<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Ireland and the coasts of Scotland, Wales, and England along the North Atlantic Ocean.</p>



<p>"The image is from January 2024 and was captured on a relatively clear winter day. Ireland enjoys a mild climate, owing to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean (to the left) and the presence of the Gulf Stream. South-westerly winds from the Atlantic tend to bring a lot of rain in the northwest, west and southwest of the country," said ESA.</p>



<p>"The extensive grasslands that cover most of the country, washed by abundant rainfall all year, create the typical emerald-green landscape, hence it being known as the Emerald Isle. Brown rugged cliffs along the west coast frame the island’s green interior, speckled by hundreds of lakes, visible as dark spots in the image."</p>



<p>Ireland is divided into two distinct jurisdictions: the Republic of Ireland, which occupies most of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ireland is the third-largest island in Europe, featuring a varied landscape of rolling hills, extensive plains, and rugged coastlines. Its highest peak is Carrauntoohil, part of the Macgillycuddy's Reeks range in County Kerry.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The island is encircled by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Irish Sea to the east.</p>



<p>Ireland's history is marked by Viking invasions, Norman conquests, and centuries of English rule, culminating in a struggle for independence in the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Republic of Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922, following the Irish War of Independence. Northern Ireland, however, remained a part of the UK, leading to ongoing sectarian and political tensions, notably the "Troubles" in the late 20th century.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/irish-community-survived-a-thousand-years-of-environmental-change/">Irish culture</a> is known worldwide for its literature, music, dance, and folklore. Notable literary figures include James Joyce, W.B. Yeats, and Samuel Beckett.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The country's cultural heritage is celebrated on St. Patrick's Day, Ireland's national holiday, observed globally with parades and festivities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/ Copernicus Sentinel-3&nbsp;</p>



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The island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a rare view of the total solar eclipse on April 8, 2024. </p>



<p>The image was captured about one million miles from Earth by NASA’s EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera) imager on the DSCOVR (Deep Space Climate Observatory) satellite.</p>



<p>The shadow of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/">moon</a> swept across North America from the Pacific coast of Mexico to the Atlantic coast of Newfoundland, Canada.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-a-very-active-sun">Viewing a very active sun</h2>



<p>“As people in the 115-mile-wide (185-kilometer-wide) path of totality looked up and saw the moon conceal the bright orb of the sun and obscure all but its wispy corona, Earth-observing satellites captured imagery of the Moon’s shadow as it raced eastward over North America,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Observers on the ground had a rare view of the sun’s active outer atmosphere, or corona. Glowing loops of plasma called solar prominences could also be seen extending into the corona. Plasma is super-hot ionized gas which flows along the tangled and twisted structure of the Sun’s magnetic fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-approaching-a-solar-maximum">Approaching a solar maximum </h2>



<p>During a live broadcast of the eclipse from Dallas, NASA research scientist Michael Kirk noted that “this view of the corona will never happen again, ever.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Kirk explained that the spiky and asymmetrical nature of the corona was a sign that the sun’s magnetic field was active and approaching <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/">solar maximum</a>.</p>



<p>The next total solar eclipse to travel from coast to coast across the United States will be in 2045.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-total-solar-eclipse">What is a total solar eclipse?</h2>



<p>A total solar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-skies-full-eclipses-transits-exoplanets-know-where-to-look/">eclipse</a> is a celestial event that occurs when the moon passes directly between the Earth and the sun, completely obscuring the sun from view for a viewer on Earth. This alignment of the sun, moon, and Earth is known as syzygy.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During a total solar eclipse, the moon's apparent diameter is larger than the sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, and turning day into darkness. The sudden darkness of a total eclipse allows viewers to observe the solar corona, the outer atmosphere of the sun, which is usually hidden by the bright light of the sun's photosphere.</p>



<p>Total solar eclipses are relatively rare at any given location on Earth because the shadow of the moon (known as the umbra) that casts on the Earth's surface is very small compared to the Earth's surface area, and the path of totality (the path the shadow traces) is narrow</p>



<p>DSCVR is a joint NASA, NOAA, and U.S. Air Force satellite built to observe our planet from Lagrange Point 1, a gravitationally stable position between the Sun and Earth.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Total solar eclipse captured from one million miles away

Dust Storm Over the Red Sea. On June 16, 2004, a huge plume of dust blew out of the deserts of Sudan and Eritrea and over the southern Red Sea. The plume grew dramatically in size over the course of a few hours, as is shown in these Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (<a href="https://www.earth.com/image/clouds-trace-mountain-ridges-in-the-chinese-province-of-yunnan/">MODIS)</a> images. The earlier MODIS image, from the Terra satellite, shows a much more compact, almost completely opaque plume. When the Aqua satellite flew over a few hours later, the plume had spread over the Red Sea.
The bulk of the plume narrowly missed covering Port <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=sudan&amp;cvid=23899b66193c4078ac4e3fa6d8d02293&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Sudan,</a> which lies about halfway up the vertical strip of coastline. It also missed covering the Dahlak Archipelago by a much greater margin, though a thin veil of dust still managed to reach that far. This archipelago is visible at the bottom right corner of the image. It has been known since Roman times as a source of pearls.

The <b>Red Sea</b> (<a class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar">البحر الأحمر Al Baḥr al aḥmar</span>‎, <a title="Hebrew language" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a>: Yam Soof ים סוף or Hayam Haadom הים האדום, <a title="Coptic language" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language">Coptic</a>: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ `ⲛϩⲁϩ <i>Phiom Enhah</i> or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ <i>Phiom ̀nšari</i>, ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ <i>Yammāʾ summāqā</i> <a title="Tigrinya language" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language">Tigrinya</a>: ቀይሕ ባሕሪ <i>Qeyih Bahri</i>, <a title="Somali language" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Badda Cas</i>) is a <a title="Seawater" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater">seawater</a> <a title="Inlet" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlet">inlet</a> of the <a title="Indian Ocean" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, lying between <a title="Africa" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa">Africa</a> and <a title="Asia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia">Asia</a>. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bab el Mandeb" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_el_Mandeb">Bab el Mandeb</a> strait and the <a title="Gulf of Aden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. To its north lie the <a title="Sinai Peninsula" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, the <a title="Gulf of Aqaba" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>, and the <a title="Gulf of Suez" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez">Gulf of Suez</a> (leading to the <a title="Suez Canal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal">Suez Canal</a>). It is underlain by the <a title="Red Sea Rift" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift">Red Sea Rift</a>, which is part of the <a title="Great Rift Valley" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>.

