<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. </p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. </p>



<p>This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.</p>



<p>Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a false-color image of Hurricane Otis on October 24, 2023. The following day, the storm slammed into Acapulco in the state of Guerrero as a category 5 storm. </p>



<p>At the time this photo was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) sensor on the NOAA-20 satellite, Otis was still a tropical storm with sustained winds of 65 miles per hour, and was located about 210 miles south of Acapulco.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Otis remained a tropical storm until the afternoon of October 24. Then, in a matter of hours, it rapidly intensified into a major hurricane. By 06:25 Universal Time (12:25 a.m. in Acapulco) on October 25, Otis made landfall near the beach resort town with sustained winds of 165 miles per hour," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to news reports, Otis was the strongest hurricane on record to hit Mexico’s Pacific Coast, and the fastest-strengthening storm on record in the northeast Pacific."</p>



<p>Major damage to infrastructure, flooding, and mudslides have been reported in the state of Guerrero, and the extent of the destruction is still not clear. The government is scrambling to provide relief to those affected, deploying 8,400 members of Mexico's army, air force and national guard to help in the cleanup efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Scott Braun, a research meteorologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, said that Otis had “all the right ingredients” for rapid intensification.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Conditions were present for rapid intensification, but it is hard to say at this time why the rate and magnitude of intensification were so great,” said Braun.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</em></p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Hurricane Otis slammed into Acapulco as a category 5 storm

Star,Of,Our,Solar,System,3d,Illustration,Close,Shot.,Nebula

<p>Solar activity has reached high levels in the past 24-36 hours, with background flux at or near M1.0. The most significant developments from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/team-creates-video-showing-the-sun-in-gamma-rays-over-a-14-year-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Sun</a> include the growth and merging of Regions 3664 and 3668, as well as the production of numerous M-class solar flares and two X-class solar flares from CMEs that are expected to arrive at Earth this weekend.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-region-3664-dominates-solar-activity-with-three-cmes">Region 3664 dominates solar activity with three CMEs</h2>



<p>Region 3664, now combined with Region 3668, has grown to over 1,500 miles in size. This region has been the primary source of solar activity, producing many M-class flares and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-flares-erupt-towards-earth-causing-radio-blackouts-ar3663/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two X-class flares</a>. </p>



<p>Associated with this activity were three halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) expected to arrive on Earth between late May 10 and early May 11, 2024. </p>



<p>A fourth halo CME, linked to the X2.2/3B flare, is visible in STEREO imagery but has yet to be fully analyzed due to pending updates in LASCO coronagraph imagery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-region-3663-shows-signs-of-decay">Sunspot region 3663 shows signs of decay</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/r3-strong-radio-blackout-observed-030222-utc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3663</a>, approaching the western limb, exhibited signs of decay and appears to be losing its delta configuration.</p>



<p>Despite this, the region continued to produce optical flares, radio bursts, and an isolated M-class flare. Other spotted active regions remained stable and inactive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-filament-eruption-and-cme">Solar filament eruption and CME</h2>



<p>In addition to the activity in Regions 3664 and 3663, a 35° long filament erupted near E27N18. This eruption was accompanied by a CME moving primarily in a northeasterly direction. </p>



<p>Analysis suggests a possible Earth-directed component with timing similar to the aforementioned halo CMEs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-high-to-very-high-solar-activity-expected">Forecast: High to very high solar activity expected</h2>



<p>Solar activity is expected to persist at high to very high levels from May 9-11. M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) are expected, and X-class flares (R3/Strong) are likely due to the continued flare potential of Regions 3663 and 3664.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energetic-particle-activity-and-forecast">Energetic particle activity and forecast</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electron-and-proton-flux-levels">Electron and proton flux levels</h3>



<p>The greater than 2 MeV electron flux remained at normal to moderate levels, while the greater than 10 MeV proton flux was steady at background levels.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-potential-for-minor-proton-flux-storm">Forecast: Potential for minor proton flux storm</h3>



<p>The greater than 2 MeV electron flux is expected to continue at normal to moderate levels from May 9-11, 2024. </p>



<p>There is a chance for the greater than 10 MeV proton flux to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels during this period due to the flare potential of Regions 3663 and 3664.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-wind-conditions-and-forecast">Solar wind conditions and forecast</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-near-background-conditions-with-elevated-solar-wind-speeds">Near-background conditions with elevated solar wind speeds</h3>



<p>The solar wind environment reflected near-background conditions, with slightly elevated solar wind speeds likely attributed to residual coronal hole high-speed stream (CH HSS) influence. </p>



<p>Total field strength remained steady near 3 nT, the Bz component had no significant southward deflections, Phi maintained a positive orientation, and solar wind speeds averaged near 470 km/s.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-enhancements-expected-from-cme-arrivals">Forecast: Enhancements expected from CME arrivals</h3>



