<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the summit crater of Mount Erebus peeking through the clouds. Erebus is the southernmost active volcano on Earth and the second-highest volcano in Antarctica.</p>



<p>Mount Erebus is situated on Ross Island in the Ross Sea. It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus.</p>



<p>It stands at an elevation of about 3,794 meters (12,448 feet). It's a stratovolcano, characterized by a conical shape and layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.</p>



<p>Mount Erebus is known for its persistent lava lake, which is visible in the image. "The lake has been active since at least 1972 and is one of only a few long-lived lava lakes on Earth. It constantly churns and occasionally spews bombs of molten rock in Strombolian eruptions," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Geologists want to learn why an active lava lake has persisted here for so long. Recent research suggests one reason could be the magma’s low water content, which makes it less volatile as it approaches the surface."</p>



<p>Due to its unique features, Mount Erebus is an important site for scientific research. Researchers study its geology, unique gas emissions, and microbial life in its extreme environment.</p>



<p>However, the harsh Antarctic climate and its remote location make it a challenging environment for research. Additionally, its volcanic activity poses risks.</p>



<p>The image was captured on November 25,2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</em></p>



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Mount Erebus breaks through the clouds

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the summit crater of Mount Erebus peeking through the clouds. Erebus is the southernmost active volcano on Earth and the second-highest volcano in Antarctica. Mount Erebus is situated on Ross Island in the Ross Sea. It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus. It stands at an elevation of about 3,794 meters (12,448 feet). It's a stratovolcano, characterized by a...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, and its surroundings. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on February 21, 2023.</p>



<p>"Situated some 50 km south of the North Korean border, the metropolitan area of Seoul appears as the grey area in the center of the image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Han River runs through the city, and to the right of the image it can be seen partly covered by ice. It is one of the biggest rivers in the Korean peninsula. It flows westward through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, named so because of the yellowish sand that colours its water."</p>



<p>"Seoul is surrounded by forested mountains, which appear brown in this wintery image. Bukhansan National Park lies just north of the city. The park is like an island, acting as a big green lung for the surrounding urban environment."</p>



<p>The population of Seoul is over 9 million people, and the metropolitan area, which includes neighboring cities like Incheon and Gyeonggi Province, is one of the most populous in the world.</p>



<p>Seoul is a city where ancient traditions meet cutting-edge technology. It is known for its vibrant cultural scene, extensive history, and rapid economic development. The city's skyline is a blend of modern skyscrapers and traditional palaces like Gyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung, showcasing its rich heritage.</p>



<p>Seoul is a hub for education, with several top-ranked universities and research institutes. The city also thrives in technology and innovation - home to global companies like Samsung and LG. Street markets like Myeongdong and Insadong offer a taste of local life and traditional crafts, while districts like Gangnam are famous for their upscale shopping and entertainment.</p>



<p>Seoul's green spaces, like Namsan Park and the Han River Park, provide a refuge from the urban hustle. The city's blend of history, culture, technology, and nature makes it a unique and dynamic metropolis, attracting millions of visitors each year.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Seoul, South Korea 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<h1><b>Areca Palm</b></h1>
According to a study by <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-wpel-link="external">NASA</a>, the  palm is the number one best indoor air purifying plant. The areca palm is also capable of putting moisture into the air when it is needed and thrives in a <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-may-be-a-seasonal-illness-that-thrives-in-low-humidity/">humid</a> area.

The best-known member of the genus is <i>A. catechu</i>, the <a title="Areca nut" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut">areca nut</a> palm. <sup id="cite_ref-monograph_1-2" class="reference"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"></sup>Several species of areca nuts, known for their bitter and tangy taste, raw or dried, are routinely used for chewing, especially in combination with the leaves of <a title="Betel" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel">betel</a> and dried leaves of <a title="Tobacco" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco">tobacco</a>. Areca nut is also popularly referred to as betel nut because of its usage for chewing with <a title="Betel" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel">betel</a> leaves. In Assam, areca nut is also known as <i>tamul</i> in the local dialect.

<i><b>Areca</b></i> is a <a title="Genus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus">genus</a> of about 50 species of palms in the <a title="Family (biology)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)">family</a> <a title="Arecaceae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a>, found in humid <a title="Tropical forest" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_forest">tropical forests</a> from the islands of the <a title="Philippines" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a title="Malaysia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a title="India" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a>, across <a title="Southeast Asia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a> to <a title="Melanesia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-monograph_1-1" class="reference"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_3-1" class="reference"></sup>The generic name <i>Areca</i> is derived from a name used locally on the <a title="Malabar Coast" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of <a title="India" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a>.Areca palms are relatively fast-growing and are usually planted in clumps. Over time, they form clumps on their own as well. In most indoor situations It is unlikely that an areca palm will live long enough to need frequent repotting. But if your palm thrives, you may need to repot it every other year or so. They also tend to do well when slightly underpotted. When repotting a clump, be careful not to damage the root ball or bury the palm too deep.

Areca Palm

Areca Palm According to a study by NASA, the  palm...

<h1><b>Great Hinckley Fire of 1894</b></h1>
The Great Hinckley Fire is one of the deadliest in the history of the United States, killing 418 people. The firestorm was fueled by severe drought and burned 200,000 acres in only around four hours. Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 causes tragic disaster.