The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km<sup>2</sup> (169,100 mi<sup>2</sup>), <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"></sup>is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long, and — at its widest point — 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft), and in the central <i>Suakin Trough</i> it reaches its maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft). <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"></sup>

The Red Sea also has extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and <a title="Coral" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral">corals</a>. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 <a title="Invertebrate" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species and 200 types of soft and hard coral. It is the world's northernmost <a title="Tropics" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics">tropical</a> sea, and has been designated a <a title="Global 200" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_200">Global 200</a> <a title="Ecoregion" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>.

Credit: Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC

Dust Storm Over the Red Sea

<p>Dreams have been a source of wonder and speculation for millennia. Are they cryptic messages from beyond? Or are our brains merely firing off random patterns as we sleep? What if they change our perceptions?</p>



<p>As it turns out, science is starting to lean away from the "random patterns" idea. Researchers are discovering compelling evidence that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dreams-keep-the-brain-from-becoming-too-familiar-with-everyday-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dreams</a> play a far more important role in our lives than we might have thought.</p>



<p>Think back to your last few nights. What did your dreams hold? Triumphs? Terrors? Perhaps just those odd, fleeting moments that fade with the morning light. At the recent Cognitive Neuroscience Society (<a href="https://www.cogneurosociety.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CNS</a>) annual meeting, experts like Remington Mallett from the <a href="https://www.umontreal.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montréal</a> shared that no matter the content, our dreams can profoundly influence the way we think, feel, and experience the world around us.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-dreams-random-or-perceptions-of-the-self">Are dreams random or perceptions of the self?</h2>



<p>For ages, the question of "Why do we <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meaningful-dream-experiences-can-boost-your-work-productivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dream</a>?" has puzzled philosophers, artists, and scientists alike. One of the biggest challenges, according to Mallet, is the difficulty in studying such a subjective, internal phenomenon. But the tide is starting to shift:</p>



<p>"Because we don't know much about dreams, it is hard to estimate their full impact on our waking lives," says Mallett. "But current results suggest that indeed dreams influence our waking experiences."</p>



<p>So, if your dreams aren't just a jumble of nonsense, what <em>are</em> they, and how are they making a difference?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dreams-insomnia-and-perception">Dreams, insomnia and perception</h2>



<p>If you suffer from insomnia, you're intimately familiar with that frustrating sense of exhaustion that persists even after what seems like a long night of sleep. This begs the question: could how you <em>think</em> you slept be misaligned with the reality of your sleep patterns?</p>



<p>Claudia Picard-Deland and her team investigated this concept by studying "good sleepers." Their method involved waking participants multiple times throughout the night to record their self-reported state (awake or asleep) and the presence or absence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-dreams-help-us-organize-our-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dream</a> activity. </p>



<p>The findings were surprising: Participants often reported feeling awake while measurements clearly indicated they were asleep. This phenomenon was most common in the earlier, lighter stages of sleep.</p>



<p>Moreover, when participants were able to recall their dreams, they reported an overall feeling of having slept more deeply. This effect was strongest when the remembered dreams were particularly vivid or immersive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-findings">Implications of the findings</h2>



<p>For those who struggle with insomnia, understanding that they might be getting more sleep than they realize could significantly reduce anxiety surrounding sleep. This newfound awareness has the potential to break a negative feedback loop fueled by sleep-related worry.</p>



<p>Picard-Deland's research hints at the possibility of "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-genes-control-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dream</a>-based" therapies. The idea is that by learning techniques to have more vivid or memorable dreams, people could train themselves to feel like they've had a more restful sleep, improving their overall sense of well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-lucid-dreaming">The power of lucid dreaming</h2>



<p>What if you could actively take part in your dreams and even send messages to the outside world? Well, some people can, and Saba Al-Youssef of <a href="https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sorbonne Université</a> is uncovering what we can learn from them.</p>



<p>Lucid dreaming happens when you're asleep but become aware that you're dreaming. This grants you a remarkable level of control over your dream world. Al-Youssef's research uses the ability of lucid dreamers to move facial muscles as a real-time communication tool.</p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/angry-dreams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dreams</a> are a hidden world to which we have no direct access," explains Al-Youssef. "The capacity of lucid dreamers to communicate with us in real time gives us side door access to dreams, at least knowing when a specific event is happening."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manipulating-dreams-for-better-living">Manipulating dreams for better living</h2>



<p>The research presented by both Picard-Deland and Al-Youssef hints at the possibility of directly influencing our dreams, a key concept with wide-ranging potential for improving our well-being. Controlled dream manipulation offers several key benefits.</p>



<p>The ability to purposefully modify aspects of dreams would give scientists unprecedented control in their experiments. This could lead to faster, more accurate discoveries about how dreams work and their impact on our waking lives.</p>



<p>Nightmares go beyond mere annoyance; they can be a source of profound distress and even trauma. By understanding the mechanisms behind dream generation, researchers hope to develop methods for altering dreams in real-time. This could mean turning a terrifying nightmare into a neutral or even positive experience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dream-manipulation-and-perceptions">Dream manipulation and perceptions</h2>



<p>Dreams often feel like a kaleidoscope of our lives – fragments of experiences, perceptions, and emotions woven together into strange yet captivating narratives. This unique quality makes dreams a potentially invaluable tool for both self-discovery and therapeutic intervention.</p>



<p>If we can learn to intentionally shape or influence our dreams, we might unlock:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-mind">Understanding the mind</h3>



<p>By manipulating specific aspects of our dreams, researchers could gain insights into the complex ways our minds process information, store memories, and generate emotions. This knowledge could translate into better models of the brain and more effective treatments for cognitive disorders.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeted-therapy">Targeted therapy</h3>