<p>Enhancements in the solar wind environment are likely on May 9 following the anticipated glancing effects of a CME that departed the Sun on May 6. Stronger enhancements are expected late on May 10 and into May 11 as the two CMEs that left the Sun on May 8 are anticipated to arrive at Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-activity-and-forecast">Geomagnetic activity and forecast</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quiet-geomagnetic-field">Quiet geomagnetic field</h3>



<p>The geomagnetic field remained at quiet levels over the past 24 hours.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-unsettled-to-strong-geomagnetic-storm-conditions">Forecast: Unsettled to strong geomagnetic storm conditions</h3>



<p>From mid to late day on May 9, unsettled to active conditions are possible as glancing effects from the <a href="https://twitter.com/drkstrong/status/1786237553470833127?t=142" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">May 6 CME</a> influence Earth. </p>



<p>By late May 10, the arrival of the two halo CMEs from May 8 is expected to increase the geomagnetic response to G1 (Minor) storm levels. </p>



<p>Early on May 11, conditions are likely to reach G3 (Strong) or G4 (Severe) storm levels as the bulk of four CMEs moves past Earth. </p>



<p>While confidence in timing is fairly high, confidence in the magnitude and strength of the geomagnetic response to the CME arrival is low to moderate.</p>



<p>Please refer to this chart for an explanation of the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Weather Scales</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impacts">Potential impacts</h2>



<p>The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as the southern states, down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-braces-for-impact-from-another-solar-storm">Earth braces for impact from another solar storm</h2>



<p>In summary, as the Sun continues to showcase its immense power through high levels of solar activity, Earth prepares for the potential impacts of incoming CMEs. </p>



<p>While the timing of these events remains fairly certain, the magnitude of their effects on our planet's geomagnetic field is still a subject of speculation. </p>



<p>Regardless of the outcome, this period of heightened solar activity serves as a reminder of the intricate relationship between our star and the technology we rely on daily. </p>



<p>As we monitor the developments in the coming days, it is crucial to remain vigilant and prepared for any challenges that may arise from this cosmic dance between the Sun and Earth.</p>



<p>Stay tuned to Earth.com and the NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) for updates.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth prepares for solar storm impact from three CMEs this weekend

Solar activity has reached high levels in the past 24-36...

<p>A new study by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> raises concerns about the long-term impacts of early summer salmon fishing. The research suggests a potential link between fishing pressure during the early season and a decline in the average size of Atlantic salmon. This change could be attributed to evolutionary processes influenced by human activity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-factor-in-salmon-size-and-growth">Genetic factor in salmon size and growth</h2>



<p>Atlantic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-chinook-salmon-almost-extinct-due-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> possess a genetic variant that influences their growth and maturity patterns. Individuals carrying this variant adopt a life history strategy characterized by larger body size and later maturation. This strategy allows salmon to invest more energy in growth before diverting resources towards reproduction. </p>



<p>Larger females can produce more eggs, and larger males have a competitive advantage during spawning. This increased potential for reproductive success over their lifetime provides an evolutionary benefit to salmon carrying the "large salmon variant." Larger fish also offer a more substantial catch, making them highly desirable to anglers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fishing">Fishing </h2>



<p>"This finding suggests that the timing of fishing may cause evolutionary changes in the age and size that Atlantic salmon reach before maturation. Intensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> especially in the early fishing season may lead to the 'large salmon variant' becoming rarer and to salmon spawning at a younger age and smaller size," explained lead author Dr. Antti Miettinen.</p>



<p>The study revealed a concerning trend. Salmon possessing the "large salmon variant" were more likely to be caught during the early part of the fishing season. This isn't random. Early-arriving salmon tend to be larger and older, making them more attractive targets for anglers. Over multiple seasons, the consistent removal of larger fish with the valuable growth gene creates a form of artificial selection.</p>



<p>Fish populations naturally exhibit a range of genetic variations. When fishing pressure heavily targets a specific trait, like the larger size associated with the "large salmon variant," it disrupts the natural balance of these variations. </p>



<p>Over time, fish with the variant become less common in the population. Conversely, salmon that mature earlier and are smaller in size – traits not targeted by early season fishing – survive and reproduce at a higher rate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-consequences-for-salmon-populations-and-size">Long-term consequences for salmon populations and size</h2>



<p>If this trend of targeting larger fish during the early season continues unchecked, it could have serious consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salmon-migration-routes-discovered-using-historical-data/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> populations in the long run. Here's why:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-genetic-diversity">Reduced genetic diversity</h3>



<p>Within a population, a wide range of genetic variations improves resilience. Different gene combinations provide a wider array of traits, offering better chances of some individuals adapting to diseases or changing environments.</p>



