<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our Milky Way, which is about a third larger.&nbsp; Unprecedented look at IC 5332 In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the James...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.</p>



<p>Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



<p>"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said NASA.</p>



<p>"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020. </p>



<p>Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."</p>



<p>When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. "This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.</p>



<p>“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



<p>The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. This glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.</p>



<p>A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. </p>



<p>This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe. </p>



<p>Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.</p>



<p>The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. </p>



<p>The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Corbassière glacier: Earth's climate archives are melting away

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

The calving front of Thwaites Ice Shelf looking at the ice below the water's surface. Note how the water acts as a blue filter. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/IMG_5989.html">NASA / Jim Yungel</a>

The huge <a href="http://www.earth.com/video/new-study-reveals-fate-of-west-antarctic-ice-sheet/">West Antarctic</a> ice sheet is starting a glacially slow collapse in an unstoppable way, two new studies show. Therefore Alarmed scientists say that means even more sea level rise than they figured.
The worrisome outcomes won't be seen soon. Scientists are talking hundreds of years, but over that time the melt that has started could eventually add 1.2 to 3.6 metres to current sea levels.

Thwaites Ice Shelf

The calving front of Thwaites Ice Shelf looking at the...

A cloudless sky on Oct. 12, 2012 allowed NASA's Terra satellite to use its MODIS instrument to capture this image of the rift in Antarctica's Pine Island Glacier. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/Pine_Island_Glacier.2012288.terra.jpg.html">NASA Goddard MODIS Rapid Response Team</a>

The area drained by Pine Island Glacier comprises about 10% of the <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/melting-west-antarctic-shelf/">West Antarctic</a> Ice Sheet. Therefore the Satellite measurements have shown that the Pine Island Glacier Basin has a greater net contribution of ice to the sea. Also more than any other ice drainage basin in the world. Therefore  this has increased due to recent acceleration of the ice stream.

Pine Island Glacier Rift

A cloudless sky on Oct. 12, 2012 allowed NASA's Terra...

A synthetic aperture radar image of the Pine Island Glacier rift was taken by the German Aerospace Center's TerraSAR-X satellite on Sept. 14, 2012. There have not been any changes to the glacier since that time. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/PIG_TSX_20120914.jpg.html">German Aerospace Center</a>

Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica. Threfore responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss. Therefore the  glacier ice streams flow west-northwest along the south side of the Hudson Mountains into Pine Island Bay, <a href="http://www.earth.com/image/pine-island-glacier-experiencing-more-frequent-calving-events/">Amundsen Sea</a>, Antarctica. Also It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey.  Although  from surveys and United States Navy (USN) air photos, 1960–66. And also named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in association with Pine Island Bay

Radar Image of PIG

A synthetic aperture radar image of the Pine Island Glacier...

Sea ice in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, seen from NASA's DC-8 aircraft flying at 1,500 ft above ground. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/D7000_DSC3570.html">NASA/Michael Studinger</a>

The Amundsen Sea, an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. And lies between Cape Flying Fish (the northwestern tip of Thurston Island) to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. Therefore Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea. Also West of Cape Dart there is no named marginal sea of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen while exploring this area in February 1929.

Sea Ice in Amundsen Sea Antarctica

Sea ice in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, seen from NASA's...

Sea ice in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, seen from NASA's DC-8 aircraft flying at 1,500 ft above ground. Note shadow of the DC-8 in the center of the image for scale. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/D7000_DSC3567.html">NASA/Michael Studinger</a>

The Bellingshausen Sea is an area along the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula between 57°18'W and 102°20'W, west of Alexander Island, east of Cape Flying Fish on Thurston Island, and south of Peter I Island (there the southern Vostokkysten). In the south are, from west to east, Eights Coast, Bryan Coast and English Coast (west part) of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/volcano-west-antarctic-ice-sheet/">West Antarctica</a>. To the west of Cape Flying Fish it joins the Amundsen Sea.
Bellingshausen Sea has an area of 487,000 km2 (188,000 sq mi) and reaches a maximum depth of 4.5 kilometers (2.8 mi). It contains the undersea plain Bellingshausen Plain.

Sea Ice in Bellingshausen Sea

Sea ice in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, seen from NASA's...