<p>Individuals struggling with conditions like PTSD, anxiety, or depression may benefit from tailored dream manipulation techniques. Therapists could potentially guide patients towards having dreams that promote emotional processing, help work through trauma, or reinforce positive coping mechanisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-mental-wellness-nbsp">Personalized mental wellness&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Even beyond clinical settings, dream manipulation could offer new ways to boost creativity, enhance problem-solving, and foster a greater sense of self-awareness. Imagine being able to cultivate dreams that leave you feeling inspired, mentally refreshed, and better equipped to navigate life's challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-dreams-and-perceptions">Linking dreams and perceptions</h2>



<p>It's easy to dismiss dreams as fleeting nonsense that vanishes with the morning light. However, this research suggests it's high time to reconsider that attitude. Dreams aren't just a quirky form of nocturnal entertainment – they hold a wealth of potential insights into your inner workings, how you rest, and even your overall mental health.</p>



<p>Dreams directly mirror the way we experience the world around us. This means that the themes, emotions, and patterns that emerge in your dreams likely tell a deeper story about how you think, feel, and navigate life in your waking hours.</p>



<p>Imagine if you could learn to understand the language of your dreams. Your dreams could highlight patterns and blind spots in your thinking, emotions, or behavior. This newfound awareness could be a catalyst for self-improvement and growth.</p>



<p>Moreover, paying attention to your dreams might change your perception of your sleep quality. You might realize you're sleeping better than you thought. </p>



<p>Dream interpretation techniques could become a tool for emotional processing, stress reduction, and even creative problem-solving within your subconscious mind.</p>



<p>The science of dreams is still evolving. But one thing is crystal clear: those journeys you take as you sleep have the power to spill over into your reality in fascinating ways.</p>



<p>The study is part of the symposium <a href="https://www.cogneurosociety.org/symposia/?sym=28" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Into the Night: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Dreaming</a>.</p>



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How do dreams influence our perceptions?

Dreams have been a source of wonder and speculation for...

<p>Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to recover naturally. <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birds</a> like the collared araçari play a vital role in the growth of diverse young forests by dispersing seeds of various tree species. </p>



<p>Recent findings from the lab of Professor Thomas Crowther at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> shed light on a significant barrier to natural forest regeneration. In the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where data was gathered, wild birds enhance carbon storage by up to 38%. This uplift is vital for the forest's health and our planet's climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-carbon-storage">What is carbon storage?</h2>



<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. This means it traps heat within Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the overall warming of our planet. Excessive amounts of CO2 lead to significant disruptions in weather patterns, rising temperatures, and other negative consequences of climate change.</p>



<p>Trees have an extraordinary ability to naturally remove CO2 from the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, they absorb CO2 and convert it into sugars for energy. The carbon from the CO2 is then stored within the tree's trunk, branches, leaves, and roots, helping the tree grow.</p>



<p>Large, healthy forests act as massive carbon sinks. This means they actively remove significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. Reducing the levels of CO2 in our air helps mitigate the effects of climate change and protects the planet for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seed-dispersal-in-forests-by-birds">Seed dispersal in forests by birds</h2>



<p>Birds play a crucial role in seed dispersal, particularly in maintaining the health and regeneration of forests. Many birds feed on fruits that contain seeds. As they eat, they ingest the seeds along with the fruit.</p>



<p>After eating, birds fly across various distances, carrying the seeds within them. This mobility allows seeds to be dispersed over a wider area than many other natural dispersal mechanisms.</p>



<p>Eventually, the seeds are excreted by the birds in different locations from where they were consumed. This dispersal through bird droppings introduces plant species into new areas.</p>



<p>The seeds, now in a new location and often mixed with natural fertilizers from the bird's droppings, can germinate and grow into new plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragmented-forests-a-problem-for-birds-seeds-and-us">Fragmented forests: A problem for birds, seeds and us</h2>



<p>Deforestation doesn't just remove trees; it disrupts crucial ecological processes like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-are-birds-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>. Smaller birds tend to consume large quantities of seeds but favor smaller seeds from trees with limited carbon storage potential. </p>



<p>Larger birds, like the Toco toucan, target larger, carbon-rich seeds. However, they are less inclined to venture across the open spaces created by deforestation. This means fragmented forests lose out on the most effective carbon-storing trees that depend on large birds for seed dispersal.</p>



<p>The researchers identified a critical threshold for bird movement and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-degradation-is-a-major-cause-of-bird-population-declines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> recovery. Landscapes maintaining at least 40% forest cover, with distances between forest patches not exceeding 133 meters (around 435 feet), allow birds greater freedom of movement. This translates to increased seed dispersal and a better chance for the forest to regenerate.</p>



<p>"This crucial information enables us to pinpoint active restoration efforts - like tree planting - in landscapes falling below this forest cover threshold, where assisted restoration is most urgent and effective," explained Daisy Dent, lead scientist at the Crowther Lab.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-seed-dispersal-beyond-tree-planting">Bird seed dispersal beyond tree planting</h2>



<p>While planting trees is a crucial aspect of reforestation efforts, it doesn't guarantee a fully restored, functional forest ecosystem. This study emphasizes that successful forest regeneration goes beyond just the sheer quantity of trees.</p>



<p>Natural processes, like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-is-harder-on-birds-in-the-forest-than-in-the-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, have evolved over millennia. These processes ensure that the right mix of tree species thrives in a given environment. This leads to a more resilient and biodiverse forest with increased long-term benefits.</p>



<p>Sometimes, creating the right conditions is all it takes for nature to work its magic. Restoring forest connectivity and protecting key species, like fruit-eating birds, creates a space for natural regeneration to flourish. This approach recognizes that the most effective solutions often involve working in tandem with nature rather than trying to replace it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-we-can-help-the-forests-and-birds-seed-dispersal">How we can help the forests and birds seed dispersal</h2>



