Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a large sediment plume from the Yangtze River that extends hundreds of kilometers off the coast of China.



"Brown, sediment-laden water is visible along this shallow, turbid stretch of coast year-round, but a vast plume like the one visible here is a characteristic feature of winter. Scientists have proposed several causes of this seasonal phenomenon," said NASA.



"The ebb and flow of tides contain enough energy to stir up sediments from the seafloor, a 2017 study found. While there are also tides in the summer, the models used in the study showed that sediment only rises to the surface in the winter. That’s when temperatures and salinities at the sea surface and bottom are similar, allowing for vertical mixing to occur and for sediment to churn higher into the water column."



Additional studies have suggested that the summer monsoon’s influence on currents impedes the eastward flow of sediment out of the estuaries, noted NASA.



"Despite what looks like a glut of suspended sediment in the water, the overall amount of it flowing from the Yangtze River has declined steadily over the past several decades. The construction of dams, including the Three Gorges Dam, has been the primary driver of this trend."



It is important for scientists to track the movement of suspended sediment. This material can cause direct harm to marine life, as well as indirect harm by blocking sunlight.



The Yangtze River, also known as the Chang Jiang in Chinese, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, following the Nile and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/">Amazon</a>. It flows for over 6,300 kilometers (about 3,917 miles) from the glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China to the East China Sea at Shanghai.&nbsp;



The Yangtze River basin is a key region for China's agriculture, industry, and hydroelectric power production. The river's waters are used for irrigation, navigation, and as a source of freshwater. The basin is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Yangtze river dolphin or Baiji, which may now be extinct.



The image was captured on February 12, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite sensor on the NOAA-20 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Sediment flows offshore from the Yangtze River 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is a tributary of the Congo River, one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-rivers-keep-antimicrobial-resistant-genes-at-bay/">rivers</a> in the world by discharge and depth. 



The Ruki River, previously known as the Busira, merges with the Momboyo River near the town of Basankusu to become the Lulonga River, which eventually flows into the Congo River at the town of Lisala.



"If the appearance of the muddy Amazon River evokes a coffee cut with cream, the Ruki River, coursing gently through the Congo Basin, is like a dark tea," said NASA.



"On its slow path through mostly untouched lowland rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the water leaches organic material from vegetation, prompting some researchers to think it is one of the darkest blackwater rivers on Earth. The dissolved material in this distinctive water, scientists are finding, offers clues into the carbon cycle of tropical forests."



In a recent study, researchers measured the chemical composition and flow of the Ruki for the first time.&nbsp;



"The study reported that, as the water color suggests, the Ruki is rich in dissolved organic carbon compounds. It contains four times as much organic carbon as the Congo River and 1.5 times as much as the Rio Negro, the world’s largest blackwater river and a major tributary of the Amazon," said NASA.



Due to this heavy carbon load, the researchers concluded that “tropical forests like those around the Ruki might not accumulate quite as much carbon as we once thought.”



The region around the Ruki River is rich in biodiversity, hosting various species of flora and fauna. It is part of the Congo Basin, the second-largest tropical rainforest area in the world, which is a critical habitat for endangered species and a significant carbon sink.



The river is vital for the livelihoods of local communities. Fishing is a crucial activity, with many people depending on it for sustenance and income. The river also supports agriculture along its banks, where communities grow crops.



In many parts of the DRC, rivers like the Ruki are crucial transportation corridors due to the challenging and often nonexistent road infrastructure. The river enables the movement of people and goods, facilitating trade and access to markets, health care, and education.



The region faces several challenges, including deforestation, overfishing, and environmental degradation, which threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of people who depend on it. Efforts to manage and conserve the river's resources are vital for sustainable development.



Understanding and protecting the Ruki River and its surroundings are crucial for the DRC's environmental sustainability, economic development, and the well-being of its communities.



The image was captured by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.



"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.



"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year.&nbsp;



"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.



"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."



"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.



The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.



"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." 



"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.



"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.



James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.



“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. 



The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. 



Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. 



Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.



This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. 



With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.



The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.



“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. 



It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.



"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.



"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;



These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.



Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;



Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;



Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;



The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;



Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;



The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;



The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.



The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.



The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Capitol Reef National Park, located in south-central Utah in the heart of red rock country.



"It was named instead for two geologic features: the prominent white domes of Navajo Sandstone, which reminded early settlers of the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.; and a formidable ridge of rocky cliffs that presented a barrier to travel," explains NASA.



"The settlers (some likely traveling in prairie schooners) likened it to the maritime navigational hazard of an ocean reef."



The ridge, which is known as Waterpocket Fold, runs north to south for 90 miles. Waterpocket Fold is a monocline, a a step-like fold in rock layers that have been folded up or down on one side.&nbsp;



"Between 75 million and 35 million years ago, the tectonic forces that uplifted the Rocky Mountains also buckled older rocks below Capitol Reef," reports NASA. "The rock layers above did not break, but bent, like a tablecloth draped over a table edge. The bend in this drape forms the Waterpocket Fold. More recently, rains, flash floods, and freeze-thaw cycles have eroded and sculpted the cliffs, canyons, bridges, and domes into what we see today."



