<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. </p>



<p>“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



<p>Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.</p>



<p>Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.</p>



<p>The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.</p>



<p>Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.</p>



<p>Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.</p>



<p>"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."</p>



<p>According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.</p>



<p>Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.</p>



<p>The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

<p>But how did a rock from Earth end up on the Moon? Well, boulders from the latter often get fired towards our planet, and the reverse is also likely. As William Bottke from Colorado’s Southwest Research Institute put it to <em>New Scientist</em>, “Earth’s been hit by a lot of very big things. And it’s conceivable that some of those impacts have ejected material far enough away that it’s been able to escape the clutches of Earth and make it to the Moon."</p>

16. How Did It Get There?

<p>Bioluminescence, the remarkable ability of organisms to generate light through chemical reactions, originated in marine invertebrates known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-and-reefs-are-showing-surprising-resilience-as-global-waters-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octocorals</a> at least 540 million years ago, according to a new study by researchers at the <a href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History</a>. </p>



<p>These findings significantly predate previous records, which dated the earliest emergence of this luminous trait in animals to about 267 million years ago in ostracods, a type of small marine crustacean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-history-of-bioluminescence-nbsp">Evolutionary history of bioluminescence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This groundbreaking research not only revises the timeline of bioluminescence's evolutionary history but also opens new pathways to understanding why this ability developed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Nobody quite knows why it first evolved in animals,” said senior author Andrea Quattrini, the museum’s curator of corals. This mystery underscores the complexity and significance of bioluminescence, which has independently evolved at least 94 times across various species and plays crucial roles in behaviors such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-are-losing-their-camouflage-under-modern-street-lights/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">camouflage</a>, courtship, communication, and hunting.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioluminescent-group-of-corals-nbsp">Bioluminescent group of corals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The focus of the study was on octocorals - an ancient and frequently bioluminescent group that includes soft corals, sea fans, and sea pens. Unlike hard corals, octocorals consist of tiny colonial polyps that secrete a soft framework as their habitat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These organisms often exhibit bioluminescence when disturbed, although the exact reasons for this trait remain somewhat elusive.</p>



<p>To determine the origins of bioluminescence in octocorals, the researchers, including lead author Danielle DeLeo, a former postdoctoral fellow and museum research associate, analyzed an evolutionary tree of octocorals developed by Quattrini and Catherine McFadden of <a href="https://www.hmc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvey Mudd College</a> in 2022. </p>



<p>This tree, constructed using genetic data from 185 octocoral species, provided a detailed map of the evolutionary relationships within this group.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioluminescence-in-the-ancestors-of-current-octocorals">Bioluminescence in the ancestors of current octocorals</h2>



<p>By integrating two known-aged octocoral fossils into this group based on their physical features, the team was able to estimate the timeline of evolutionary splits within the octocoral lineage. They then mapped bioluminescent species onto this tree and applied statistical techniques for what is known as ancestral state reconstruction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This analysis aimed to infer the likelihood of bioluminescence in the ancestors of current octocorals. “If we know these species of octocorals living today are bioluminescent, we can use statistics to infer whether their ancestors were highly probable to be bioluminescent or not,” Quattrini explained.</p>



<p>The results were striking: bioluminescence likely existed in the common ancestor of all octocorals around 540 million years ago, a significant advancement over the previous record held by bioluminescent ostracods. </p>



<p>This early emergence suggests that bioluminescence has been a key trait contributing to the evolutionary success and long-term survival of octocorals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-bioluminescence-nbsp">Mystery of bioluminescence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings also raise further questions about the specific uses of bioluminescence in octocorals, prompting DeLeo and her colleagues to plan additional research. They are developing a genetic test to determine the presence of luciferase, an enzyme crucial for bioluminescence, in octocorals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This tool will help identify which of the over 3,000 living octocoral species still possess this luminescent capability and which have lost it, potentially shedding light on the ecological factors influencing this trait.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-biological-trait-nbsp">Fascinating biological trait&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Beyond its scientific implications, the study provides essential evolutionary context for the conservation and management of octocorals, which are increasingly threatened by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and human activities such as fishing, oil and gas extraction, and marine mineral mining. </p>



<p>The research is part of the museum’s Ocean Science Center's mission to enhance global understanding of oceanic processes and challenges.</p>