<p>To ensure a balanced relationship between forests and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-reproduction-suffers-greatly-during-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> seed dispersal, the following steps can be considered:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connect-the-fragments">Connect the fragments</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Wildlife highways:</strong>&nbsp;Forest corridors act like safe highways for birds, particularly those that are hesitant to venture into open areas. These can range from narrow strips of trees to wider "stepping stones" of vegetation depending on the needs of local bird species.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting diversity:</strong>&nbsp;Corridors not only allow for safe passage, but they expand the foraging range for birds. This increases the chances of seeds from a wider variety of plants being dispersed as birds move about.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-feast">Fruit feast</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Supporting the seed spreaders:</strong>&nbsp;Native fruit trees fulfill the dietary needs of local bird populations, making them more likely to stay in the area and continue dispersing seeds. These trees are a vital food source, especially during times when other resources may be scarce.</li>



<li><strong>The right kind of fruit:</strong>&nbsp;Planting the native fruit trees that birds have co-evolved with ensures better success. These are the fruits the birds naturally recognize and prefer, making them more effective seed distributors for the local ecosystem.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-hunting-zones">No hunting zones</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ecosystem balance:</strong>&nbsp;Poaching disrupts the natural balance by removing birds from their vital roles as seed dispersers. Protecting them maintains healthy populations that contribute directly to the forest's ability to regenerate.</li>



<li><strong>Beyond just birds:</strong>&nbsp;Often, anti-poaching measures and protected areas benefit a wide variety of wildlife, not just birds. These can have cascading effects on the health of the forest as a whole.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the word</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Changing perceptions:</strong>&nbsp;Many people might not understand the intricate relationship between birds, seeds and forests. Educational campaigns can shift this mindset and promote the appreciation for birds as more than just pretty creatures.</li>



<li><strong>Advocacy and action:</strong>&nbsp;Increased public awareness can lead to greater support for conservation policies, funding for restoration projects, and individual choices that have positive impacts on bird habitats.</li>
</ul>



<p>"By identifying the thresholds of forest cover in the surrounding landscape that allow seed dispersal, we can identify areas where natural regeneration is possible, as well as areas where we need to actively plant trees, allowing us to maximize the cost-effectiveness of forest restoration," explained study co-author Danielle Ramos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"We have always known that birds are essential, but it is remarkable to discover the scale of those effects," said Professor Crowther. This study shows us that forests aren't just a bunch of trees - they're complex communities. </p>



<p>By protecting and restoring these habitats and the amazing creatures that call them home, we're not just saving birds, we're investing in our planet's future.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01989-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.</p>



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Birds increase forest recovery by dispersing seeds

Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to...

<p>An international team of researchers, co-led by Ariadna Mechó from the <a href="https://www.bsc.es/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación</a> (BSC-CNS), has recently made an exciting discovery off the coast of Chile. During an expedition to the Salas y Gómez Ridge - a less explored stretch of underwater mountains extending from Chile to Rapa Nui - the experts observed 160 deep-sea species that were not known to inhabit the region. </p>



<p>Among the deep-sea species that were spotted, the researchers suspect that at least 50 might be entirely new to science. </p>



<p>The expedition, supported by the <a href="https://schmidtocean.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schmidt Ocean Institute</a>, uncovered a variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/seven-surprising-secrets-of-the-deepest-sea-creatures/">deep-sea organisms</a> including corals, glass sponges, sea urchins, squids, fishes, molluscs, crabs, sea stars, and squat lobsters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerable-deep-sea-species">Vulnerable deep-sea species</h2>



<p>Mechó, part of the Climate Variability and Change group at the BSC's Earth Sciences Department, shared these findings at the <a href="https://oceandecade-conference.com/off-site-satellite-events.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean Decade MPA Forum: Progress, Obstacles and Solutions</a>, an event linked to the <a href="https://oceandecade-conference.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Ocean Decade Conference</a> in Barcelona from April 10-12, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The main results of this campaign are that we have found between 50 and 60 potentially new species at first sight, a number that is likely to increase as we have many samples to work on in the laboratory. We also found one of the deepest mesophotic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">corals</a> in the world, extending the distribution of this Polynesian fauna by several hundred kilometers. And at depth, we have found fields of sponges and corals, habitats that are considered vulnerable and in need of protection,” Mechó said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapa-nui-sea-council">Rapa Nui Sea Council</h2>



<p>The expedition team consisted of 25 scientists from 14 organizations across five countries (Chile, United States, Italy, Spain, Netherlands) and took place from February 24 to April 4. Notably, the team included Emilia Ra'a Palma Tuki, the first Rapa Nui marine biologist, a recent graduate from <a href="https://www.ucn.cl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad Católica del Norte</a> in Chile.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Rapa Nui Sea Council, or Koro Nui o te Vaikava, provided critical support and permits for the expedition, enhancing the project with local knowledge and a representative from the Rapa Nui community.</p>



<p>The discoveries made during this research will contribute significantly to the management and potential expansion of marine protected areas, particularly around Rapa Nui, one of the most unexplored regions on the planet. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitat-for-deep-sea-species-nbsp">Critical habitat for deep-sea species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Salas y Gómez Ridge, spanning 2,900 kilometers and hosting over 200 seamounts, is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-biodiversity-hotspots/">biodiversity hotspot</a> known for its unique ecosystems and high rate of endemism. It serves as a critical habitat for benthic organisms and an important migration corridor for various species, including over 80 that are threatened or endangered.</p>



<p>The region's rich cultural and maritime heritage, significant to both indigenous islanders and global communities, underscores the urgent need for international cooperation to protect these pristine environments from exploitation and the loss of biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-uncharted-territory-nbsp">Exploring uncharted territory&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In addition to field research, the BSC's role involves leveraging supercomputing to model climate scenarios that help predict the distribution of key species and understand how future changes might impact them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But first, we need to better understand the biodiversity and connectivity of the region to know which keystone species are found there and on which mountains exactly, as well as potential faunal breaks (where communities change or stop connecting with each other). Basically, it is a unique exploration in places where practically everything is unexplored,” Mechó explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-deep-sea-species-in-the-high-seas">Protecting deep-sea species in the high seas</h2>



<p>This research is crucial for advocating the designation of the Salas y Gomez Ridge as an ecologically and biologically significant marine area (EBSA) under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and as a “priority area” for international protection under the 2023 <a href="https://highseasalliance.org/treaty-negotiations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High Seas Treaty</a>.</p>



<p>Further emphasizing the importance of this region, a previous campaign between January and February 2024 focused on the intersection of the Salas y Gomez and Nazca Ridges and the Desventuradas Islands. </p>



<p>Across both expeditions, more than 100 new deep-sea species were discovered, highlighting the necessity for a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-pinpoint-blue-corridors-for-large-migratory-fish/">blue corridor</a>" that would establish one of the world's first high-seas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/">marine protected areas</a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ROV SuBastian / Schmidt Ocean Institute</p>



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Dozens of deep-sea species discovered off the coast of Chile

An international team of researchers, co-led by Ariadna Mechó from...