"Capitol Reef tells a geologic story of hundreds of millions of years of deposition, uplift, and erosion - punctuated by episodes of volcanism and glaciation. The park boasts a nearly complete series of rock layers spanning from the late Permian Period (about 290 million years ago) to the end of the Mesozoic Era (66 million years ago). Deposited along and in a shallow sea and ancient delta, these rocks hold a nearly continuous record of life and environments here from before the rise of the dinosaurs through their demise."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Capitol Reef National Park in south-central Utah

Psilocybin, the primary psychoactive component in “magic mushrooms” of the genus Psilocybe, has recently gained attention not only as a popular recreational drug but also in the realm of medicine for its potential therapeutic benefits.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-is-psilocybin-produced-by-magic-mushrooms">How is psilocybin produced by magic mushrooms?</h2>



Notably, the psilocybin found in magic mushrooms has shown promise in treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magic-mushrooms-depression-brain/">depression</a>, addiction, and anxiety, reaching advanced stages of clinical trials as a potential pharmaceutical treatment. Now, a study led by the <a href="https://www.i-med.ac.at/universitaet/index.html.en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Medical University of Innsbruck</a> has comprehensively examined how psilocybin is produced by magic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-learn-why-psilocybin-mushrooms-make-you-hallucinate/">mushrooms</a>.



Produced by a complex biochemical process from the amino acid L-tryptophan, psilocybin's synthesis involves critical enzymes, including PsiM, a methyltransferase.&nbsp;



“There are many methyl transfer reactions in nature,” said co-author Dirk Hoffmeister, a professor of pharmaceutical microbiology at <a href="https://www.uni-jena.de/en">Friedrich Schiller University Jena</a> and leader of a research group at the <a href="https://www.leibniz-hki.de/en/">Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute</a> (Leibniz-HKI). “Here, we asked ourselves how exactly psilocybin production is accomplished.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psim-enzyme-s-role-in-psilocybin-production">PsiM enzyme's role in psilocybin production</h2>



In&nbsp; a collaborative effort, experts from the Medical University of Innsbruck, led by crystallographer Bernhard Rupp, and Hoffmeister's team at Jena delved into the PsiM enzyme's role in psilocybin production using biochemical analysis and X-ray crystal structure analysis, which visualizes proteins at the atomic level.&nbsp;



Their findings revealed that PsiM, crucial for the last two steps of psilocybin synthesis, bears significant structural similarities to enzymes typically involved in RNA modification. Despite some differences, these similarities suggest that PsiM evolved from an RNA methyltransferase, which originally could attach only one methyl group to its target.



The experts also found that a single amino acid change in PsiM enabled it to carry out two consecutive methylation reactions, crucial for converting the psilocybin precursor norbaeocystin into psilocybin. This precursor structurally mimics part of RNA but undergoes double methylation, a key step in psilocybin production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-biotechnological-applications-in-creating-psilocybin">Future biotechnological applications in creating psilocybin</h2>



Moreover, the researchers explored whether PsiM could add a third methyl group to convert psilocybin into aeruginascin, a naturally occurring psilocybin analog. The scientific community has long debated whether aeruginascin is a byproduct of psilocybin biosynthesis.&nbsp;



“This is clearly not the case. PsiM is not able to convert psilocybin to aeruginascin,” Hoffmeister said. While definitively ruling out PsiM's involvement in aeruginascin production, this finding highlights its potential for future biotechnological applications in creating psilocybin.



“Overall, our results can help to develop new variants of psilocybin with improved therapeutic properties and to produce them biotechnologically,” Hoffmeister concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-magic-mushrooms">More about magic mushrooms</h2>



Magic mushrooms have been used for thousands of years in various cultural and religious rituals, primarily for their ability to induce profound changes in perception, mood, and thought. Upon ingestion, psilocybin is converted in the body to psilocin, which is responsible for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-offers-new-explanation-for-how-psychedelic-drugs-work/">psychedelic effects</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experience-of-magic-mushrooms-nbsp">Experience of magic mushrooms&nbsp;</h3>



The experience of taking magic mushrooms can vary greatly depending on the dose, individual psychology, and environmental setting. 



Common effects include visual and auditory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-learn-why-psilocybin-mushrooms-make-you-hallucinate/">hallucinations</a>, an altered sense of time, euphoria, and a feeling of deep connection to others and the natural world. However, users can also experience negative effects such as anxiety, paranoia, and nausea.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-interest-nbsp">Scientific interest&nbsp;</h3>



Scientific interest in psilocybin has grown in recent years, especially for its potential therapeutic benefits. Research suggests that psilocybin may help treat depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction.&nbsp;



These studies have shown that psilocybin can create lasting changes in personality and attitude towards life, often characterized by increased openness and a greater sense of peace.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-landscape-nbsp">Legal landscape&nbsp;</h3>



Despite their potential benefits, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-psilocybin-mushrooms-got-their-magic/">magic</a> mushrooms are classified as Schedule I substances in the United States and are illegal in many other countries. This classification is due to their high potential for abuse and lack of recognized medical value under current laws.&nbsp;



However, the legal landscape is slowly changing as more research highlights the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, leading some regions to reconsider their stance on these substances.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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How did magic mushrooms evolve to contain psilocybin?

Psilocybin, the primary psychoactive component in “magic mushrooms” of the...

Have you ever wondered what secrets lie hidden in the Sun's atmosphere? Scientists have been puzzled by a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/sun-moss_nasa-TRACE-mission_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">peculiar structure</a> on the Sun that they've dubbed "moss" due to its resemblance to the earthly plants. 