<p>As this study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2626" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences</em></a>, redefines the ancient origins of bioluminescence, while highlighting the need for further exploration into why such a fascinating biological trait evolved and its role in the survival and adaptation of marine organisms over millions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-bioluminescence-in-animals">Advantages of bioluminescence in animals</h2>



<p>Bioluminescence offers several advantages in the natural world. Predominantly found in marine organisms, though also present in some terrestrial species, this fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescent-gene-identified-that-makes-sea-pickles-glow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological trait</a> serves various ecological roles. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-luring-prey-nbsp">Luring prey&nbsp;</h3>



<p>For many deep-sea creatures, bioluminescence is crucial for attracting prey. The deep ocean is pitch dark, so any source of light is likely to draw attention. Organisms can use this to lure smaller creatures close enough to capture them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defense-mechanism-nbsp">Defense mechanism&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Moreover, bioluminescence is used for defense. Some species emit light to startle or distract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a>, giving them a chance to escape. Others may use bioluminescence to camouflage themselves, blending in with light filtering down from the surface to erase their silhouette and confuse predators from below.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-nbsp">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In addition to predation and defense, bioluminescence plays a role in reproduction. Certain species emit specific light patterns to attract mates, ensuring that they can find one another in the vast and dark depths of the oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



<p>The light can also serve as a form of communication among members of the same species, helping them signal their location, maintain group cohesion, or even warn others of dangers.</p>



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Bioluminescence emerged in animals 540 million years ago

Bioluminescence, the remarkable ability of organisms to generate light through...

<p>Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least one slice of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physics-perfect-pizza/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza</a>, contributing an impressive $47 billion annually to the U.S. economy. A significant portion of these pizzas arrives in corrugated cardboard boxes, posing a notable challenge for waste management due to their contamination with fats, oils, and greases (FOGs). Therefore, recycling pizza boxes is essential.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the contaminants make pizza boxes a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a> nightmare. Delicious, cheesy slices leave a greasy residue that renders the pizza boxes unsuitable for traditional recycling processes.</p>



<p>Compounds like peanut butter and pizza box grease are also incredibly difficult to clean off, essentially relegating many of these boxes to landfills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recycling-pizza-boxes">Recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory (<a href="https://inl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INL</a>) have embarked on a mission to change this. Consequently, they've developed a new method to decontaminate cardboard, which could revolutionize recycling practices for food containers. </p>



<p>Their latest publication in the <em>Journal of Cleaner Production</em> details this breakthrough, highlighting a process that uses material separation capabilities to address the issue.</p>



<p>"To make specific separations possible, we need to first prove the overall concept of material separations, which is what this study accomplished," explained Aaron Wilson, the principal investigator for this project.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dimethyl-ether-for-pizza-box-recycling">Dimethyl ether for pizza box recycling</h2>



<p>The heart of their experiment lies in the use of dimethyl ether (DME), a green solvent known for its use in refrigeration. The team designed a system with two vertical stainless-steel reactors to facilitate the extraction and separation of FOGs from contaminated cardboard. </p>



<p>The process begins by mixing broken-down cardboard pieces with DME, which pulls the contaminants out of the cardboard. The system then <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-recycle-know-new-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycles</a> this solvent, allowing for continuous operation without creating waste.</p>



<p>"The reactor process allowed us to extract the contaminants into separate fractions," Wilson shared, noting the successful separation of oils, water, and dryer solids into distinct components.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pizza-box-recycling-on-the-front-lines">Pizza box recycling on the front lines</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond just cleaner recycling.  Originally part of a research initiative linked to the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/program/resource" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ReSource Program</a>, the technology developed could significantly reduce the logistical footprint of military operations by transforming waste into useful resources. </p>



<p>This has potential benefits for operational security and efficiency, particularly in hostile environments where supply lines are vulnerable.</p>



<p>"Knowing that this works for the highly contaminated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza boxes</a> has helped validate the system for use in the battlefield," stated Jeff Lacey, another leading researcher on the project. </p>



<p>Lacey's team is now focused on refining the technology to enhance its portability and efficiency, critical factors for deployment in military contexts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-future">Sustainable future</h2>



<p>The successful application of this technology to pizza box waste not only promotes environmental sustainability but also opens doors to myriad other applications. From converting military waste to enabling more efficient battery recycling, the potential is vast.</p>



<p>"In essence, this research has many possible applications for national security and a net-zero future," Lacey concluded.</p>