After a two-month summer drought, combined with very high temperatures, several small fires started in the pine forests of Pine County, <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/minnesota-stricter-emissions-standards/">Minnesota</a>. The fires' spread apparently was due to the then-common method of lumber harvesting, wherein trees were stripped of their branches in place; these branches littered the ground with flammable debris. Also contributing was a temperature inversion that trapped the gases from the fires. The scattered blazes united into a firestorm.  The temperature rose to at least 2,000 °F (1,100 °C). Barrels of nails melted into one mass, and in the yards of the Eastern Minnesota Railroad, the wheels of the cars fused with the rails. Some residents escaped by climbing into wells, ponds, or the Grindstone River. Others clambered aboard two crowded trains that pulled out of the threatened town minutes ahead of the fire.
James Root, an engineer on a train heading south from Duluth, rescued nearly 300 people by backing up a train nearly five miles to <a href="https://dnr.wi.gov/lakes/lakepages/LakeDetail.aspx?wbic=276700">Skunk Lake,</a> where the passengers escaped the fire. William Best was an engineer on a train sent specifically to evacuate people.

Great Hinckley Fire of 1894

Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 The Great Hinckley Fire is...

<h1><b>Miramichi Fire</b></h1>
In 1825, a fire that started in New Brunswick made its way into parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine">Maine</a>, claiming 160 lives. The fire consumed over 3 million acres and destroyed entire communities and forests. The cause of the fire is unknown, but it is believed that the the spruce budworm may have made the forest much dryer than usual.

Miramichi Fire About 1/3 of the homes in Fredericton were destroyed, but the main devastation was 100 miles (160 km) to the northeast commencing from Bas Caraquet. The preceding summer was a particularity hot one, with bush fires common. On the evening of October 7, 1825, the firestorm roared through Newcastle, New Brunswick (now part of the City of Miramichi), and in less than 3 hours reduced the town of 1,000 people to ruins - of 260 original buildings, only 12 remained. Only 6 of 70 buildings survived in the adjacent village of Douglastown. The fire similarly destroyed other communities, including Moorefield, Napan, and Black River Bridge. Chatham, Nelson, and Doaktown escaped the fire. The cause of the blaze is not known, but it was likely by humans.
About 160 people died in and around <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/delicate-wash-cycle-microfibers/">Newcastle</a>, including prisoners in the Newcastle Jail. Elsewhere, the totals were likely higher, given the number of lumbermen in the forests at the time (about 3000). To escape the blaze many residents took refuge with livestock and wildlife in the Miramichi River.
In total the fire(s) consumed almost 16,000 km² (about 1/5 of New Brunswick's forests). The blaze has been partly attributed to unusually hot weather in the summer and fall of 1825, coupled with outdoor fires by settlers and loggers

Miramichi Fire

Miramichi Fire In 1825, a fire that started in New...

<h1><b>The Yellowstone Fires of 1988</b></h1>
Also known as the “Summer Of Fire,” the disaster in Yellowstone National Park started out as many small fires until wind and drought brought the flames together to form one massive fire that burned for several months. Overall, 793,880 acres of the park were damaged.

The Yellowstone fires of 1988 collectively formed the largest wildfire in the recorded history of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Starting as many smaller individual fires, the flames quickly spread out of control due to drought conditions and increasing winds, combining into one large conflagration which burned for several months. The fires almost destroyed two major visitor destinations and, on September 8, 1988, the entire park closed to all non-emergency personnel for the first time in its history. Only the arrival of cool and moist weather in the late autumn brought the fires to an end. A total of 793,880 acres (3,213 km2), or 36 percent of the park was affected by the wildfires.

Thousands of firefighters fought the fires, assisted by dozens of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft which were used for water and fire retardant drops. At the peak of the effort, more than 9,000 firefighters were assigned to the park. With fires raging throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and other areas in the western <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/united-states-global-waste/">United States</a>, the staffing levels of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service">National Park Service</a> and other land management agencies were inadequate for the situation; more than 4,000 U.S. military personnel were soon brought in to assist in wildfire suppression efforts. The firefighting effort cost $120 million ($260 million in 2020). Losses to structures were minimized by concentrating firefighting efforts near major visitor areas, keeping property damage down to $3 million ($6 million as of 2020). No firefighters died while fighting the Yellowstone fires, though there were two fire-related deaths outside the park.

The Yellowstone Fires of 1988

The Yellowstone Fires of 1988 Also known as the “Summer...

<h1><b>Yacolt Fire</b></h1>
Simultaneous fires burning in the states of Washington and Oregon in 1902 are known as the Yacolt Burn. 500,000 acres were destroyed and over 60 people were killed. One fire was started by locomotive while another fire was started by boys who were torching a bee’s nest. Hunters, campers, and lightning were also reported as likely sources of the fires.

The Yacolt Burn (also known as the Yacolt Fire, the Yacolt Blaze, the Yacolt-Cispus Burn, or the Columbia Fire of 1902) was the result of many weather factors as well as careless humans. The summer of 1902 had been drier than normal and early September winds blowing from west to east. A build-up of slash from loggers had not been burned off properly in the preceding two summers. On September 8 a fire was started by boys trying to burn a nest of hornets near Eagle Creek, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon">Oregon</a>. Other large fires there occurred independently or combined with other fires started soon thereafter, including one started by a locomotive in Dodson, Oregon.