This bright, patchy plasma formation has been a mystery for decades, but recent research is shedding light on its superheating mechanism.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-the-sun-s-moss">Discovering the Sun's moss</h2>



Souvik Bose, a research scientist at Lockheed Martin <a href="https://www.lmsal.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory</a> and <a href="https://baeri.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bay Area Environmental Institute</a>, NASA's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/ames/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ames Research Center</a> in California's Silicon Valley, and his team have made significant progress in understanding the "moss" on the Sun.



First identified in 1999 by NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/trace/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TRACE mission</a>, this structure is found around the center of sunspot groups, where magnetic conditions are strong. It spans two atmospheric layers, the chromosphere and corona, and lies beneath the feathery ropes of plasma known as coronal loops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-groups-dark-regions-on-the-sun-s-surface">Sunspot groups: Dark regions on the Sun's surface</h2>



Sunspot groups are areas on the Sun's surface that appear darker than their surroundings due to their lower temperatures. These fascinating features have captivated astronomers for centuries and play a crucial role in our understanding of solar activity and its impact on Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-and-structure">Formation and structure</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sunspots</a> form when intense magnetic fields emerge from the Sun's interior and pierce through its surface. These magnetic fields inhibit the upward flow of hot gases from below, causing the affected areas to cool down and appear darker. Sunspots typically develop in pairs or groups, with each spot having opposite magnetic polarities.



Within a sunspot group, the largest and most dominant spot is called the "leader," while the smaller spots are known as "followers." The leader spot usually appears first and is located closer to the Sun's equator, while the followers trail behind and are positioned at higher latitudes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-moss-and-the-sunspot-cycle">Sun moss and the sunspot cycle</h3>



Sunspot groups are not static features; they evolve and change over time. The number and size of sunspot groups on the Sun's surface vary in a periodic manner known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspot cycle</a>, which lasts approximately 11 years. 



During the peak of the cycle, known as the solar maximum, the Sun exhibits a higher number of sunspot groups and increased solar activity. Conversely, during the solar minimum, sunspot groups are less frequent, and the Sun is relatively calm.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-solar-activity">Impact on solar activity</h3>



Sunspot groups are often associated with intense solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a>). These events occur when the magnetic fields in and around sunspots become entangled and release a tremendous amount of energy. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-disturbances-throw-nocturnal-birds-off-course/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar flares</a> and CMEs can have significant impacts on Earth, including disrupting satellite communications, affecting power grids, and triggering beautiful auroral displays.



Astronomers monitor sunspot groups using various ground-based and space-based observatories. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (<a href="https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SOHO</a>), a joint mission between <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> and <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>, provides continuous observations of the Sun and helps scientists track the development and evolution of sunspot groups.



Ground-based solar telescopes, such as the <a href="https://noirlab.edu/public/programs/kitt-peak-national-observatory/mcmath-pierce-solar-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope</a> in Arizona and the <a href="https://www.iac.es/en/observatorios-de-canarias/telescopes-and-experiments/swedish-solar-telescope" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swedish Solar Telescope</a> in La Palma, offer detailed views of sunspot groups and their intricate structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-moss-heating-enigma">Sun moss heating enigma</h2>



One of the biggest challenges scientists have faced is understanding how the mossy region is connected to the Sun's lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-the-very-first-time-a-spacecraft-has-touched-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric layers</a>. 



In addition, how is the material there heated from 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit to nearly 1 million degrees Fahrenheit -- a staggering 100 times hotter than the bright surface below? This heating mechanism has been a puzzle for the past quarter of a century.



Thanks to observations from NASA's High Resolution Coronal Imager (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/soundingrockets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hi-C</a>) sounding rocket and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/iris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IRIS</a>) mission, combined with complex 3D simulations, scientists have gained new insights into the superheating mechanism at play in the moss.



"Thanks to the high-resolution observations and our advanced numerical simulations, we're able to figure out part of this mystery that's stumped us for the past quarter of a century," said Bose. "However, this is just a piece of the puzzle; it doesn't solve the whole problem."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-electrical-currents">Role of electrical currents</h2>



The research team discovered that electrical currents may contribute to heating the moss. Throughout this region, there is a tangle of magnetic field lines, like invisible spaghetti. 



This mess of magnetic spaghetti creates electrical currents that can help heat material to a wide range of temperatures, from 10,000 to 1 million degrees Fahrenheit. 



The local heating in the moss appears to occur in addition to heat flowing from the hot, multi-million-degree overlying corona.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-understanding-the-sun-s-corona">Implications for understanding the Sun's corona</h2>



The findings, published in the journal Nature Astronomy, can help scientists understand the larger question of why the Sun's entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/total-solar-eclipse-captured-from-one-million-miles-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corona</a> is so much hotter than the surface. However, to fully address how the corona and moss are heated, more observations are needed.



Hi-C is scheduled to launch again this month to capture a solar flare and possibly another moss region together with IRIS. 



Scientists and engineers are also working on developing new instruments onboard the future MUlti-slit Solar Explorer (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/muse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MUSE</a>) mission to further investigate this fascinating phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-moss-and-the-future-of-solar-research">Sun moss and the future of solar research</h2>



In summary, as scientists continue to unravel the mysteries of the Sun's atmosphere, the discovery of electrical currents contributing to the superheating of solar moss marks a significant milestone. 



This breakthrough, made possible by advanced observations and complex simulations, brings us one step closer to understanding the perplexing heating mechanism of the Sun's corona. 