<p>This initiative represents a significant step forward in tackling the recycling challenges posed by everyday waste and could pave the way for innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-zero-waste-a-global-commitment-to-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste management</a> solutions across various sectors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-recycling-pizza-boxes">Benefits of recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes offers substantial environmental and economic benefits that contribute to sustainability efforts. Here’s a detailed look at these advantages:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduces-waste-in-landfills">Reduces waste in landfills</h3>



<p>One of the immediate benefits of recycling pizza boxes is the reduction of waste sent to landfills. Pizza boxes are made from corrugated cardboard, which is biodegradable but can still take a considerable amount of time to decompose in landfill conditions. </p>



<p>Moreover, the presence of greases and residues can slow down this process and contribute to the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By recycling, these materials are reused rather than occupying landfill space.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserves-natural-resources">Conserves natural resources</h3>



<p>Recycling cardboard, including pizza boxes, helps conserve valuable natural resources, particularly wood fibers. The fibers in cardboard can be recycled several times before they become too short for paper production. This means that fewer trees need to be cut down to produce new cardboard, helping to preserve forests and the biodiversity within them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saves-energy">Saves energy</h3>



<p>The process of recycling cardboard uses significantly less energy than producing new cardboard from virgin pulp. Energy savings arise from reduced demands in raw material extraction, transportation, and processing. By using less energy, recycling also lowers greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevents-pollution">Prevents pollution</h3>



<p>By recycling pizza boxes, pollution generated from the production of new cardboard is also reduced. The manufacturing of cardboard from virgin materials involves various chemical processes that can release pollutants into the air and water. Recycling helps to minimize these pollutants, leading to cleaner air and water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits">Economic benefits </h3>



<p>Recycling creates more jobs than landfilling or incineration. The process of collecting, sorting, and processing recyclable materials is more labor-intensive than using these materials as a fuel source or burying them. This means more employment opportunities in the recycling and manufacturing industries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encourages-sustainable-practices">Encourages sustainable practices</h3>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes can foster a culture of recycling and sustainability within communities. When people engage in recycling, they become more aware of their waste habits and environmental impact. This awareness can lead to broader support for other sustainable practices, such as reducing plastic use, conserving water, and supporting renewable energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improves-community-health-and-safety">Improves community health and safety</h3>



<p>By reducing the amount of waste in landfills and decreasing pollution from new production processes, recycling helps to improve overall community health. Less landfill waste reduces potential soil and water contamination, and fewer emissions mean cleaner air and fewer respiratory issues for the community.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652623032389?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a></em></em>.</p>



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New recycling solution tackles greasy pizza boxes

Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least...

<p>Did you know that the gender of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-stressed-at-work-and-at-home-during-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a> could influence your health outcomes? That's right, a new study has uncovered some fascinating – and potentially life-altering – differences between how male and female physicians practice medicine.</p>



<p>This intriguing finding opens up a conversation about the subtle differences in how male and female doctors practice medicine and their impact on patient care</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-female-doctors-and-patient-health">Female doctors and patient health</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a> meticulously analyzed a massive collection of medical records – over 770,000 in total. This extensive dataset allowed them to spot trends and patterns that might not be visible in a smaller study. They honed in specifically on patients who had been hospitalized, as that's a critical point in the healthcare journey.</p>



<p>The study revealed that patients of both genders had slightly better survival chances within the 30-day period following their hospital stay if their attending physician was a woman. Importantly, this positive effect was even stronger when the patient was female.</p>



<p>Another key finding was that patients, regardless of gender, were less likely to need readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge when treated by a female physician.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-this-mean-female-doctors-are-better">Does this mean female doctors are better?</h2>



<p>The situation isn't as straightforward as simply saying one gender makes a better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-using-emoji-to-diagnose-patients-in-clinics-and-hospitals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>. It's tempting to jump to conclusions, but this research doesn't support the idea that male doctors are inherently less skilled. </p>



<p>The research underscores a key insight: male and female physicians often differ subtly in their patient care approaches. These nuanced, perhaps subconscious, differences in doctor-patient interactions and decision-making can significantly affect a patient's health and recovery.</p>



<p>Studies suggest that biases might sometimes creep in. Male doctors, though well-intentioned, might underestimate the severity of symptoms reported by female patients. This misjudgment could lead to less aggressive or delayed treatment, impacting the patient's outcome.</p>



<p>Some experts observe that female physicians might have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-lying-doctor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> styles better suited to building trust and rapport with female patients. </p>