Other accounts cite lightning as the genesis of the fire as well as careless campers and berry pickers, hunters, and loggers cutting slash. The fire spread rapidly, extending from Bridal Veil, Oregon to Cascade Locks, Oregon before burning debris carried across the Columbia River to Washington. It traveled 30 miles (48 km) in 36 hours and destroyed 238,920 acres (967 km²) of timber, about 12 billion board feet (28,000,000 m³), in Clark, Cowlitz and Skamania counties.

Yacolt Fire

Yacolt Fire Simultaneous fires burning in the states of Washington...

<h1><b>Cloquet Fire</b></h1>
The Cloquet Fire was the worst natural disaster in the history of the state of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/minnesota-stricter-emissions-standards/">Minnesota</a>. Over 450 people were killed in the fire, and tens of thousands were either injured or displaced. The massive fire, which destroyed 250,000 acres, was caused by sparks on the railroad tracks in a time of extreme drought.

The Cloquet fire was an immense forest fire in northern Minnesota, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> in October, 1918, caused by sparks on the local railroads and dry conditions. The fire left much of western Carlton County devastated, mostly affecting Moose Lake, Cloquet, and Kettle River. Cloquet was hit the hardest by the fires. It was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of casualties in a single day. In total, 453 people died and 52,000 people were injured or displaced, 38 communities were destroyed, 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) were burned, and $73 million ($1.241 billion in 2020 United States dollars) in property damage was suffered. Thirteen million dollars in federal aid were disbursed.

Carlton County was known for its logging industry during the early 1900s. Similar to other forest fires, the disaster took place over dry, harvested land which was vulnerable to potential fire destruction. The main workforce employing the majority of the area was the logging industry. The railroad, which came to the area in 1870, was a great boost for the logging industry. In 1874, a large lumber mill was built alongside the lake shore. The mill along the river gathered and floated logs down river, where they would be assembled and sawed for retail. When the logging industry was at its peak, one could walk across the lake due to the amount of logs covering the lake area.

Cloquet Fire

Cloquet Fire The Cloquet Fire was the worst natural disaster...

<h1><b>The Peshtigo Fire </b></h1>
The deadliest fire in recorded history struck Peshtigo, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> in 1871, killing between 1,200 and 2,500 people. The fire gained momentum when smaller fires were fueled by dry conditions and winds that reached over 110 miles per hour. The disaster destroyed 12 communities and 1.2 million acres.

The fire was a very large forest fire that took place on October 8, 1871, in northeastern Wisconsin, including much of the Door <a href="http://www.earth.com/image/astronaut-view-of-the-florida-peninsula/">Peninsula</a>, and adjacent parts of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The largest community in the affected area was, Wisconsin. It burned approximately 1,200,000 acres (490,000 ha) and was the deadliest wildfire in American history, with the estimated deaths of around 1,500 people, and possibly as many as 2,500.
Occurring on the same day as the more famous Great Chicago Fire, the  fire has been largely forgotten, even though it killed far more people. On the same day as the Peshtigo and Chicago fires, Holland and Manistee, Michigan (across Lake Michigan from Peshtigo), and Port Huron at the southern end of Lake Huron also had major fires, leading to various theories by contemporaries and later historians that they had a common cause.

The setting of small fires was a common way to clear forest land for farming and railroad construction. On the day of the Peshtigo fire, a cold front moved in from the west.

The Peshtigo Fire

The Peshtigo Fire The deadliest fire in recorded history struck...

<h1></h1>
Also known as The Big Burn, The Fire of 1910 is believed to be the largest in history. The fire devastated 3 million acres across Washington, Idaho, and Montana. 87 people were killed, most of whom were firefighters. The cause of the fire has never been determined.

This Fire of 1910 (also commonly referred to as the Big Blowup, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1910">Big Burn</a>, or the Devil's Broom fire) was a wildfire in the western United States that burned three million acres (4,700 sq mi; 12,100 km2) in North Idaho and Western Montana, with extensions into Eastern Washington and Southeast British Columbia, in the summer of 1910. The area burned included large parts of the Bitterroot, Cabinet, Clearwater, Coeur d'Alene, Flathead, Kaniksu, Kootenai, Lewis and Clark, Lolo, and St. Joe National Forests.
Therefore it burned over two days on the weekend of August 20–21,after strong winds caused numerous smaller fires to combine into a firestorm of unprecedented size. It killed 87 people, mostly firefighters, destroyed numerous manmade structures, including several entire towns, and burned more than three million acres of forest with an estimated billion dollars worth of timber lost. It is believed to be the largest, although not the deadliest, forest fire in <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/united-states-global-waste/">U.S.</a> history. The extensive burned area was approximately the size of the state of Connecticut.
In the aftermath of the fire, the U.S. Forest Service received considerable recognition for its firefighting efforts, including a doubling of its budget from Congress. The outcome was to highlight firefighters as public heroes while raising public awareness of national nature conservation. The fire is often considered a significant impetus in the development of early wildfire prevention and suppression strategies

The Great Fire

Also known as The Big Burn, The Fire of 1910...