With upcoming missions like Hi-C and MUSE, researchers are poised to delve deeper into the secrets of the solar moss and its role in the larger puzzle of the Sun's atmospheric heating. 



As we eagerly await further revelations, this fascinating cosmic garden reminds us that even the most familiar celestial object still holds countless mysteries waiting to be explored.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02241-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



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The Sun is covered with moss, though not the kind you’re thinking

Have you ever wondered what secrets lie hidden in the...

Spirobranchus,Giganteus,,Christmas,Tree,Worms,Extended,On,Caribbean,Coral,Reef

Individual behaviors and rhythms in even the simplest marine creatures, like the polychaete worm Platynereis dumerilii, have been captivatingly showcased in a recent study. 



Published in the journal PLOS Biology, this research was carried out by an international team from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (<a href="https://www.awi.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AWI</a>), and various universities.



The findings offer profound implications for our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circadian-rhythms-persist-during-bear-hibernation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological rhythms</a> and their applications in both medicine and ecology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-platynereis-dumerilii">Platynereis dumerilii</h2>



Platynereis dumerilii, often referred to as a ragworm or clam worm, is a species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Platynereis-dumerilii-worms_Alfred-Wegener-Institute_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine polychaete worm</a> found in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide. 



This worm is particularly interesting to scientists because of its well-defined life cycle and relatively simple nervous system, making it an excellent model organism for biological studies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics">Key characteristics</h3>



<ul>
<li>Size and Appearance: Platynereis dumerilii is typically a few centimeters long, with a segmented body and a pair of distinctive, paddle-like parapodia on most segments, which aid in swimming.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Habitat: These worms thrive in shallow marine environments, often burying themselves in sediments or hiding in crevices during the day and becoming more active at night.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Reproduction: They have a fascinating reproductive behavior known as "swarming," where mature individuals synchronously release eggs and sperm into the water column, often influenced by the lunar cycle.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-importance">Scientific importance</h3>



Platynereis dumerilii is widely used in research related to developmental biology, neurobiology, and evolutionary biology. 



Studies on this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-teenage-worms-angsty/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worms</a> help scientists understand basic biological processes such as circadian and lunar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythms</a>, which are applicable to other species, including humans. 



This research can have implications for medicine, particularly in understanding body clocks and their effects on health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-platynereis-dumerilii-biological-timing">Platynereis dumerilii biological timing</h2>



Kristin Tessmar-Raible, a biologist at AWI, explains the importance of timing in biology. She states, "Biological timing is crucial across multiple levels, from the ecological interactions between species to cellular biochemical processes."



This study primarily focused on understanding how these worms' internal clocks help them adapt daily. It examined their responses to changing conditions such as temperature, light, and food availability.



The implications are vast, as Sören Häfker, the study's lead author, points out. This is especially true as marine organisms face challenges from human-induced changes such as global warming and light pollution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-spectrum-of-behaviors">A spectrum of behaviors</h2>



During the experiments, researchers observed distinct patterns in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunger-alters-the-behavior-of-worms-and-perhaps-humans-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worms' activity</a>. Some were consistently active at the same time each night, while others showed sporadic activity, akin to "couch potatoes," with many variations in between. 



What was particularly striking was the consistency of these patterns over time, suggesting ingrained biological rhythms. 



"We were very surprised to see how reproducible the individual behavioral rhythms were," Tessmar-Raible remarks. "This shows us that even worms have tiny, rhythmic personalities, so to speak."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-rhythms-of-platynereis-dumerilii">Genetic rhythms of Platynereis dumerilii</h2>



The study went further to compare the genetic activity in the heads of both rhythmic and arrhythmic worms. Results showed that all worms maintained a robust internal clock, regardless of their activity pattern.



This finding suggests a diverse range of survival strategies among the worms. These strategies potentially offer evolutionary advantages in their fluctuating coastal environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-and-medicine">Implications for conservation and medicine</h2>



This diversity not only speaks to the resilience of Platynereis dumerilii but also has broader implications for how we understand the adaptability of all species to environmental changes. 



It suggests that individual variability might be a key factor in the survival of species under the pressures of climate change and other anthropogenic impacts.



Furthermore, the study's findings resonate beyond marine biology into human medicine. The concept of individual biological rhythms plays a significant role in chronomedicine, which considers patients' natural rhythms in treatment plans. 



Tessmar-Raible elaborates, "That's why such findings are also exciting for fields like chronomedicine," indicating that the variability seen in worms could mirror the human condition, impacting how treatments are tailored for different individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



This research not only broadens our understanding of marine life but also reinforces the significance of individual biological rhythms in both ecology and medicine. 



As we continue to explore the intricate dance of life's timings, from the smallest worm to human beings, embracing these natural variations could be crucial to future biomedical advances and conservation efforts.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002572" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a>.



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Even the simplest organisms, like worms, have unique personalities

Individual behaviors and rhythms in even the simplest marine creatures,...