The DC-8 cabin during the night flight from Palmdale, California to <a href="http://www.earth.com/image/airborne-dust-off-the-coast-of-chile-2/">Santiago, Chile</a>. Therefore Flying through the dark of night. Also meant the cabin of the DC-8 was mainly illuminated by the many computer screens, creating an unusual view for the instrument teams who are used to flying science missions during daylight. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/1036322.html">NASA/Michael Studinger</a>

Night Flight from California to Chile

The DC-8 cabin during the night flight from Palmdale, California...

As the IceBridge Antarctic 2012 campaign prepares to get underway, this global map shows the transit route of the DC-8 from NASA’s Dryden Aircraft Operation Facility in Palmdale, California to Santiago and then to<a href="http://www.earth.com/image/punta-arenas-chile/"> Punta Arenas</a> in southern Chile, the jumping point for all Antarctic 2012 science flights. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/dc8-flightmap-1036323.jpg.html">NASA/Michael Studinger</a>

Regions of Chile that have been grouped into "Southern Chile" include everything below the section RM.
Therefore This is mainly because mainland Chile ended in La Frontera until the occupation of Araucanía. Also Southern Chile wine region is close to the geographic center of the country. Therefore encompassing wine-growing areas in the Bío Bío Region and Araucanía Region.

DC-8's Route from California to Chile

As the IceBridge Antarctic 2012 campaign prepares to get underway,...

Pre-flight ECF #2 - The IceBridge DC-8 in pre-flight checks at NASA Dryden in California before an equipment checkout flight (ECF) over targets in the Mojave Desert. Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/multimedia/fall12/DC_8_prep_ECF02.html">NASA/Michael Studinger</a>

The Mojave Desert is an arid rain-shadow desert and the driest desert in North America. Very small areas also extend into Utah and Arizona. Also its boundaries are generally noted by the presence of Joshua trees, which are native only to the <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/mojave-bird-populations-declines/">Mojave Desert</a>. Therefore are considered an indicator species, and it is believed to support an additional 1,750 to 2,000 species of plants. The central part of the desert is sparsely populated, while its peripheries support large communities such as Las Vegas, Barstow, Lancaster, Palmdale, Victorville, and St. George.

Preparing for Equipment Checkout Flight #2

Pre-flight ECF #2 - The IceBridge DC-8 in pre-flight checks...

<p>The Ediacaran Period, spanning from about 635 to 541 million years ago, marked a transformative era in the history of life on Earth. It was during this pivotal time that complex, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organisms</a> emerged, setting the stage for the explosion of life that would follow.</p>



<p>According to a captivating study led by <a href="https://www.sas.rochester.edu/ees/people/faculty/tarduno_john/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Tarduno</a>, the William Kenan, Jr. Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the <a href="http://www.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester</a>, Earth's magnetic field was in a highly unusual state when the macroscopic animals of the Ediacaran Period diversified and thrived. </p>



<p>The research raises the question of whether these fluctuations in Earth's ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a> led to shifts in oxygen levels that may have been crucial to the proliferation of life forms millions of years ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-fauna-were-earth-s-first-complex-lifeforms">Ediacaran fauna were Earth's first complex lifeforms</h2>



<p>One of the most remarkable life forms during the Ediacaran Period was the Ediacaran fauna. As Tarduno explains, "They were notable for their resemblance to early animals -- some even reached more than a meter (three feet) in size and were mobile, indicating they probably needed more oxygen compared to earlier life forms."</p>



<p>The close timing between the appearance of the Ediacaran fauna and the ultra-low geomagnetic field motivated the researchers to revisit environmental factors, particularly atmospheric and ocean oxygenation, as potential drivers for the emergence of these complex life forms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-protective-magnetic-field">Earth's protective magnetic field</h2>



<p>About 1,800 miles below us, liquid iron churns in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-outer-core-is-its-largest-carbon-reservoir/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's outer core</a>, creating the planet's protective magnetic field. This invisible shield is essential for life on Earth, as it protects the planet from harmful radiation from the sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Deflecting solar wind and cosmic rays</h3>



<p>The magnetic field's primary role is to deflect the high-energy charged particles that make up solar wind. Without this protection, these particles would strip away the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's atmosphere</a>, exposing life on the surface to the full force of the sun's radiation. </p>



<p>The magnetosphere also shields the planet from cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles originating from outside our solar system that can cause genetic mutations and damage to living organisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preserving Earth's atmosphere and water</h3>



<p>By deflecting harmful solar radiation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic rays</a>, Earth's magnetic field helps to preserve the planet's atmosphere and water. </p>



<p>The atmosphere, in turn, shields life on Earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation and helps to maintain a stable climate. </p>



<p>The magnetic field also prevents the atmosphere from being stripped away by solar wind, which would lead to a gradual loss of water vapor and other essential gases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Protecting Earth's ozone layer</h3>



<p>The magnetic field also plays a crucial role in protecting Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ozone-hole-exposes-wildlife-to-harmful-uv-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone layer</a>, which filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. </p>



<p>Without the magnetic field, the ozone layer would be depleted by the constant bombardment of charged particles, exposing life on Earth to dangerous levels of UV radiation that can cause skin cancer and other health problems.</p>



<p>Earth's magnetic field is a vital component of the complex system that sustains life on our planet. However, Earth's magnetic field wasn't always as strong as it is today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-magnetic-field-strength-and-animal-life">Link between magnetic field strength and animal life</h2>



<p>Researchers have proposed that an unusually low magnetic field might have contributed to the rise of animal life. However, examining this link has been challenging due to limited data about the strength of the magnetic field during the Ediacaran Period.</p>



<p>Tarduno and his team employed innovative strategies and techniques to study the strength of the magnetic field by examining magnetism locked in ancient feldspar and pyroxene crystals from the rock anorthosite. By dating the rocks, researchers can construct a timeline of the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-much-older-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetic field</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-tools-reveal-earth-s-weakest-magnetic-moment">High-tech tools reveal Earth's weakest magnetic moment</h2>



<p>Using cutting-edge tools, including a CO2 laser and the lab's superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, the team analyzed the crystals and the magnetism locked within with precision. </p>



<p>Their data indicates that Earth's magnetic field at times during the Ediacaran Period was the weakest field known to date -- up to 30 times weaker than the magnetic field today -- and that the ultra-low field strength lasted for at least 26 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-oxygen-boom-may-have-triggered-life-expansion">Ediacaran oxygen boom may have triggered life expansion</h2>



<p>A weak magnetic field makes it easier for charged particles from the sun to strip away lightweight atoms such as hydrogen from the atmosphere, causing them to escape into space. </p>



<p>If hydrogen loss is significant, more oxygen may remain in the atmosphere instead of reacting with hydrogen to form water vapor. These reactions can lead to a buildup of oxygen over time.</p>



<p>Tarduno and his team's research suggests that during the Ediacaran Period, the ultraweak magnetic field caused a loss of hydrogen over at least tens of millions of years. This loss may have led to increased oxygenation of the atmosphere and surface ocean, enabling more advanced life forms to emerge.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cambrian-explosion-saw-earth-s-magnetic-field-recover">Cambrian explosion saw Earth's magnetic field recover</h2>



<p>Tarduno and his research team previously discovered that the geomagnetic field recovered in strength during the subsequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-the-first-animals-appear-on-earth-we-are-now-one-step-closer-to-knowing-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian Period</a>, when most animal groups begin to appear in the fossil record. The reestablishment of the protective magnetic field allowed life to thrive.</p>



<p>As Tarduno notes, "If the extraordinarily weak field had remained after the Ediacaran, Earth might look very different from the water-rich planet it is today: water loss might have gradually dried Earth."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-magnetic-fields-and-life-beyond-earth">Ediacaran magnetic fields and life beyond Earth</h2>



<p>The work suggests that understanding planetary interiors is crucial in contemplating the potential of life beyond Earth. </p>



<p>"It's fascinating to think that processes in Earth's core could be linked ultimately to evolution," Tarduno says. "As we think about the possibility of life elsewhere, we also need to consider how the interiors of planets form and develop."</p>



<p>In summary, the study by John Tarduno and his team uncovers a fascinating link between Earth's magnetic field and the rise of complex life during the enigmatic Ediacaran Period. </p>



<p>Their research deepens our understanding of the intricate interplay between our planet's core processes and the evolution of life while raising intriguing questions about the potential for life on other planets. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the mysteries of our own planet's history and search for signs of life beyond Earth, studies like this remind us of the complex and interconnected nature of the universe, urging us to consider the crucial role that planetary interiors play in the development and sustenance of life.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01360-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Animals exist today because Earth had an issue 500 million years ago

The Ediacaran Period, spanning from about 635 to 541 million...

<p>In the quest to resolve longstanding disputes over the Nile River's resources, a novel approach has emerged, emphasizing energy trades as a potential pathway to peace. </p>



<p>The Nile River, spanning over 11 countries in East Africa, is not only one of the world's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-longest-rivers-free-flowing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longest rivers</a> but also a crucial source of water, energy, and cultural wealth. </p>



<p>Traditionally, the competition for water has fueled tensions among these nations, particularly as the demands for water, energy, and food continue to rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-water-system-for-nile-river-resources">Energy-water system for Nile river resources</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Manchester</a>, in collaboration with regional bodies, recently conducted a study that unveils an innovative solution. The research advances beyond the conventional water-centric strategies that have dominated discourse.</p>



<p>It presents a sophisticated simulation of the combined energy-water system, demonstrating how international energy trades could significantly mitigate conflicts over Nile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-scarcity-trigger-conflict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water resources</a>.</p>



<p>"Traditionally, water disputes in transboundary river basins like the Nile have been approached through a water-centric viewpoint," said study first author Dr. Mikiyas Etichia. "However, sharing benefits of water resources, such as hydro-generated electricity, crops, and fisheries can result in a win-win situation."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-core-of-the-conflict">Core of the conflict</h2>



<p>At the heart of the ongoing dispute is the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), located on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia. This monumental hydroelectric dam project is designed to significantly boost Ethiopia's electricity production capabilities, which in turn could support the country's ambitions to become a major electricity exporter to neighboring nations. </p>



<p>However, the dam's construction and Ethiopia's plans for its operation have ignited serious disagreements with Sudan and Egypt, both of which rely heavily on the Nile's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-drought-affects-states-oldest-water-rights-holders-3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waters</a> for their own agricultural and domestic needs. </p>



<p>The contention centers around how the dam's operations will affect downstream water availability in these countries, leading to a complex tri-nation dispute over the equitable allocation and management of the Nile River's resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulating-solutions">Simulating solutions</h2>



<p>The research team employed open-source technology to develop a simulator that encompasses 13 East African countries, including nations in the Nile Basin. The tool models potential energy trade agreements between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt, offering a blueprint for cooperation. </p>



<p>By increasing electricity trade, these nations could concurrently address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-shortages-reservoir-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water shortages</a>, augment hydropower output, minimize energy curtailment, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p>"In the Nile Basin, energy-river basin benefit-sharing projects have been implemented in the past on a small scale," noted Dr. Mohammed Basheer, a professor at the <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a>. "But detailed tools like the one presented in the paper can help create actionable large-scale proposals."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-energy-trade-for-nile-river">Significance of energy trade for Nile river</h2>



<p>"The energy trades tested in this study provide the countries a range of solutions that are likely in their national interest," explained study co-author Professor Julien Harou.</p>



<p>The research emphasizes the importance of conducting additional assessments from governance and legal standpoints to effectively translate the proposed energy trade solutions into practical and sustainable resource management strategies. </p>



<p>This involves exploring the regulatory, policy, and legal frameworks that govern the use and sharing of resources among the countries in the Nile Basin. By addressing these critical aspects, it is possible to develop a comprehensive approach that not only leverages the benefits of shared energy resources but also ensures equitable and fair resource distribution. </p>



<p>Such strategies are essential for fostering long-term cooperation and stability in the region, as they help to mitigate potential conflicts and build a collaborative framework for managing the Nile's vital resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-negotiations">Future negotiations</h2>



<p>The researchers are optimistic about the potential uptake of their analytical tools, and the results thereof, in ongoing negotiations. </p>



<p>"We are hopeful the new analytical tools or their results will be taken up by the negotiating parties," concluded Professor Harou, envisioning a future where these innovative approaches pave the way for lasting peace and cooperation in the Nile Basin.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-024-00222-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Water</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Energy trades could resolve longstanding Nile River disputes

In the quest to resolve longstanding disputes over the Nile...

<p>As dusk falls at the end of a hot day, the air is typically filled with the melodious chirping of crickets - a sound as familiar as it is enchanting. Yet, this natural concert is increasingly being drowned out by the pervasive noise produced by human activity. </p>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.du.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Denver</a> have begun to unravel the extent to which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-is-increasingly-disrupting-whale-migration/">noise pollution</a> impacts the survival and reproduction of crickets. </p>



<p>The research team has dedicated three years to studying the effects of human-generated noise on field crickets, which make up a significant part of the terrestrial ecosystem. Despite invertebrates constituting over 95% of all animal species, they are seldom the focus of ecological noise research. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-pollution-is-a-growing-threat">Noise pollution is a growing threat</h2>



<p>"Noise pollution is a ubiquitous anthropogenic stressor that accompanies expanding urbanization. We tested whether the amplitude of traffic noise influences a suite of fitness-related traits (e.g. survival, life history, reproductive investment, immunity) and whether that depends on the life stage at which the noise is experienced (juvenile or adult)," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Our treatments mimic the conditions experienced by animals living in urban roadside environments with variable vehicle types, but continuous movement of traffic. We used the Pacific field cricket, an acoustically communicating insect that was previously shown to experience some negative behavioral and life history responses to very loud, variable traffic noise, as a model system."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crickets-exposed-to-noise">Crickets exposed to noise</h2>



<p>The team exposed the crickets to four levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mating-crickets-lower-their-standards-when-exposed-to-traffic-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traffic noise</a> that they might encounter in their natural habitats: complete silence, 50 decibels, 60 decibels, and 70 decibels. To put this into perspective, 55 decibels is akin to the sound of constant rainfall, while 70 decibels can be compared to a busy street or the hum of a vacuum cleaner. </p>



<p>The results were telling: crickets subjected to 70 decibels of noise had a 35% lower survival rate into adulthood compared to those raised in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cricket-song-silent-without-action-iucn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silence</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-subtle-language-of-crickets">The subtle language of crickets</h2>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-health-ai-can-identify-insects-based-on-their-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insects</a> that communicate through sounds, like field crickets, are particularly vulnerable to noise pollution. These crickets use their airborne songs to communicate and are commonly found near urban areas, where noise is ever-present," explained Professor Robin Tinghitella, the study's principal investigator.</p>



<p>This backdrop of constant human noise, according to the study, acts as a stressor, significantly impacting their ability to survive and reproduce.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cricket-responses-to-noise">Cricket responses to noise</h2>



<p>While the study found a definite impact on survival and reproductive rates, it's interesting to note that 13 other measured traits in crickets remained unchanged despite the noise. This indicates a possible adaptation to the chronic presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human noise</a>.</p>



<p>“We found that juvenile traffic noise treatment impacted the percent of crickets that survived to eclosion, and the interaction between a female’s traffic noise experience during juvenile and adult life stages affected her reproductive success,” noted the researchers.</p>



<p>“However, the consistent traffic noise treatments (50dBA, 60dBA, 70dB) did not impact the other 13 fitness-related traits we investigated, irrespective of noise level and whether traffic noise was experienced by crickets during development only, at adulthood only, or during both life stages.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-study-insights">Valuable study insights </h2>



<p>Mark Mitchell, a professor of Zoological Medicine at Louisiana State University, praised the study for its comprehensive approach and its importance in understanding how traffic noise affects the physiological traits of invertebrates. </p>



<p>"This research provides valuable insights into the effects of anthropogenic activities on invertebrates, offering a foundation for future ecological planning and conservation efforts," said Professor Michell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-quieter-coexistence-is-needed">A quieter coexistence is needed</h2>



<p>This pioneering research underscores a critical need for awareness and action concerning the ecological impacts of human noise. As we continue to encroach upon natural habitats, understanding and mitigating our auditory footprint on wildlife becomes not just beneficial but essential for sustaining biodiversity. </p>



<p>"Our result that juvenile survival under noisy conditions is reduced is especially relevant for conservation and management decisions, and future work should clarify consequences in natural settings with varying noise characteristics and the generalizability across insects," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>The survival of crickets may seem like a minor concern in the grand scheme of environmental issues, but it is a poignant reminder of the pervasive impact of human activities on the planet.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-023-02190-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Ecology and Evolution</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Many juvenile crickets cannot survive the strain of human noise

As dusk falls at the end of a hot day,...

<p>We all know <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> is good for us, but the sheer scale of its benefits continues to astound. A recent study from the <a href="https://unisa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Australia</a>, in partnership with a global research team, provides compelling evidence that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) could be one of the most powerful predictors of a long and healthy life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiorespiratory-fitness-crf">Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)</h2>



<p>Cardiorespiratory fitness is essentially the benchmark of your body's internal support system, specifically its ability to supply oxygen during continuous physical activity. This fitness measure reflects how well your heart, lungs, and muscles work in unison. Here’s a deeper look at each component:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart">Heart</h3>



<p>Your heart's role in CRF is pivotal as it pumps oxygen-rich blood to muscles and other tissues. The stronger and more efficient your heart is, the more effectively it can deliver this blood throughout your body. With high CRF, your heart doesn’t have to work as hard during activity, which reduces wear and tear over time and decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lungs">Lungs</h3>



<p>Your lungs are responsible for oxygenating the blood. When you engage in sustained physical activity, your breathing rate increases to meet the higher oxygen demands of your muscles. A well-conditioned respiratory system can exchange more oxygen with less effort, meaning it can swiftly provide a larger volume of oxygen to the blood circulating back to your heart.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-muscles">Muscles</h3>



<p>Muscles utilize the oxygen carried in the blood to generate energy through a process known as cellular respiration. More fit muscles are better at using oxygen efficiently, which enhances endurance and strength. They can perform at higher intensities for longer periods before fatigue sets in.</p>



<p>The overall efficiency with which your body uses oxygen is a key aspect of cardiorespiratory fitness. Higher CRF levels mean that your body can not only transport oxygen more efficiently but also utilize it more effectively within the muscles. This efficiency is crucial for prolonged physical activities like running, cycling, or swimming.</p>



<p>When your CRF level is high, your body can handle more strenuous activities with relative ease. It responds better to the stress of exertion, maintaining more stable oxygen levels in your blood and preventing rapid exhaustion. This capability is especially important for athletes who need to perform at peak levels as well as for individuals in physically demanding jobs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiorespiratory-fitness-levels">Cardiorespiratory fitness levels</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed a breathtaking amount of data – 199 individual studies encompassing over 20 million participants. </p>



<p>The goal was to meticulously examine the intricate relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness levels and major health outcomes. The results clearly establish CRF as a crucial health indicator:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Longevity and reduced mortality</h3>



<p>Individuals who maintain high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) significantly enhance their chances of living longer. Research has shown that people with high CRF levels exhibit a remarkable 41 to 53 percent lower risk of dying prematurely from any cause compared to those with lower fitness levels. </p>



<p>This substantial reduction in mortality rate underscores the critical importance of regular aerobic exercise. Essentially, maintaining a higher level of fitness strengthens vital body functions and systems, enhancing overall life expectancy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Disease defense through enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness</h3>



<p>Cardiorespiratory fitness not only impacts longevity but also plays a vital role in disease prevention. Incremental increases in CRF are correlated with marked reductions in mortality risks from several major health threats, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and sudden cardiac events. </p>



<p>For instance, each unit increase in CRF can result in a decrease in death risk ranging from 7 to 51 percent depending on the specific cause. </p>



<p>Furthermore, higher fitness levels act as a protective shield against a variety of chronic conditions. Individuals with elevated CRF levels see a 37 to 69 percent reduced risk of developing serious health issues such as hypertension, heart failure, stroke, atrial fibrillation, dementia, and depression. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Resilience in the face of illness</h3>



<p>The benefits of high CRF extend even to those who are already battling chronic diseases. For individuals diagnosed with conditions like heart disease, cancer, or other chronic ailments, maintaining a higher level of fitness can lead to significantly better health outcomes. </p>



<p>Such individuals exhibit a substantially lower risk of death, suggesting that regular physical activity can mitigate the adverse effects of these health challenges. This correlation highlights the capacity of improved CRF to not only prevent disease but also to act as a therapeutic agent, enhancing the resilience of patients and potentially decreasing the severity and progression of existing conditions.</p>



<p>"The message is quite simple: if you do a lot of ‘huff and puff’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slow-motion-exercise-changes-our-perception-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>, then your risk of dying early or developing diseases in the future is reduced. If you avoid exercise, your health may suffer,” said study senior author Professor Grant Tomkinson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-improvements-for-cardiorespiratory-fitness">Small improvements for cardiorespiratory fitness</h2>



<p>The most encouraging aspect? You don't have to be a marathon runner to reap these benefits. Since cardiorespiratory fitness is a product of physical activity, genetics, age, and overall health, even modest improvements can have a profound impact. This is particularly heartening for those starting from a baseline of lower fitness.</p>



<p>"People can make meaningful improvements through additional moderate physical activity, such as brisk walking, at least 150 minutes a week. And as they improve their fitness, their risk of death and disease will decline," said study lead author Dr. Justin Lang.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-enhance-your-cardiorespiratory-fitness">How to enhance your cardiorespiratory fitness</h2>



<p>The path towards improving your cardiorespiratory fitness is clear: regular aerobic exercise. Here are excellent ways to get started:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Brisk walking</h3>



<p>Brisk <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walk-20-minutes-daily-to-boost-your-brain-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walking</a> stands out as one of the most straightforward and accessible forms of exercise, and it is suitable for almost any fitness level. It's remarkably effective for improving cardiorespiratory fitness due to its simplicity and the minimal risk it poses for injuries. </p>



<p>Regular brisk walking can significantly enhance circulation, strengthen the musculoskeletal system, and improve overall cardiovascular health, making it an ideal daily activity for maintaining health and longevity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Jogging or running</h3>



<p>Jogging or running takes the principles of brisk walking and amplifies them, offering a more intense cardiovascular workout that accelerates fitness gains. This form of exercise increases heart rate more rapidly, promoting greater endurance and metabolic efficiency. </p>



<p>Running is particularly effective for those looking to improve fitness quickly and efficiently, as it challenges the body to adapt to higher demands, thus enhancing CRF and burning more calories per session.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cycling</h3>



<p>Cycling offers a unique blend of low-impact exercise with high-efficiency cardiovascular benefits. It is particularly advantageous for individuals seeking an alternative to the mechanical stress of running, as the cyclic motion minimizes impact on joints while still providing a substantial challenge to the heart and lungs. </p>



<p>Cycling can be done outdoors on varied terrain or indoors on a stationary bike, making it a versatile option for year-round fitness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Swimming</h3>



<p>Swimming is a superb full-body workout that combines cardiovascular strain with muscle strengthening, all while being gentle on the joints. The resistance of water makes every movement more challenging, providing a solid workout to major muscle groups simultaneously. </p>



<p>This makes swimming an excellent choice for those with joint issues or for individuals who are looking for a rigorous yet low-impact way to enhance their cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dancing</h3>



<p>Dancing is an exceptionally fun and versatile way to get your heart pumping. Whether it's salsa, hip-hop, ballroom, or freestyle, dancing not only improves CRF but also enhances coordination, balance, and flexibility. </p>



<p>Dancing offers a joyful escape that encourages more frequent participation due to its enjoyable nature, leading to better sustained fitness levels over time. This activity can be adapted to any skill level and typically provides a social component, adding to its appeal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The study bolsters the argument for routine cardiorespiratory fitness assessments. By incorporating fitness measurements into health checkups, healthcare professionals can proactively identify those who would benefit from targeted exercise interventions. </p>



<p>On a broader level, we need to champion policies and infrastructure that support active lifestyles. Sedentary habits are a modern plague, and encouraging regular movement must be a public health priority.</p>



<p>While the evidence is overwhelming, researchers acknowledge the need for more. Future studies should focus on women's health specifically and explore the finer links between CRF and specific types of cancer or additional mental health outcomes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2024/04/09/bjsports-2023-107849" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Journal of Sports Medicine</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Cardiorespiratory fitness cuts early death risks by 53 percent

We all know exercise is good for us, but the...

<p>The Eta Aquarid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-eta-aquarids-meteor-shower-peaks-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteor shower</a> will dazzle stargazers this weekend, reaching its peak from the evening of May 4 to the early hours of May 5. During this peak, spectators can expect to see up to 50 shooting stars per hour, according to astronomers.</p>



<p>The Eta Aquarids are known for their speed, traveling into Earth's atmosphere at about 66 kilometers per second. They are also known for producing a high percentage of persistent trains - luminous trails that last for several seconds after the meteor itself has disappeared.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-eta-aquarids-nbsp">The Eta Aquarids&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The shower is named after its radiant point, which is located in the constellation Aquarius, near one of its brightest stars, Eta Aquarii. This is the point in the sky from which the meteors appear to emerge.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The best viewing times are between midnight and dawn, and while the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-taurid-meteor-showers-will-peak-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteor shower</a> is visible worldwide, it will be more pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere - where the Aquarius constellation is more prominently positioned in the sky.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debris-from-halley-s-comet-nbsp">Debris from Halley’s Comet&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“The Eta Aquarids are pieces of debris from Halley’s Comet, which is a well-known comet that is viewable from Earth approximately every 76 years,” <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> experts said. “Also known as 1P/Halley, this comet was last viewable from Earth in 1986 and won't be visible again until the middle of 2061.”</p>



<p>Halley's Comet has been observed for millennia, but the specific connection between the comet and the Eta Aquarid meteor shower was made in the late 19th century. </p>



<p>The meteor shower itself has likely been observed as long as people have been watching the skies, but scientific recognition of its origin connected to Halley's Comet helped define its annual predictability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-halley-s-comet">Origin of Halley's Comet</h3>



<p>The comet is named after the English astronomer Edmond Halley, who first predicted its periodic return in 1705. Halley didn't discover the comet, but he determined that reports of comets appearing in 1531, 1607, and 1682 were actually sightings of the same comet returning at regular intervals. </p>



<p>Using Newton's recently formulated laws of motion, he predicted the comet would return in 1758. Halley died before this return, but the comet's punctual appearance helped to solidify his prediction.</p>



<p>Halley's Comet was the first comet to be recognized as periodic, changing the understanding of comets from atmospheric phenomena to celestial bodies in solar orbit. </p>



<p>Its appearances have provided valuable opportunities for scientific study, helping to advance knowledge about the nature of comets, their composition, and their interaction with solar wind and the solar system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eta-aquarid-meteor-shower-visibility-nbsp">Eta Aquarid meteor shower visibility&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Active from April 15 to May 27, the Eta Aquarid meteor shower's visibility may be influenced by lunar brightness. Fortunately, with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a> waning to a thin crescent, conditions this weekend are optimal for meteor viewing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For the best experience, the <a href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmer's Almanac</a> recommends looking southeast to see the meteors as they enter the atmosphere and burn up in a brilliant display. If observers miss the peak on May 5, there will still be excellent opportunities to view the meteor shower until May 10.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-best-way-to-view-the-eta-aquarids-nbsp">Best way to view the Eta Aquarids&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“To view the Eta Aquarids, find an area well away from city or street lights,” NASA astronomers explained. “Come prepared with a sleeping bag, blanket, or lawn chair. Lie flat on your back with your feet facing east and look up, taking in as much of the sky as possible. After about 30 minutes in the dark, your eyes will adapt and you will begin to see meteors. Be patient – the show will last until dawn, so you have plenty of time to catch a glimpse.”</p>



<p>Meteors, commonly referred to as shooting stars, originate from leftover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bouncing-comets-could-deliver-lifes-building-blocks-to-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet</a> particles and broken asteroid bits. </p>



<p>As comets orbit close to the sun, they emit dust that spreads into a dusty trail along their paths. Each year, the Earth passes through these debris trails, which causes the debris to collide with our atmosphere and disintegrate, creating vivid streaks of light in the sky. </p>



<p>Despite their dramatic appearance, these celestial events pose no threat to Earth, as the particles almost always burn up before they can reach the surface.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Eta Aquarids meteor shower set to put on a dazzling show

The Eta Aquarid meteor shower will dazzle stargazers this weekend,...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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