<p>Historically, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have played a significant role in shaping economies worldwide. Examples of NTFPs include items like mushrooms, berries, medicinal herbs, and bamboo.</p>



<p>From the Roman Empire, which significantly bolstered its revenues with customs taxes on spices like black pepper, to the Middle Ages when Europeans colonized Asia to dominate the spice trade, these products have consistently been economic stalwarts.</p>



<p>Yet, despite their substantial contributions to the economies of many countries, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-action-combat-illegal-timber-trade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global trade</a> statistics, both in the EU and worldwide, often neglect these products today.</p>



<p>The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that non-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timber-industries-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wood products</a> generate $88 billion annually for producers. Including processing and other value-added activities, their total economic impact reaches trillions of dollars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-undervalued-forest-products">Undervalued forest products</h2>



<p>Professor Carsten Smith-Hall from the <a href="https://ifro.ku.dk/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen’s Department of Food and Resource Economics</a> highlights the overlooked potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arbor-day-a-celebration-of-trees-and-their-unrivaled-importance-to-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTFPs</a>. </p>



<p>"We estimate that roughly 30,000 different non-timber forest products are traded internationally, yet fewer than fifty are currently assigned a commodity code in global trade accounts," noted Smith-Hall. </p>



<p>This oversight renders these valuable products invisible in official statistics. Consequently, it deprives the communities that harvest these products of potential earnings and investment in local processing industries</p>



<p>"These goods play a significant role in food security, health, and employment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. By underestimating these goods, we miss clear opportunities to combat poverty," said Smith-Hall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h2>



<p>One striking example of the potential of NTFPs is caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), known as the "Viagra of the Himalayas." </p>



<p>Harvesters collect caterpillar fungus on the Tibetan plateau, where it is highly valued in China as an aphrodisiac and traditional medicine. It commands prices as high as €11,500 per kilogram.</p>



<p>"This trade significantly enhances the local economy, enabling communities to invest in education and housing," explained Smith-Hall. "Yet, its benefits are curtailed due to its exclusion from formal trade records."</p>



<p>"When these products are excluded from official trade accounts, they are also neglected in the development of industry policies and technology, missing out on crucial investment opportunities."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-timber-forest-products">Non-timber forest products</h2>



<p>Recognizing the enormity of the task, Smith-Hall suggests we prioritize and effectively manage economically significant products.</p>



<p>"By identifying and focusing on a concise list of key products, countries can better direct their research and investments towards developing cultivation techniques and enhancing local economies."</p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers advocate for systematic data collection on traded volumes and prices at all levels. They note that existing tools for this purpose could be more widely used.</p>



<p>"We have a huge untapped potential here that can contribute to tackling extreme poverty while conserving nature and biodiversity," said Smith-Hall. "We must broaden our focus beyond just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timber-innovation-offers-hope-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">timber</a> and recognize the value of all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-forests-2024-new-solutions-for-a-better-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest resources</a>."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-forest-resources">Rethinking forest resources</h2>



<p>The critical role of NTFPs highlights the need to reevaluate how we value and manage forest resources. By incorporating these products into official trade statistics, we can unlock their potential. This would support sustainable development and aid in poverty alleviation.</p>



<p>Consequently, this shift not only promises economic benefits but also ensures the preservation of biodiversity and the enhancement of global food security and health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-properties-of-non-timber-forest-products">Properties of non-timber forest products</h2>



<p>Non-timber forest products encompass a broad array of resources harvested from forests that do not involve logging trees. These products hold immense ecological, economic, and cultural significance and are crucial for the biodiversity of their ecosystems. Characteristics and benefits of NTFPs include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological benefits</h3>



<p>NTFPs are key components of forest ecosystems, providing critical habitat, food sources, and maintaining ecological balances. They help in:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Pollination support</strong>: Many NTFPs such as fruits and flowers provide resources for pollinators, which are essential for the reproduction of many plant species.</li>



<li><strong>Soil enrichment</strong>: The harvesting of NTFPs like fallen leaves, seeds, and certain fungi contributes to nutrient cycling and soil fertility.</li>



<li><strong>Forest structure</strong>: The varied use of different forest layers for NTFPs helps maintain the complexity of forest structure, which is vital for diverse wildlife.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic importance</h3>



<p>NTFPs offer significant economic benefits, particularly in remote and rural areas where they serve as a primary source of income:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Trade and livelihoods</strong>: Local and international trade in non-timber forest products provides livelihoods for millions of people globally. Items like resins, essential oils, and decorative flowers have substantial markets.</li>



<li><strong>Micro-enterprises</strong>: Many NTFPs serve as the basis for small-scale industries at the community level, such as basket weaving, natural dyes, and artisan crafts.</li>



<li><strong>Tourism attraction</strong>: Eco-tourism and cultural tourism often promote the unique aspects of local NTFPs, attracting visitors interested in organic and native products.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>The cultural implications of NTFPs are profound and varied:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Traditional knowledge</strong>: Many communities have deep knowledge of the medicinal, nutritional, and spiritual properties of forest products, passed down through generations.</li>



<li><strong>Spiritual and religious use</strong>: Certain NTFPs enhance their value and the need for sustainable management by being used in spiritual or religious rituals.</li>



<li><strong>Cultural heritage</strong>: Crafts, folklore, and festivals often revolve around the collection and use of NTFPs, embedding these products into the cultural fabric of societies.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health and nutrition</h3>



<p>NTFPs are vital sources of nutrition and medicinal benefits:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Medicinal plants</strong>: Many plants used as NTFPs have recognized medicinal properties, used in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.</li>