<p>Stronger doctor-patient communication could lead to more complete information sharing, better diagnoses, and more effective treatment plans.</p>



<p>Female patients may feel more at ease discussing sensitive or potentially embarrassing health issues with a female doctor. This increased comfort level could make them more likely to share vital details, allowing for better-informed medical decisions and positively influencing their health journey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-female-physicians">Critical role of female physicians</h2>



<p>This study opens a fascinating door, but it doesn't give us all the answers. We need to dig deeper to pinpoint the exact reasons why patients, particularly female patients, seem to have slightly better outcomes when treated by female physicians. </p>



<p>Is it communication style? Implicit bias? A mix of factors? More research is crucial to answer these questions fully.</p>



<p>Sadly, even with their proven skills and contributions, female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-doctors-and-nurses-need-more-training-in-disaster-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctors</a> often earn less than their male counterparts for the same work. This study is yet another reminder of the incredible value they bring to the healthcare system. </p>



<p>Closing the pay gap isn't just about fairness; it's about recognizing the critical role female physicians play in improving health outcomes for everyone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The deeper we understand the factors behind these findings, the better we can design training and systems to improve patient care across the board. This benefits everyone, regardless of the gender of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-work-cut-fake-news-online-misinformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>.</p>



<p>When everyone is compensated fairly, it attracts the best and brightest to the medical field. Ensuring pay equity could mean an even stronger healthcare system for everyone.</p>



<p>“What our findings indicate is that female and male physicians practice medicine differently, and these differences have a meaningful impact on patients' health outcomes,” said Dr. Yusuke Tsugawa. He is the associate professor-in-residence of medicine in the division of general internal medicine and health services research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study’s senior author. </p>



<p>“Further research on the underlying mechanisms linking physician gender with patient outcomes, and why the benefit of receiving the treatment from female physicians is larger for female patients, has the potential to improve patient outcomes across the board," Tsugawa concluded.</p>



<p>While your doctor's gender shouldn't be the <em>only</em> factor in your decision-making, this study reminds us that it might carry more weight than we previously thought. If you're searching for a doctor, it's definitely worth considering whether a female physician might be a better fit based on your personal needs.</p>



<p>The study is published in the peer-reviewed journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3163" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Internal Medicine</a></em>.</p>



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Female doctors show significantly better patient health outcomes

Did you know that the gender of your doctor could...

<p>A recent comprehensive study has revealed alarming increases in copper, zinc, and sulfate levels in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-streams-are-not-as-clean-as-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain streams</a> of Colorado, influenced by acid rock drainage. Over the past three decades, these metal concentrations have roughly doubled in Colorado streams, endangering local ecosystems, water quality downstream, and complicating efforts in mining remediation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These problems are primarily caused by the natural chemical weathering of bedrock, which been intensified by ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.</p>



<p>“Heavy metals are a real challenge for ecosystems,” said lead Arthur Andrew Manning, geologist at the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey </a>in Denver. "Some are quite toxic. We are seeing regional, statistically significant trends in copper and zinc, two key metals that are commonly a problem in Colorado. It’s not ambiguous and it’s not small."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rusting-arctic-rivers-nbsp">Rusting Arctic rivers&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This study is based on previous research on the management of Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-resources-are-becoming-increasingly-polluted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water resources</a>. The study further explores the complex relationship between rising temperatures and increased sulfide weathering, a topic that remains partially understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, recent phenomena such as the emergence of “rusting Arctic rivers,” which have begun to flow from thawing permafrost areas, suggest a similar underlying process but on a magnified scale, according to Manning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metal-deposits-in-mountain-streams-nbsp">Metal deposits in mountain streams&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Colorado's unique geology, rich in metal sulfides like the well-known iron sulfide (fool’s gold or pyrite), as well as copper and zinc sulfides, plays a crucial role in this scenario.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When these sulfides are exposed to air, they oxidize, a reaction that liberates metals into the groundwater. This contaminated water then surfaces in streams, leaving behind distinctive rusty red deposits indicative of iron sulfide oxidation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the oxidation process acidifies the water, potentially hastening further weathering and environmental degradation. Notably, some of the alpine streams sampled exhibited extremely low pH levels, ranging from 3 to 4.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isolating-the-effects-of-climate-change">Isolating the effects of climate change</h2>



<p>Drawing on 40 years of water chemistry data, with the latest samples collected in 2021, the researchers analyzed conditions in 22 headwater streams across 17 high-altitude watersheds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These areas, situated above 3,000 meters (approximately 10,000 feet) and characterized by their natural acidity and metal richness, have historically limited the presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-aquatic-plants-could-help-clean-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic plants</a> and animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Importantly, these watersheds have experienced no recent mining or remediation interventions. “The key point is no recent mining or remediation work has been done,” Manning explained. “These watersheds have just been sitting there responding to nothing other than the climate.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initial-spike-of-metals-in-streams">Initial spike of metals in streams</h2>



<p>As these enriched streams descend into larger rivers, the metal concentrations are somewhat diluted, yet the initial spike remains a significant concern.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“I don’t think this is a big red flag for major metropolitan or agriculture users way downstream at lower elevations but some of our mountain communities get their water only a short distance down from these mineralized streams,” Manning said.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-study-implications-nbsp">Broader study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The data from this study are critical for water managers who need to anticipate which metals are entering the streams, and at what rate, to effectively mitigate risks and allocate resources for stream remediation and tourism development.</p>



<p>The broader implications of this study extend beyond local concerns, as it links similar increases in sulfate concentrations observed in mountain streams globally to climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research is the first to statistically connect accelerated sulfide weathering with rising temperatures across a broad geographical area.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-universal-signal-of-climate-change">A universal signal of climate change </h2>



<p>Manning postulates that thawing underground ice at the highest, coldest mountain elevations is a major factor.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Ice is like armor. Melt it and you create windows for groundwater to get into rock that has not seen water and oxygen for millennia, and it will begin to oxidize quite quickly,” explained Manning.</p>



<p>While the study did not find direct correlations with other potential factors such as falling water tables or melting rock glaciers, these could still influence other areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“There’s just no other logical explanation than this is a changing climate signal. Nothing else would reach all these watersheds universally,” concluded Manning.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036062" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Water Resources Research.</em></a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Metals have doubled in streams due to climate change 

A recent comprehensive study has revealed alarming increases in copper,...

<p>The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc on cacao trees in Ghana, posing a serious threat to the world’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-eating-chocolate-feels-so-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> supply. Approximately half of the global chocolate production originates from West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana. </p>



<p>The spread of CSSVD, primarily transmitted by mealybugs that feed on the leaves, buds, and flowers of cacao <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cacao-trees-5000-year-odyssey-global-domestication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>, has resulted in substantial harvest losses, ranging from 15% to 50% in affected areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-cacao-trees-lost-to-the-virus">Millions of cacao trees lost to the virus</h2>



<p>“This virus is a real threat to the global supply of chocolate,” said Benito Chen-Charpentier, a professor of mathematics at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a>. “Pesticides don’t work well against mealybugs, leaving farmers to try to prevent the spread of the disease by cutting out infected trees and breeding resistant trees. But despite these efforts, Ghana has lost more than 254 million cacao trees in recent years.”</p>



<p>The economic impact is further compounded for farmers by the high cost of vaccines for the trees, which are not only expensive but also lead to a reduced yield of cacao, exacerbating the challenges posed by the virus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-strategy-against-chocolate-tree-virus">New strategy against chocolate tree virus</h2>



<p>In response to this crisis, Chen-Charpentier has collaborated with researchers from the <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>, the <a href="https://www.usf.edu/">University of South Florida</a>, and the<a href="https://www.crig.org.gh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Cocoa Research Institute</a> of Ghana to devise a novel strategy. </p>



<p>The team utilized mathematical modeling to determine optimal spacing for planting vaccinated cacao trees. This spacing is critical to prevent mealybugs from transferring the virus between vaccinated and unvaccinated trees.</p>



<p>“Mealybugs have several ways of movement, including moving from canopy to canopy, being carried by ants or blown by the wind,” Chen-Charpentier said. “What we needed to do was create a model for cacao growers so they could know how far away they could safely plant vaccinated trees from unvaccinated trees in order to prevent the spread of the virus while keeping costs manageable for these small farmers.”</p>



<p>The team developed two types of mathematical models that enable farmers to create a barrier of vaccinated trees around those that are unvaccinated, potentially offering a new way to manage the spread of CSSVD while maintaining crop yields.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While still experimental, these models are exciting because they would help farmers protect their crops while helping them achieve a better harvest. This is good for the farmers’ bottom line, as well as our global addiction to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-discovery-eating-chocolate-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a>,” Chan-Charlpetier concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cacao-trees">More about cacao trees</h2>



<p>Chocolate trees, scientifically known as Theobroma cacao, are the source of all the world's chocolate. These tropical trees are native to the deep tropical regions of Central and South America, where they thrive in the understory layer of forests, needing a mix of shade and humidity to prosper.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growth-of-cacao-trees-nbsp">Growth of cacao trees&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The trees are relatively small, usually not growing beyond 4 to 8 meters in height. They bear fruit called cacao pods, which are large, colorful, and contain the precious cacao beans used in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-chocolate-in-the-morning-may-help-you-lose-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> production. The pods themselves are directly attached to the trunk and larger branches of the tree, a growth pattern known as cauliflory.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle-and-challenges">Life cycle and challenges</h3>



<p>The life cycle of a cacao tree begins with its flowers, which are pollinated by tiny insects. After pollination, the pods take several months to mature, with each pod containing 20 to 60 beans surrounded by a sweet, pulpy matrix. The beans are harvested, fermented, dried, and then processed to make various chocolate products.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A key challenge for cacao farmers is the tree's sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-a-compound-that-protects-cacao-trees-from-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>, which can affect yield and quality of the chocolate products.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-and-cultural-significance-nbsp">Economic and cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Historically, cacao has been significant both culturally and economically in the regions where it is grown. It was used by ancient Mesoamerican civilizations like the Aztecs and the Maya not just as food, but also as currency and in religious rituals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Today, the global demand for chocolate keeps cacao cultivation economically relevant, though it also presents challenges including the need for sustainable and fair farming practices.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294579" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Deadly virus threatens global chocolate supply

The cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is wreaking havoc...

<p>For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process by which materials emit light after exposure -- has fascinated scientists. </p>



<p>Traditionally linked to semiconductors like silicon, luminescence aids scientists in understanding vital electronic processes, especially in devices like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-prove-valuable-for-making-solar-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cells</a>.</p>



<p>However, researchers recently achieved a breakthrough that has clarified the behavior of metals under luminescence, which had long remained a mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-code-to-gold-s-luminescence">Cracking the code to gold's luminescence</h2>



<p>Metals have been known to emit light since 1969, but understanding their luminescence has eluded scientists for decades. Consequently, this mystery persisted due to the complex quantum mechanical effects that govern luminescence at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-put-nanoscale-tattoos-onto-individual-cells-inside-your-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>.</p>



<p>The breakthrough came from Giulia Tagliabue's team at the Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LNET</a>), within a prestigious School of Engineering.</p>



<p>They developed high-quality monocrystalline gold films, ranging from 13 to 113 nanometers thick. These films were key to eliminating the confounding factors that had obscured earlier experiments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-laser-beams-reveal-gold-s-luminescence">Laser beams reveal gold's luminescence</h2>



<p>Using focused laser beams, the researchers observed a faint glow from these gold films. This unexpected and detailed data prompted collaboration with theoreticians from the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (<a href="https://bist.eu/">BIST</a>), the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a>, and the <a href="https://www.rpi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in the USA. </p>



<p>Together, they applied refined quantum mechanical models to interpret the results. Subsequently, this collaborative effort resulted in the first complete and quantitative model of photoluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-be-a-valuable-source-of-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold</a>.</p>



<p>This model defines how electrons and their counterparts, known as holes, respond to light in a specific way unique to photoluminescence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-quantum-effects">Surprising quantum effects</h2>



<p>As the team investigated further, they found unusual quantum effects in unexpectedly thick gold films.</p>



<p>“We observed certain quantum mechanical effects emerging in films of up to about 40 nanometers, which was unexpected. "Normally for a metal, you don’t see such effects until you go well below 10 nm,” Tagliabue clarified.</p>



<p>This finding is crucial because it pinpoints exactly where luminescence occurs in the gold, which is essential for using it as a probe in scientific research.</p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers discovered a new use for the gold's photoluminescent signal. It can measure surface temperatures at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-first-evidence-of-a-self-healing-metal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a>, offering a significant benefit due to the difficulties associated with temperature measurements in such small scales.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-climate-change-with-new-technologies">Tackling climate change with new technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend far beyond basic science. “To combat climate change, we are going to need technologies to convert CO2 into other useful chemicals one way or another,” stated Alan Bowman, a postdoctoral researcher at LNET and the study’s first author.</p>



<p>Gold and copper, which the team will explore next, are vital for triggering chemical reactions that produce solar fuels. </p>



<p>These fuels convert solar energy into chemical bonds, offering a sustainable energy storage solution. Improved understanding of metal surfaces through luminescence could enhance the efficiency of these reactions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-gold-s-glow-and-metal-luminescence">Understanding gold's glow and metal luminescence</h2>



<p>In summary, the LNET team's fascinating research has settled the long-standing debate surrounding metal luminescence and gold's "glow" while unlocking new possibilities for nanoscale temperature mapping and energy research.</p>



<p>By developing high-quality metal gold films and applying innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bridging-quantum-classical-physics-nanoparticle-entanglement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanical</a> modeling methods, the researchers have unveiled unexpected quantum effects and demonstrated the potential of photoluminescence as a self-probing tool for surface temperature. </p>



<p>As the world faces the urgent challenge of climate change, these findings pave the way for more efficient and effective technologies to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals, offering hope for a more sustainable future. </p>



<p>The LNET team's work marks the beginning of a new era in understanding metal luminescence and its far-reaching implications for energy research and beyond.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-024-01408-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Light Science &amp; Applications</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Gold owes its 'glow' and luminescence to the quantum realm

For centuries, the glow of gold's luminescence -- the process...

<p>The tobacco industry may have found a new way to target our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-platforms-earned-11-billion-last-year-from-kids-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kids</a>, and it's hiding in plain sight. Disguised as cool vibes and social trends, a new study reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-posts-are-not-a-good-representation-of-our-true-selves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> is having a powerful influence on teen smoking initiation.</p>



<p>What seems like harmless digital content can have lasting, real-world consequences. A remarkable new study by Boston University School of Public Health (<a href="https://www.bu.edu/sph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BUSPH</a>) sheds light on this worrying connection, demonstrating how social media use heavily influences youth habits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-use-and-smoking">Social media use and smoking</h2>



<p>According to the study, teens who use social media every day face a 67% higher risk of starting to smoke compared to those who use these platforms less often. This demonstrates the powerful influence social media has on youth behavior.</p>



<p>Approximately 10% of middle and high school students – a staggering 2.8 million kids – are currently using at least one tobacco product. This shockingly high number shows how successful tobacco companies are in reaching young people.</p>



<p>Moreover, e-cigarettes and vaping are making the problem even worse. Many teens now use multiple tobacco products, increasing their exposure to harmful chemicals and long-term health risks.</p>



<p>"Our results add to a growing body of literature documenting the harms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> use for this age group, as well as how commercial interests such as the tobacco industry are targeting kids on these platforms," says study lead author Dr. Lynsie Ranker, assistant professor of community health sciences at BUSPH.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tobacco-industry-targeting-young-minds">Tobacco industry targeting young minds</h2>



<p>The tobacco industry has a long history of targeting youth, and social media is their latest weapon. Their tactics are carefully designed to appeal to and manipulate young minds.</p>



<p>Flavors like cotton candy and bubblegum in e-cigarettes are deliberately aimed at teens and young adults. These flavors mask the harshness of nicotine and make the products seem fun and harmless.</p>



<p>Moreover, by partnering with celebrities and popular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-break-can-significantly-improve-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> influencers, they create an illusion of glamour and social acceptance around smoking and vaping. This makes these products seem desirable and trendy.</p>



<p>Images of happy groups using tobacco or vaping products create the false perception that "everyone's doing it." This taps into the natural teenage desire to feel included and can pressure teens to experiment to avoid feeling left out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-social-media-scrolling-to-smoking">From social media scrolling to smoking</h2>



<p>The Boston University study reveals critical details about the tactics social media uses to influence teens' tobacco use. Surprisingly, teens who use social media every day are at the highest risk. </p>



<p>This underscores how repeated exposure to pro-tobacco messages and images gradually breaks down their resistance and makes smoking seem more normal.</p>



<p>Even seemingly small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-you-use-social-media-affects-your-sense-of-happiness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interactions</a>, like liking or following a tobacco brand's page, increases a teen's risk of trying tobacco. These actions make teens more receptive to the idea of smoking, slowly changing their perception of the product.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencers-and-social-norming">Influencers and "social norming"</h2>



<p>As discussed, social media often presents a highly edited and unrealistic view of the world. When teens constantly see their peers or favorite influencers seemingly enjoying tobacco products without consequences, it has a dangerous impact.</p>



<p>This constant exposure normalizes tobacco use. It makes smoking and vaping seem like harmless everyday activities rather than a serious health risk.</p>



<p>Images of others seemingly having fun while using tobacco can trigger FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) in teens. This powerful emotion can push teens to experiment with tobacco just to feel like they belong to the perceived "in" crowd.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-responsible">Who is responsible?</h2>



<p>"It is not surprising that tobacco manufacturers target youth through social media,” says study coauthor Dr. Traci Hong, professor of media science at Boston University College of Communication.</p>



<p>Currently, the burden of regulating tobacco promotion on social media is largely left up to the platforms themselves. This has resulted in a confusing patchwork of policies that tobacco companies are all too adept at exploiting.</p>



<p>"Based on our research, social media platforms lack self-regulation,” says study coauthor Dr. Jessica Fetterman, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University <a href="https://www.bumc.bu.edu/camed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine</a>. "The government must step forward to regulate tobacco marketing on social media, just as they have done for other forms of media such as TV and print ads.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-stop-teens-on-social-media-from-smoking">How to stop teens on social media from smoking?</h2>



<p>We can't place the entire burden on legislation. Here's what parents, educators, and teens themselves can do:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talk-openly">Talk openly</h3>



<p>Equipping our teens with the knowledge and tools to resist social media manipulation is crucial. Don't wait until you suspect a problem. Begin talking to teens about the dangers of tobacco use, including cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and vaping products, well before they enter their teenage years.</p>



<p>Provide teens with accurate information about the addictive nature of tobacco and the serious health risks associated with its use. Highlight the long-term consequences like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.</p>



<p>Practice how teens can politely decline social pressure to experiment with tobacco. Role-playing potential situations and responses can empower them to make healthy choices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-media-literacy-nbsp">Media literacy&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Help teens understand that not everything they see on social media is real, honest, or unbiased. Teach them to be savvy consumers of online content by asking themselves these key questions:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Who created this content?</strong> Is it an individual, a brand, an influencer, a news organization, etc.? Understanding the source helps evaluate potential motives.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>What is the purpose?</strong> Are they trying to sell something, promote an idea, entertain, or inform? Identifying the purpose reveals possible biases.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>How does this make me feel?</strong> Does the content make you feel insecure, excited, happy, or afraid? Strong emotions can be a sign of manipulation.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Does this seem realistic?</strong> Is the content portraying situations or lifestyles that seem overly perfect or dramatic? Perfection is often a sign of staging, not reality.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Where else can I find information?</strong> Encourage teens to cross-check facts on reputable news sites, government health websites (.gov), or educational organizations (.org) to see if the information aligns.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-find-alternative-connections">Find alternative connections</h3>



<p>While social media can offer a form of connection, it cannot replace the value of genuine, face-to-face interactions. Sports teams, clubs, and activities provide a space for teens to meet others with shared interests. This fosters deeper friendships based on real connections, common experiences, and shared goals.</p>



<p>Focusing on in-person activities helps combat the feelings of loneliness and isolation that can result from excessive social media use.</p>



<p>Face-to-face interactions are essential for developing crucial communication skills like reading body language, resolving conflict, and having meaningful conversations – skills that don't always translate well online.</p>



<p>Feeling part of a team, contributing to a group project, or performing in front of an audience can all build confidence and self-worth – something that isn't as easily achieved through social media likes and comments.</p>



<p>Physical activity, creative pursuits, and shared hobbies offer healthy ways to manage stress and promote overall well-being.</p>



<p>Developing a healthy skepticism of online content takes time and practice. Encourage teens to have these conversations with friends, teachers, and parents as they navigate social media. Let's help our youth be smarter than the algorithms designed to manipulate them.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460324000492?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Addictive Behaviors</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Daily social media use makes teens more likely to start smoking

The tobacco industry may have found a new way to...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>David Kring is a moon geologist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in the Texan city of Houston. He is also the author of the Big Bertha research, which was published in <em>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</em> in January 2019. According to <em>Science</em>, Kring said, “It is an extraordinary find that helps paint a better picture of early Earth and the bombardment that modified our planet during the dawn of life.&#8221;</p>


17. An Extraordinary Find

<p>It might be difficult to imagine that Big Bertha formed on Earth, but the theory could actually ring true. For instance, a space chemistry expert at Florida State University called Munir Humayun seems to believe that it’s possible. The researcher told&nbsp;<em>Science</em>&nbsp;in 2019, “It’s a very provocative conclusion, but it could be right."</p>