Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission view of Tutuila, a tropical island in the American Samoa archipelago.



American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of five main islands and two atolls. The largest and most populous island is Tutuila, where Pago Pago, the capital city, is situated.



The eastern part of the chain of islands forms the American Samoa, while the western part forms the independent state of Samoa.



Tutuila Island is known for its rugged terrain, lush landscapes, and deep harbors. It's the economic and political center of American Samoa, with the majority of the population residing here. The island's geography features volcanic peaks, with Mount Alava and Matafao Peak being the highest points, offering stunning views and rich biodiversity.



American Samoa as a whole has a unique blend of American and Samoan culture. The territory maintains traditional Samoan customs, making it a fascinating place for cultural studies. The economy primarily revolves around fishing and the services sector, with canned tuna being a significant export.



The National Park of American Samoa, partly located on Tutuila, helps preserve the tropical rainforests, coral reefs, and Samoan culture. This park is unique because it's one of the only national parks in the United States that's leased rather than owned by the government, reflecting the strong communal land traditions of Samoa.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Tutuila in the American Samoa archipelago 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the summit crater of Mount Erebus peeking through the clouds. Erebus is the southernmost active volcano on Earth and the second-highest volcano in Antarctica.



Mount Erebus is situated on Ross Island in the Ross Sea. It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus.



It stands at an elevation of about 3,794 meters (12,448 feet). It's a stratovolcano, characterized by a conical shape and layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.



Mount Erebus is known for its persistent lava lake, which is visible in the image. "The lake has been active since at least 1972 and is one of only a few long-lived lava lakes on Earth. It constantly churns and occasionally spews bombs of molten rock in Strombolian eruptions," said NASA.



"Geologists want to learn why an active lava lake has persisted here for so long. Recent research suggests one reason could be the magma’s low water content, which makes it less volatile as it approaches the surface."



Due to its unique features, Mount Erebus is an important site for scientific research. Researchers study its geology, unique gas emissions, and microbial life in its extreme environment.



However, the harsh Antarctic climate and its remote location make it a challenging environment for research. Additionally, its volcanic activity poses risks.



The image was captured on November 25,2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mount Erebus breaks through the clouds

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, and its surroundings. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on February 21, 2023.



"Situated some 50 km south of the North Korean border, the metropolitan area of Seoul appears as the grey area in the center of the image," says ESA.



"The Han River runs through the city, and to the right of the image it can be seen partly covered by ice. It is one of the biggest rivers in the Korean peninsula. It flows westward through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, named so because of the yellowish sand that colours its water."



"Seoul is surrounded by forested mountains, which appear brown in this wintery image. Bukhansan National Park lies just north of the city. The park is like an island, acting as a big green lung for the surrounding urban environment."



The population of Seoul is over 9 million people, and the metropolitan area, which includes neighboring cities like Incheon and Gyeonggi Province, is one of the most populous in the world.



Seoul is a city where ancient traditions meet cutting-edge technology. It is known for its vibrant cultural scene, extensive history, and rapid economic development. The city's skyline is a blend of modern skyscrapers and traditional palaces like Gyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung, showcasing its rich heritage.



Seoul is a hub for education, with several top-ranked universities and research institutes. The city also thrives in technology and innovation - home to global companies like Samsung and LG. Street markets like Myeongdong and Insadong offer a taste of local life and traditional crafts, while districts like Gangnam are famous for their upscale shopping and entertainment.



Seoul's green spaces, like Namsan Park and the Han River Park, provide a refuge from the urban hustle. The city's blend of history, culture, technology, and nature makes it a unique and dynamic metropolis, attracting millions of visitors each year.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Seoul, South Korea 

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of the city of Bentiu in South Sudan.



"The country has always experienced a degree of seasonal flooding, which normally recedes in the dry season. However, four consecutive years of incessant flooding have submerged villages, farmlands and roads. In 2023, flood waters reached almost 2 meters in some places," said ESA.



"This false-color image, captured in January 2023, clearly shows the extent of the flooded areas around Bentiu. Information from the mission’s near-infrared channel was used to process this image so water bodies appear in dark blue or black. Sediment in the waters is bright blue, while the vibrant shades of red, mainly bordering rivers, denote vegetation."



According to ESA, the yellowish area in the center of the image is the city of Bentiu - standing out like an island surrounded by floods.&nbsp;



"From Bentiu, the Bahr el-Ghazal River meanders through the inundated floodplain in a northeasterly direction. It can be traced in black in the right of the image flowing through Lake No into the White Nile," said ESA.



"Fed by the White Nile, the large, swampy area running from the centre of the image to the bottom right is the Sudd. It is a network of channels, lakes and swamps and one of Africa’s largest floodplains, providing watering and feeding grounds for many endemic mammals and birds, as well as for large populations of migratory species."



Bentiu is known for its significance in the oil industry. It's the capital of Unity State, an area rich in oil fields, making it a crucial economic hub for South Sudan. However, this wealth in natural resources has also made Bentiu a focal point of conflict, particularly during the South Sudanese Civil War.



The city's history has been shaped by its strategic importance in the region. It has seen significant development in the oil sector, but this has been marred by political and ethnic conflicts. These conflicts have often resulted in severe humanitarian crises, affecting the local population with issues like displacement and shortages of basic necessities.



Despite its challenges, Bentiu is a key player in South Sudan's economy and its future development. The city's role in the oil industry cannot be overstated, and efforts are ongoing to stabilize the region and improve living conditions for its residents.



The city's demographics are diverse, reflecting the ethnic variety of South Sudan, but this diversity has also been a source of tension at times. Efforts towards peace and reconciliation in Bentiu and the wider Unity State are crucial for the long-term stability and prosperity of South Sudan.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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The city of Bentiu in South Sudan

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska. With a size of approximately 1,680 square miles, Malaspina is the world’s largest piedmont glacier. It covers an area larger than the state of Rhode Island.&nbsp;



"To human eyes, glacial ice typically looks white tinged with blue. But in this false-color satellite image, the rippled ice of Alaska’s Malaspina Glacier appears more fiery than frosty," said NASA.



"In this configuration, watery features are displayed in reds, oranges, and yellows; vegetation appears green; and rock is shown in shades of blue."



A piedmont glacier forms when steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, where they spread out into bulbous, lobate shapes. Malaspina is fed by the Seward Ice Field and other smaller glaciers.&nbsp;



Despite its size, it's relatively thin for a glacier of its magnitude, averaging only about 600 meters (2,000 feet) in thickness.



The Malaspina Glacier is a classic example of a glacier experiencing significant retreat and thinning due to climate change. This has raised concerns about its long-term stability and the broader implications for sea-level rise.&nbsp;



The glacier's meltwater contributes to the Gulf of Alaska, and its changes are closely monitored by scientists.



Most of the Malaspina Glacier is located within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Its visually striking nature, including crevasses and moraines, makes it a subject of interest not only for scientists but also for photographers and nature enthusiasts.&nbsp;



The image was captured on October 27, 2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151929/indonesian-fires-return-in-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Moon peeking over Earth's horizon. The image was captured as the International Space Station was orbiting over Iraq. 



"Taken at an oblique angle from an altitude of 406 kilometers (252 miles), the photo has a perspective that highlights Earth’s atmospheric limb, or the edge of the atmosphere," says NASA.



"The blue-toned haze that fades into the darkness of space is the mesosphere, which reaches an altitude of about 80 kilometers (50 miles). Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. Although this layer is part of Earth’s atmosphere, it is commonly considered part of outer space."



According to NASA, the Moon is about 405,500 kilometers (251,000 miles) away from Earth at its furthest point, or apogee.



"Below the wispy clouds in the middle of the view is Lake Assad, a Euphrates River reservoir in northern Syria," notes NASA.



"Lake Assad is Syria’s largest lake and a primary source of the region’s drinking and irrigation water. The Tabqa Dam, which created the lake, is the largest hydroelectric dam in the country."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Moon peeks over Earth's horizon

Parallel ridges across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/new-river-gorge-national-park-in-west-virginia/">Virginia</a> border can be seen quite clearly here in this Image of the Day. While these parallel ridges stretching across the Virginia border are located just a few kilometers away from each other, they have little else in common. The image was captured by the <a href="http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/operational-land-imager-oli/">Operational Land Imager</a> (OLI) on board the Landsat 8 satellite.

Parallel ridges across the Virginia border

The Biden administration has recently finalized a rule aimed at drastically reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/">methane</a> emissions from the US oil and gas industry. This ambitious initiative seeks to cut methane emissions by nearly 80 percent by 2038.&nbsp;



The announcement, made at the <a href="https://www.cop28.com/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COP28 climate summit</a> in Dubai, aligns with global efforts to mitigate climate change, particularly as temperatures worldwide continue to rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-methane-emissions-nbsp">Preventing methane emissions&nbsp;</h2>



Methane, primarily found in natural gas and as a byproduct of fossil fuel drilling, has over 80 times the warming power of carbon dioxide in the first two decades after its release. The new rule, implemented by the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), targets this potent greenhouse gas. 



The EPA estimates that the legislation will prevent approximately 58 million tons of methane from entering the atmosphere, equating to removing over 300 million gas-powered cars from the roads for a year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-strategies">Key strategies</h2>



Key strategies in the rule include ending routine flaring of natural gas from oil wells and mandating its capture instead. The rule also emphasizes stringent monitoring of leaks from oil and gas wells, compressors, and other equipment.&nbsp;



Additionally, independent third-party monitoring using satellites and remote-sensing technology will play a crucial role in detecting large methane leaks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slashing-methane-pollution">Slashing methane pollution</h2>



EPA Administrator Michael Regan and White House National Climate Adviser Ali Zaidi, who unveiled the rule at COP28, emphasized the Biden administration's commitment to strong action against methane pollution.&nbsp;



“From mobilizing billions in investment to plug orphaned wells, patch leaky pipes, and reclaim abandoned mines to setting strong standards that will cut pollution from the oil and gas sector, the Biden-Harris Administration is putting the full weight of the federal government into slashing harmful methane pollution,” said Zaidi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-climate-change-nbsp">Mitigating climate change&nbsp;</h2>



The significance of this rule is underscored by the United States' position as the world's largest oil producer. With methane emissions having surged in recent years, the legislation is seen as a critical step in slowing down the pace of global warming.&nbsp;



Experts suggest that addressing methane leaks and flaring offers a straightforward method to mitigate climate change impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-experts">Environmental experts</h2>



The rule has been welcomed by environmental experts and climate advocates, noting the incentives for oil and gas companies to reduce leaks and flaring.&nbsp;



Carrie Jenks from Harvard Law School's Environmental &amp; Energy Law Program and Jon Goldstein from the Environmental Defense Fund both recognized the potential benefits and the environmental importance of the rule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-step-forward-nbsp">Major step forward&nbsp;</h2>



Goldstein noted that the EPA’s plan to end routine flaring is a major step forward. “The latest science is showing that flares are not just sources of waste, they’re also large sources of pollution because they’re just not working right," he said.&nbsp;



“The easiest way to stop that pollution is to stop sending it to flares in the first place. It doesn’t seem logical, why are you burning off this product you can sell?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oil-and-gas-compact-nbsp">Oil and Gas Compact&nbsp;</h2>



In a related development, fifty major oil and gas companies, including industry giants like Exxon and Saudi Aramco, pledged at COP28 to cut their methane emissions significantly by 2030. This commitment, known as the Oil and Gas Compact, targets an 80 to 90 percent reduction in methane intensity.&nbsp;



The US rule and the global commitments represent a significant step in the battle against climate change, focusing on methane, one of the most potent greenhouse gases. These initiatives underscore the increasing global emphasis on actionable and verifiable measures to combat environmental challenges.



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U.S. finalizes ambitious rule to slash methane emissions 

The Biden administration has recently finalized a rule aimed at...

The Andromedids meteor shower, historically significant and fascinating from both astronomical and historical perspectives, offers a unique spectacle in the night sky. This "lost" meteor shower is associated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biela's Comet</a>, which was discovered in 1826 by Wilhelm von Biela, and has the potential to put on a brilliant celestial display this weekend.



The Andromedids, also known as the Bielids, are so named because their radiant point, from where they appear to emanate, lies in the constellation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-features-found-in-the-heart-of-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andromeda</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance">Historical significance</h2>



The Andromedids have a rich history, marked by an intense meteor storm in 1872 and another in 1885. These events coincided with the expected return of Biela's Comet, which had split into two pieces during its 1846 perihelion passage. 



The meteor storms were caused by Earth passing through the debris left by the disintegrating comet. The 1872 storm was particularly noteworthy, with observers reporting up to several thousand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteors-may-transfer-life-from-earth-to-other-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteors</a> per hour, a truly spectacular event.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observational-features">Observational features</h2>



The Andromedids are known for their low velocity, appearing slower in the sky compared to other meteor showers. This characteristic is attributed to the relatively small relative velocity between the meteoroids and Earth. The meteors are generally faint, lacking the bright fireballs associated with more active showers.



However, in December 2011, astronomers unexpectedly observed a burst of predominantly faint meteors originating from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-image-of-cassiopeia-a-supernova-reveals-new-details/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cassiopeia</a> constellation. Further analysis identified these meteors as remnants from the 1649 closest approach of the once-lost comet 3D/Biela.



This comet is famously associated with the remarkable Andromedid meteor storms of 1872 and 1885. Research also suggests the potential for a more intense display of these meteors in early December 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-andromedids-current-activity">Andromedids current activity</h2>



In contemporary times, the Andromedids are a minor meteor shower, significantly less intense than their historical peaks. This decline is primarily due to the dispersal and depletion of the debris from Biela's Comet. The shower typically peaks in late November, with a variable and often low rate of meteors.



However, this year may be a different story. The anticipated peak of the Andromedids display is expected around 19:00 Universal Time on December 2nd, offering an advantageous viewing opportunity for Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia.



In North America, the sun will set approximately 3 to 4 hours following the predicted peak, making it an ideal location for observation should the activity occur later than anticipated. Observers worldwide are encouraged to keep an eye on the sky during late November and early December and to share any sightings from this meteor shower.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-importance">Scientific importance</h2>



The study of the Andromedids has contributed to our understanding of cometary physics and meteoroid streams. The disintegration of Biela's Comet and the resulting meteor storms provided early evidence of the connection between comets and meteor showers. Observations of the Andromedids help astronomers understand the evolution and life cycle of cometary debris in the solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-andromedids-viewing-tips">Andromedids viewing tips</h2>



For those interested in observing the Andromedids, the best viewing conditions include a dark sky far from city lights, clear weather, and minimal moonlight interference. While the current rates are low, patient observers might still spot a few meteors emanating from Andromeda during the shower's peak.



The Andromedids meteor shower, though now a shadow of its former glory, remains a topic of interest for astronomers and skywatchers alike. Its historical significance and the insights it provides into cometary behavior make it an important chapter in the story of our solar system's dynamic and ever-changing nature.



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"Lost" Andromedids meteor shower offers a celestial surprise tonight

The Andromedids meteor shower, historically significant and fascinating from both...

A recent study from Japan has revealed that owning a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mischievous-dogs-experts-reveal-the-top-ten-naughtiest-breeds/">dog</a> can significantly reduce the risk of developing dementia in old age. The experts found that dog owners over the age of 65 were 40 percent less likely to develop dementia.



The study marks the first scientific establishment of a clear link between dog ownership and a lowered risk of dementia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-dog-owners">Studying dog owners</h2>



The research wad focused on nearly 12,000 residents in Tokyo aged 65 and older. It was conducted over four years by the <a href="https://www.tmig.or.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology</a>.&nbsp;



The experts compared the mental health of older adults who were current dog owners, previous owners, and those who never owned a dog.



The researchers meticulously accounted for various factors including gender, marital status, education, income, health history, and exercise habits, regardless of pet ownership. The average age of the participants was 74.2 years, with 51.5% being female.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regular-exercise-and-social-interaction-nbsp">Regular exercise and social interaction&nbsp;</h2>



Dr Yu Taniguchi, the lead author of the study, noted that individuals who owned a dog had therefore exercised, making new connections with people as they walked their pets.



“Having a dog enabled owners to habitually take exercise and avoid social isolation and these were the two key factors in people having a much lower risk of developing dementia,” explained Dr. Taniguchi.



Interestingly, the researchers found that the protective effects against dementia were still present in dog owners who did not regularly exercise or engage socially, though to a lesser extent than those who did.&nbsp;



“Having a dog effectively requires people to get into the habit of physical activity and that makes it much more likely that they will then have interactions and socialize with other people,” said Dr. Taniguchi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-and-dementia-nbsp">Cats and dementia&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers also investigated the relationship between owning cats and dementia. They determined that cat ownership was not effective for preventing dementia



This is due to the fact that owners do not walk their cats and they do not bring people together socially in the way that dogs do, said Dr. Taniguchi, who has a Jack Russell terrier.



He added that he was not surprised by the group’s findings, as earlier research had identified the potential health benefits of pets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frailty-and-disability-nbsp">Frailty and disability&nbsp;</h2>



Prior research has already hinted at the health benefits of dog ownership, including reduced frailty in old age and delayed onset of disabilities and death



"Although some previous study reported no-significant association of pet ownership with mortality, systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that dog ownership is associated with lower risk of death over the long term," wrote Dr. Taniguchi and his co-authors.



"Our previous study revealed that older adults who had owned a dog and/or cat had lower risk of incident frailty, with dog owners at baseline showing 0.81 times the likelihood of developing incident frailty than never dog owners during 2-year follow-up period."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improved-well-being-of-dog-owners">Improved well-being of dog owners</h2>



During the coronavirus pandemic, dog owners also reported better well-being than those without pets, likely due to increased exercise and social opportunities.



"Dog care might contribute to the maintenance of physical activity, including having an exercise habit, and social participation even in the face of restrictions to interactions such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic," wrote the researchers.&nbsp;



The study is published in the December edition of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221133552300356X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Preventive Medicine Reports</a>.



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Dog owners are much less likely to develop dementia

A recent study from Japan has revealed that owning a...

Planet,Earth,Against,The,Backdrop,Of,A,Giant,Sun,,The

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>), a key division of the National Weather Service, is currently keeping a close eye on the Sun following several significant solar events. These events have led to concerns about a strong geomagnetic storm, prompting the issuance of a Geomagnetic Storm Watch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-november-28-solar-flare-and-cme">November 28 solar flare and CME</h2>



On November 27 and 28, the Sun experienced several coronal mass ejections (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a>), which are massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. These CMEs have triggered a flurry of activities and observations by space weather experts.



A notable solar flare was detected on November 28 at 2:50pm EST. This event originated from Region 3500, a moderately complex sunspot group located near the Sun's central meridian. The flare was associated with the fourth full halo CME observed during this period.



Interestingly, the fourth CME is moving at an accelerated pace compared to the previous ones. This increase in speed is attributed to the earlier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a> clearing a path through the solar wind. It is anticipated that this CME will merge with two of the three earlier CMEs, with an expected arrival at Earth between the night of November 30 and December 1.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-from-geomagnetic-storm">Impact from geomagnetic storm</h2>



SWPC forecasters are vigilantly monitoring the situation using NOAA’s <a href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/current-satellite-missions/currently-flying/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DSCOVR satellite</a>, which provides real-time data on solar winds. This information is crucial for understanding the strength and timing of the anticipated geomagnetic storm.



Geomagnetic storms are known to affect infrastructure both in near-Earth orbit and on the Earth's surface. These impacts can include disruptions to communications, the electric power grid, navigation systems, radio frequencies, and satellite operations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Such storms</a> are a significant concern for industries and services reliant on these technologies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-auroral-activity-expected">High auroral activity expected</h2>



An interesting and visually stunning consequence of geomagnetic storms is the aurora, commonly known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern or Southern Lights</a>. This storm has the potential to drive the aurora further south from its usual position above the polar regions. 



If weather conditions are favorable, auroras may be visible across the U.S. Northern Tier and upper Midwest from Illinois to Oregon. Residents in these areas are encouraged to check NOAA’s latest <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora forecast</a> for the best chance of witnessing this natural phenomenon.



NOAA's SWPC continues to monitor these solar events closely, providing updates and forecasts. As the situation evolves, they will offer guidance on the potential impacts of the geomagnetic storm. The public and relevant industries are advised to stay informed and prepared for any disruptions that may occur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-geomagnetic-storms">More about geomagnetic storms</h2>



As discussed above, geomagnetic storms represent disturbances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetosphere</a>, caused by solar wind shocks or the interactions of the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field. These storms, often originating from the Sun's activities like solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), have profound effects on Earth's magnetic environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-the-sun-to-the-earth">Journey from the Sun to the Earth</h3>



The story of a geomagnetic storm begins with the Sun. Solar flares, intense bursts of radiation, and CMEs, large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-the-very-first-time-a-spacecraft-has-touched-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar corona</a>, play pivotal roles. These phenomena release huge quantities of particles into space, which can reach Earth and interact with its magnetic field, triggering a geomagnetic storm.



After their eruption, solar particles and electromagnetic waves travel through space, taking approximately 1-3 days to reach Earth. The speed and intensity of these particles vary, depending on the strength of the solar event.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-with-earth-s-magnetosphere">Interaction with Earth's magnetosphere</h3>



Upon arrival, these charged particles collide with Earth's magnetosphere, the region of space controlled by Earth's magnetic field. This collision causes complex changes and disturbances in the magnetosphere, leading to a geomagnetic storm. These storms have a range of impacts, from beautiful auroras to potential disruptions in technology.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras">Auroras</h4>



The most visible and striking effect is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-captivated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora</a>, known as the Northern and Southern Lights. These displays of colors occur when charged particles collide with gases in Earth's atmosphere, resulting in mesmerizing light shows typically seen near the polar regions.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-disruptions">Technological disruptions</h4>



More significantly, geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite operations, affecting communication and GPS systems. They can induce currents in long conductors, impacting power grids and potentially causing widespread blackouts.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-spacecraft-and-satellites">Impact on spacecraft and satellites</h4>



Satellites and spacecraft, exposed to increased radiation, face the risk of damage or malfunction during these storms. This risk necessitates careful monitoring and protective measures in space missions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-storm-forecasting">Geomagnetic storm forecasting</h3>



Organizations like NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center actively monitor the Sun and forecast geomagnetic storms. They use satellites like the DSCOVR to track solar winds and provide early warnings, helping mitigate potential impacts on technology and infrastructure.



In summary, geomagnetic storms, while a source of natural wonder, remind us of our planet's vulnerability to solar activities. Understanding and monitoring these storms not only provide insights into our space environment but also help us prepare for and mitigate their effects on our increasingly technology-dependent world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-auroras">More about auroras</h2>



As mentioned above, auroras, often called the Northern or Southern Lights, are a natural light display predominantly seen in the Earth's polar regions. They occur when the Earth's magnetosphere gets disturbed by the solar wind, a stream of particles coming from the Sun. This disturbance generates bright and colorful lights in the sky, forming auroras.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-auroras-form">How auroras form</h3>



The formation of auroras begins with the emission of particles from the Sun's atmosphere. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, travel towards Earth carried by the solar wind. Upon reaching Earth, these charged particles interact with the magnetic field and are funneled towards the polar regions.



As these particles collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere, they excite atoms and molecules, causing them to light up. Oxygen and nitrogen, the main constituents of our atmosphere, play a key role in the coloration of auroras. Oxygen emits green and red lights, while nitrogen produces blue and purple hues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-auroras">Types of auroras</h3>



Auroras come in various forms, each unique and breathtaking:



Aurora Borealis - Also known as the Northern Lights, these are visible in the northern hemisphere's high-latitude regions like Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia.



Aurora Australis - Known as the Southern Lights, these are seen in the southern hemisphere in places like Antarctica, Chile, and Australia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-auroras">Viewing auroras</h3>



For the best aurora viewing experience, one should head to high-latitude regions during the winter months. Dark, clear nights away from city lights provide optimal conditions. The intensity of auroral displays can vary, influenced by the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-scientific-significance">Cultural and scientific significance</h3>



Auroras have captivated human imagination for centuries, inspiring myths and folklore. Cultures across the globe have interpreted these lights in various ways, often attributing them to gods or spirits.



In modern times, studying auroras is crucial for understanding the Earth's magnetosphere and its interaction with solar wind. This research is vital for protecting satellites and communication systems from solar storms.



In summary, auroras are a stunning natural phenomenon, offering a vivid display of Earth's dynamic interaction with the Sun. Their beauty and complexity continue to intrigue both scientists and enthusiasts, making them a bucket-list item for travelers and a subject of ongoing scientific research.



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Strong solar flares prompt "Geomagnetic Storm Warning" from NOAA

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction...

Nice,Green,Forest,Landscape,In,The,City

Recent research has uncovered a remarkable connection between our living environment and the biological processes that govern aging. The study reveals that exposure to green spaces, such as parks and trees, can significantly slow down the rate at which our cells age, offering profound implications for public health and urban planning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenery-and-cellular-aging">Greenery and cellular aging </h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neighborhood-greenspaces-boost-health-on-a-cellular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Telomeres</a>, the structures located at the ends of each cell's chromosomes, play a critical role in cellular aging. They function akin to the plastic tips on shoelaces, safeguarding DNA from unraveling. The length of telomeres is a key indicator of a cell's ability to replicate. 



Over time, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cigarettes-accelerates-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomeres</a> shorten, cells reach a point where they can no longer divide, leading to cell death. This process is a fundamental aspect of the natural aging progression.



The study discovered that individuals residing in neighborhoods abundant in greenery possessed longer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-induced-increases-in-biological-age-can-be-reversed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomeres</a>. Aaron Hipp, a co-author of the study and a professor at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State</a>, emphasizes the impact of external factors on the rate of telomere degradation. He notes, "A longer telomere is usually a younger telomere, or a more protective, helpful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-at-high-altitude-leads-to-longer-life-by-changing-metabolism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomere</a>. It is protecting that cell from the aging process.”



Green spaces impact the aging process by encouraging physical activity and foster community interaction, both of which contribute to better health outcomes. Additionally, neighborhoods rich in greenery tend to have cooler temperatures, enhanced flood resistance, and lower pollution levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-and-challenges">Limitations and challenges</h2>



Despite the positive findings, Hipp points out that participants living in green spaces plagued by pollution and segregation did not exhibit longer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathing-less-oxygen-could-extend-your-lifespan-by-50-or-more/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomeres</a> compared to less green communities. This underscores the necessity of addressing broader societal issues to ensure equitable access to the health benefits of green spaces.



The research involved examining medical records and survey responses from over 7,800 individuals participating in a national survey by the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. The study correlated these data with census information to estimate neighborhood greenery levels, revealing a significant association between increased green space and reduced cellular aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexities-of-green-spaces-and-aging">Complexities of green spaces and aging</h2>



Scott Ogletree, another researcher involved in the study, highlights the complexities in the relationship between human health and environmental factors. He notes that adverse neighborhood conditions, such as low income or segregation, can diminish the positive effects of green spaces on health.



The study also suggests that the timing of green space exposure in a person's life might influence its impact on health. This raises important questions about the optimal timing and duration of exposure to green spaces for maximum health benefits.



Peter James, an environmental epidemiologist from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard</a> not involved in the study, commends the novel approach of using telomere length as a health biomarker. This offers a unique perspective on the health benefits associated with green spaces.



In summary, the study's findings highlight the profound impact of our living environment on the biological mechanisms of aging. It underscores the importance of integrating green spaces into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parks-play-an-integral-role-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban planning</a> and addressing socioeconomic disparities to ensure that the health benefits of greenery are accessible to all. 



The connection between green spaces and cellular aging opens new avenues for research and public health initiatives, offering hope for healthier, longer lives through enhanced environmental design.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-benefits-of-green-spaces-on-aging">More benefits of green spaces on aging</h2>



As discussed above, green spaces actively benefit human health in various significant ways. They reduce stress levels, improve mental health, and enhance physical wellbeing. Let's explore some other key impacts that green space has on human health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-mental-health">Improving mental health</h3>



Green spaces provide a tranquil environment that significantly lowers stress levels. Studies show that spending time in parks or near trees can decrease cortisol, a stress hormone, leading to improved mental health. Natural settings also offer therapeutic benefits, helping to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-improve-physical-health">Green spaces improve physical health</h3>



Regular access to green spaces encourages physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or cycling. This increased activity contributes to better cardiovascular health, reduced obesity rates, and overall improved physical fitness. It also lowers the risk of chronic diseases like hypertension and type 2 diabetes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-air-quality">Improving air quality</h3>



Trees and plants in green spaces act as natural air filters, absorbing pollutants and providing cleaner air. This is particularly beneficial in urban areas where air quality is often compromised. Cleaner air reduces the incidence of respiratory conditions like asthma.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-promote-social-interaction">Green spaces promote social interaction</h3>



Parks serve as communal areas where people can gather, socialize, and engage in community activities. This social interaction fosters a sense of community and belonging, which is crucial for mental wellbeing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-cognitive-function">Enhancing cognitive function</h3>



Exposure to natural environments has been shown to improve cognitive function, particularly in children. It can enhance concentration, increase attention span, and even boost academic performance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-reducing-noise-pollution">Green spaces reducing noise pollution</h3>



Greenery can act as buffer zones that reduce the impact of urban noise pollution. Trees and plants absorb sound, creating quieter and more peaceful environments that contribute to overall wellbeing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-immune-function">Improving immune function</h3>



Regular exposure to green spaces can boost the immune system. The natural environment exposes individuals to a diverse range of microorganisms, which can help build a stronger immune response.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encouraging-healing-and-recovery">Encouraging healing and recovery</h3>



Patients with views of green spaces from their hospital rooms often experience faster recovery times and require less pain medication. The soothing effect of nature facilitates physical and emotional healing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-quality-of-life">Enhancing quality of life</h3>



Green spaces provide accessible areas for people to exercise, socialize, and engage with their community, which is vital for maintaining physical health and mental acuity in older age.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-urban-heat-islands">Mitigating urban heat islands</h3>



Green spaces help to cool urban areas, mitigating the 'heat island' effect common in cities. This not only makes cities more comfortable during hot weather but also reduces the energy needed for cooling buildings.



In summary, green spaces play a crucial role in promoting holistic human health, benefiting both mental and physical aspects, and enhancing the overall quality of life in urban environments.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723060795?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of the Total Environment</a>.



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Living in 'greener' areas slows the aging process

Recent research has uncovered a remarkable connection between our living...

Thermometer,Shows,High,Temperature,In,Summer,Heat,With,Dryness,And

Met Office scientists have highlighted a surprising gap in the climate change discourse. There exists no universally accepted method to define the current level of global warming in the context of the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Agreement</a>. 



This revelation is not just a mere academic concern but has profound implications for how the world tracks and responds to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-define-global-warming">How to define global warming</h2>



The team of scientists, led by Professor Richard Betts MBE of the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Met Office</a> and the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, pointed out that while yearly global average temperatures are well-documented, these figures do not aptly represent the long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parts-of-europe-have-exceeded-two-degrees-of-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming trends</a> referred to in the Paris Agreement. 



The agreement focuses on sustained changes rather than fluctuations in individual years. However, the absence of a formally agreed alternative metric poses a significant problem.



Professor Betts emphasized the urgency of the matter, stating, “Clarity on breaching the Paris Agreement guard rails will be crucial. Without an agreement on what actually will count as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-will-exceed-1-5-degrees-but-by-how-much/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exceeding 1.5°C</a>, we risk distraction and confusion at precisely the time when action to avoid the worst effects of climate change becomes even more urgent.”



The lack of a clear metric could lead to delays and confusion in responding to climate change, at a time when prompt action is critical.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proposed-solution-by-the-met-office">Proposed solution by the Met Office</h2>



To address this issue, the Met Office team proposes a novel approach. Their method involves a combination of observed global temperatures over the last decade and projections for the coming ten years. 



This approach, they argue, would provide a more accurate and timely indication of whether the world is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breaching the critical 1.5°C</a> global warming threshold level set by the Paris Agreement. Using this method, the current global warming level is approximately 1.26°C, with an uncertainty range between 1.13°C to 1.43°C.



The proposed indicator offers a more nuanced understanding of global warming. It accounts for the Earth's climate system's natural variability and the human-induced changes driving recent climate trends. 



According to Professor Betts, “Using an indicator of several years of observations and projections will smooth out the natural variation to reveal the underlying human-induced warming.” This method recognizes that even an anomalously warm year does not necessarily mean that the Paris Agreement thresholds have been met.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-warming-level-of-current-climate">Global warming level of current climate</h2>



The urgency to define global warming is underscored by provisional estimates suggesting that 2023 might be the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-2023-the-hottest-year-in-human-history-september-set-another-global-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warmest year on record</a>, surpassing 2016. This trend is part of an ongoing series of warmest years recorded since 1850, including years affected by natural climate phenomena such as El Niño. 



Professor Betts concludes, “The fact that the warmest years on record include both the highs and lows of natural climate variability is yet more evidence that climate change driven by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions dominates the recent climate record.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-met-office-climate-dashboard">Met Office Climate Dashboard</h2>



To support their proposal, the Met Office has introduced a new section in their <a href="https://climate.metoffice.cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate Dashboard</a>. This section, titled ‘Indicators of Global Warming’, showcases eight different indicators, including the newly proposed metric. It features the Met Office HadCRUT5 data and provides a comprehensive view of global surface warming across various methodologies, complete with explanatory tables and uncertainty boundaries.



In summary, the Met Office scientists’ proposal for a new metric to measure global warming relative to the Paris Agreement goals is a crucial step towards a clearer, more actionable understanding of climate change. 



As the world gathers for <a href="https://unfccc.int/cop28" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COP28</a>, this development could be instrumental in shaping global climate policy and action, ensuring that responses are timely, accurate, and in line with the collective ambition to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03775-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Formal agreement needed to define the current level of global warming

Met Office scientists have highlighted a surprising gap in the...

A recent study emphasizes the critical need for concerted efforts and commitments to address the aviation sector's impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-co2-emissions-nbsp">Non-CO2 emissions&nbsp;</h2>



The comprehensive research underscores the complex nature of aviation's environmental impact, particularly focusing on non-CO2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/">emissions</a> like nitrogen oxides, soot, and water vapor. 



These emissions contribute significantly to global warming. For example, soot plays a role in the formation of contrails and "contrail cirrus," line-shaped clouds generated by aircraft exhaust that increase high clouds, further warming the Earth’s atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-in-depth-assessment-nbsp">In-depth assessment&nbsp;</h2>



The study was a collaborative effort by Manchester Metropolitan University, the University of Oxford, the <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>, and Imperial College London. 



The experts provide an in-depth assessment of aviation's non-CO2 effects on both climate and air quality, considering current and future technological and fuel changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inherent-uncertainties-nbsp">Inherent uncertainties&nbsp;</h2>



“What we highlight is the inherent uncertainties that remain in some of these very complex effects on climate from non-CO2 emissions," said Professor David Lee.



“More importantly, reducing the impact of emissions on the climate is not straightforward as practically all routes forward with conventional liquid hydrocarbon fuels involve ‘trade-offs’, mostly at the expense of emitting more CO2, whether it be technological or operational efforts."



“These trade-offs and uncertainties mean that there are no simple silver bullets or low-hanging fruit to solve the problem. What is often forgotten is, that while the non-CO2 climate impacts of, for example, an individual flight are short lived, a substantial proportion of the emitted CO2 persists for a very long time, literally tens of millennia. This means it is a difficult balancing act if reducing non-CO2 emissions leads to an increase in CO2 emissions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aviation-impacts">Aviation impacts</h2>



Professor Keith Shine cautions against hastily adopting strategies to decrease non-CO2 climate effects that could inadvertently increase CO2 emissions.&nbsp;



"We must be mindful that aviation affects local air quality as well as climate. Sometimes measures that improve one will be to the detriment of the other," said Professor Shine.



The researchers noted that aviation accounts for about 2.5% of global CO2 emissions from human activities and approximately 3.5% of the change in the atmosphere's energy balance. It also contributes around 4% of the increase in global mean temperatures.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-challenge-nbsp">Complex challenge&nbsp;</h2>



Decarbonizing the aviation sector is challenging due to its reliance on fossil kerosene (jet fuel) and the lengthy process of developing and replacing aircraft.



The pressing issue of aviation's contribution to climate change is expected to intensify, especially with the sector's growth after the COVID-19 pandemic. This contrasts with the emission reduction efforts in other sectors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research">Future research </h2>



Recognizing this challenge, the UK government, through the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), has announced a £10 million research program to inform policy decisions in this domain.&nbsp;



"This is a very welcome and much needed development by the government. Some of our previous research that was used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has vitally informed the government on the scale of the problem," said Professor Lee.



"We have endeavored to keep the Department for Transport informed of our work while we prepared this assessment, to inform the shape of future research needed.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ea00091e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science Atmospheres</a>.



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Aviation's contribution to climate change is expected to intensify

A recent study emphasizes the critical need for concerted efforts...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Extensive Shanghai urban development can be seen here in this photo from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89853&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_image">NASA Earth Observatory</a>, showing just how much <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shanghai-plans-limit-population/">Shanghai</a> has changed over the past 30 years. Shanghai urban development has grown at an unprecedented rate since the 1980s, when the Chinese government began engaging in foreign trade and investment.

Shanghai urban development increasing dramatically

Lake Eyre is shown here in this Image of the Day from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89723">NASA Earth Observatory</a> taking a detailed look at the features of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfire-smoke-made-its-way-around-the-globe/">Australia’s</a> largest inland lake. Lake Eyre can be easily seen from space thanks to its massive, white-floored lake bed that is usually completely dry.