<p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>), a key division of the National Weather Service, is currently keeping a close eye on the Sun following several significant solar events. These events have led to concerns about a strong geomagnetic storm, prompting the issuance of a Geomagnetic Storm Watch.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-november-28-solar-flare-and-cme">November 28 solar flare and CME</h2>



<p>On November 27 and 28, the Sun experienced several coronal mass ejections (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a>), which are massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. These CMEs have triggered a flurry of activities and observations by space weather experts.</p>



<p>A notable solar flare was detected on November 28 at 2:50pm EST. This event originated from Region 3500, a moderately complex sunspot group located near the Sun's central meridian. The flare was associated with the fourth full halo CME observed during this period.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the fourth CME is moving at an accelerated pace compared to the previous ones. This increase in speed is attributed to the earlier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a> clearing a path through the solar wind. It is anticipated that this CME will merge with two of the three earlier CMEs, with an expected arrival at Earth between the night of November 30 and December 1.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-from-geomagnetic-storm">Impact from geomagnetic storm</h2>



<p>SWPC forecasters are vigilantly monitoring the situation using NOAA’s <a href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/current-satellite-missions/currently-flying/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DSCOVR satellite</a>, which provides real-time data on solar winds. This information is crucial for understanding the strength and timing of the anticipated geomagnetic storm.</p>



<p>Geomagnetic storms are known to affect infrastructure both in near-Earth orbit and on the Earth's surface. These impacts can include disruptions to communications, the electric power grid, navigation systems, radio frequencies, and satellite operations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Such storms</a> are a significant concern for industries and services reliant on these technologies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-auroral-activity-expected">High auroral activity expected</h2>



<p>An interesting and visually stunning consequence of geomagnetic storms is the aurora, commonly known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern or Southern Lights</a>. This storm has the potential to drive the aurora further south from its usual position above the polar regions. </p>



<p>If weather conditions are favorable, auroras may be visible across the U.S. Northern Tier and upper Midwest from Illinois to Oregon. Residents in these areas are encouraged to check NOAA’s latest <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora forecast</a> for the best chance of witnessing this natural phenomenon.</p>



<p>NOAA's SWPC continues to monitor these solar events closely, providing updates and forecasts. As the situation evolves, they will offer guidance on the potential impacts of the geomagnetic storm. The public and relevant industries are advised to stay informed and prepared for any disruptions that may occur.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-geomagnetic-storms">More about geomagnetic storms</h2>



<p>As discussed above, geomagnetic storms represent disturbances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetosphere</a>, caused by solar wind shocks or the interactions of the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field. These storms, often originating from the Sun's activities like solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), have profound effects on Earth's magnetic environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-the-sun-to-the-earth">Journey from the Sun to the Earth</h3>



<p>The story of a geomagnetic storm begins with the Sun. Solar flares, intense bursts of radiation, and CMEs, large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-the-very-first-time-a-spacecraft-has-touched-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar corona</a>, play pivotal roles. These phenomena release huge quantities of particles into space, which can reach Earth and interact with its magnetic field, triggering a geomagnetic storm.</p>



<p>After their eruption, solar particles and electromagnetic waves travel through space, taking approximately 1-3 days to reach Earth. The speed and intensity of these particles vary, depending on the strength of the solar event.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-with-earth-s-magnetosphere">Interaction with Earth's magnetosphere</h3>



<p>Upon arrival, these charged particles collide with Earth's magnetosphere, the region of space controlled by Earth's magnetic field. This collision causes complex changes and disturbances in the magnetosphere, leading to a geomagnetic storm. These storms have a range of impacts, from beautiful auroras to potential disruptions in technology.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras">Auroras</h4>



<p>The most visible and striking effect is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-captivated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora</a>, known as the Northern and Southern Lights. These displays of colors occur when charged particles collide with gases in Earth's atmosphere, resulting in mesmerizing light shows typically seen near the polar regions.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-disruptions">Technological disruptions</h4>



<p>More significantly, geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite operations, affecting communication and GPS systems. They can induce currents in long conductors, impacting power grids and potentially causing widespread blackouts.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-spacecraft-and-satellites">Impact on spacecraft and satellites</h4>



<p>Satellites and spacecraft, exposed to increased radiation, face the risk of damage or malfunction during these storms. This risk necessitates careful monitoring and protective measures in space missions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-storm-forecasting">Geomagnetic storm forecasting</h3>



<p>Organizations like NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center actively monitor the Sun and forecast geomagnetic storms. They use satellites like the DSCOVR to track solar winds and provide early warnings, helping mitigate potential impacts on technology and infrastructure.</p>



<p>In summary, geomagnetic storms, while a source of natural wonder, remind us of our planet's vulnerability to solar activities. Understanding and monitoring these storms not only provide insights into our space environment but also help us prepare for and mitigate their effects on our increasingly technology-dependent world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-auroras">More about auroras</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, auroras, often called the Northern or Southern Lights, are a natural light display predominantly seen in the Earth's polar regions. They occur when the Earth's magnetosphere gets disturbed by the solar wind, a stream of particles coming from the Sun. This disturbance generates bright and colorful lights in the sky, forming auroras.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-auroras-form">How auroras form</h3>



<p>The formation of auroras begins with the emission of particles from the Sun's atmosphere. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, travel towards Earth carried by the solar wind. Upon reaching Earth, these charged particles interact with the magnetic field and are funneled towards the polar regions.</p>