<li><strong>Nutritional supplements</strong>: Forest foods such as nuts, berries, and edible mushrooms are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to food security and nutrition.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Challenges and management</h3>



<p>Despite their benefits, the sustainable management of NTFPs faces several challenges:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Overharvesting</strong>: Without proper management, some valuable NTFPs are at risk of overexploitation, which can lead to the depletion of resources.</li>



<li><strong>Legal and policy frameworks</strong>: In many regions, there is a lack of clear legal frameworks that regulate the sustainable harvesting and fair trade of NTFPs.</li>



<li><strong>Climate change impacts</strong>: Changes in climate patterns can affect the growth cycles and availability of certain NTFPs, requiring adaptive management strategies.</li>
</ul>



<p>Effective management of non-timber forest products requires an integrated approach that respects ecological balances, promotes fair economic benefits, and preserves cultural values. This necessitates policies that support sustainable practices, promote fair trade, and include local communities in conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1389934123002009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Policy and Economics</a></em></em>.</p>



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Non-timber forest products provide opportunities to reduce poverty

Historically, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have played a significant role...

<p>A recent study led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/">University College London</a> (UCL) and the <a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> has unveiled significant differences in the way nasal cells from young and elderly individuals respond to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This discovery provides new insights into why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-play-an-unexpected-role-in-covid-19-transmission/">children</a> generally exhibit milder <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasal-vaccine-shows-potential-to-stop-covid-19-before-it-starts/">COVID-19</a> symptoms compared to older adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings shed light on the initial interactions between the virus and human nasal epithelial cells (NECs), which are among the first cells targeted by the virus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>“Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 rarely progress to respiratory failure. However, the risk of mortality in infected people over 85 years of age remains high,” wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“Here we investigate differences in the cellular landscape and function of pediatric (&lt;12 years), adult (30–50 years) and older adult (&gt;70 years) ex vivo cultured nasal epithelial cells in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analysis-of-nasal-cells-exposed-to-the-virus">Analysis of nasal cells exposed to the virus</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed nasal cells donated by healthy individuals across all three age groups to the <a href="https://www.gosh.org/">Great Ormond Street Hospital</a> (GOSH), <a href="https://www.uclh.nhs.uk/our-services/our-hospitals/university-college-hospital">University College London Hospital</a> (UCLH), and the <a href="https://www.royalfree.nhs.uk/">Royal Free Hospital</a>.</p>



<p>The cells were cultured to regrow into the diverse cell types originally found in the nasal passages. Employing advanced single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, the researchers identified 24 distinct types of epithelial cells. Each age group’s cultures were then exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in controlled experiments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-s-nasal-cells-mounted-a-rapid-response-nbsp">Children’s nasal cells mounted a rapid response&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Three days post-infection, the results showed that children’s nasal cells mounted a rapid response by increasing the production of interferon, a critical component of the body’s initial antiviral defense, which effectively restricted viral replication. However, this robust antiviral response was found to diminish with age.</p>



<p>In elderly individuals, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severity-of-covid-19-may-be-tied-to-nasal-cells/">NECs</a> not only produced more infectious virus particles but also exhibited increased cellular shedding and damage. This could explain the higher severity of COVID-19 symptoms and complications seen in older adults.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-related-changes-in-nasal-cells-nbsp">Age-related changes in nasal cells&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our research reveals how the type of cells we have in our nose changes with age, and how this affects our ability to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. This could be crucial in developing effective antiviral treatments tailored to different age groups, especially for the elderly who are at higher risk of severe COVID-19,” explained project leader Claire Smith, an associate professor in infection, immunity, and inflammation at UCL <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/child-health/great-ormond-street-institute-child-health-0">Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health</a>.</p>



<p>“By carrying out SARS-CoV-2 infections of epithelial cells in vitro and studying the responses with single-cell sequencing, we get a much more detailed understanding of the viral infection kinetics and see big differences in the innate immune response between cell types,” added co-senior author Kerstin Meyer, an expert in cellular genetics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-is-the-single-greatest-risk-factor">Age is the single greatest risk factor</h2>



<p>Despite the advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-vaccination-reduces-mortality-risk-but-only-for-6-months/">vaccination</a> and treatment options, the mortality risk remains high for those over 85 who contract the virus. This research emphasizes the importance of age as a critical factor in both the study and treatment of infectious diseases.</p>



<p>“Despite effective vaccines, age remains the single greatest risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. Children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rarely develop severe disease, while the mortality in infected people over 85 years is currently as high as 1 in 10,” noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-specific-differences-in-our-body-s-response">Age-specific differences in our body’s response</h2>



<p>“It is fascinating that when we take away immune cells from nasal samples, and are only left with nasal epithelial cells grown in a dish, we are still able to identify age-specific differences in our body’s response to the SARS-CoV-2 between the young and elderly to explain why children are generally protected from severe COVID-19,” said co-senior author Marko Nikolic, a clinical scientist the UCL Division of Medicine.</p>



<p>“Understanding the cellular differences at the initiation of infection is just the beginning. We now hope to investigate the long-term implications of these cellular changes and test therapeutic interventions using our unique cell culture model. This ‘gold-standard’ system is only possible with the support of our funders and the willingness of participants to provide their samples,” Smith concluded.</p>



<p>The researchers suggest that future studies should explore how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-diet-puts-the-brakes-on-brain-aging/">aging</a> affects the body’s response to other viral infections, potentially leading to more age-specific medical strategies.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01658-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Microbiology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Nasal cells protect children against severe COVID-19

A recent study led by researchers at the University College...