<p>Targeting larger fish disproportionately removes those carrying the "large salmon variant." This gene, which promotes size and later maturation, becomes less common over generations. The loss of this beneficial trait limits the population's potential to rebound when conditions improve.</p>



<p>Less genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding and make the population more susceptible to diseases. It can also hinder their ability to adapt to changes like warming water temperatures or shifts in prey availability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-average-salmon-size">Smaller average salmon size</h3>



<p>As larger salmon are consistently removed, the average size of the population gradually declines. Over many generations, this decrease could become substantial.</p>



<p>Salmon play a crucial role in their ecosystems, both as predators and prey. Smaller salmon may be less effective hunters and more vulnerable to their own predators. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of the food web.</p>



<p>Large adult salmon carry a significant amount of nutrients back to freshwater when they spawn. These nutrients boost the growth of insects and other organisms, which in turn support birds and other wildlife. Smaller salmon contribute fewer nutrients, potentially affecting the entire ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-success">Reproductive success</h3>



<p>In fish, there's a strong correlation between body size and egg production. Larger females produce a higher number of eggs, which translates to more potential offspring.</p>



<p>When smaller salmon dominate the population, fewer eggs are produced overall. Without sufficient new members joining the population, it can gradually decline over time.</p>



<p>Reduced reproductive success makes it harder for populations to recover from natural fluctuations or additional pressures like habitat loss or reduced food availability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-of-the-baltic-salmon">Case of the Baltic salmon</h2>



<p>The researchers focused on wild salmon in the northern Baltic Sea, where the impact was noticeable. Salmon caught early in the season, especially in upstream areas of the Tornio and Kalix Rivers, were more likely to have the "large salmon variant."</p>



<p>"Fishing in the early part of the fishing season targets salmon that spawn in the headwaters of these rivers, which should be accounted for in fisheries management to ensure the viability of these salmon populations," said Miettinen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-and-fishing">Implications for conservation and fishing</h2>



<p>This study highlights the complex ways our actions can shape wild animal populations. Fishing, if not carefully managed, can inadvertently drive evolutionary changes over time. Policymakers and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-are-on-the-frontline-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> communities face the challenge of balancing immediate needs with the long-term health of salmon stocks.</p>



<p>"By analyzing the genetics of samples collected across the northern Baltic over many decades, this study shows how human activities could cause evolutionary changes in wild salmon populations," said study co-author Dr. Victoria Pritchard.</p>



<p>The researchers emphasized the need for continued monitoring and research. The genetic tools created in this study provide a way to track the effects of changing fishing practices. It's vital to find solutions that protect salmon populations while supporting sustainable fishing.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.13690" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolutionary Applications</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Early summer fishing shrinks Atlantic salmon size over time

A new study by the University of Helsinki raises concerns...

<p>Let's be honest – the whole idea of a "perfect" <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-often-feel-lonely-burnt-out-parenting-demands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parent</a> is absurd. No matter how polished those Instagram snapshots or how organized your neighbor seems, no parent has it all together, all the time. Yet, the constant pressure to achieve some mythical ideal of perfect parenting is taking its toll on families everywhere and causing parental burnout in excess.</p>



<p>A new study from <a href="https://nursing.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University College of Nursing</a>, summarized in the report "The Power of Positive Parenting: Evidence to Help Parents and Their Children Thrive," shows how damaging this "perfect" parent obsession can be.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burnout-epidemic-impacting-parents">Burnout epidemic impacting parents</h2>



<p>"We have high expectations for ourselves as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-traits-are-not-strongly-inherited-from-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a>; we have high expectations for what our kids should be doing. Then on the flipside, you're comparing yourself to other people, other families, and there's a lot of judgment that goes on. And whether it's intended or not, it's still there," says Kate Gawlik, DNP, an associate clinical professor at Ohio State's College of Nursing, and one of the study's lead researchers.</p>



<p>The study revealed a truly startling fact: a whopping 57% of the 700 surveyed parents reported feeling burned out. So, what's behind this overwhelming feeling? </p>



<p>Today's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-spend-the-most-time-on-devices-but-nature-offers-a-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a> face a barrage of pressures, both from within and from society at large. They struggle to live up to their own ideals about what a "good parent" should be, while simultaneously feeling judged by others. The constant struggle to meet everyone's expectations - whether about keeping a spotless home, providing the perfect play experiences, or raising high-achieving children - is draining.</p>



<p>In our current society, achievement and success are celebrated (and sometimes even expected) from a very early age. This "culture of achievement" puts pressure on parents to push their kids to excel in all areas. They enroll children in multiple structured activities, hoping to give them every possible advantage. </p>



<p>However, this often backfires, replacing relaxing family time and the freedom of unstructured play with stressful schedules and added pressure for everyone involved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-kids-beyond-parent-burnout">Impact on kids beyond parent burnout</h2>