<p>As these particles collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere, they excite atoms and molecules, causing them to light up. Oxygen and nitrogen, the main constituents of our atmosphere, play a key role in the coloration of auroras. Oxygen emits green and red lights, while nitrogen produces blue and purple hues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-auroras">Types of auroras</h3>



<p>Auroras come in various forms, each unique and breathtaking:</p>



<p>Aurora Borealis - Also known as the Northern Lights, these are visible in the northern hemisphere's high-latitude regions like Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia.</p>



<p>Aurora Australis - Known as the Southern Lights, these are seen in the southern hemisphere in places like Antarctica, Chile, and Australia.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-auroras">Viewing auroras</h3>



<p>For the best aurora viewing experience, one should head to high-latitude regions during the winter months. Dark, clear nights away from city lights provide optimal conditions. The intensity of auroral displays can vary, influenced by the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-scientific-significance">Cultural and scientific significance</h3>



<p>Auroras have captivated human imagination for centuries, inspiring myths and folklore. Cultures across the globe have interpreted these lights in various ways, often attributing them to gods or spirits.</p>



<p>In modern times, studying auroras is crucial for understanding the Earth's magnetosphere and its interaction with solar wind. This research is vital for protecting satellites and communication systems from solar storms.</p>



<p>In summary, auroras are a stunning natural phenomenon, offering a vivid display of Earth's dynamic interaction with the Sun. Their beauty and complexity continue to intrigue both scientists and enthusiasts, making them a bucket-list item for travelers and a subject of ongoing scientific research.</p>



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NOAA alert: Strong geomagnetic storm warning issued due to massive solar flares

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction...

Trendy,Superfood,Mushroom,Coffee,Is,Pouring,In,Green,Cup,On

<p>In recent years, the wellness industry has witnessed the rise of a captivating trend: mushroom coffee. This innovative beverage fuses traditional coffee with powdered <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/an-introduction-to-gourmet-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicinal mushrooms</a> like chaga, reishi, or lion’s mane, leading to its burgeoning popularity. </p>



<p>The surge in popularity of mushroom coffee is supported by claims of numerous health benefits, ranging from reducing inflammation and fatigue to boosting mental clarity and immunity. But what truly lies behind the buzz of mushroom coffee? Is it merely a fad, or are there tangible health benefits?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lure-of-medicinal-mushrooms">The lure of medicinal mushrooms</h2>



<p>For centuries, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826851/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicinal mushrooms</a> have been integral to traditional medicine, particularly in Eastern cultures. Known for their unique bioactive compounds, these fungi are celebrated for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. Seamlessly integrating these into coffee, a daily staple for many, seems an ingenious way to enhance its health benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-mushroom-coffee">The science behind mushroom coffee</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anti-inflammatory-properties">Anti-inflammatory properties</h3>



<p>Mushrooms like chaga and reishi contain compounds that may help reduce inflammation, potentially benefiting individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions or autoimmune diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-and-fatigue-reduction">Energy and Fatigue Reduction</h3>



<p>Offering a more balanced and sustained energy boost, mushroom coffee can be attributed to the adaptogenic nature of certain mushrooms, helping the body resist stressors and combat fatigue.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system">Immune system</h3>



<p>Renowned for their immune-boosting effects, mushrooms like reishi are packed with beta-glucans that enhance the body’s immune response.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-benefits-from-mushroom-coffee">Mental benefits from mushroom coffee</h3>



<p>Lion’s mane mushroom, in particular, has shown potential in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/edible-mushrooms-boost-nerve-growth-and-enhance-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supporting brain health</a>, believed to stimulate the production of nerve growth factors and aid in cognitive function and mental clarity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gastrointestinal-health">Gastrointestinal Health</h3>



<p>Mushroom coffee is also claimed to be gentler on the stomach and digestive system, potentially benefiting those who experience acidity or discomfort from regular coffee.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://shop.earth.com/?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/EarthShop_coffee-maker_300x250-banner.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1924591"/></a></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-the-mushroom-coffee-skepticism">Navigating the mushroom coffee skepticism</h2>



<p>Despite these enticing benefits, skepticism remains among health experts and dietitians about the efficacy of mushroom coffee compared to consuming fresh or cooked <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/common-types-of-backyard-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mushrooms</a>. Concerns about nutrient retention in powder form and the comparative impact of consuming mushrooms in different forms are areas of ongoing research.</p>



<p>While the safety of medicinal mushrooms has been established over centuries, the specific research on mushroom coffee is limited. There's a lack of comprehensive studies to determine the optimal dosage and potential interactions with medications, which remains a crucial area for scientific exploration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrition-of-fresh-mushrooms-in-coffee">Nutrition of fresh mushrooms in coffee</h2>



<p>The discussion about mushroom coffee inevitably brings us to the value of fresh mushrooms and their nutritional profile. While mushroom coffee offers the convenience and novelty of integrating medicinal mushrooms into a daily routine, understanding the benefits of consuming these mushrooms in their fresh form is crucial.</p>



<p>Fresh mushrooms are a powerhouse of nutrition. They are known for their rich content of essential nutrients, which are partly reduced when processed into powder form for mushroom coffee. Here are some key nutritional benefits of fresh mushrooms:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fiber-content">Fiber Content</h3>



<p>Fresh mushrooms are an excellent source of dietary fiber, crucial for maintaining gut health. Fiber aids in digestion, promotes a feeling of fullness, and can help in regulating blood sugar levels.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-b-vitamins">B Vitamins</h3>