<p>From a young age, individuals are taught the importance of being aware of their external environment, yet the significance of attuning to one’s internal environment often receives less attention. Neuroscientists are now increasingly exploring how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-protects-against-work-stress-burnout/">mindfulness</a> training can impact a wide range of psychological aspects, from depression and memory to stress levels and aging.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of ongoing research is to demystify the neural mechanisms that underlie these brain changes, providing clearer guidelines for individuals interested in incorporating mindfulness into their daily lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-short-cuts-in-mindfulness-training-nbsp">No short-cuts in mindfulness training&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Attentional training is a mechanism by which you can train your brain,” said Erika Nyhus, a cognitive neuroscientist at <a href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bowdoin College</a>, who is chairing a session on new research findings in mindfulness at the annual <a href="https://www.cogneurosociety.org/annual-meeting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cognitive Neuroscience Society (CNS) meeting</a> in Toronto. </p>



<p>“Work to understand the neural mechanisms at play in this mindfulness training show potential pathways toward enhanced cognition but there are no short-cuts. It takes practice.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-mental-health-benefits-of-mindfulness-training-nbsp">Predicting mental health benefits of mindfulness training&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers presenting their latest work at CNS 2024 are excited about the potential benefits that mindfulness training can offer not only to individual practitioners but also to the scientific community’s understanding of cognition. </p>



<p>Their collective research points to the idea that differences in sensory and cognitive processing within our brains can predict <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/">mental health</a> outcomes and may be improved through novel technological training methods.</p>



<p>One crucial aspect of mindfulness training involves enhancing interoception - the perception of the body’s internal states - which is pivotal in managing mood disorders such as depression.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acceptance-of-new-sensations-and-emotions">Acceptance of new sensations and emotions</h2>



<p>“Interoception matters in depression because our emotions are made up of both visceral body sensations and our cognitive appraisals of these sensations that help us make sense of those feelings and put them into context,” explained Norman Farb, a psychologist at the <a href="https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/">University of Toronto Mississauga</a>. </p>



<p>“For example, a fluttering in our belly could be judged as excitement or anxiety depending on our context and appraisal habits.”</p>



<p>Farb and his team are keen on deciphering how the brain processes these interoceptive signals. The findings suggest that mindfulness training focused on internal awareness can divert mental resources away from entrenched cognitive appraisal habits, facilitating the acceptance of new sensations and emotions. </p>



<p>This shift can significantly help individuals become unstuck from maladaptive self-perceptions and their interactions with the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-mental-resilience-nbsp">Improving mental resilience&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A landmark neuroimaging study on vulnerability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-a-history-of-depression-tend-to-process-more-negative-information/">depression</a> relapse, published in the journal <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8978278/">NeuroImage Clinical</a>, provided significant insights. Farb and his colleagues identified a major predictor of depression trajectories: the extent to which individuals engage rather than inhibit sensory and motor processes.</p>



<p>“This result contrasts other neural indicators of depression as being driven by too much activity in regions supporting judgment and appraisal. And it points to the importance of maintaining sensation in times of stress as a sign of mental resilience,” Farb said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-control-and-appraisal">Cognitive control and appraisal</h2>



<p>Further research published in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37316296/"><em>ENeuro</em></a> focused on the mindfulness practice of attention to the&nbsp; breath, which is a key aspect of mindfulness training. Farb and his team discovered that while attending to external senses activates specific brain regions like the visual cortex, focusing on one’s breath tends to reduce activity across the cerebral cortex, which is associated with cognitive control and appraisal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This suggests that mindfulness exercises may first help people to use their attention to stop doing so much with their brains, providing relief from rumination and judgment,” he said.  </p>



<p>“It also has a fascinating implication for how interoception differs from the external senses: interoceptive processing may be continuously represented in the brain to regulate biological processes such as the breath or heartbeat. To detect it, we just need to quiet down.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mindfulness-training-and-technology">Mindfulness training and technology</h2>



<p>On the technological front, David Ziegler, a cognitive neuroscientist at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">University of California, San Francisco</a> (UCSF), has been pioneering a digital meditation game called <a href="https://www.alternova.co/projects/meditrain-meditation-training-for-adults/">MediTrain</a>, which is rooted in the principles of internal attention. </p>



<p>This app is designed based on extensive research into neuroplasticity and how the brain compensates for attentional control deficits. “It’s a personalized experience for every individual at every point in their training,” Ziegler explained.</p>



<p>At CNS 2024, Ziegler is presenting data from several studies utilizing MediTrain across different demographics, including young adults, aging adults, and adolescents who have experienced childhood neglect. </p>



<p>Most notably, a new study published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0611-9"><em>Nature Human Behavior</em></a>, involving healthy older adults found that the training not only improved attention but also reduced stress reactivity and lengthened telomeres, indicators of reduced cellular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-may-be-driven-by-genetic-imbalances/">aging</a>.</p>



<p>However, the researchers face the challenge of determining the optimal dosage of meditation needed to achieve beneficial effects - a question Ziegler believes technology is uniquely positioned to address. Plans are in motion for a large-scale, nationwide dose-response study of MediTrain that will assess its efficacy in thousands of older adults, utilizing the app's fully mobile digital platform.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-cognitive-function-nbsp">Enhancing cognitive function&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Both Nyhus and Farb, who are practitioners themselves, initially approached mindfulness with a degree of skepticism.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Nyhus, inspired to explore this field further after participating in an eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course, will present findings from her research into the effects of mindfulness on episodic memory. “You see mindfulness training everywhere and don’t know if there is anything to it, but I was shocked to see the results we got in the lab,” she said.</p>



<p>By investigating the scientific underpinnings of mindfulness, these researchers hope to refine this practice and advocate for its use not only as a psychological tool but also as a means of enhancing overall cognitive function.</p>



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Mindfulness training improves mental resilience

From a young age, individuals are taught the importance of...