A study led by <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a> has provided a fresh perspective on evolutionary processes, particularly in how species intermingle and evolve. The experts have found compelling evidence that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hybridization-evolution-life/">hybridization</a> can lead to the formation of entirely new species, challenging traditional views of evolution as a neatly branching tree.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-heliconius-butterflies-nbsp">Evolution of Heliconius butterflies&nbsp;</h2>



Revisiting a fascinating observation first made by naturalist Henry Walter Bates in 1861 and shared with Charles Darwin, the scientists examined the evolution of the Heliconius <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heliconius-butterflies-have-a-surprising-aptitude-for-learning-and-remembering/">butterflies</a> of the Amazon.&nbsp;



Bates famously described these butterflies as a peek into nature's workshop for creating new species. Now, the researchers provided direct evidence of this phenomenon by documenting the evolution of a new butterfly species through hybridization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybridization-and-new-species">Hybridization and new species</h2>



The study focused on Heliconius butterflies, shedding new light on how a hybridization event from 180,000 years ago between Heliconius melpomene and an ancestor of today’s Heliconius pardalinus gave rise to a third species, Heliconius elevatus.&nbsp;



This new species is not just a blend of its progenitors but has distinct ecological and physiological traits, such as unique preferences for caterpillar host plants and specific adult characteristics like male sex pheromones, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-wing-colors/">wing color</a> patterns, and mate selection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybridization-and-evolution">Hybridization and evolution</h2>



“Historically hybridization was thought of as a bad thing that was not particularly important when it came to evolution,” said Neil Rosser, an associate in entomology at the <a href="https://mcz.harvard.edu/">Museum of Comparative Zoology</a> and a former postdoctoral fellow at Harvard. “But what genomic data have shown is that in fact hybridization among species is widespread.”



This discovery not only challenges the traditional concept that species are distinct, non-overlapping units, but also highlights the fluidity with which genetic material is exchanged in nature. “A lot of species are not intact units,” Rosser said. “They're quite leaky, and they’re exchanging genetic material.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-completely-new-lineages-nbsp">Evolution of completely new lineages&nbsp;</h2>



The research also raises important questions about how new species emerge from the intermingling of existing ones. “So the species that are evolving are constantly exchanging genes, and the consequence of this is that it can actually trigger the evolution of completely new lineages,” Rosser explained.



“Normally, species are thought to be reproductively isolated. They can’t produce hybrids that are reproductively fertile,” added co-author James Mallet, a professor of organismic and evolutionary biology at Harvard. Thus, although there is now evidence of hybridization between species, it was still difficult to confirm that this hybridization is, in some way, involved in speciation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluid-nature-of-species-boundaries-nbsp">Fluid nature of species boundaries&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of this study extend beyond academic circles. Understanding the fluid nature of species boundaries is crucial for conservation efforts, particularly in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-dictates-biodiversity-hotspots/">biodiversity hotspots</a> like the Amazon. It also has potential applications in studying disease vectors, such as mosquitoes that carry malaria, and their inter-species interactions.



This paradigm shift in understanding hybridization and evolution marks a significant advance, suggesting that the interplay of genetic material across species boundaries can play a pivotal role in the emergence of new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-heliconius-butterflies-nbsp">More about Heliconius butterflies&nbsp;</h2>



Heliconius butterflies, also known as longwing butterflies, are a diverse and colorful group found primarily in tropical regions, particularly in Central and South America. They are notable for their striking patterns and vibrant colors, which serve as a form of defense through mimicry and warning signals. Heliconius butterflies exhibit a variety of interesting behaviors and adaptations:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mullerian-mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</h3>



Heliconius butterflies are famous for their participation in Müllerian mimicry, where multiple species share similar warning coloration to protect against predators, as the colors signal toxicity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-lifespan-of-heliconius-butterflies">Diet and lifespan of Heliconius butterflies </h3>



Unlike most butterflies that sip nectar, Heliconius butterflies also feed on pollen, which is rich in proteins and extends their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-autumns-reduce-the-life-expectancy-of-butterflies/">lifespan</a> significantly, often living several months rather than the usual weeks that most butterflies survive.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-habitat">Reproduction and habitat</h3>



They have unique reproductive behaviors, including the use of pheromones and lekking (males display in groups). They often return to the same spot each night, showing high site fidelity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



While some species are abundant and widespread, others are endangered and face threats from habitat destruction due to logging and agriculture.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-in-ecosystems">Role in ecosystems</h3>



Heliconius butterflies are important pollinators in their ecosystems, helping to maintain the health and diversity of tropical forests.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07263-w">Nature</a>.



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Butterflies show that new species can evolve from hybridization

A study led by Harvard University has provided a fresh...

Teddy,Bear,With,Bandages,And,Broken,Hand,On,Wood,Background,copy

Experiencing trauma during childhood can have a lasting impact on muscle health in people of both sexes, according to a recent study.



The research suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/support-in-childhood-linked-to-better-heart-health-in-adulthood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood</a> trauma can impair the muscle function of people as they age, essentially getting "under the skin" and affecting their well-being in the long term.



The study, led by Kate Duchowny, a scientist at the University of Michigan <a href="https://isr.umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Social Research</a>, examined the skeletal muscle function of older adults in conjunction with surveys about adverse events they had experienced during their childhood. 



The findings revealed that individuals who reported one or more adverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adverse-childhood-experiences-lead-to-lifelong-health-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood events</a> had poorer muscle metabolism later in life compared to those who experienced fewer or no adverse events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-muscle-function-and-childhood-trauma">Examining muscle function and childhood trauma</h2>



The researchers utilized muscle tissue samples from 879 participants over the age of 70 who were part of the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (<a href="https://sommaonline.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SOMMA</a>). 



In addition to providing muscle and fat samples, as well as other biospecimens, the participants completed questionnaires, physical and cognitive assessments, and other tests.



The muscle biopsies were analyzed to determine two crucial aspects of muscular function: the production of adenosine triphosphate (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mitochondria-cells-batteries-leaking-causes-inflammation-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ATP</a>) and oxidative phosphorylation, a process that contributes to ATP production. 



ATP, produced by organelles called mitochondria within cells, provides the chemical energy necessary for cellular function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assessing-adverse-childhood-experiences">Assessing adverse childhood experiences</h2>



To gather data on adverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-how-childhood-stress-changes-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood experiences</a>, the researchers used questionnaires that included questions such as:



<ul>
<li>"Did a close family member use drugs or alcohol in a way that caused you to worry?"</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>"Did an adult or parent in your household insult you or put you down?"</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>"Were you physically abused by a parent or adult in your household?"</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>"Did you feel loved, important or special in your family?"</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>"Were either of your parents absent for a portion of your life?"</li>
</ul>



Approximately 45% of the sample reported experiencing one or more adverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-could-triple-the-risk-of-headache-disorders-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood events</a>. Duchowny discovered that both males and females who reported these adverse experiences had poorer ATP max production. This indicated they were not producing as much ATP as those who had fewer or no adverse events in their childhood.



"What these results suggest is that these early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/picky-eating-habits-in-childhood-have-lingering-effects-in-adulthood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formative childhood</a> experiences have the ability to get under the skin and influence skeletal muscle mitochondria, which is important because mitochondrial function is related to a host of aging-related outcomes," Duchowny emphasized. 



"If you have compromised mitochondrial function, that doesn't bode well for a range of health outcomes, including everything from chronic conditions to physical function and disability limitations," she noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-muscle-bioenergetics">Analyzing muscle bioenergetics</h2>



Study co-author Anthony Molina, professor of medicine at the <a href="https://www.ucsd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California San Diego</a>, contributed his expertise in muscle bioenergetics to the research. The team examined images of participants' muscles taken during exercise and rest inside an MRI machine. 



Using a technique called 31 PMR spectroscopy, they determined the rate of ATP synthesis by observing how quickly the muscle synthesized ATP after being depleted by exercise.



Additionally, the researchers analyzed muscle biopsies from the participants. They separated the fiber bundles that make up the muscle and examined them using high-resolution mitochondrial respirometry. 



This technique allowed them to measure the oxygen consumption rate in the muscle fiber bundle and generate a precise readout of muscle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cause-of-fatigue-in-long-covid-patients-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitochondrial function</a>.



"You can think about oxygen consumption rate as a way to measure the flow of electrons that's going through the electron transport train, and it's these electrons that generate the membrane potential that drives the synthesis of ATP. It's a really precise way of assessing mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity," Molina explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-childhood-trauma-and-healthy-muscle-aging">Childhood trauma and healthy muscle aging</h2>



Previous studies have demonstrated that these measures of muscle function are closely related to the physical abilities of older adults. 



The researchers emphasize that the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-inactivity-during-childhood-linked-to-heart-damage-in-early-adulthood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood</a> adverse events remained significant even after controlling for other factors that could potentially impact muscle function, such as age, gender, educational attainment, parental education, body mass index, number of depressive symptoms, smoking status, and physical activity.



"All of my previous studies have been focused on contemporaneous measures: mitochondria and physical function, mitochondria and cognitive function. These studies have shown that these measures are strongly related to our strength, fitness and numerous conditions that impact physical ability," Molina said, highlighting the novelty of the study. 



"I've also shown that these measures are related to cognitive ability and dementia. But here's the first time we're looking backwards, at what kinds of things that could lead to those differences in mitochondrial function that we know can drive differences in healthy aging outcomes among older adults," she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-and-preventing-adverse-childhood-experiences">Addressing and preventing adverse childhood experiences</h2>



In summary, this important study unveils the long-lasting impact of childhood trauma on physical health, particularly muscle function, in later life. 



By examining the muscle tissue of older adults and analyzing their experiences of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kindergarten-conduct-childhood-behavioral-problems-will-cost-society-later/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood adversity</a>, the study establishes a clear link between early life experiences and the cellular processes that influence healthy aging. 



The findings emphasize the critical importance of addressing and preventing adverse childhood experiences to promote better health outcomes in older age. 



This research provides new pathways for understanding the complex interplay between early life events and the biological mechanisms that shape our well-being throughout life, ultimately paving the way for interventions that can mitigate the long-term effects of childhood trauma and foster healthier aging for all.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.adj6411" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Childhood trauma can cause muscle decline in adult life

Experiencing trauma during childhood can have a lasting impact on...

Think a stroll through the neighborhood park does wonders for your mood? Sure, any kind of nature is better for physical and mental health than being stuck indoors, but according to new research, it's the type of natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-time-machine-reveals-a-century-of-biological-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> that makes a huge difference in how your brain feels afterward. 



The scientists found that spending time with a diverse range of trees, plants, water features, and wildlife can make us feel significantly happier and calmer than manicured green spaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-mind">Urban mind</h2>



A team of researchers at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King's College London</a> tackled this question with the help of nearly 2,000 people and a cool smartphone app called Urban Mind. 



In the study, participants logged their surroundings and their mental state several times a day for two weeks, making this the first study to look at "in-the-moment" reactions to nature.



Ryan Hammoud, lead author of the study, sums up the importance: "To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the mental health impact of everyday encounters with different levels of natural diversity in real-life contexts. Our results highlight that by protecting and promoting natural diversity we can maximize the benefits of nature for mental well-being."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-biodiversity-and-mental-well-being">Natural biodiversity and mental well-being</h2>



The researchers didn't simply compare time spent in nature versus indoors. Instead, they carefully analyzed how the variety of natural elements influenced people's well-being. Here's how they categorized this diversity:



<ul>
<li>Trees: This included a wide range of species, from tall and sturdy oaks to slender, swaying palms – each with its own unique shape and texture.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Plants: Everything from soft grasses and vibrant flowers to leafy bushes and shrubs filled the spaces. This variety provided different colors, scents, and textures for the participants to experience.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Birds: The study observed common birds like sparrows and pigeons, but also the excitement of spotting a less frequent visitor like a hawk. The variety in their size, color, and calls likely enhanced the experience.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Water: Natural bodies of water like lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers were included as well as smaller water features like fountains. These offer unique visual appeal and sounds.</li>
</ul>



Surprisingly, the scientists discovered a clear pattern: the more biodiverse a person's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-walking-quantifiably-improves-brain-health-and-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural surroundings</a> -- meaning they included a higher number of these different elements -- the more positive and relaxed that person felt mentally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cities-with-natural-biodiversity-boost-mental-health">Cities with natural biodiversity boost mental health</h2>



"In the context of climate change, we are witnessing a rapid decline in biodiversity in the UK as well as globally," explains senior author Andrea Mechelli. 



"Our results suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-patterns-of-biodiversity-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> is critical not only for the health of our natural environments but also for the mental well-being of the people who live in these environments," she continued.



This research sends a clear message to city planners and officials around the world. If you aim to genuinely enhance the mental health of your residents, you must not overlook the importance of biodiversity. Emphasizing diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-experiences-alter-time-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural environments</a> is crucial for fostering healthier urban living.



For too long, cities might think they've addressed mental health needs by adding a few parks or greenbelts. However, this research shows that simply having&nbsp;some&nbsp;nature isn't enough. It's the rich variety within those spaces that makes the real difference.



Urban planning needs to move away from the idea of nature as decoration or an afterthought. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-biodiversity-benefits-from-large-herbivores-like-elephants-and-moose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity</a> needs to become a central design principle, where every new development is carefully assessed for how it contributes to – or detracts from – the existing natural ecosystem.



Investing in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-loss-could-promote-the-spread-of-viruses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiverse</a> urban environments isn't just about making people feel good in the moment. Research suggests that exposure to nature can have lasting positive effects on mental health, reducing stress, and potentially lowering the risk of conditions like depression and anxiety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-nature-s-biodiversity-for-better-mental-health">Embracing nature's biodiversity for better mental health</h2>



Okay, so what does this mean for the average person?



"In practice, this means moving away from heavily curated monocultural pockets and parks of mown grass, which are typically associated with low biodiversity, towards spaces which mirror the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-biodiversity-wildlife-habitats-delicate-balancing-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> of natural ecosystems. By showing how natural diversity boosts our mental wellbeing, we provide a compelling basis for how to create greener and healthier urban spaces,” Hammoud explained.



It's time to rethink what a "nature outing" means. Instead of that same old park with manicured grass and a handful of predictable trees, seek out wilder, more diverse places. 



Here are a few ideas to start:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explore-a-local-forest-preserve">Explore a local forest preserve</h3>



Lose yourself among the trails of a protected natural area. Pay attention to the variety of plant life around you. Notice the different shapes of leaves, textures of bark, and any wildflowers sprouting between tree roots. 



Also, keep an eye out for signs of animal life. Look for tiny insects, animal tracks in the mud, and listen for the calls of birds echoing through the trees.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-find-a-rambling-garden">Find a rambling garden</h3>



Many cities have community gardens or arboretums that intentionally cultivate a wide range of plants. 



These places provide a feast for the senses, showcasing different colors, textures, and scents. Plus, they create an ideal home for butterflies, bees, and other fascinating insects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-walk-along-a-river-or-lake">Walk along a river or lake</h3>



Opt for shorelines that haven't been overly landscaped. Look for natural biodiversity like fallen logs, reeds, and a variety of rocks near the water's edge. 



You might spot unique birds like herons, see turtles basking in the sun, or even discover interesting frogs or fish if you peer into the water.



After all, nature at its most vibrant and diverse offers a richer, more engaging experience than perfectly manicured lawns and predictable plantings.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55940-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Areas with natural biodiversity have greater mental health impact

Think a stroll through the neighborhood park does wonders for...

In the intricate world of human vision, color perception remains one of the most fascinating puzzles. Experts at the <a href="https://www.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester</a> have recently made a significant breakthrough in this area, which might help explain some longstanding mysteries. 



The study explores the potential role of rare retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in understanding how our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eyes-windows-soul/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eyes</a> perceive different colors and interpret the world. This offers new insights into this complex process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-cells-and-color-perception">Eye cells and color perception </h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/experts-give-human-eyes-new-life-after-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human eye</a> uses three types of cone photoreceptors, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light: short, medium, or long. These cones transmit signals through retinal ganglion cells to the central nervous system, forming the basis of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorful-primates-oddly-enough-dont-have-great-color-vision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color vision</a>. 



There are inconsistencies between how our eyes detect colors and how we perceive them. This discrepancy suggests that our understanding of color vision might be incomplete. To address this, researchers have proposed the existence of non-cardinal RGCs. 



These cells differ from the traditional pathways of color detection. David Williams, the William G. Allyn Professor of Medical Optics, first introduced this theory in the 1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-cells-in-the-eye-and-color-vision">Key cells in the eye and color vision</h2>



Sara Patterson, a postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://www.cvs.rochester.edu/#gsc.tab=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Visual Science</a>, recently led a study that successfully identified these elusive non-cardinal RGCs in the fovea.



This significant discovery could be crucial for understanding complex color perception. It sheds light on how humans perceive intricate blends of colors such as red, green, blue, and yellow. 



The non-cardinal RGCs diverge from traditional color detection pathways, suggesting a more complex system at play within our vision.



Patterson's findings open up potential avenues for exploring how our eye cells translate the physical world into the vivid colors we experience, deepening our grasp of visual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/">processing</a>.



Patterson shared her excitement about the findings. She stated: "We don’t really know anything for certain yet about these cells other than that they exist. There’s so much more that we have to learn about how their response properties operate, but they’re a compelling option as a missing link in how our retina processes color."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptive-optics">Adaptive optics</h2>



Adaptive optics, a technology initially developed for astronomy to reduce image blur in telescopes, enabled the breakthrough.



Subsequently, this technology was adapted in the 1990s by Williams and his colleagues to study the human eye. It involves a deformable mirror that corrects light distortion. This allows researchers to bypass the eye's natural aberrations and capture clear images of individual photoreceptor cells.



“The optics of the eye’s lens are imperfect and really reduce the amount of resolution you can get with an ophthalmoscope,” explained Patterson. “Adaptive optics detects and corrects for these aberrations and gives us a crystal-clear look into the eye. This gives us unprecedented access to the retinal ganglion cells, which are the sole source of visual information to the brain.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vision-loss-treatments">Vision loss treatments</h2>



This refined view not only deepens our understanding of how the retina functions but could also pave the way for advanced treatments for vision loss. 



Patterson elaborated on the broader implications of their research: "Humans have more than 20 ganglion cells and our models of human vision are only based on three. There’s so much going on in the retina that we don’t know about." 



This is one of the rare areas where engineering has totally outpaced visual basic science. People are out there with retinal prosthetics in their eyes right now, but if we knew what all those cells do, we could actually have retinal prosthetics drive ganglion cells in accordance with their actual functional roles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-frontier-in-visual-science">The next frontier in visual science</h2>



The research represents the beginning of what promises to be an exciting journey into the depths of visual science. 



Supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and Research to Prevent Blindness, the experts will continue their work. The researchers plan to further explore the newly discovered eye cells and their roles in our color perception.



As this research unfolds, it has the potential to revolutionize treatments for those with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-linked-to-vision-impairment/">impaired vision</a>, truly showcasing the power of merging advanced technology with biological science.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.jneurosci.org/content/early/2024/03/27/JNEUROSCI.1738-23.2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JNeurosci</a>.



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Rare retinal cells explain complex color perception

In the intricate world of human vision, color perception remains...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Today&#8217;s Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Brahmaputra, also known as the Yarlung Tsangpo, in northern India. The photo was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.



&#8220;The mighty river appears as two major channels; several small islands sit within them and a large island separates them. Together they form a Brahmaputra floodplain that measures fully 10 kilometers (6 miles) in width. The channels appear brighter than those of the other rivers in this photo because they are near the Sun’s glint point,&#8221; reports NASA.



The Dibang and Lohit Rivers flow nearby and join the Brahmaputra, which merges with the Ganges River in Bangladesh and ultimately dumps into the Bay of Bengal.&nbsp;



&#8220;South Asia’s monsoon rainfall regime brings heavy rain to this part of India from March through June, feeding the river and floodplain. Tropical forest is the natural vegetation of this landscape,&#8221; says NASA.



&#8220;Human-built features seem minuscule here compared to the river channels. Most of the area includes land under cultivation, which appears as numerous small and irregular plots. Farms along the riverbanks are especially prone to damage and destruction by floods and by the persistent erosion of the banks.&#8221;



On the other hand, there are no agricultural plots in the Brahmaputra floodplain, as this is a protected natural area within the Daying Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Brahmaputra river in northern India

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features large plumes of smoke over British Columbia, where a combination of heat, drought, and lightning triggered fire outbreaks in July 2023.



According to the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Center, nearly 600 fires burned throughout the country on July 13, with about half of these raging in British Columbia or Alberta.



"Several blazes in British Columbia have produced smoke-infused storm clouds known as pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) in recent weeks, though the features are not apparent in this image," says NASA. "Scientists track these towering, heat-generated storms closely because they loft smoke high in the atmosphere where fast-moving upper-level winds spread the smoke widely."



David Peterson is an atmospheric scientist with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. By July 13, Peterson and colleagues had observed 90 pyroCbs in Canada alone in 2023. The country's previous record, set in 2021, was 50.



“We observed 14 pyroCbs with satellites on July 9-10 alone - several in British Columbia and some in Quebec,” said Peterson. “This surge in activity has made 2023 the most active year for pyroCbs both in Canada and worldwide since we began tracking their numbers closely about a decade ago.”&nbsp;



As of July 12, 2023, more than 1.2 million hectares (3 million acres) had burned in British Columbia - roughly 30 times the average at this point in the year.&nbsp;



The image was captured on July 12, 2023 by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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