<p>Mushrooms are rich in B vitamins like riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), and pantothenic acid (B5). These vitamins play vital roles in energy production, brain function, and skin health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selenium">Selenium</h3>



<p>This essential mineral, found abundantly in mushrooms, acts as a powerful antioxidant. It supports the immune system, plays a key role in thyroid hormone metabolism, and may help in protecting against cancer and heart diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potassium">Potassium</h3>



<p>Important for muscle and nerve function, potassium also helps to regulate blood pressure. Mushrooms are a good source of this vital mineral.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antioxidants">Antioxidants</h3>



<p>Fresh mushrooms contain antioxidants like ergothioneine and glutathione which are crucial for protecting the body’s cells from damage caused by free radicals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamin-d">Vitamin D</h3>



<p>Some varieties of mushrooms, especially when exposed to sunlight, are a natural source of Vitamin D, essential for bone health and immune function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-and-amino-acids">Protein and Amino Acids</h3>



<p>Mushrooms provide a decent amount of protein, along with essential amino acids, making them a valuable food for vegetarians and vegans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-in-calories">Low in Calories</h3>



<p>Despite their rich nutrient content, mushrooms are low in calories, making them an excellent food for weight management.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://shop.earth.com/?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/EarthShop_coffee-maker_300x250-banner.jpg" alt="EarthShop portable coffee maker" class="wp-image-1924591"/></a></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mushroom-coffee-nutritional-content">Mushroom coffee nutritional content</h2>



<p>In comparison, mushroom coffee, while still beneficial, may have reduced levels of these nutrients due to the processing involved. It should be viewed as a supplement to, rather than a replacement for, the whole mushrooms in a diet. </p>



<p>For those seeking the complete nutritional benefits of mushrooms, incorporating fresh mushrooms into meals is advisable. However, for convenience and a unique health and flavor profile, mushroom coffee, especially when brewed with precision tools like the <a href="https://shop.earth.com/?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Portable Coffee Maker</a> from <a href="https://shop.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shop.earth.com</a>, can be a valuable addition to a health-conscious lifestyle.</p>



<p>Mushroom coffee has not only garnered attention for its health claims but also for its appeal to health-conscious consumers and wellness enthusiasts. Celebrity endorsements and Instagrammable packaging from brands like Renude have transformed mushroom coffee from a health choice into a lifestyle statement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-mushroom-coffee">Future of mushroom coffee</h2>



<p>As research evolves, the future of mushroom coffee may see more definitive answers regarding its health benefits and potential risks. Until then, consumers are advised to enjoy mushroom coffee as part of a balanced diet, mindful of the current limitations in research and understanding its potential as just one piece of the wellness puzzle.</p>



<p>In summary, mushroom coffee presents an intriguing amalgamation of traditional coffee culture with the ancient wisdom of medicinal mushrooms. While it offers a promising alternative with potential health benefits, consumers should approach it with informed caution, considering the current research landscape. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the depths of what nature offers, mushroom coffee stands as a testament to our ongoing quest for health and wellness in a cup. Embracing this trend with a balanced approach, including the consumption of fresh mushrooms for their full nutritional benefits, is advisable. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://shop.earth.com/?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Portable Coffee Maker</a> from <a href="https://shop.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shop.earth.com</a> further enhances this experience, symbolizing a modern approach to traditional health practices and highlighting the importance of innovation in our dietary choices.</p>



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Mushroom coffee: Unveiling the healthy mystique behind this intriguing brew

In recent years, the wellness industry has witnessed the rise...

<p>Researchers at <a href="https://nau.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> have shared new details about the resilience of coast redwoods, particularly their recovery from severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-fires-have-released-a-billion-tons-of-carbon-dioxide/">fires</a>. </p>



<p>The study was focused on the CZU Lightning Complex Fire, a devastating event in August of 2020. In California's Big Basin State Park, the fire burned thousands of acres of redwoods - including some that were over 1,500 years old.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilient-redwoods-nbsp">Resilient redwoods&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A team from NAU’s Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (Ecoss) and the School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS) meticulously examined the aftermath of the CZU Lightning Complex Fire.</p>



<p>The researchers found that many of the trees that were initially believed to be dead were actually far from it. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-survival-strategy-nbsp">Remarkable survival strategy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The redwoods, known for storing massive amounts of carbon, had utilized these reserves to fuel new growth. Remarkably, new leaves sprouted from buried buds, dormant for centuries, signaling the start of the forest's regeneration.</p>



<p>This incredible discovery opens up questions about the survival strategies of other long-lived plants and their adaptation to severe environmental stresses.</p>



<p>“It remains to be determined if redwood’s old reserves and ancient cell lines are an exception in the plant kingdom or an exceptional example of an insurance strategy common to long-lived plants,” said study co-author Professor George Koch.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-carbon-reserves-nbsp">Ancient carbon reserves&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers used computer modeling to analyze the age of the carbon reserves in these ancient trees. The results were astonishing: some trees used carbon reserves that were decades or perhaps even a century old.</p>



<p>The team’s updated models showed that the redwoods’ reserves included carbon captured 50 to 100 years ago.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“As far as we know, these are some of the oldest carbon reserves ever measured,” said study lead author Professor Drew Peltier.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Sugars photosynthesized perhaps 100 years ago were used to grow new leaves in 2021. Although coast redwood is clearly a superlative species, it is likely that other long-lived trees also harbor carbon reserves that are much older than previously recognized.”</p>



<p>“This study was really exciting for us because we used measurements at the atomic level - counting the amount of carbon-14 relative to carbon-12 - to understand what these sprouts, which start as tiny green shoots, are telling us about the growth strategy of these enormous trees, among the largest living organisms on earth,” said study co-author Professor Andrew Richardson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-recovery">Forest recovery</h2>



<p>Despite the optimism, the study also brings to light the harsh reality of forest recovery. Many redwoods and other tree species in Big Basin did not survive the fire. </p>



<p>The researchers noted that, although the coast redwood demonstrates exceptional resprouting capabilities, it might take centuries for the Big Basin forest ecosystem to fully recover.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01581-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Plants</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Rising from the ashes: How some redwoods recover from fire

Researchers at Northern Arizona University have shared new details about...

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> have discovered that plastic waste in aquatic environments may be severely disrupting the reproductive behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-45000-marine-species-are-endangered-by-human-impacts/">marine animals</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts say that plastic waste in the water might be stopping - or interrupting - some creatures from reproducing.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-marine-plastic-waste">Studying marine plastic waste</h2>



<p>The study was specifically focused on the marine amphipod <em>Echinogammarus marinus</em>, a shrimp-like creature that has a wide distribution.</p>



<p>Previous research on marine plastic pollution has typically examined the physical dangers, such as entrapment and ingestion. Instead, the Portsmouth study explored the chemical composition of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-dropped-into-the-ocean-can-travel-hundreds-of-miles-while-sinking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a>, particularly the additives that enhance their properties.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unsuccessful-mating-nbsp">Unsuccessful mating&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study reveals that chemicals commonly found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> are altering the reproductive behavior of E. marinus. This could have serious consequences not only for the species but also for the entire marine ecosystem.</p>



<p>“This unsuccessful mating behavior has serious repercussions, not only for the species being tested but potentially for the population as a whole," explained Professor Alex Ford from Portsmouth's Institute of Marine Sciences.</p>



<p>"These animals form pairs to reproduce. Once they were exposed to a chemical, they would break apart from their mate and take much longer -in some cases days - to repair, and sometimes not at all."</p>



<p>“These creatures are commonly found on European shores, where they make up a substantial amount of the diet of fish and birds. If they are compromised it will have an effect on the whole food chain.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-use-of-chemicals-nbsp">Widespread use of chemicals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research sheds light on the widespread use of chemicals in everyday products. Out of over 350,000 chemicals used globally, about 10,000 are employed in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reef-plastic-pollution-increases-with-depth-and-near-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> for various purposes, including flexibility, color enhancement, sun protection, and fire resistance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Alarmingly, a third of these chemicals are toxic to human health, affecting the immune, nervous, or reproductive systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-additives-nbsp">Plastic additives&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers tested four common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastics-are-a-hazard-at-every-stage-of-their-life-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic additives</a>: phthalates (DEHP and DBP), Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS). These chemicals are found in a range of products, from medical supplies and food packaging to electronic equipment and cooking utensils.</p>



<p>The study revealed that all the tested additives hindered the pairing process of the amphipods, with some even causing a substantial decline in sperm count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Although the animals we tested were exposed to much higher concentrations than you would normally find in the environment, the results indicate these chemicals can affect sperm count," said Professor Ford.</p>



<p>“It is conceivable that if we did the experiment on shrimps that had been exposed for a longer period or during critical stages in their life history, it would affect their sperm levels and quality.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study lead author Bidemi Green-Ojo, a PhD researcher in Environmental Toxicology, emphasized the importance of understanding the effects of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-embedded-in-tissues-of-whales-and-dolphins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals on aquatic life</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We must understand more about these chemicals and how they affect behavior. Many types of behavior - such as feeding, fight or flight mode, and reproduction - are essential in an animal's life, and any atypical behavior may reduce the chances of survival," said Green-Ojo.</p>



<p>“We are urging environment agencies around the world to take more notice of behavioral data, because sometimes the data tells us things that normal toxicity tests don’t. Studies like this give a different perspective on potential damage caused by a specific pollutant.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122946" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Pollution</em></a>.</p>



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Plastic waste is disrupting the sex lives of marine animals

Researchers at the University of Portsmouth have discovered that plastic...

<p>In early November, the aurora borealis, typically confined to higher latitudes, graced skies as far south as Italy and Texas. This mesmerizing display of auroras was linked to solar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-alert-strong-geomagnetic-storm-warning-issued-due-to-strong-solar-flare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejections</a> impacting Earth's magnetic field. </p>



<p>While these displays were dramatic, they pale in comparison to the colossal solar storm of February 1872. This historical event's significance has been recently illuminated by an extensive study conducted by an international team of scientists.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-1872-chapman-silverman-storm">The 1872 Chapman-Silverman storm</h2>



<p>The solar storm of February 1872, known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/solar-storm_1972_global-map_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chapman-Silverman storm</a>, produced a global display of auroras visible near the equator in locations like Bombay and Khartoum. This extraordinary phenomenon disrupted telegraph communications, showcasing the vulnerability of even the 19th-century technology to solar storms.</p>



<p>In a new study, an international consortium of researchers from nine countries has detailed the solar origins and wide-ranging terrestrial impacts of this event. This storm, alongside others like the Carrington storm of 1859 and the New York Railroad storm of 1921, is now recognized as one of the most extreme geomagnetic events in recent history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-dependencies-and-risks">Technological dependencies and risks</h2>



<p>Today's society, highly reliant on technological infrastructure such as power grids and communication systems, faces significant risks from such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic storms</a>. </p>



<p>“The longer the power supply could be cut off, the more society, especially those living in urban areas, will struggle to cope,” says Designated Assistant Professor Hayakawa, the lead author of the study. The potential disruption to power grids, communication systems, airplanes, and satellites is a cause for concern. &nbsp;</p>



<p>“Could we maintain our life without such infrastructure?” Hayakawa comments, “Well, let us just say that it would be extremely challenging.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-an-aurora-borealis-from-1872">Studying an aurora borealis from 1872</h2>



<p>The study, spearheaded by <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a>, the <a href="https://nso.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US National Solar Observatory</a>, and the <a href="https://www.astro.oma.be/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Observatory of Belgium</a>, involved 22 scientists. They utilized historical records and modern techniques to analyze the Chapman-Silverman storm. Key sources included forgotten sunspot records from Belgian and Italian archives and geomagnetic field measurements from diverse locations.</p>



<p>One significant finding was the storm's origin in a medium-sized, complex sunspot group. This challenges the assumption that only large sunspot groups can trigger extreme magnetic storms. Over 700 auroral records were examined, revealing that the night sky was illuminated with auroras reaching as far as 20° in latitude in both hemispheres.</p>



<p>“Our findings confirm the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/solar-storm_1972_Japanese-drawing_Credit-Hayakawa_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chapman-Silverman storm</a> in February 1872 as one of the most extreme geomagnetic storms in recent history. Its size rivalled those of the Carrington storm in September 1859 and the NY Railroad storm in May 1921,” Hayakawa said. “This means that we now know that the world has seen at least three geomagnetic superstorms in the last two centuries. Space weather events that could cause such a major impact represent a risk that cannot be discounted.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-storms-aurora-borealis-and-the-future">Solar storms, aurora borealis, and the future</h2>



<p>The study emphasizes the importance of historical records in understanding and preparing for such events. With the Sun approaching the maximum of Solar Cycle 25, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recently predicted for 2024</a>, enhanced auroral activity is expected, underlining the need for vigilance and preparedness against potential geomagnetic storms in our increasingly technologically dependent world.</p>



<p>Hayakawa warns of complacency, saying, “Such extreme events are rare. On the one hand, we are fortunate to have missed such superstorms in the modern time. On the other hand, the occurrence of three such superstorms in 6 decades shows that the threat to modern society is real. Therefore, the preservation and analysis of historical records is important to assess, understand, and mitigate the impact of such events.”</p>



<p>Recent observations of auroral displays from locations like northern Greece and the northern US serve as reminders of our planet's ongoing interactions with solar activity. As we approach the peak of Solar Cycle 25, these natural phenomena not only offer a spectacle but also a warning of the potential impacts of solar storms on our modern world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-auroras">More about auroras</h2>



<p>Auroras, also known as the Northern and Southern Lights, represent one of the most captivating natural phenomena on Earth. These luminous displays of color illuminate the night skies near the poles, offering a breathtaking spectacle. The phenomenon results from interactions between the Earth's atmosphere and charged particles from the sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-auroras">The science behind auroras</h3>



<p>The story of auroras begins with the sun. It continuously emits a flow of charged particles, a phenomenon known as the solar wind. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, journey across the solar system.</p>



<p>Upon reaching Earth, these solar particles encounter the planet's magnetic field. This magnetic shield redirects the particles towards the Earth's poles. As they descend, they interact with different gases in the atmosphere, primarily oxygen and nitrogen.</p>



<p>This interaction excites these atmospheric gases, causing them to emit light. Oxygen is responsible for the most common auroral colors -- green and red. Nitrogen contributes to blue and purple hues. The varying colors depend on the type of gas and the altitude at which the interaction occurs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-auroras">Types of auroras</h3>



<p>The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, occur in the northern hemisphere. These are best viewed in high-latitude regions like Norway, Canada, and Alaska.</p>



<p>In the southern hemisphere, the equivalent phenomenon is the Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights. These are visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, Chile, and Australia.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-solar-activity">Impact of solar activity</h3>



<p>The sun undergoes an 11-year cycle known as the solar cycle, which affects auroral activity. During periods of high solar activity, more charged particles reach the Earth, leading to more frequent and intense auroras. The opposite happens during periods of low solar activity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras-and-space-weather">Auroras and space weather</h3>



<p>Auroras are not just a visual marvel; they are also critical in understanding space weather. The study of auroras helps scientists comprehend the interactions between solar wind, Earth's magnetic field, and the atmosphere. This knowledge is vital for predicting the effects of space weather on satellite operations, communication systems, and power grids.</p>



<p>In summary, auroras are a stunning blend of celestial and atmospheric phenomena. They not only offer a visual feast but also provide insights into the complex interactions between the Earth and the sun. As we continue to explore</p>



<p>The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.</p>



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Auroras seen as far south as the equator in 1872 after largest known solar storm

In early November, the aurora borealis, typically confined to higher...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...