<p>Have you ever felt the urge to scream during a frustrating moment but somehow managed not to? This restraint is thanks to the sophisticated way our brains handle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>, which plays a crucial role in our daily interactions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision-making processes</a>. </p>



<p>The brain regulates emotions through a network of brain regions, neurotransmitters, and hormones, primarily involving the limbic system.</p>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://home.dartmouth.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dartmouth College</a> have conducted a pioneering study that sheds light on this complex process. The experts have distinguished between the neural activities involved in generating emotions and those involved in regulating them.</p>



<p>The research offers new perspectives on emotional flexibility and its significance for mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-brain-a-dartmouth-discovery">Decoding the brain: a Dartmouth discovery</h2>



<p>The Dartmouth-led team, including lead author Ke Bo, a postdoctoral researcher at the Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab (<a href="https://sites.dartmouth.edu/canlab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CANlab</a>), used advanced computational methods to analyze fMRI data.</p>



<p>The data had been previously collected by study co-author Peter Gianaros at the University of Pittsburgh, involving participants' responses to emotionally charged images. </p>



<p>Through this analysis, the researchers pinpointed specific brain regions active during emotional regulation - a process known in neuroscience as "reappraisal." The anterior prefrontal cortex and other higher-level cortical areas, which also play roles in abstract thinking and future planning, were identified as key to regulating emotions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-regions-involved-in-regulating-emotions">Brain regions involved in regulating emotions</h2>



<p>"As a former biomedical engineer, it was thrilling to identify <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-violence-may-rewire-teenage-brains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> regions uniquely involved in regulating emotions," said Bo. "Our findings not only enhance our understanding of how emotion regulation works but also reveal potential clinical applications."</p>



<p>The ability to activate these specific regions correlates with greater resilience against negative experiences, highlighting a critical aspect of mental health.</p>



<p>Furthermore, these areas are also linked to resisting temptations and avoiding dependencies, such as drug addiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amygdala-and-cortex-at-work">Amygdala and cortex at work</h2>



<p>The research also explored the role of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amygdala-experience-fear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amygdala</a>, traditionally seen as a center for processing threats and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/managing-negative-emotions-may-prevent-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">negative emotions</a>. </p>



<p>The study confirmed that the amygdala consistently responds to negative experiences, regardless of attempts to lessen these emotions.</p>



<p>"It's really the cortex that is responsible for generating people's emotional responses, by altering our perceptions and meanings attached to events," explained Bo.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-connections-the-neurotransmitter-network">Chemical connections: The neurotransmitter network</h2>



<p>Further intriguing aspects of the study involved examining how neurochemicals like dopamine and serotonin influence these emotion-regulating networks. These chemical messengers are essential for communication within the brain and play a significant role in emotion regulation.</p>



<p>Comparing the emotion regulation brain maps with neurotransmitter binding maps from other studies highlighted significant overlaps.</p>



<p>"Our results showed that areas rich in receptors for cannabinoids, opioids, and serotonin, particularly the 5H2A receptor, are crucial for emotion regulation," noted Tor Wager, senior author and director of the Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center. </p>



<p>"This discovery is pivotal, especially considering the impact of drugs that target these receptors, shedding light on their potential long-term effects on our ability to manage emotions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapeutic-implications">Therapeutic implications</h2>



<p>Serotonin's role is particularly well-known in the context of depression, with most antidepressants designed to inhibit its reuptake. </p>



<p>Serotonin is often called the "feel-good" neurotransmitter because it contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness. Low levels of serotonin in the brain are commonly linked to a depressed mood.</p>



<p>Additionally, the study highlights the significant effects of psychedelic drugs on these receptors. It suggests that the therapeutic benefits of such treatments depend on their ability to change our cognitive processes and emotional responses.</p>



<p>This underscores the necessity of combining psychological support with pharmaceutical treatments to effectively address mental health challenges.</p>



<p>"It's important to consider these connections that come from basic science," said Wager. "Understanding drug effects requires a deep knowledge of the involved brain systems and their cognitive functions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-emotion-in-the-brain">Mapping emotion in the brain</h2>



<p>This research from Dartmouth provides groundbreaking insights into the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation and generation. </p>



<p>By identifying specific brain regions and their interactions with neurochemicals, the study has the potential to enhance mental health treatment, offering hope for more effective integration of psychological and pharmaceutical approaches.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01605-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Neuroscience</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Study pinpoints the brain regions that regulate emotions

Have you ever felt the urge to scream during a...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<p>Fires Across Central Africa. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of fires were burning in Central Africa when the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image on June 18, 2004. The fires, marked in red, were probably deliberately started by farmers clearing land for agriculture. While not intrinsically dangerous, the fires are clogging the air with wide-spread haze. The large dark green area in the lower left corner of the image was nearly completely covered by the Zambezi River for several months earlier in the year. From the numerous fires around the river, it appears that farmers are beginning to reclaim the land. The countries shown in this image include, from the top left corner going clockwise, <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/fires-across-congo-and-angola-afternoon-overpass/">Congo</a>, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, and Angola. The bright white feature in the lower left corner is the Etosha Pan, a large salt pan in Namibia.</p>
<p><b>Central Africa</b> is a <a title="Subregion" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subregion">subregion</a> of the <a title="Africa" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa">African</a> <a title="Continent" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent">continent</a> comprising various countries according to different definitions. <a title="Angola" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola">Angola</a>, <a title="Burundi" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi">Burundi</a>, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, <a title="Chad" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad">Chad</a>, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, <a title="Rwanda" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"></sup>Six of those states (Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) and share a common currency, the <a title="Central African CFA franc" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc">Central African CFA franc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The <a title="African Development Bank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank">African Development Bank</a> defines Central Africa as Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"></sup> <b>Middle Africa</b> is an analogous term used by the <a title="United Nations" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations">United Nations</a> in its <a title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa">geoscheme for Africa</a>. It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank&#8217;s definition, along with Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Macro_Regions_and_Components_4-0" class="reference"></sup></p>
<p>Credit: Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC</p>


Fires Across Central Africa

Wildfires Across Alaska Numerous forest fires were burning in the Yukon Flats region of east-central Alaska in mid-June 2004. The fires are burning in the wake of an incredibly active week of lightning, with a record-breaking, single-day total of 8,500 strikes on June 14, followed by another 6,200 strikes the next day (according to local news reports). These images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite shows some of the largest, most rapidly growing fires on June19 and 20. Areas where <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=modis&amp;cvid=6115060e678d42ee9336f0255f144887&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">MODIS</a> detected fires are outlined in red.
The two northernmost fires in the scene, the Pingo and Winter Trail Fires, are the largest of several lightning-caused fires that are being collectively called the Solstice Complex. The Pingo was estimated to be 20,350 acres as of June 20, and the Winter Trail was 11,040.

Alaska is a U.S. state on the northwest extremity of the country's West Coast, just across the Bering Strait. A semi-exclave of the U.S., it borders the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canadian</a> province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and southeast and has a maritime border with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest.

Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC