Moon has a day side and a night side, which change as the Moon rotates,” explained <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a>. “The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark, but how much we are able to see of that illuminated half changes as the Moon travels through its orbit.”</p>



<p>The timing of the full moon varies slightly due to the lunar cycle averaging about 29.5 days. This leads to some variation in the date and time of the full moon each month.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrological-significance-of-the-pink-moon">Astrological significance of the Pink Moon</h2>



<p>In 2024, the Pink Moon falls on April 25th, during the sun’s transit through Taurus. This placement is quite significant astrologically for several reasons:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Taurus Sun Scorpio Moon opposition</h3>



<p>The Pink Moon will be in the opposite sign of Scorpio, creating a full moon in Scorpio. This opposition highlights the balance between Taurus and Scorpio themes - material security and stability versus emotional depth and transformation. </p>



<p>It’s a potent time for delving into psychological matters, addressing issues of trust, and managing resources in relationships.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intensity and transformation</h3>



<p>Scorpio is a sign associated with intensity, depth, transformation, and the unseen. A full moon in Scorpio can bring to the surface deep-seated emotions and hidden truths. </p>



<p>This is a powerful time for healing, as it provides an opportunity to confront and release old wounds, secrets, or things that have been repressed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Financial and emotional investments</h3>



<p>Given Taurus’s influence on possessions and Scorpio’s on investments and shared resources, this full moon could highlight issues around finances, particularly what is owned individually versus jointly. It can prompt decisions about investments, loans, inheritances, or other financial matters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhanced intuition</h3>



<p>Scorpio’s watery, intuitive energy combined with the illuminating power of the full moon can enhance psychic abilities and deepen intuitive insights. This period may be particularly potent for those who practice divination or other metaphysical activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Transformation and rebirth</h3>



<p>Scorpio is the sign of death and rebirth, so this full moon might signal a time of significant personal transformation. It can be an excellent period for ending unhealthy patterns or relationships and for beginning anew with a fresh perspective or renewed purpose.</p>



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April's full "Pink Moon" tonight signifies the reemergence of life 

Since the 1930s, the Old Farmers' Almanac has been publishing...

<p>The tundra, a critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sink</a>, is undergoing significant changes due to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-warming-climate-transforms-soil-into-a-carbon-emitter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming climate</a>. Traditionally known to store carbon, these vast, cold landscapes are now releasing it, potentially exacerbating climate change. </p>



<p>This shift is the focus of a recent comprehensive study that delves into how the warming climate affects carbon dynamics in tundra regions across the globe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-effect-on-tundra-sites">Warming effect on tundra sites</h2>



<p>To explore this phenomenon, a diverse team of 70 scientists from various countries embarked on an ambitious project. They implemented open-top chambers (OTCs) at 28 tundra sites worldwide to simulate increased temperatures. </p>



<p>The OTCs, functioning like mini-greenhouses, effectively trap heat and block wind, creating a localized warming effect. As a result, this method led to an average increase of 1.4 degrees Celsius in air temperature and 0.4 degrees in soil temperature. </p>



<p>Furthermore, soil moisture decreased by 1.6 percent, influencing the tundra's ability to function as a carbon sink.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-warming-and-carbon-release">Tundra warming and carbon release</h2>



<p>The experimental warming significantly impacted the tundra's ecosystem respiration, especially during the growing season, increasing it by 30 percent. </p>



<p>This increase is due to increased metabolic activities in soil organisms and plants, as noted by Sybryn Maes from <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå University</a>.</p>



<p>"We knew from earlier studies that we were likely to find an increase in respiration with warming, but we found a remarkable increase – nearly four times greater than previously estimated, though it varied with time and location," said Maes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variability-across-tundra-regions">Variability across tundra regions</h2>



<p>The study also revealed that the increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-plants-continue-offsetting-our-carbon-emissions-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem respiration</a> varies with local soil conditions. Factors like nitrogen levels and soil pH play a role. This variability indicates that not all tundra regions respond uniformly to warming. </p>



<p>Professor Ellen Dorrepaal, also from Umeå University, emphasized the uniqueness of their findings. "Our work represents the first assessment of ecosystem respiration response to experimental warming across such a broad environmental gradient in the tundra, incorporating a comprehensive set of environmental drivers," said Professor Dorrepaal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-arctic-and-alpine-regions">Broader implications for arctic and alpine regions</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings extend beyond the individual study sites. Matti Kummu from <a href="https://www.aalto.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aalto University</a> highlighted the broader perspective.</p>



<p>"We see that some areas, particularly parts of Siberia and Canada, exhibit greater sensitivity to warming," said Kummu. "We anticipate an increase in respiration across the whole Arctic and alpine tundra, but more in situ data, particularly on the local soil conditions, is key to addressing the outstanding uncertainties and refining our predictions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-climate-models">Refining climate models  </h2>



<p>The researchers plan to further study how these experimental sites develop over time. They will also broaden their experiments to include new locations. </p>



<p>This ongoing work is essential for a more accurate understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-pool-of-global-soil-carbon-alters-climate-change-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>'s impact on our planet's ecosystems and the broader climate system.</p>



<p>Additionally, the research highlights an urgent need for continuous exploration and monitoring of tundra regions. This is crucial to improve predictions and counteract global warming.</p>



<p>As the tundra shifts from being a carbon sink to a potential carbon source, grasping these dynamics grows increasingly crucial in our global efforts to effectively manage climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-impacts-of-warming-on-tundra">Additional impacts of warming on tundra</h2>



<p>Warming affects tundra in several critical ways beyond just increasing carbon emissions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-thawing"><strong>Permafrost thawing</strong></h3>



<p>As temperatures rise, permafrost - permanently frozen ground in the tundra - begins to thaw. This releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, which further accelerates global warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altered-plant-life"><strong>Altered plant life</strong></h3>



<p>Warming leads to changes in vegetation patterns. Shrubs and trees can start to encroach on traditional tundra landscapes, which alters the habitat and can disrupt the local biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-soil-erosion"><strong>Increased soil erosion</strong></h3>



<p>With less ice to stabilize the soil, warmer temperatures can increase erosion rates. This not only affects the physical landscape but can also release more carbon stored in the soil.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-los-s"><strong>Biodiversity los</strong>s</h3>



<p>The unique species adapted to cold tundra environments may struggle to survive in warmer conditions, leading to reduced biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-water-systems"><strong>Changes in water systems</strong></h3>



<p>Thawing permafrost affects water flows in the tundra. It can lead to the formation of new lakes and wetlands or the drying up of existing ones, significantly impacting local ecosystems and water availability.</p>



<p>Understanding these effects is crucial for predicting and mitigating the broader impacts of climate change on the tundra and its role in global ecological and climate systems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07274-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em></em>.</p>



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Warming climate turns tundra from carbon sink to source

The tundra, a critical carbon sink, is undergoing significant changes...

<p>Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune systems, countless deaths, and untold suffering. Yet, there's hope on the horizon. Scientists are tirelessly unraveling cancer's mysteries. </p>



<p>One such breakthrough is immunotherapy, a cutting-edge approach that uses the body's own defenses to wage war against cancer cells. Researchers at <a href="https://www.vt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> are at the forefront of this research, developing a new type of immunotherapy with the potential to save lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system-and-cancer">Immune system and cancer</h2>



<p>Our immune system is a complex defense network made up of different cell types and organs. It works constantly to detect and eliminate threats, including harmful bacteria and viruses.</p>



<p>Cancer cells, unfortunately, develop ways to disguise themselves or suppress the immune system's response. This allows them to grow and spread unchecked.</p>



<p>Immunotherapy aims to outsmart cancer by enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. It introduces substances that either directly boost immune cells or remove the disguises cancer cells use to hide.</p>



<p>Unlike chemotherapy, which targets all rapidly dividing cells (both healthy and cancerous), immunotherapy is more precise. This often results in fewer harsh side effects for patients.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-with-immunotherapy">The challenge with immunotherapy</h2>



<p>Cytokines are small proteins that act as communication signals within the immune system. They play a critical role in coordinating the immune response, attracting and activating various immune cells to fight against threats.</p>



<p>“Cytokines are potent and highly effective at stimulating the immune cells to eliminate cancer cells,” said Professor <a href="https://che.vt.edu/People/faculty/Tong.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rong Tong</a>. “The problem is they’re so potent that if they roam freely throughout the body, they’ll activate every immune cell they encounter, which can cause an overactive immune response and potentially fatal side effects.”</p>



<p>The goal of scientists was to harness the power of cytokines to fight cancer while minimizing their potential side effects. This involved developing a method to deliver cytokines specifically to the tumor site, preventing their uncontrolled spread throughout the body.</p>



<p>Researchers at Virginia Tech addressed this challenge with their innovative localized cytokine therapy approach, providing a more targeted and controlled way to boost the immune system against cancer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-systems-anchored-cytokines-against-cancer">Immune systems anchored cytokines against cancer</h2>



<p>Dr. Tong teamed up with Dr. Wenjun "Rebecca" Cai to engineer a revolutionary approach to localized cytokine therapy. They developed tiny particles designed to carry the cytokine proteins directly to the tumor. These particles act as specialized delivery vehicles.</p>



<p>The particles are engineered with "anchors" – molecules on their surface that can bind specifically to components within the tumor. After injection, these anchors help the particles attach themselves firmly within the tumor environment.</p>



<p>The anchoring mechanism ensures that the cytokines remain primarily within the tumor. This prevents them from spreading throughout the body, minimizing potential harm to healthy cells, while allowing them to send powerful signals to attract immune cells to the tumor site.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combination-therapy">Combination therapy</h2>



<p>Now, this alone is a remarkable advancement, but the researchers went one step further. They paired their anchored cytokine system with FDA-approved therapies called checkpoint blockade antibodies. </p>



<p>Cancer cells can develop mechanisms to suppress or deactivate immune cells, essentially disabling their ability to fight back. Checkpoint blockade antibodies target these mechanisms, re-activating the immune cells so they can attack the cancer.</p>



<p>The anchored cytokines act as a powerful amplifier, attracting large numbers of immune cells to the tumor site and enhancing their cancer-fighting capabilities. </p>



<p>This combined approach creates a synergistic effect – checkpoint blockade antibodies take away cancer's defenses, while the cytokines rally a powerful immune attack. Studies have demonstrated the significant success of this strategy in eliminating tumors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-cancer-treatment">The future of cancer treatment</h2>



<p>This research is a tremendous leap forward in the field of immunotherapy, potentially leading to safer and more successful cancer treatments. It also opens doors for the development of similar delivery systems for other potent immune-boosting drugs.</p>



<p>“Researchers are still looking for safer and more effective cancer treatments,” said Tong. “This motivation is what drives us to develop new technologies in the field. The whole class of drugs that are employed to jump-start the immune system to fight cancer cells has largely not yet succeeded. Our goal is to create novel solutions that allow researchers to test these drugs with existing FDA-approved therapeutics, ensuring both safety and enhanced efficacy.”</p>



<p>The Virginia Tech researchers' dedication epitomizes the ongoing battle against cancer. While there's much work still ahead, projects like this provide immense hope that someday cancer will be a word that loses its terrifying power.</p>



<p>“I view this project as a perfect marriage between chemical engineering and materials science,” Cai said. “The former focuses on the synthesis and drug delivery part, the latter on applying advanced materials characterization. This collaboration not only accelerates immunotherapy research, but also has the ability to transform cancer treatment.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em>Science Advances</em>.</p>



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Reprogramming the immune system to attack cancer cells

Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune...

<p>In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults perceive the onset of old age compared to previous generations. The experts found that, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancy</a> increases and retirement ages are pushed back, the public perception of when old age begins is shifting to later in life. </p>



<p>The study was led by an international team of researchers including psychologist Markus Wettstein from <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a> in Berlin, and his colleagues from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, the <a href="https://www.uni.lu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Luxembourg</a>, and the <a href="https://www.uni-greifswald.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Greifswald</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-notable-shift-in-the-perceived-start-of-old-age-nbsp">Notable shift in the perceived start of old age&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts analyzed responses from 14,056 participants in the <a href="https://www.dza.de/en/research/deas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Aging Survey</a>. This longitudinal study spans over 25 years and includes German residents born between 1911 and 1974, assessing their views on aging.</p>



<p>The survey consistently asked participants the age at which they considered someone to be old. Findings indicate a notable shift: participants born earlier in the 20th century identified the start of old age at younger ages than those born later. For instance, participants born in 1911 believed old age started at 71 when they were 65 years old, whereas those born in 1956 placed the threshold at 74.</p>



<p>However, the scientists identified a slowdown in this trend of pushing back the perceived start of old age in recent decades, suggesting that this shift might not continue indefinitely. “The trend toward postponing old age is not linear and might not necessarily continue in the future,” Wettstein explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-changes-the-perspective-nbsp">Aging changes the perspective&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Further analysis showed that as individuals age, they tend to view old age as beginning later in life. For example, at age 64, participants on average believed old age started at 74.7, but by age 74, they adjusted this belief to 76.8. This shift roughly translates to a one-year increase in the perceived start of old age for every four to five years of actual aging.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-gender-equal-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gender</a> and health also play significant roles in how early individuals perceive the onset of old age. The study found that women, on average, believe it starts about two years later than men do, a gap that has widened over time. Moreover, individuals who reported feeling lonelier, being in poorer health, or feeling older themselves tended to say old age starts earlier.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-the-trend-of-postponing-old-age">What drives the trend of postponing old age?</h2>



<p>These findings are critical for understanding how individuals plan for their aging and how society views older adults. “It is unclear to what extent the trend towards postponing old age reflects a trend towards more positive views on older people and aging, or rather the opposite - perhaps the onset of old age is postponed because people consider being old to be an undesirable state,” Wettstein said.</p>



<p>The experts call for further research to determine if this trend will persist and to expand the scope of inquiry to more diverse and non-Western populations, to better understand global perceptions of aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-about-old-age">Interesting facts about old age</h2>



<p>Old age can be a period of growth, adaptation, and continued contribution to society, not merely a time of decline. Here are some interesting facts:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-life-expectancy">Increased life expectancy</h3>



<p>Globally, life expectancy has significantly increased over the past century. Advances in healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions have played a major role in extending the average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-senior-years">Healthier senior years</h3>



<p>Many older adults today are healthier than in the past. Improved medical treatments for chronic diseases like heart disease and arthritis mean many seniors can maintain a better quality of life for longer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-plasticity">Brain plasticity</h3>



<p>Contrary to the belief that the brain's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-adults-brain-cells/">capabilities</a> decline unavoidably with age, research shows that the brain maintains plasticity into older adulthood, meaning it can continue to form new neural connections and adapt.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-population-shifts">Population shifts</h3>



<p>The demographic of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improves-life-quality-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older adults</a> is increasing faster than other age groups. By 2050, the number of people aged 60 years and older will more than double. This shift is challenging societies to adapt infrastructures and policies to meet the needs of an aging population.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



<p>Older adults contribute significantly to the economy, often referred to as the "silver economy." This includes not just their spending power but also their contributions to the workforce and volunteer sectors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wisdom-and-emotions">Wisdom and emotions</h3>



<p>Older adults often experience what is known as the "positivity effect,” a tendency to remember positive experiences over negative ones. Studies suggest that this might be an adaptive mechanism to enhance overall well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-differences">Cultural differences</h3>



<p>Attitudes towards aging vary significantly by culture. In some cultures, older adults are revered and considered wise, whereas, in others, youth is valued more.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000812" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Psychology and Aging</em></a>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Public perception of ‘old age’ has shifted to later in life

In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults...

Cbn,Cannabinoloil,And,Marijuana.,Formula,Cannabis,.,Weed,Decriminalization,.

<p>Did you know that a compound found in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> plant might protect your brain from damage and decline? It's called cannabinol (CBN), and it's not the THC you're probably familiar with. </p>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.salk.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salk Institute</a> are delving into cannabinol's secrets, uncovering its potential to revolutionize how we treat brain injuries and diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-cannabinol">What is cannabinol?</h2>



<p>You've probably heard of THC, the compound in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> responsible for its well-known "high", and CBD, known for its potential therapeutic benefits. Cannabinol is a lesser-known cannabinoid, also derived from the cannabis plant. </p>



<p>While it does have some mild psychoactive effects, they are significantly less pronounced than those of THC. What makes CBN particularly interesting to scientists is its potential to protect our brains.</p>



<p>Think of your brain as being filled with tiny energy-producing factories called mitochondria. These powerhouses are essential for keeping brain cells healthy and functioning. Unfortunately, in diseases like Alzheimer's or after a traumatic brain injury, these mitochondria can malfunction and break down. </p>



<p>This leads to the death of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> cells, which contributes to the devastating symptoms of these conditions. CBN appears to have the ability to intervene in this process, acting to support and protect these failing mitochondria. </p>



<p>This safeguarding effect of cannabinol could be key to slowing or preventing the damage caused by brain-related diseases and injuries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabinol-components-to-protect-brain">Cannabinol components to protect brain</h2>



<p>To identify the specific components of CBN responsible for its protective effects, the researchers carefully deconstructed the molecule into smaller fragments. This allowed them to isolate and analyze the active parts.</p>



<p>Armed with the knowledge of CBN's most potent fragments, the scientists created four new compounds inspired by CBN's structure but with those supercharged active parts amplified. These enhanced versions of CBN aimed to provide even greater brain protection than the original molecule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabinol-s-impact-on-the-brain">Cannabinol's impact on the brain</h2>



<p>The Salk team's research pinpointed a specific way brain cells can die, called oxytosis/ferroptosis. This type of cell death plays a role in various neurological diseases, causing significant damage. The new CBN-inspired compounds demonstrated the ability to protect brain cells from this harmful process.</p>



<p>In laboratory tests using both mouse and human brain cells, the enhanced compounds showed protective abilities that matched the effectiveness of natural CBN. This means they offer the potential benefits of CBN but may do so even more powerfully.</p>



<p>To gauge the real-world impact of these compounds, scientists used fruit flies with traumatic brain injury, a common model for studying these types of injuries in humans. One compound, named CP1, shone brightly in this study. </p>



<p>Flies treated with CP1 had significantly higher survival rates than untreated flies, suggesting CP1 could play a critical role in minimizing the devastating consequences of brain trauma.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cannabinol-beyond-its-brain-benefits">More about cannabinol beyond its brain benefits</h2>



<p>As discussed above, cannabinol is a cannabinoid derived from the cannabis plant, known mostly for being mildly psychoactive and primarily found in aged cannabis where THC has degraded over time. Here's a bit more about CBN:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and chemical nature</h3>



<p>CBN forms when THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, is exposed to oxygen and light. Over time, THC breaks down and converts into CBN. Compared to THC, CBN has a lower psychoactive effect, which makes it less potent but potentially more suitable for medical use without strong euphoric effects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Potential Medical Benefits</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Sleep aid:</strong> CBN is often marketed as a sleep aid or sedative, with some reports suggesting it can help users fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly.</li>



<li><strong>Pain relief:</strong> It may work as an analgesic or pain reliever, particularly when combined with other cannabinoids like CBD.</li>



<li><strong>Anti-inflammatory:</strong> Like other cannabinoids, CBN has shown anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial in treating conditions like arthritis.</li>



<li><strong>Neuroprotectant:</strong> As demonstrated in the Salk Institute's research, CBN may offer neuroprotective effects, making it a candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases.</li>



<li><strong>Antibacterial:</strong> Studies have shown that CBN can act as an antibacterial agent, effective against various bacterial strains including MRSA.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Use and Accessibility</h3>



<p>The legal status of CBN can vary depending on local laws, especially as it is derived from cannabis. In regions where cannabis is legal, products containing CBN are becoming more available.</p>



<p>While there is promising research supporting CBN’s efficacy, more clinical studies are necessary to fully understand its therapeutic potential.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-brain-health">The future of brain health</h2>



<p>"Our findings help demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CBN, as well as the scientific opportunity we have to replicate and refine its drug-like properties," says Research Professor Pamela Maher, senior author of the study.</p>



<p>Imagine giving this CP1 compound to athletes at risk for head injuries or to someone immediately after a car accident. Could it lessen the long-term consequences of brain trauma? </p>



<p>The Salk team is determined to find out. Their future research will explore these enhanced CBN compounds in the context of age-related brain decline, potentially changing how we approach brain health as we age.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231724001149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Redox Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Cannabinol (CBN) seems to prevent cognitive decline and brain disorders

Did you know that a compound found in the cannabis...

<p>Astronomers have recently created a high-resolution map showcasing a colossal outflow of gas within the nearby galaxy NGC 4383. This galactic explosion is shedding light on the intricate processes that contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-explosion-created-elements-essential-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical</a> enrichment of intergalactic space and provides clues about the mechanisms that regulate galaxy evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intergalactic-enrichment">Intergalactic enrichment</h2>



<p>Galaxies are vast, dynamic environments where stars act as cosmic factories, transforming simple elements into heavier ones throughout their lives. During their final, explosive stages – called supernovae – these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> blast out immense quantities of gas laced with the complex elements they've created.</p>



<p>This stellar debris mixes with the existing gas and dust within the galaxy, a region known as the interstellar medium. The infusion of these heavier elements increases the overall richness of the interstellar medium, providing new building blocks for subsequent generations of stars and planets.</p>



<p>Through this process of cosmic recycling – stellar birth, element production, supernova dispersal, and the formation of new celestial bodies – galaxies steadily evolve and change their chemical makeup.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galactic-explosion-in-ngc-4383">Galactic explosion in NGC 4383</h2>



<p>The detailed observations of NGC 4383 have revealed a truly exceptional gas outflow, emphasizing the scale and power of such galactic explosions within galaxies. Key findings of this study include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scale-and-velocity">Scale and velocity</h3>



<p>The sheer size of the expelled gas is extraordinary. Traveling at light speed, it would take 20,000 years to cross the entire structure. To put the velocities into perspective, the ejected material speeds outward in excess of 200 kilometers per second – hundreds of times faster than a bullet train.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-composition">Chemical composition</h3>



<p>Scientists analyzed the light from the outflow to determine its makeup. They discovered a diverse mixture of heavier elements, including essential building blocks of life like oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, along with numerous others. This indicates that the outflow is not just leftover debris, but a treasure trove of ingredients for future cosmic structures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mass">Mass</h3>



<p>Astonishingly, the total mass contained within this outflow is equivalent to over 50 million times the mass of our Sun. This underscores the immense energy involved in such galactic events and the substantial amount of material they can displace.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-ngc-4383-s-outflow">Capturing NGC 4383's outflow</h2>



<p>This significant breakthrough highlights the power of advanced astronomical tools and surveys in pushing the boundaries of our knowledge. Here's a breakdown of the key components:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mauve-survey">MAUVE survey</h3>



<p>This large-scale project meticulously maps galaxies using cutting-edge instruments. Its aim is to understand how galaxies evolve, including investigating the role of gas flows into and out of these cosmic structures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-muse-integral-field-spectrograph">MUSE integral field spectrograph</h3>



<p>MUSE is a sophisticated instrument that collects light and splits it into its component colors (a spectrum). Crucially, it does this simultaneously for many points across an extended object like NGC 4383's gas outflow. This allows scientists to map the velocity, temperature, and chemical composition of the outflow in unprecedented detail.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-european-southern-observatory-s-very-large-telescope-vlt">European southern observatory's Very large telescope (VLT)</h3>



<p>The VLT is a world-leading astronomical observatory located in Chile. It consists of multiple telescopes that operate together and are equipped with state-of-the-art instruments like MUSE, enabling researchers to make groundbreaking discoveries.</p>



<p>The combination of the MAUVE survey's focus, MUSE's capabilities, and the power of the VLT telescopes provided the ideal conditions for scientists to capture such stunning details of NGC 4383's remarkable outflow.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-ngc-4383-s-explosion-for-galactic-evolution">Implications of NGC 4383's explosion for galactic evolution</h2>



<p>“Very little is known about the physics of outflows and their properties because outflows are very hard to detect,” noted lead author Dr Adam Watts, from <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a> node at the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (<a href="https://www.icrar.org/">ICRAR</a>). The case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-luminous-galaxy-ngc-3783-and-a-blue-giant-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NGC</a> 4383 addresses this challenge, offering fresh insights into galactic outflows. These processes play a crucial role in several facets of galaxy evolution:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation-of-star-formation">Regulation of star formation</h3>



<p>Stars are born within dense clouds of gas and dust within galaxies. This raw material needs to collapse under its own gravity to trigger star formation.</p>



<p>Powerful outflows, driven by things like supernova <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-blaze-star-explosion-visible-one-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explosions</a> and intense radiation from massive stars, act like a powerful cosmic broom. They can disrupt and disperse the gas clouds, essentially removing the fuel needed for future star formation.</p>



<p>When star-forming material is swept away, the galaxy has a harder time making new stars. This can significantly slow down the overall rate of star formation and affect how long a galaxy remains actively star-forming.</p>



<p>Outflows are a crucial regulating mechanism in galaxies. Without them, galaxies might burn through their star-forming fuel too quickly. Outflows help galaxies maintain a more sustainable level of star formation over long periods of time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-4383-s-long-term-legacy">NGC 4383's long-term legacy</h3>



<p>The gas ejected by galactic outflows doesn't just vanish into the void. Instead, it becomes a part of the vast intergalactic medium – the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cassiopeia-a-resembles-a-shiny-christmas-ornament-in-this-webb-telescope-photo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> between galaxies.</p>



<p>Over time, the dispersed material mixes with the existing gas in the intergalactic medium. This gradually alters its overall chemical makeup, increasing the abundance of heavier elements produced in stars.</p>



<p>These enriched pockets of intergalactic gas could then influence subsequent galaxy formation. When new galaxies form, they draw in this material, starting off with a more complex mix of elements than the earliest galaxies in the universe.</p>



<p>Galactic outflows leave a lasting chemical fingerprint on the cosmos. They play a subtle but essential role in the universe's ongoing evolution.</p>



<p>"We hope that in the future, MAUVE observations reveal the importance of gas outflows in the local Universe with exquisite detail," commented Professor Barbara Catinella, co-author and co-leader of the MAUVE survey. NGC 4383 provides a fascinating puzzle piece, helping astronomers understand the complex interplay between stars, galaxies, and the grand tapestry of the cosmos.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/530/2/1968/7642869" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></em>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESO/A. Watts et al</p>



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Massive galactic explosion provides clues about galaxy evolution

Astronomers have recently created a high-resolution map showcasing a colossal...

<p>Have you ever felt like your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> health has kept you from fully living your life? Struggling with depression or anxiety can make it seem like time itself slows down, trapping you in a cycle of worry and fogginess. </p>



<p>According to a new nationwide survey, called the <a href="https://genesight.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GeneSight</a> Mental Health Monitor, you're not alone. A staggering amount of Americans report losing precious time due to poor mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poor-mental-health-and-lost-time">Poor mental health and lost time</h2>



<p>The survey results paint a devastating picture of the toll mental illness takes. The fact that 44% of Americans believe they've lost significant time due to poor mental health highlights the widespread reach of this issue. </p>



<p>For those already diagnosed with anxiety and/or depression, the situation worsens dramatically – nearly 80% report the same heartbreaking sense of lost time.</p>



<p>It's even more distressing to consider that half of individuals battling anxiety and/or depression feel they've lost years of their life to these challenges. The fact that 12% report losing entire decades emphasizes the profound and far-reaching consequences of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supportive-adults-help-protect-children-from-mental-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> health struggles. </p>



<p>These are not just numbers; they represent stolen moments, missed experiences, and the immense weight of mental illness over a lifetime.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-losing-time-to-mental-health-look-like">What does losing time to mental health look like?</h2>



<p>The concept of "lost time" might seem abstract, but the consequences are painfully real. For those struggling with mental health, this translates into a devastating array of missed experiences:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missed-milestones">Missed milestones</h3>



<p>Over half of individuals with anxiety and/or depression report the heartbreak of missing out on major life events. These are moments meant for celebration – weddings, graduations, the birth of children – yet mental health struggles cast a dark shadow over what should be joyous occasions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-special-moments">Special moments</h3>



<p>It's not just about absence. Even when physically present at important gatherings, a staggering 71% of those surveyed say that mental health prevents them from truly being there. Imagine being surrounded by loved ones yet feeling disconnected, unable to fully participate in the shared experience.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-s-stolen-joyful-times">Mental health's stolen joyful times</h3>



<p>Nearly 8 in 10 people admit that within the past year alone, their mental health has robbed them of simple pleasures. This could mean struggling to find enjoyment in hobbies, outings with friends, or even moments of everyday relaxation.</p>



<p>“For a patient who is struggling, time ticks a lot slower than it does for the rest of us,” said Debbie Thomas, a psychiatric nurse practitioner in Louisville, Kentucky. “One of my patients told me that, when they woke up in the morning, they counted how many hours before they could go back to bed. That’s pretty telling when someone is in the depths of depression and anxiety to that degree.”&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frustration-and-regret-of-lost-time-to-mental-health">Frustration and regret of lost time to mental health</h2>



<p>The pain of missing out on life due to mental health issues goes far deeper than the events themselves. The aftermath holds its own set of agonizing emotions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exhaustion">Exhaustion</h3>



<p>For 60%, depressive episodes leave them feeling utterly depleted, as if every ounce of energy has been wrung out of them. This isn't just tiredness; it's a profound physical and emotional drain.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disorientation">Disorientation </h3>



<p>Half of respondents describe the end of a down period as disorienting – like waking from a confusing, hazy fog. This speaks to the distorting effect mental illness has on one's perception of reality and sense of self.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappointment">Disappointment</h3>



<p>A significant 47% struggle with deep sadness and frustration over the missed opportunities. This lingering disappointment underscores the realization that while time moves forward, the moments lost to mental health struggles can never be recovered.</p>



<p>“Patients who have lost time due to depressive episodes or periods of anxiety often feel a sense of loss, which further complicates their mental health situation,” said Sharon Philbin, an advanced practice registered nurse in Pawtucket, Rhode Island,. “Many of my patients say they are thankful they feel better, but they worry that it will happen again.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prolonged-treatment-time-of-mental-health">Prolonged treatment time of mental health</h2>



<p>Sadly, one out of every three respondents with anxiety and/or depression feels that they've missed out on things due to ineffective mental health treatments. Navigating the world of psychiatric medication can be tough. </p>



<p>The typical approach often involves months or even years of trial and error as doctors and patients struggle to find the right medication and dosage. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritize-your-mental-health-with-time">Prioritize your mental health with time</h2>



<p>Taking care of your mental health is essential for both your well-being and your ability to lead a fulfilling life. Here are strategies to help manage and improve your mental health:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stay active</h3>



<p>Physical activity isn't just good for the body; it also has a profound impact on our mental health. Exercise releases endorphins, chemicals in your brain that act as natural painkillers and mood elevators. It also helps regulate sleep, which can greatly improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-biodiversity-areas-have-greater-mental-health-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood</a> and decrease stress. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Eat well</h3>



<p>Nutrition plays a crucial role in brain health. Eating a diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals supports brain function and can ward off anxiety and depression. Focus on incorporating plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains into your diet. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish like salmon, have been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Get enough sleep</h3>



<p>Sleep and mental health are closely connected. Lack of sleep can exacerbate stress, anxiety, and depression. Try to maintain a regular sleep schedule—going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Ensure your bedroom is conducive to sleep: quiet, dark, and cool, and free from screens and distractions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Connect with others</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Social</a> interaction is a fundamental human need that helps ward off loneliness and depression. Maintain strong relationships with friends and family who can provide support and understanding. Activities like joining clubs or groups, volunteering, or attending community events can also provide valuable social interaction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Manage stress</h3>



<p>Chronic stress is detrimental to mental health. Managing stress through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-apps-to-practice-mindfulness-improves-mental-health-of-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mindfulness</a>, meditation, yoga, or deep-breathing exercises can significantly reduce your anxiety and improve your emotional well-being. Regular practice can help you stay calm and better equipped to handle life's challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Avoid Alcohol and drugs</h3>



<p>While you might feel that alcohol or drugs lessen stress in the short term, they often worsen symptoms of anxiety and depression in the long run. If you're struggling with substance use, seek professional help to develop healthier coping mechanisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Set goals and priorities</h3>



<p>Determine what you want to achieve personally and professionally and set realistic goals to help guide you. Setting and achieving goals provides a sense of purpose and control, which can greatly improve your mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Take breaks</h3>



<p>In times of stress, taking a step back to simply breathe and relax can be incredibly helpful. Whether it’s stepping outside, taking a day off to unwind, or simply setting aside time for hobbies you enjoy, breaks can significantly restore your mental energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Practice gratitude</h3>



<p>Recognizing and appreciating the positives in your life can shift your mindset from one of scarcity to one of abundance, which can decrease anxiety and boost your mood. Consider keeping a gratitude journal, where you regularly write down things you're grateful for, to help maintain a positive frame of mind.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-help-for-mental-health-time-loss">Get help for mental health time loss</h3>



<p>There's no substitute for professional help when it comes to treating mental illness. A mental health professional can provide a diagnosis, offer treatment, and help you develop strategies to cope with symptoms. Don’t hesitate to seek help if you feel overwhelmed or unable to cope.</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Talk to your doctor:</strong>&nbsp;Discuss your symptoms and discuss medication options. Ask about whether genetic testing to diagnose mental health issues might be right for you.</li>



<li><strong>Seek therapy:</strong>&nbsp;A qualified therapist can offer valuable guidance, coping strategies, and support on your mental health journey.</li>



<li><strong>Support resources:</strong>&nbsp;Organizations like the National Alliance on Mental Illness (<a href="https://www.nami.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NAMI</a>) offer education, support groups, and helplines.</li>
</ul>



<p>The GeneSight Mental Health Monitor is a survey conducted by ACUPOLL Precision Research, Inc This study was commissioned by Myriad Genetics, a leader in genetic testing and precision medicine. Their GeneSight Psychotropic test offers insights into how an individual's genes may affect their response to various mental health medications.</p>



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Millions of Americans have lost years of time to poor mental health

Have you ever felt like your mental health has kept...

<p>Parrots, renowned for their vibrant colors and remarkable imitative abilities, are increasingly targeted by illegal wildlife trade operations. A forensic project led by scientists at The Australian National University (<a href="https://www.anu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANU</a>) aims to bring perpetrators to justice, protect parrots, and safeguard global health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-toolkit-to-track-illegal-parrot-trade">DNA toolkit to track illegal parrot trade</h2>



<p>Dr. George Olah, chief investigator at the ANU Fenner School of Environment and Society, is leading the development of a comprehensive DNA database designed to revolutionize parrot conservation efforts. </p>



<p>This database, drawing inspiration from INTERPOL's I-Familia (which utilizes kinship matching to identify missing persons), will provide authorities with the scientific tools necessary to dismantle illegal trafficking networks.</p>



<p>“This research project is like CSI, but for parrots,” said Dr Olah. “For traded wildlife, we don’t yet have a widely used DNA database like the one INTERPOL is using, for instance, to identify missing persons through international police cooperation. Once we have it, we can analyse the trade network, showing which birds are coming from which islands." </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-illegal-parrot-trade">Identifying illegal parrot trade</h2>



<p>The innovative process involves:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sample-collection">Sample collection</h3>



<p>Scientists will focus on parrot species classified as threatened or endangered, such as the iconic Yellow-crested Cockatoo or the vibrantly colored Sumba Eclectus.</p>



<p>To minimize harm to the birds, researchers will collect either a single feather or a minuscule amount of blood (typically from a nestling). This contains the necessary biological material for DNA analysis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-analysis">DNA analysis</h3>



<p>Cutting-edge nanopore technology enables rapid and cost-effective DNA sequencing. This technology works by passing individual DNA strands through tiny pores and detecting changes in electrical current, allowing scientists to determine the precise sequence of the bird's genetic code.</p>



<p>The sequencing process generates a unique genetic profile for each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-intelligence-longevity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot</a>, acting like a biological fingerprint that differentiates it from other individuals in its species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-database-development">Database development </h3>



<p>Law enforcement agencies around the world can access these unique DNA profiles stored in a secure, centralized database.</p>



<p>When law enforcement intercepts suspected trafficked parrots, samples can be collected and analyzed in the same way. Investigators can potentially pinpoint where the seized birds were taken from in the wild by comparing their DNA against the database.</p>



<p>The database becomes a powerful reference tool, providing essential clues to help track criminal networks and identify smuggling hotspots involved in the illegal wildlife trade.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-forensics-to-track-illegal-trading-of-parrots">DNA forensics to track illegal trading of parrots</h2>



<p>This toolkit offers a two-pronged approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-zealand-worlds-largest-parrot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot</a> conservation:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-illegal-parrot-trade">Combating illegal parrot trade</h3>



<p>Currently, limited information is available when parrots are confiscated from illegal traders. Using DNA analysis, law enforcement can match the seized birds with the database, tracing them back to their original geographic area.</p>



<p>This traceability creates a 'breadcrumb trail,' offering valuable insight into the routes used by smugglers and potentially revealing established trafficking networks.</p>



<p>As this knowledge base grows, authorities can implement targeted interventions, disrupting supply chains and leading to the identification and arrest of the individuals involved in poaching and trafficking activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facilitating-reintroduction">Facilitating reintroduction</h3>



<p>Confiscated parrots from illegal trade often cannot be readily returned to the wild, as their exact origins are unknown. This creates issues if they are the wrong subspecies for the intended release area, potentially harming local populations.</p>



<p>DNA analysis solves this problem. Wildlife officials can pinpoint the origin of confiscated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-red-crowned-parrots-are-thriving-in-urban-texas-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrots</a> to ensure their release. They can return them to their true homes - the correct habitats.</p>



<p>The reintroductions are critical for boosting wild populations, particularly of threatened or endangered species. The technology enables not just successful rescues, but supports long-term conservation efforts and the restoration of natural ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-parrots-protecting-public-health">Protecting parrots, protecting public health</h2>



<p>The illegal wildlife trade poses a significant threat to biodiversity and global public health. Wildlife trafficking is a primary vector for the spread of zoonotic diseases, those capable of transmitting from animals to humans (as evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic). </p>



<p>“So if we know more about the illegal wildlife market, we can safeguard not only the wildlife but humans too,”&nbsp;explained Dr Olah.</p>



<p>While initially focusing on Indonesia, a hotspot for illegal parrot trade, this project holds the potential for global expansion. The team envisions collaborations with law enforcement agencies worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-you-can-get-involved">How you can get involved</h2>



<p>In the fight against illegal wildlife trafficking, knowledge truly is power. Here's how to start arming yourself with the information you need:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educate-yourself-and-others">Educate yourself and others</h3>



<p>Actively seek information about the illegal parrot trade from reputable sources like scientific journals, conservation organization websites, and documentaries. Understanding the scope of the problem is the first step towards effective action.</p>



<p>The illegal parrot trade is just one part of the larger illegal wildlife trafficking industry. Learn about the broader trade in endangered species, its drivers, and its far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity.</p>



<p>Share your knowledge with your friends, family, and online communities. Raising awareness sparks conversations and creates a ripple effect, inspiring others to take action.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-conservation-organizations">Support conservation organizations</h3>



<p>Thoroughly research different conservation organizations dedicated to protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-colorful-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrots</a> and fighting wildlife trafficking. Examine their mission statements, track record, and financial transparency to ensure they align with your values and priorities.</p>



<p>Financial contributions can make a huge difference for conservation efforts on the ground. Choose organizations that use donations effectively and can demonstrate the impact of their work.</p>



<p>Many organizations welcome other forms of support. Volunteer your time and skills, participate in their campaigns, and spread the word about their work through your social networks.</p>



<p>This DNA-based conservation initiative represents a significant turning point in the fight to protect parrots and maintain a healthy, balanced world.</p>



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Saving parrots in the illegal wildlife trade with DNA technology

Parrots, renowned for their vibrant colors and remarkable imitative abilities,...

<p>We all know the adage "You are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-and-when-may-extend-your-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">what you eat</a>." But what about how <em>much</em> you eat? It turns out, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calorie-restriction-makes-it-possible-to-slow-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caloric</a> restriction (intentionally eating less) could play a fascinating – and complex – role in the aging process.</p>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State University</a> are diving into this mystery, and their recent study on calorie restriction has uncovered a surprising twist in how our bodies might respond to this dietary change. Could eating less hold a key to a longer, healthier life?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-telomeres-and-biological-age">Telomeres and biological age</h2>



<p>To understand the study, we need to get to know telomeres. Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA found at the very tips of our chromosomes. Chromosomes are the structures within our cells that house our genetic information.</p>



<p>Each time our cells divide, the telomeres get a bit shorter. This shortening is a natural part of the cell division process. Over time, our telomeres become progressively shorter.</p>



<p>When telomeres get too short, our cells lose their ability to function properly. Telomeres act as safeguards for the ends of our chromosomes, preventing important genetic information from being lost. Once telomeres become critically short, cells can become damaged and stop functioning efficiently.</p>



<p>Many factors, including stress, illness, and our lifestyle choices, affect the rate of telomere shortening. While telomere shortening naturally occurs, some factors can accelerate the process.</p>



<p>Generally speaking, shorter telomeres are linked to a higher "biological age". This means that your body's cells might be exhibiting signs of age that are more advanced than your actual chronological age in years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caloric-restriction">Caloric restriction</h2>



<p>Scientists have observed a fascinating phenomenon in many animal species: calorie <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calorie-restriction-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restriction</a> appears to be linked to a longer lifespan. Studies on various animals, from worms to rodents, have shown that restricting calorie intake can significantly extend their lifespans compared to those eating a normal diet. </p>



<p>These findings fueled the curiosity of researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/">Penn State University</a>. They wanted to investigate whether this effect translated to humans as well. To explore this question, the researchers turned to data from the CALERIE study, a groundbreaking national research project. </p>



<p>CALERIE stands for Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Energy Intake. It's the first long-term, randomized clinical trial designed to examine the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alternate-day-fasting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calorie</a> restriction on human health. </p>



<p>Participants in the CALERIE study were divided into two groups: one group followed a calorie-restricted diet, while the other maintained a typical diet. The Penn State researchers specifically focused on analyzing data related to telomere length to see if calorie restriction impacted how quickly telomeres shortened in the study participants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unexpected-results-of-caloric-restriction">The unexpected results of caloric restriction</h2>



<p>Instead of the expected outcome – a gradual slowing down of telomere loss in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calorie</a> restriction group – the researchers stumbled upon some unexpected twists and turns. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-year-one">Year one </h3>



<p>Individuals following the calorie-restricted diet experienced both weight loss and an accelerated rate of telomere shortening compared to those eating normally. This was contrary to the researchers' initial hypothesis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-year-two">Year two</h3>



<p>Once the weight of participants on the calorie-restricted diet stabilized, a change occurred. They began to exhibit a slower rate of telomere shortening compared to the control group.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-end-result-a-draw">The end result: A draw </h3>



<p>After two years of the study, the average telomere lengths in both the calorie restriction group and the control group were surprisingly similar. These findings suggest a complex and dynamic relationship between calorie restriction and telomere dynamics. </p>



<p>The initial acceleration in telomere loss could be the body's response to a significant change in energy intake. Cells might enter a temporary state of stress while adjusting to the new dietary conditions.</p>



<p>Once weight stabilized in the calorie restriction group, the long-term benefits associated with reduced calorie intake may have kicked in. Lower levels of cellular waste products and oxidative stress (which can damage DNA) might contribute to the observed slowdown in telomere shortening.</p>



<p>However, it's possible that the two-year study period was not long enough to fully capture the potential long-term effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-has-extraordinary-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calorie</a> restriction on telomere length.</p>



<p>"This research shows the complexity of how caloric restriction affects telomere loss," said Idan Shalev, associate professor of biobehavioral health at Penn State. "We hypothesized that telomere loss would be slower among people on caloric restriction. Instead, we found that people on caloric restriction lost telomeres more rapidly at first and then more slowly after their weight stabilized."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-what-s-the-takeaway">So, what's the takeaway?</h2>



<p>The initial spike in telomere loss for the calorie restriction group was unexpected but could indicate a complex response happening in our cells.</p>



<p>The study only followed participants for two years. Researchers hope that a 10-year follow-up will reveal more about whether calorie restriction has a lasting impact on telomere length and, in turn, the pace of aging. While the telomere data isn't conclusive yet, calorie restriction has other proven health benefits. </p>



<p>"One primary mechanism through which life is extended relates to metabolism in a cell. When energy is consumed within a cell, waste products from that process cause oxidative stress thatcan damage DNA and otherwise break down the cell. When a person’s cells consume less energy due to caloric restriction, however, there are fewer waste products, and the cell does not break down as quickly,” said Waylon Hastings, lead author of the study.</p>



<p>Previous studies on CALERIE participants showed that calorie restriction can help reduce harmful cholesterol and lower blood pressure. Clearly, there's more to discover about how our bodies respond long-term to eating less.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-you-try-caloric-restriction">Should you try caloric restriction?</h2>



<p>While potential benefits exist, it's definitely not a one-size-fits-all situation. Restricting calories for an extended period should always be done under medical supervision.</p>



<p>This research sheds light on the intricate connection between what we eat and how we age. Could our dinner plate hold secrets to a longer, healthier life? Scientists are eager to find out.</p>



<p>The findings are published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.14149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aging Cell</a></em>.</p>



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Can caloric restriction help you live longer? It's complicated

We all know the adage "You are what you eat."...

<p>Cold-air pooling, an intriguing climatic anomaly where cold air descends from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/leaf-cover-affects-the-climate-in-mountain-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain</a> peaks into lower valleys, challenges the generally accepted fact that higher altitudes are cooler than the valleys below. </p>



<p>The phenomenon creates an environment where temperatures are actually warmer at higher altitudes and colder below. It reverses the typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-are-cooling-the-air-around-them-to-survive-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a> gradient expected in mountainous regions. </p>



<p>This unusual occurrence disrupts the norm where cooler temperatures are expected with increased elevation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-air-pooling-occurrence">Cold-air pooling occurrence</h2>



<p>Researchers conducted the study over two years at various New England sites, including Vermont's Nulhegan Basin and the expansive terrain of the Green Mountains. They found that cold-air pooling is not just an occasional occurrence.</p>



<p>Contrary to what was previously thought, this phenomenon is a frequent and consistent feature. "Cold-air pooling happens frequently, year-round, well into daylight hours," said Carol Adair, a professor involved in the study.</p>



<p>To understand the impact of this phenomenon, the research team meticulously collected temperature data and examined the distribution of tree species across different elevations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reversal-of-vegetation-patterns-by-cold-air-pooling">Reversal of vegetation patterns by cold-air pooling</h2>



<p>Melissa Pastore, the lead author of the study from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, noted a fascinating twist in vegetation patterns corresponding with these temperature inversions.</p>



<p>"Instead of finding more cold-preferring species like spruce and fir at high elevations, we found them in lower elevations - just the opposite of what we expect," explained Pastore.</p>



<p>This discovery shows that cold-air pooling significantly affects forest structure, creating an ecological paradox by reversing the expected natural order.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-implications">Conservation implications</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are profound for conservation efforts. Areas experiencing cold-air pooling could serve as crucial refuges for cold-adapted species threatened by global warming.</p>



<p>"These cold-air-pooling areas could be valuable targets for small areas that provide a refuge from climate change," Pastore elaborates. "They're areas that might be buffered from, or even decoupled from, climate change, and they're harboring cold-adapted species that we know are vulnerable."</p>



<p>Additionally, Adair discusses the practical benefits of preserving these unique ecological niches, "including carbon storage and small-scale recreational opportunities."</p>



<p>She highlights that communities of cold-loving coniferous trees not only store more carbon but also maintain soil moisture longer. This is vital during extreme rainfall events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-more-research">A call for more research</h2>



<p>While cold-air pooling offers some respite for certain species, it is not a complete safeguard against climate change. "These forests are still going to warm—I definitely don't want to say these are complete safe havens, because climate change will happen there, too—but it might be slower," Pastore cautions.</p>



<p>The ongoing research aims to further delineate the temporal and geographic extent of this phenomenon beneath the forest canopy. This ensures that future ecological models accurately reflect these microclimatic conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-beacon-of-hope">A beacon of hope</h2>



<p>The research not only provides critical insights into how some forest areas might defy broader climatic trends but also injects a dose of optimism into ecological studies. </p>



<p>Adair reflects on the significance of these findings, "A lot of my research is telling people why bad things are happening, so this is nice. It's not all good news, but it's some good news. These places exist. We can use them. They're important. They're clearly structuring forests."</p>



<p>This study exemplifies how understanding nuanced ecological dynamics can lead to effective conservation strategies, offering a glimmer of hope for species that might otherwise succumb to the escalating pressures of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cold-air-pooling">More about cold-air pooling</h2>



<p>As discussed, cold-air pooling, also known as temperature inversion or cold air trapping, is a meteorological phenomenon where cold <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-are-cooling-the-air-around-them-to-survive-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air</a>, being denser and heavier than warm air, sinks into lower elevations such as valleys and basins. </p>



<p>This process is especially prevalent during clear, calm nights when the ground rapidly loses heat through radiation. Here's a more detailed look at how it occurs and its effects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Radiative cooling</strong>: On clear nights, the earth's surface cools by emitting infrared radiation. Without clouds to reflect this radiation back to the surface, the ground and the air near it cool much more quickly.</li>



<li><strong>Air Density and movement</strong>: As the air cools, it becomes denser and heavier. Since cold air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, this also often results in clearer skies, enhancing the cooling effect.</li>



<li><strong>Topographical influence</strong>: In mountainous or hilly regions, the cooled air flows downward due to gravity, collecting in the lower parts of the landscape, such as valleys or basins.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Temperature reversal</strong>: Unlike the typical environmental lapse rate where temperature decreases with altitude, in cold-air pooling scenarios, lower elevations experience colder temperatures than the surrounding higher elevations.</li>



<li><strong>Stability and duration</strong>: This phenomenon is most stable under anticyclonic conditions (high atmospheric pressure) with little to no wind. It can last from sunset to sunrise and may persist for several days under sustained conditions.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological and Environmental Impacts</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Vegetation and wildlife</strong>: The altered temperature gradients can affect the distribution of plant species and wildlife. Species that are typically adapted to cooler conditions might be found at lower than expected elevations.</li>



<li><strong>Agricultural impacts</strong>: Frost pockets created by cold-air pooling can lead to increased risk of frost damage to crops in affected valleys.</li>



<li><strong>Air quality</strong>: Since the cold air traps pollutants and restricts their dispersion, areas experiencing cold-air pooling might also suffer from reduced air quality.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climatic importance</h3>



<p>Cold-air pooling is significant in the study of microclimates and is crucial for accurate weather forecasting in regions where it frequently occurs. Understanding this phenomenon helps in better predicting frost events and managing the ecological impacts on local flora and fauna. </p>



<p>It also provides insights into how localized climatic conditions can diverge significantly from broader patterns, which is essential for effective land use planning and conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11126" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a></em>.</p>



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Cold-air pooling in mountains defies elevation temperature norms

Cold-air pooling, an intriguing climatic anomaly where cold air descends...

<p>Since its beginning in 1970, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2023-20-reasons-to-cherish-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth Day</a> has become one of the most significant global civic events. This year, as we mark the Earth Day’s 54th anniversary on April 22, the urgency to address environmental issues is greater than ever, particularly concerning the enormous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/">proliferation</a> of plastics. </p>



<p>Recent statistical analyses have shown that, over the last six decades, humanity has produced around eight billion tons of plastic, and a staggering&nbsp; 90.5% of this has never been recycled. The theme for this year’s Earth Day, “Planet vs. Plastic,” demands a 60% reduction in plastic production by 2040.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-plastic-planet">A plastic planet </h2>



<p>The exponential increase in plastic production from a mere two million tons in 1950 to over 450 million tons annually today represents a dire environmental crisis requiring immediate action.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This dramatic escalation in plastic production, with half of all plastics ever produced being manufactured in the recent 15 years alone, indicates a trend that could potentially lead to a doubling of plastic production by 2050. Each minute, more than one million plastic water bottles are sold globally, contributing significantly to the environmental burden.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-tons-of-plastic-waste">Millions of tons of plastic waste</h2>



<p>Alarmingly, every year, approximately 11 million tons of this plastic waste are discarded into the oceans, wreaking havoc on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-stress-causes-undetected-changes-in-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a> and biodiversity. </p>



<p>Despite significant advancements in recycling technologies, a paltry 9% of all plastic produced has been successfully recycled. This inefficiency in managing plastic waste is exacerbated by the longevity of plastics in the environment, with some types requiring up to 400 years to fully degrade.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, many plastics contain additives to prolong their lifespan and functionality, further complicating their disposal and recycling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-levels-of-plastic-in-the-environment">Critical levels of plastic in the environment</h2>



<p>The pervasiveness of plastic in our environment has reached such critical levels that it now ironically contradicts the promises made by the plastics industry decades ago. An advertisement from the American Plastics Council in a 1997 edition of The New Yorker humorously declared plastic wrappers and containers as the "sixth food group," touted for keeping food contaminant-free.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Yet, the reality today is starkly different. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a> have permeated every corner of our environment, infiltrating the food we consume and the water we drink. As scientists argue, the average human ingests the equivalent of a credit card's worth of plastic each week, with the long-term health impacts of this consumption still largely unknown and potentially devastating.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drastic-changes-are-urgently-needed">Drastic changes are urgently needed</h2>



<p>This growing body of evidence underscores a pressing need to reevaluate and drastically change our production, consumption, and disposal of plastics. The argument for maintaining current production levels is untenable in the face of such overwhelming evidence of harm.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It is imperative that we shift towards more sustainable practices, including enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-cheaper-method-of-recycling-plastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a> efforts, reducing plastic production, and developing alternative materials that do not compromise the health of our planet and future generations. Ignoring these warning signs and continuing on our current path is not just irresponsible - it is morally indefensible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-planet-initiatives-to-combat-the-crisis">Plastic planet: Initiatives to combat the crisis</h2>



<p>On the global front, initiatives are underway to combat the plastic crisis, as it will be addressed in the upcoming fourth session of the <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution</a> meeting in Ottawa, Canada. </p>



<p>The objective of this session is to forge an international legally binding agreement on plastic pollution, aiming to include marine environments. The hope is that by early next year, a new treaty could be ratified at the United Nations to combat plastic pollution by 2040.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-at-the-entire-life-cycle-of-plastics">Looking at the entire life cycle of plastics</h2>



<p>Businesses play a pivotal role too in addressing plastic pollution. To truly make a difference, companies must look beyond isolated sustainability efforts and consider their entire supply chains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This involves conducting Life Cycle Assessments, which analyze the environmental impacts of a product from its creation to its disposal, adhering to the ISO standard 14040.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The comprehensive approach allows businesses to understand and mitigate the environmental footprints of their products through their entire lifecycle.</p>



<p>Moreover, businesses need to innovate by investing in new materials and technologies to reduce dependence on single-use plastics. Designing products with their end-of-life in mind is essential for fostering a circular economy, where materials are reused and recycled, thereby reducing waste and environmental impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-sustainable-choices">Making sustainable choices </h2>



<p>Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations throughout a product's life cycle is crucial for sustainable operations. Companies must manage regulatory and sustainability requirements diligently, from tracking registrations and substance volumes to classifying products and creating compliance documents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This comprehensive approach ensures that businesses not only claim sustainability in their mission statements but also practice it through responsible supply chain management.</p>



<p>Individuals also have a significant role to play. Simple actions, such as using reusable bottles, straws, and shopping bags, can significantly impact plastic reduction. Additionally, engaging in local clean-up events and supporting environmental initiatives can amplify individual efforts.</p>



<p>On Earth Day, we should all commit to making long-term sustainable choices. By collectively advancing towards significant plastic reduction, optimizing recycling efforts, and enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-urgent-plea-sustainable-climate-solutions-save-earth-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability practices</a> across all sectors of society, we can hope to preserve our planet for future generations. </p>



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Can we win the battle of Planet vs. Plastic? Drastic changes are needed

Since its beginning in 1970, Earth Day has become one...

<p>Back in 1970, America's bustling avenues grind to a halt. Students hold dramatic "die-ins." From coast to coast, ordinary citizens flood the streets, not for celebration, but for survival. That was the first Earth Day, a turning point when the damage from our "throwaway" culture became too glaring to ignore. Fast forward to today, and the struggle continues – Earth Day 2024 puts the spotlight on our planet-wide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> addiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-earth-day">What is Earth Day?</h2>



<p>April 22nd isn't just another date on the calendar. It's a date etched in green, a global rallying cry for our planet. Earth Day is a movement that transcends borders and generations, a day where billions come together to celebrate one shared home – Earth.</p>



<p>It wasn't always this way. Earth Day emerged from a groundswell of concern, a collective outcry against the unchecked environmental damage of the late 1960s. Smog-choked cities, rivers choked with waste, and the silent disappearance of species all painted a grim picture. Earth Day became a platform for this growing unease, a way for everyday people to demand action.</p>



<p>Today, the fight continues, but the stakes are even higher. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-last-seven-years-have-been-the-hottest-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> crisis looms large, a stark reminder of the consequences of our actions. But Earth Day isn't a day of despair; it's a day of defiance, a day to declare that change is possible. It's a message of empowerment, a call to action that starts with each of us. </p>



<p>Whether it's a simple act of reducing waste or demanding accountability from corporations and governments, Earth Day reminds us that our collective voice has the power to create a better future for ourselves and the planet we call home.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planet-vs-plastics-theme-of-earth-day-2024">Planet vs. plastics: Theme of Earth Day 2024</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-from-cigarettes-costs-over-26-billion-every-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plastic</a> is everywhere – a haunting testament to our wasteful ways. It forms monstrous garbage patches in our oceans, choking marine life with discarded bags and bottles. Microplastics, insidious and invisible, infiltrate the food chain, ending up on our dinner plates alongside the seafood we catch. </p>



<p>Earth Day 2024 rallies against this plastic plague, a battle cry for drastic change. Campaigners are demanding a bold, ambitious goal: a 60% reduction in plastic production by 2040.</p>



<p>But words alone won't solve this crisis. This April, in Ottawa, government and NGO leaders gather to negotiate a landmark UN Plastics Treaty. This treaty has the potential to reshape our relationship with plastic, setting binding global targets and regulations. </p>



<p>Could this be the turning point where we finally curb our plastic addiction? Earth Day 2024 carries a flicker of hope that the tide may finally be turning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-success-of-earth-day">Past success of Earth Day</h2>



<p>That first Earth Day uproar wasn't just noise, it was a catalyst, a turning point in the fight for environmental protection. The outpouring of public concern forced action. </p>



<p>By the close of 1970, the United States had established the powerful Environmental Protection Agency (<a href="https://www.epa.gov/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPA</a>). It sparked a wave of landmark legislation like the Clean Air Act and the Endangered Species Act, setting standards and safeguards that had never existed before.</p>



<p>Earth Day's impact rippled far beyond America's shores. In 1990, it went truly global, mobilizing millions across 141 countries to put recycling on the map. This groundswell of action helped pave the way for the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, a critical turning point where world leaders finally came together to address climate change and biodiversity loss.</p>



<p>Earth Day proves the undeniable power of the people. It shows that when ordinary citizens unite their voices, they can force governments to listen and compel businesses to adopt better, more sustainable practices. It reminds us that complacency is the enemy of meaningful change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-day-2024-it-s-all-intertwined">Earth Day 2024: It's all intertwined</h2>



<p>The unsettling reality is that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> crisis, climate crisis, and biodiversity loss are not separate issues but deeply interconnected problems. They are symptoms of the same disease – our unsustainable relationship with the planet.</p>



<p>On the one hand, the IPCC, the world's leading authority on climate change, paints a stark picture. Their latest report warns of catastrophic warming exceeding 37.4°F above pre-industrial levels if we don't take immediate action. This translates to more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and a planet fundamentally different from the one that sustains us.</p>



<p>Echoing this urgency, the World Economic Forum's Risk Report doesn't mince words. It identifies environmental threats as the biggest long-term dangers facing humanity. From biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse to extreme weather events, the report highlights the interconnected web of risks we're hurtling towards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demand-nature-protection-on-earth-day-2024">Demand nature protection on Earth Day 2024</h2>



<p>Nature has been acting as a buffer, a silent guardian against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change. Did you know that our precious ecosystems have absorbed a staggering 54% of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions over the past decade? Forests act as carbon sinks, oceans store vast amounts of CO2, and healthy wetlands filter pollutants.</p>



<p>Yet, this vital shield is under siege. We're wiping out species and destroying habitats at an alarming rate, unseen in the past 10 million years. Deforestation, overfishing, and pollution are dismantling the very ecosystems that help keep our planet livable. It's a vicious cycle – the more we destroy nature, the faster climate change accelerates, and the harder it becomes to protect the natural world.</p>



<p>Earth Day 2024 reminds us that we can't address the plastic crisis in isolation, nor can we fight climate change without protecting biodiversity. These are all interconnected challenges, demanding a holistic approach. </p>



<p>We need to transition to a sustainable future, one where we respect the delicate balance of our planet and recognize that our own well-being is intricately tied to the health of our ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-day-2024-targets-the-broad-impact-of-plastics">Earth Day 2024 targets the broad impact of plastics</h2>



<p>If we fail to curb our plastic addiction, the consequences will be far-reaching and multifaceted, impacting various aspects of environmental health, biodiversity, human health, and economic stability:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental impact</h3>



<p>Plastics are persistent pollutants. Once in the environment, they take hundreds of years to break down, during which time they continue to cause harm. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-waste-may-be-disrupting-the-sex-lives-of-marine-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plastics</a> accumulate in natural habitats, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains, disrupting ecosystems in multiple ways:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Wildlife mortality</strong>: Animals, both terrestrial and marine, can ingest or become entangled in plastic waste, leading to injury, starvation, and death. For example, sea turtles often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, their natural prey, which can cause intestinal blockage or suffocation.</li>



<li><strong>Habitat disruption</strong>: Plastic pollution can alter the physical and chemical composition of habitats, making them inhospitable to native species. For instance, microplastics in aquatic environments can absorb and concentrate toxic chemicals from surrounding waters, posing a threat to aquatic life that ingests them.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health risks</h3>



<p>The proliferation of microplastics presents significant health risks to humans. These tiny particles, less than five millimeters in diameter, can be found in air, water, and food. The implications of long-term exposure to microplastics are still being studied, but the potential risks include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Chemical exposure</strong>: Many plastics contain additives like phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), which have been linked to various health issues, including hormonal disruptions and cancer. As plastics degrade, these chemicals can leach into the environment and enter the human body.</li>



<li><strong>Physical harm</strong>: Microplastics can also accumulate in the human body, potentially leading to inflammation and other health issues.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change</h3>



<p>The production, transport, and degradation of plastics are carbon-intensive processes. As plastic production grows, it contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, which drive climate change. Effective plastic management is thus crucial not only for reducing pollution but also for mitigating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change by lowering carbon emissions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic costs</h3>



<p>The economic ramifications of unchecked plastic pollution are profound:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Waste management</strong>: The costs associated with collecting, sorting, and recycling plastic waste—or managing its disposal in landfills and incinerators—are significant. As the volume of plastic waste grows, these costs will likely increase.</li>



<li><strong>Tourism and recreation</strong>: In many parts of the world, plastic pollution can damage the tourism industry, which relies on clean and attractive natural environments. Beaches, parks, and other recreational areas littered with plastics are less appealing to visitors.</li>



<li><strong>Fisheries and aquaculture</strong>: The fishing industry can suffer when aquatic ecosystems are degraded by plastic pollution. Fishing gear can be damaged, and the quality and quantity of fish catches can decline.</li>
</ul>



<p>Evidently, the unchecked proliferation of plastic pollution could have dire consequences for the planet's ecological balance, human health, and economic vitality.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-you-do-this-earth-day-2024">What can you do this Earth Day 2024?</h2>



<p>It's easy to feel overwhelmed by the environmental crises facing our world. But remember, even the mightiest ocean is made of individual drops. Here's where you can start making a difference:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-take-action-in-your-everyday-life">Take action in your everyday life</h3>



<p>Ditch those single-use plastics that plague our planet. Bring your own reusable water bottle, say "no" to plastic straws, and carry reusable shopping bags. Seek out products with minimal packaging, or even better, shop at refill stores and buy in bulk to reduce your plastic footprint.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-be-a-conscious-consumer">Be a conscious consumer</h3>



<p>Support businesses committed to sustainability. Look for companies with ethical sourcing, environmentally friendly packaging, and transparent manufacturing practices. Your wallet is a powerful tool – use it to send a message that a sustainable future matters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speak-up-amp-demand-change">Speak up &amp; demand change</h3>



<p>Make your voice heard at the ballot box. Vote for candidates who have strong environmental agendas and a commitment to real action on issues like climate change and pollution reduction. Contact your elected officials regularly. Let them know that environmental responsibility is a top priority for you.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressure-for-corporate-accountability">Pressure for corporate accountability</h3>



<p>Businesses have a huge impact on the planet. Don't hesitate to reach out to companies whose practices you find harmful. Demand transparency, sustainability initiatives, and real investment in environmentally sound solutions. Boycott brands that refuse to evolve, and publicly champion those that lead the way.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remember-every-effort-counts">Remember, every effort counts</h3>



<p>The Earth Day movement was born from the collective action of ordinary people who believed in change. Don't underestimate the power of your own choices. By living more consciously and demanding better practices from the world around you, you become part of a global wave pushing for a better future. </p>



<p>As Earth Day marks its 54th anniversary, this global movement calls on us all – citizens, governments, businesses, and communities alike – to step up and take action for our planet.</p>



<p>Today, the Earth needs each of us, more than ever. Our actions, small and large, can chart a course towards a healthier, more sustainable planet.</p>



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Earth Day 2024: The tide may finally be turning

Back in 1970, America's bustling avenues grind to a halt....

Date	Citation Page	Title
09/30/1991	56 FR 49469 49653	ETWP; Endangered Status for Six Foreign Reptiles; 56 FR 49469 49653
04/25/1990	55 FR 17469 17473	ETWP; Proposed Endangered Status for Six Foreign Reptiles; 55 FR 17469 17473