<p>Sadly, the problems don't stop with parental burnout. The study reveals worrying trends in children's mental health.</p>



<p>Parental burnout doesn't exist in a vacuum. The study found a direct link between burned-out parents and a greater likelihood of their children developing mental health issues. Children of these parents were more likely to experience anxiety, depression, ADHD, and other mental health challenges.</p>



<p>When parents are feeling completely overwhelmed and emotionally exhausted, it's incredibly difficult to respond to their children's needs with patience and understanding. Burnout can lead to harsh verbal reactions fueled by anger or criticism. </p>



<p>It can even, in some cases, lead to physical punishment. These negative interactions are deeply harmful, further escalating the child's mental health struggles and creating a vicious cycle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-parenting-a-better-way-to-handle-parental-burnout">Positive parenting: A better way to handle parental burnout</h2>



<p>So, what's a tired, well-meaning parent to do? The Ohio State experts say forget about perfection. Instead, focus on "positive parenting" with a few key strategies:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-over-chaos">Connection over chaos</h3>



<p>Instead of striving for a picture-perfect home, focus on building strong, loving relationships with your children. This means making time for genuine conversations, active listening, and shared experiences. </p>



<p>Accept that sometimes – maybe even often – the house will be a little messy in favor of those precious moments of connection.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-catch-negative-thoughts">Catch negative thoughts</h3>



<p>Parenting is full of doubt: "Am I doing this right?" or "Am I failing as a parent?" It's easy for such worries to spiral into negative self-talk and unrealistic expectations that set you up for failure. </p>



<p>Develop the habit of recognizing negative thought patterns. Actively challenge them and replace them with kinder, more realistic internal narratives.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-re-adjust-priorities">Re-adjust priorities</h3>



<p>Take an honest inventory of how you and your family spend your time and energy. Are there commitments or obligations that are draining your family's happiness without bringing true fulfillment in return? Don't be afraid to give yourself permission to let those things go, freeing up valuable time and emotional space for the things that truly matter.</p>



<p>"'Positive parenting is when you give your children a lot of love and warmth, but you also provide structure and guidance in their life. You gently teach them consequences of behaviors. So that is a much better goal to shoot for being a positive parent than a perfect parent,'" explains Dr. Bernadette Melnyk, vice president for health promotion and chief wellness officer at Ohio State.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-care-isn-t-selfish">Self-care isn't selfish</h2>



<p>It's like the old "put your oxygen mask on before assisting others" advice on airplanes. "As parents, we can't keep pouring from an empty cup. If children see their parents taking good self-care, the chances are they're going to grow up with that value as well. It has a ripple effect to the children and to the entire family," notes Dr. Melnyk.</p>



<p>Let's cut this "perfect parent" myth down to size. You are not failing if you sometimes feel lost or tired. Parenting is hard! What truly matters is being present, loving, and modeling healthy behaviors for your child. "I would much rather have a happy kid than a perfect kid," says  Gawlik.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Parents report excess burnout due to unrealistic expectations

Let's be honest – the whole idea of a "perfect"...

<p>The simple act of water freezing holds more complexity than initially meets the eye. While we often take the formation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/control-ice-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> for granted, there are surprising aspects to this transformation, from supercooled states to the captivating phenomenon of dendritic crystal growth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supercooled-water-and-ice-nucleation">Supercooled water and ice nucleation</h2>



<p>Water has the expected behavior of freezing at its standard freezing point of 32°F/0°C. However, under specific conditions, you can cool pure water below this temperature and it will remain in a liquid state. We term this unstable condition "supercooled" water.</p>



<p>For water to transition from a supercooled liquid to <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/ice-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a>, a process called nucleation must occur. Nucleation is essentially the formation of a tiny ice crystal that serves as a "seed" around which other water molecules can align and freeze, resulting in the familiar solid state of ice. Even the smallest disturbance, such as a speck of dust or a vibration, can provide the impetus for nucleation to begin, leading to rapid freezing.</p>



<p>While the overall concept of supercooling and nucleation is understood, scientists still grapple with the exact processes that trigger nucleation events at a molecular level. Understanding these intricacies promises to offer better control over ice formation and its prevention when necessary.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accidental-discovery-of-ice-formation">Accidental discovery of ice formation</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of supercooled water, where it remains liquid even below its usual freezing point, has long fascinated scientists. It recently gained renewed public attention thanks to the curiosity of an individual named All George. </p>



<p>His quest to create crystal-clear ice cubes led to an accidental rediscovery of dendritic crystal growth – a stunning process where ice forms in intricate, branching patterns. First observed centuries ago, this process continues to captivate researchers today.</p>



<p>The diverse ways in which water freezes still hold an element of surprise for scientists. Understanding the conditions and intricate patterns of ice formation offers valuable insights into the fundamental forces of physics and chemistry.</p>



<p>Ice research has deep relevance for various scientific fields. In meteorology, it aids in the prediction of weather patterns. In cell biology, it plays a crucial role in techniques like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biobanking-historic-initiative-aims-to-genetically-rescue-endangered-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cryopreservation</a>. </p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0JFSVUv19E-3606556-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dendritic-growth-in-ice-formation">Dendritic growth in ice formation</h2>



<p>When supercooled water contains even the slightest impurities, it can undergo a fascinating transformation as it begins to freeze. These impurities serve as nucleation points where ice crystals can start to form. </p>



<p>As the freezing process initiates, it gives rise to delicate, branching structures called dendrites. These dendritic crystals are highly intricate and grow in fractal-like patterns that can extend in many directions, mimicking the shape of tree branches.</p>



<p>This dendritic growth is responsible for the cloudy or spiky appearance often observed in ice cubes. In pure water, freezing would typically result in a clear ice block because there are fewer sites for ice crystals to nucleate and grow in an unrestricted fashion. </p>



<p>However, the presence of impurities disrupts this process, leading to the formation of multiple nucleation points. As a result, the crystals grow in numerous directions, colliding and intertwining with each other, which scatters light in various directions, thereby giving the ice its cloudy or textured appearance. </p>



<p>This visual phenomenon not only highlights the intricate beauty of natural processes but also illustrates how minute changes in environmental conditions can drastically alter the physical structure of water as it freezes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-clear-ice">Challenge of clear ice</h2>



<p>Creating pristine, clear ice cubes presents a significant challenge due to the natural occurrence of dendritic growth during the freezing process. Typically, when water freezes, it contains various impurities that act as nucleation points where ice crystals begin to form. </p>



<p>As the water solidifies from all sides simultaneously, these dendritic ice crystals develop, spreading in complex, branch-like patterns. This scattered growth leads to the formation of cloudy and uneven ice, rather than the clear, smooth cubes desired for aesthetic presentations.</p>



<p>To achieve the crystal-clear ice often used in high-end restaurants, bars, and luxury events, specialized techniques must be employed that carefully control both the presence of impurities and the direction in which the ice freezes.</p>



<p>To remove impurities, the water used for these clear ice cubes often undergoes a process of filtration or distillation. This step is crucial because it eliminates the minerals and particulates that serve as nucleation points for dendritic growth. With fewer impurities, the water is less prone to forming the cloudy structures associated with regular ice.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-directional-freezing">Directional freezing</h2>



<p>In addition to purifying the water, controlling the freezing direction plays a pivotal role in achieving clarity. By using a method called directional freezing, the water is frozen slowly from one direction, typically from the top down. </p>



<p>This controlled approach allows air and remaining impurities to be pushed downwards and out of the ice, rather than being trapped within, forming the unwanted cloudy appearance. The technique mimics the natural formation of lake ice, which is typically clear due to the slow freezing process under insulated conditions.</p>



<p>These specialized methods, while more time-consuming and requiring more precise equipment than typical ice-making, result in stunningly clear ice cubes that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of drinks but also melt more slowly due to their density, providing a functional benefit in cocktail presentation and enjoyment.</p>



<p>George's accidental discovery highlights the fact that even commonplace phenomena can harbor hidden depths. The study of ice continues to provide valuable insights into physics, chemistry, and the natural world. </p>



<p>As we better understand the complexities of ice formation, we expand our knowledge with applications in a wide array of fields.</p>



<p>Video Credit: American Chemical Society</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Unexpected beauty revealed in ice formation

The simple act of water freezing holds more complexity than...

<p>Hitting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gym-air-quality-is-impacted-by-reactions-of-sweat-and-bleach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym</a> is a cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle for many. But as you're focusing on reps and cardio, have you ever considered what's in the air you're breathing? </p>



<p>A recent study led by Professor Yele Sun from the<a href="http://english.iap.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> delves into this question, revealing some surprising findings about the air quality in a typical basement gym. The study highlights potential health concerns for gym-goers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gym-air-quality">Gym air quality</h2>



<p>Professor Sun and his team's decision to investigate gym air quality stemmed from their firsthand experiences exercising in a basement gym. </p>



<p>"Thinking back to the pandemic, my colleagues and I made a point of hitting the gym in our institute's basement more often," said Professor Sun. "Couldn't help but wonder what the air quality would be like with everyone breaking a sweat down there.”</p>



<p>The team's primary goal was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the types and amounts of air pollutants present within the gym setting.</p>



<p>Their core research strategy involved a direct comparison between the air quality inside the gym and that of outdoor air samples. This comparative approach would allow them to identify any significant differences in pollutant composition and concentration between the two environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organic-aerosols-impact-gym-air-quality">Organic aerosols impact gym air quality</h2>



<p>The study revealed that the gym's air contained a significantly higher percentage of organic aerosols (OA) than outdoor air. These microscopic particles, composed of organic compounds, made up about 50% of the gym's indoor air content, compared to around 40% outside. </p>



<p>The finding suggests that exercising in the gym exposes individuals to a higher concentration of organic aerosols than being outdoors.</p>



<p>The researchers identified two specific types of organic aerosols that were notably elevated within the gym's atmosphere:</p>



<p><strong>Siloxane OA (SiOA)</strong>: These particles are believed to come from lubricants used to maintain gym equipment. The study found that SiOA levels sometimes reached as high as 6 micrograms per cubic meter of air. This indicates that gym equipment might be releasing tiny, potentially harmful particles into the air as people exercise.</p>



<p><strong>Cigarette Smoke OA (CSOA)</strong>: Despite the gym's strict no-smoking policy, traces of cigarette smoke were detected in the gym's air. Researchers believe these particles are likely transported from outdoor sources through the ventilation system. This means even non-smokers could be inhaling cigarette smoke particles while working out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-this-mean-for-gym-enthusiasts">What does this mean for gym enthusiasts?</h2>



<p>The discovery of these pollutants in gym air underscores a possible downside associated with exercising indoors. Although regular physical activity undoubtedly provides numerous health advantages, the act of inhaling these particles, particularly during the accelerated breathing that accompanies exercise, raises concerns about potential negative health effects. </p>



<p>Further research is crucial to determine the precise long-term impact of exposure to pollutants within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cut-your-gym-time-in-half-by-lowering-weights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym</a> environment. It is vital to recognize that air quality across different gyms will not be consistent. </p>



<p>Several factors play a significant role in determining the overall concentration of pollutants within the air of a gym. These include the specific types of equipment present, the number of individuals exercising at the same time, and the efficiency of the facility's ventilation system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-the-risks-from-gym-air">Minimizing the risks from gym air</h2>



<p>While the results of the study highlight a need for awareness, it's crucial to remember the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle. Here are some strategies to help balance workouts with gym air quality concerns:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gym-selection">Gym selection</h3>



<p>If you have the option, choose gyms recognized for having effective ventilation systems. When weather permits, incorporating outdoor workouts into your routine can be a great way to directly minimize exposure to indoor pollutants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-your-workouts">Timing your workouts</h3>



<p>Whenever possible, aim to exercise at your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negative-thinking-exercise-harmful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym</a> during less crowded hours. This can help reduce the overall concentration of airborne particles within the space.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality-management-in-gym">Air quality management in gym</h3>



<p>Engage in open communication with the management of your gym about your air quality concerns. Express the importance of regular equipment maintenance and advocate for exploring potential improvements to their ventilation systems.</p>



<p>The study sheds light on an often-overlooked aspect of gym environments. It highlights the importance of awareness and the potential for gyms to improve air quality for their patrons. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00288" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Working out at the gym? You may need to check the air quality

Hitting the gym is a cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle...

<p>Researchers have identified a pattern of brain activity that helps prevent us from getting lost, described by scientists as a neural compass. </p>



<p>This discovery sheds light on how the human brain orientates itself in space and navigates through the environment, providing new insights into the complex workings of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brains-spatial-map-rewards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural circuitry</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-the-location-of-the-neural-compass">Pinpointing the location of the neural compass</h2>



<p>The study, published in <em>Nature Human Behaviour</em>, was conducted by a team of researchers at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> and <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ludwig Maximilian University</a> of Munich. </p>



<p>They were able to pinpoint the location of an internal neural compass within the human brain, which is comparable to the neural codes identified in rodents.</p>



<p>"Keeping track of the direction you are heading in is pretty important. Even small errors in estimating where you are and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elderly-people-lost-disoriented/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">which direction</a> you are heading in can be disastrous," emphasized Dr Benjamin J. Griffiths, the lead author of the study</p>



<p>"We know that animals such as birds, rats and bats have neural circuitry that keeps them on track, but we know surprisingly little about how the human brain manages this out and about in the real world," he continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-challenges-in-measuring-neural-activity">Overcoming challenges in measuring neural activity</h2>



<p>Measuring neural activity in humans while they are moving is a challenging task, as most technologies require participants to remain as still as possible. However, the researchers overcame this challenge by using mobile EEG devices and motion capture technology.</p>



<p>In the study, a group of 52 healthy participants took part in a series of motion-tracking experiments while their brain activity was recorded via scalp EEG. </p>



<p>This allowed the researchers to monitor brain signals from the participants as they moved their heads to orientate themselves to cues on different computer monitors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-hippocampus-and-neighboring-regions">Exploring the hippocampus and neighboring regions</h2>



<p>In a separate study, the researchers monitored signals from 10 participants who were already undergoing intercranial electrode monitoring for conditions such as epilepsy. </p>



<p>This allowed them to record data from the hippocampus and neighboring regions, which are crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-spatial-awareness-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation and orientation</a>.</p>



<p>The tasks prompted participants to move their heads, or sometimes just their eyes, and brain signals from these movements were recorded from EEG caps and intracranial EEG (iEEG).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isolating-finely-tuned-directional-signals-in-the-neural-compass">Isolating finely tuned directional signals in the neural compass</h2>



<p>After accounting for confounds in the EEG recordings, such as muscle movement or position of the participant within the environment, the researchers were able to show a finely tuned directional signal. This signal could be detected just before physical changes in head direction among participants.</p>



<p>"Isolating these signals enables us to really focus on how the brain processes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-sense-smell-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigational information</a> and how these signals work alongside other cues such as visual landmarks," Dr Griffiths explained.</p>



<p>"Our approach has opened up new avenues for exploring these features, with implications for research into neurodegenerative diseases and even for improving navigational technologies in robotics and AI," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-neurodegenerative-diseases">Implications for neurodegenerative diseases</h2>



<p>The identification of head direction signals within the brain has implications for understanding diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticide-exposure-increases-the-risk-of-parkinsons-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parkinson's</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-disease-earliest-biomarker-protein-psd-95-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>, where navigation and orientation are often impaired. </p>



<p>By gaining a better understanding of how the brain processes navigational information, researchers can potentially develop new approaches for treating these conditions.</p>



<p>In future work, the researchers plan to apply their learning to investigate how the brain navigates through time, to find out if similar neuronal activity is responsible for memory. </p>



<p>This could lead to further breakthroughs in our understanding of the complex workings of the human brain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-for-the-brain-s-neural-compass">Next steps for the brain’s neural compass</h2>



<p>In summary, this study highlights exciting new directions for understanding how the human brain navigates through space and time using its neural compass.</p>



<p>By isolating finely tuned directional signals within the brain, the researchers have taken a significant step towards unraveling the mysteries of spatial cognition and memory. </p>



<p>Their findings shed light on the complex workings of the brain's internal compass and hold promise for future research into neurodegenerative diseases and advancements in navigational technologies. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to explore the intricate neural pathways that guide us through our environment, we move closer to unlocking the secrets of the human brain and its remarkable ability to orient and navigate in the world around us.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01872-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Humans have an internal GPS system called a 'neural compass' used for navigation

Researchers have identified a pattern of brain activity that helps...

<p>In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>), an international team of astronomers focused on young stellar objects within the NGC 346 cluster. </p>



<p>Situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/open-star-cluster-in-the-small-magellanic-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Small Magellanic Cloud</a>, this vibrant open cluster is recognized as the most luminous star-forming region in the nearby dwarf galaxy, located approximately 202,000 light-years from Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects: The early stages of stars</h2>



<p>Young stellar objects (YSOs) represent early stages in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-a-new-way-that-stars-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life cycle of stars</a>, encompassing phases from protostars to pre-main sequence (PMS) stars.</p>



<p>These objects typically reside within dense molecular clouds rich in gas and interstellar material, making them ideal subjects for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/ullyses-will-explore-the-evolution-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a>.</p>



<p>The research was led by Nolan Habel from NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. The team used JWST's advanced Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) to delve deeper into the secrets of NGC 346. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A treasure trove of stellar data in NGC 346</h2>



<p>The research uncovered a wealth of data, revealing 203,891 unique sources within the cluster using NIRCam and MIRI. Of these, 196 were confidently identified as YSOs and PMS stars, earmarked for more detailed spectroscopic analysis. </p>



<p>Additionally, 833 objects displayed significant mid-infrared excess, hinting at their identity as young stellar objects, which are often found near areas dense with diffuse dust and gas.</p>



<p>"In this paper, we present JWST imaging data of NGC 346 from 1.15–25.0 µm and provide an overview of the populations in the region, particularly the young populations, as determined from photometric analysis," noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detailed-spectral-analysis">Detailed spectral analysis</h2>



<p>Further investigations involved spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on 77 sources, which pinpointed 23 objects as young stellar objects with high certainty. </p>



<p>These YSOs exhibited a broad range of sizes and masses, with radii stretching from 0.14 to 82.32 solar radii and masses between 0.95 to 4.15 solar masses. Their bolometric temperatures also varied widely, ranging from 2,051 to 17,930 Kelvin.</p>



<p>The study highlighted one particularly notable young stellar object, designated CN202153, recognized as the least massive extragalactic YSO confirmed thus far. </p>



<p>The team suggested that further near-infrared spectroscopic studies with JWST are essential to refine our understanding of these 23 specifically identified young stellar objects.</p>



<p>The research not only enriches our comprehension of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> in distant clusters but also underscores the invaluable role of advanced telescopes like the JWST in unraveling the complexities of the universe. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Young stellar objects form in dense regions of molecular clouds, where gravity pulls gas and dust together, leading to the accumulation of material that eventually becomes hot and dense enough to initiate nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>The process begins with a protostar, which is the core that forms within a collapsing cloud of gas and dust, and is often obscured from view by the surrounding dense material.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Various stages </h3>



<p>As a young stellar object continues to gather mass from its parent molecular cloud, it may go through various stages characterized by different amounts of accretion and outflow of material.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These stages include the deeply embedded Class 0 and Class I phases, which are mostly visible in infrared and radio wavelengths due to their thick dust envelopes. In later stages, such as Class II and Class III, the object becomes visible in optical wavelengths as it clears away its surrounding envelope.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Active accretion&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Young stellar objects are often associated with phenomena such as Herbig-Haro objects, which are jets of gas ejected by the star that collide with the surrounding medium, creating visible shock waves. These are indicators of active accretion. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protoplanetary-disks">Protoplanetary disks </h3>



<p>Another characteristic feature of YSOs is the presence of protoplanetary disks, rings of gas and dust that orbit the young star and can eventually form planets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-young-stellar-objects">Studying young stellar objects </h2>



<p>Observing YSOs can provide insights into the magnetic activity, stellar winds, and outflows that characterize the early lives of stars, which are much more active compared to their later stages.</p>



<p>Studying young stellar objects is crucial for understanding the processes that lead to star and planet formation and provides insights into the conditions of the early solar system.</p>



<p>The study is published as a preprint in the journal <em><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16242" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Young stellar objects: Observing the early lives of stars

In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>Today&#8217;s <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the galaxy ESO 300-16, which is located 28.7 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Eridanus</p>



<p>According to ESA, the galaxy is a ghostly assemblage of stars which resembles a sparkling cloud.&nbsp;</p>



<p>&#8220;A rogue’s gallery of distant galaxies and foreground stars complete this astronomical portrait, which was captured by the Advanced Camera for Surveys,&#8221; said ESA.</p>



<p>&#8220;This observation is one of a series which aims to get to know our galactic neighbors; around three quarters of the known galaxies suspected to lie within 10 megaparsecs of Earth have been observed by Hubble in enough detail to resolve their brightest stars and establish the distances to these galaxies.&#8221;</p>



<p>&#8220;A team of astronomers proposed using small gaps in Hubble’s observing schedule to acquaint ourselves with the remaining quarter of the nearby galaxies.&#8221;</p>



<p>ESO 300-16 is a relatively small and remote dwarf galaxy. It is sometimes known as a &#8220;compact blue dwarf galaxy&#8221; because of its size and the intense blue colors indicating active star formation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are typically small, but they have high star-forming rates for their size. This kind of galaxy can provide insights into the process of star formation as well as galaxy evolution in general.</p>



<p>Dwarf galaxies are of particular interest to astronomers because they can help to provide understanding about the formation and evolution of galaxies in the early universe. They&#8217;re also thought to play a role in the assembly of larger galaxies over cosmic time.</p>



<p>By studying galaxies like ESO 300-16, astronomers can hope to better understand how galaxies grow, evolve, and interact over time.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>—&#8211;</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>


A ghostly assemblage of stars make up the galaxy ESO 300-16

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features what appears to be a ghostly face peering out of Trou au Natron, a deep volcanic pit in northern Chad.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Trou au Natron is a volcanic crater (or maar) located in the Sahara desert. It's part of the Tibesti Mountains, a chain of volcanic formations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The crater is filled with natron, a naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O) and around 17% sodium bicarbonate (also called baking soda) along with small quantities of sodium chloride (salt) and sodium sulfate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This mixture gives the crater its name, as "natron" refers to this type of salt, which was historically used in a variety of ways, including mummification by the ancient Egyptians.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Trou au Natron is noteworthy for its stark and impressive landscape, with steep crater walls surrounding the salt flat inside. The photo was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station on February 12, 2023.</p>



<p>"The edge of the 'face' is partly formed by shadows cast by the rim of a caldera - a type of volcanic crater formed after an explosive eruption or the collapse of the surface into a partially-emptied magma chamber," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The 'eyes' and 'nose' are cinder cones - steep conical hills built around volcanic vents. The cinder cones are thought to be relatively young in geological terms, likely forming within the past few million years and possibly as recently as the past few thousand years."</p>



<p>"The white area around the 'mouth' is a mineral crust made of a salt known as natron - a mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate. It forms as hot spring water pools on the surface and evaporates, and mineral-rich steam rises from the surface of the geothermally active area."</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</em></p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>