Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Quebec, where about 160,000 hectares have burned since the start of the year.



"An unusually intense start to Canada’s wildfire season filled skies with smoke in May 2023. Then, at the beginning of June, scores of new fires raged in the central Canadian province of Quebec, some of which were ignited by lightning," says NASA.



"The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this view of smoke billowing from the fires on June 3. Shortly after the fires started, about 5,000 residents were ordered to evacuate near the city of Sept-Îles in the province’s east."&nbsp;



"As the fires grew, evacuations were extended to an additional 9,000 people in surrounding communities and in western Quebec’s Val-d’Or and Normétal municipalities. As of June 5, more than 150 wildfires were active in Quebec."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Forest fires rage in Quebec

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the west coast of South America. The photo was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station while orbiting over the Atacama Desert and Central Andes Mountains near the border of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.



"Over the Pacific Ocean, marine stratocumulus clouds develop over cold water that rises from the ocean depths as the Peru current (Humboldt current) flows north along the west coast of South America," says NASA. "The coastline is marked by low mountains that are dissected by canyons carved by rivers that flow down the western side of the Andes."



The Atacama Desert receives less than 0.2 inches of rain per year on average. According to NASA, this dry environment provides an ideal setting to conduct Mars analog studies.



"Active and inactive volcanoes comprise the Central Andean Volcanic Arc within the Atacama Desert and Andes Mountains. One of the inactive volcanoes visible in this photo is Bolivia’s Nevado Sajama, which has a maximum elevation of 6,542 meters (21,463 feet). Nevado Sajama and other volcanoes in the region often have glaciers and snow cover due to their high elevation."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The west coast of South America

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Cape Cod peninsula, located in the easternmost portion of Massachusetts. The peninsula extends into the Atlantic Ocean and is a significant feature of the East Coast of the United States.



Cape Cod peninsula is characterized by its beaches, villages, and seafood. It's a popular tourist destination, particularly in the summer months, with people visiting for its beautiful landscapes and unique culture.



Cape Cod consists of 15 towns, including Provincetown, Hyannis, Falmouth, and Chatham. Each town has its own distinctive character and attractions. For example, Provincetown, located at the tip of the peninsula, is known for its vibrant LGBTQ+ scene, while Hyannis is famous as a ferry gateway to the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.



The Cape Cod National Seashore, a national park covering much of the Outer Cape, including the entire east-facing coast, provides opportunities for hiking, biking, and beachgoing.



Historically, Cape Cod was a landmark for early explorers of the Americas. It was among the first places settled by the English in North America in the Pilgrim Fathers' era, and it played a key role in the early history and development of the United States.&nbsp;



Today, the Cape's history is preserved in numerous museums, historic sites, and lighthouses. In addition, a variety of wildlife can be found in the region, such as whales, seals, and many species of birds.



"The variety of ecosystems within Cape Cod National Seashore sustain over 450 species of amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals, including 32 species that are rare or endangered," says NASA. "One of those species is the American oystercatcher, a large shorebird that uses a knife-like bill to eat shellfish."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Cape Cod peninsula in the northeastern United States

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Amundsen Gulf in northern Canada, where ice is typically covered with ice that is fastened to surrounding coastlines. According to NASA, the breakup of this ice tends to be rapid when the melting season arrives in spring.



"Patches of fast ice remained in the eastern part of the gulf in late May, but summer weather will ultimately clear it away as well. The Amundsen Gulf, the western entrance to the Northwest Passage, is usually ice-free by August," says NASA.



Walt Meier, a senior research scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, said that winds play an important role in the breakup of the ice. He noted that an area of low pressure centered south of the gulf prior to the breakup fueled strong easterly winds and large waves that broke up the ice and sent chunks of it drifting west.&nbsp;



This year's spring breakup occurred earlier than usual, which aligns with the overall trend in the Beaufort Sea region in recent decades, noted NASA.



“Over a period of two decades, the Amundsen Gulf had the highest interannual variability of anywhere across the entire Northwest Canadian Arctic,” said Eleanor Wratten, a researcher at Northumbria University and the lead author of an analysis of decades of MODIS observations of fast ice in the Northwest Canadian Arctic.&nbsp;



“We saw the timing of breakup change considerably from one year to the next, but the general pattern looked similar to what you see here. Ice usually remains in the southern bays the longest, with breakup veering toward the strait in the southeastern portion of the gulf.”



The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on May 30, 2023.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Spring ice breakup in the Amundsen Gulf

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Nova Scotia, where unusually large fires have led to the evacuation of thousands of people. The photograph, which was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station, shows smoke rising from a fire near the town of Shelburne on May 29, 2023.



"By the morning of May 31, after four days of burning, the fire had scorched 17,000 hectares (66 square miles) near the southern tip of Nova Scotia," says NASA. "It became the largest forest fire in the province’s history, according to CBC Nova Scotia, exceeding the area burned by a fire in Guysborough County over six days in June 1976."



"Fires have burned in Canada for weeks, as the western part of the country experienced a record-breaking streak of hot weather in mid-May."&nbsp;



"Several regions in Canada also had an abnormally dry spring; Nova Scotia received about half of the usual amount of rainfall in April. Authorities classified both the Halifax and Shelburne County fires as uncontrolled on May 31 and expected the fires to grow as dry and windy conditions continued."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Smoke rises from fires in Nova Scotia

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Lake Hamun, a seasonal lake in the Sistan region on the Afghanistan-Iran border. The lake and surrounding wetlands have been shrinking as a result of persistent drought, leading to reduced vegetation and exposed dust. These changes have transformed the basin into a major source of dust storms.



"While dust storms are most common in the summer, they happen year-round as long as the lake is dry and the winds are strong. That was the case on January 12, 2023, when the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite captured this image of dust streaming from the dry lake bed," says NASA.



In January 2023, a team of experts led by UCLA reported that airborne dust has likely increased by 55 percent on a global scale since pre-industrial times. The researchers said this is largely due to more frequent dust storms in Asia and North Africa.&nbsp;



The team estimates that the cooling effect of airborne dust has likely masked about eight percent of the warming caused by greenhouse gases since the preindustrial era.



“Our findings imply that greenhouses gases alone could cause even more climate warming than models currently predict,” said UCLA atmospheric physicist Jasper Kok. “This is of tremendous importance because better predictions can inform better decisions of how to mitigate or adapt to climate change.”



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Lake Hamun is a major source of dust storms

Helheim Fjord in eastern Greenland seen from the NASA P-3B on the Apr. 5, 2013 IceBridge survey flight. Helheim Glacier, one of the largest in Greenland, drains into the ocean through this fjord. Credit: NASA / Jim Yungel

Helheim Glacier accelerated from 8 km (5.0 mi) per year in 2000 to 11 km (6.8 mi) per year in 2005. Like many of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland">Greenland's</a> outlet glaciers, it is a common site where glacial earthquakes are monitored.

Helheim Glacier is one of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers and is named after the world of the dead in Norse Mythology. It feeds the waters of the Helheim Fjord, a branch of the Sermilik (Egede og Rothes Fjord) system, where there are a number of other glaciers calving and discharging at rapid rates such as the Midgard Glacier.

Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/glaciers-antarctica-ocean/">Antarctica</a>. With a population of about 56,480 (2013), it is the least densely populated territory in the world. About a third of the population live in Nuuk, the capital and largest city. The Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland, connecting the various cities and settlements. In 1979, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, and in 2008, Greenlanders voted in favor of the Self-Government Act, which transferred more power from the Danish government to the local Greenlandic government. Under the new structure, in effect since 21 June 2009.

&nbsp;

Helheim Fjord

Sleep is a universal experience that encompasses complex biological functions. For us humans, it is divided into different phases – rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. These sleep phases have unique associations with our physiology, brain activity, and cognition.&nbsp;



During REM <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-counteracts-negative-effects-of-sleep-deprivation/">sleep</a>, our brain activity peaks and ushers in vivid, peculiar, and emotional dreams. Meanwhile, non-REM sleep, a time of metabolic slowdown, enables the brain to flush out waste products. This cleaning mechanism plays a vital role in preventing neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease.



Despite the clarity in understanding human sleep, the question of whether birds undergo similar processes during sleep has been a mystery. However, new research led by Professor Onur Güntürkün, head of the Biopsychology Department at <a href="http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/en">Ruhr University Bochum</a>, has recently uncovered fascinating insights into avian sleep patterns.



<h2 id="h-what-is-happening-in-pigeon-brains-while-they-sleep">What is happening in pigeon brains while they sleep?</h2>



"Birds and mammals share a common evolutionary ancestor dating back about 315 million years, yet their sleep patterns, including both REM and non-REM phases, are remarkably alike," said Güntürkün.



In order to further investigate the intricacies of bird sleep, the research team combined cutting-edge technologies, namely infrared video cameras and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). They trained 15 pigeons to sleep under these experimental conditions, and closely observed their sleeping and wakeful states.



The video recordings revealed interesting details about avian sleep. "We observed whether one or both eyes were open or closed, tracked eye movements and changes in pupil size through the transparent eyelids of the pigeons during sleep," explained Mehdi Behroozi, a member of the Bochum team.



Simultaneously, the fMRI recordings delivered insights about brain activation and cerebral spinal fluid flow in the ventricles.



<h2 id="h-do-pigeons-dream-of-flying">Do pigeons dream of flying?</h2>



"During REM sleep, we observed strong activity in brain regions responsible for visual processing, including those areas analyzing the movement of a pigeon's surroundings during flight," said Behroozi. In addition, areas processing signals from the body, especially the wings, were also active.



Based on these observations, Behroozi suggests that birds may dream during REM sleep, possibly even reliving their flight experiences in their dreams.



Another intriguing finding was the activation of the amygdala during REM sleep. This implies that birds, like humans, may experience emotional content in their dreams.



"Pigeons’ dreams might include emotions as well," said Gianina Ungurean from the Avian Sleep Group at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence. This theory is further supported by the birds' rapid pupil contraction during REM sleep, similar to their reactions during courtship or aggressive behaviors.



<h2 id="h-how-rem-sleep-helps-birds">How REM sleep helps birds</h2>



Just like in humans, non-REM sleep in pigeons is a period of enhanced cerebral spinal fluid flow through ventricles. However, a ground-breaking discovery was made: for the first time in any species, the researchers found that this fluid flow diminished significantly during REM sleep.



Niels Rattenborg, head of the Avian Sleep Group, explained this phenomenon: "The increased influx of blood into the brain during REM sleep, which supports the heightened brain activity, might obstruct the cerebral spinal fluid from moving from the ventricles into the brain. This implies that REM sleep and its functions might come at the cost of waste removal from the brain."



Despite this, the team is contemplating that REM sleep might aid in waste removal in unexpected ways. "The surge of blood at the onset of REM sleep increases vessel diameter. This could push cerebral spinal fluid that entered the space during non-REM sleep into the brain tissue, promoting outflow of waste-laden fluids," said Ungurean.



This cleaning process might be particularly critical for birds due to their higher neuronal density compared to mammals. As such, they might need more efficient, or more frequent flushing cycles to remove waste products.&nbsp;



Birds' sleep consists of more, but shorter REM phases compared to mammals. The frequent surges of blood associated with these REM phases might be instrumental in keeping their densely packed brains free of harmful waste products.



<h2 id="h-what-the-future-holds-for-bird-sleep-research">What the future holds for bird sleep research</h2>



The experts are enthusiastic about future research possibilities. They plan to delve further into the potential role of REM sleep in waste removal. Additionally, they hope to decode the content of a pigeon’s dream.



"We hope to train birds to report if and what they just saw upon awakening from REM sleep. That would be a crucial step towards confirming whether they dream," said Ungurean.



Without the detailed analysis of bird dreams, these new findings already enhance our understanding of sleep's role in birds and humans. The research, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38669-1">Nature Communications</a>, underscores the significance of sleep in sustaining a healthy brain and averting cognitive decline. It also suggests that dreaming, this peculiar yet universal phenomenon, has a deeply-rooted evolutionary history.



<h2 id="h-more-about-rem-sleep">More about REM sleep</h2>



Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is one of the five stages of the human sleep cycle, named for the characteristic rapid movement of the eyes that occurs during this phase. REM sleep is distinct from the four stages of non-REM sleep, characterized by unique physiological, neurological, and psychological features.



<h3 id="h-physiologically">Physiologically</h3>



REM sleep is fascinating. While the brain shows activity levels similar to wakefulness, most of the body's voluntary muscles are paralyzed. This phenomenon, known as REM atonia, is believed to be a protective mechanism that prevents us from acting out our dreams. Heart rate and blood pressure tend to fluctuate, and breathing can become irregular.



<h3 id="h-neurologically">Neurologically</h3>



REM sleep is a period of high brain activity. Brain waves during this stage resemble those during wakefulness, which is why REM sleep is sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep. Several neurotransmitters play pivotal roles in modulating REM sleep, including acetylcholine, which is particularly active, and monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, and histamine), which are almost completely inactive.



<h3 id="h-psychologically">Psychologically&nbsp;</h3>



REM sleep is the stage when the most vivid dreaming occurs. This is thought to be related to the high brain activity and the function of certain brain regions during REM sleep. The exact purpose of dreams is still a topic of ongoing scientific debate, but theories suggest they may help with processing emotions, consolidating memory, and learning.



Additionally, REM sleep is believed to play a crucial role in brain development. Infants, for instance, spend much of their sleep time in the REM phase. It's also during REM sleep that proteins are synthesized, contributing to brain repair and growth.



Though it's known that REM sleep is important, as evidenced by its conservation across many animal species and the negative health impacts linked to its deprivation, many aspects of REM sleep remain a mystery. Sleep, in general, is an active area of research as scientists continue to unveil its many complexities.



<h2 id="h-more-about-dreaming">More about dreaming&nbsp;</h2>



Dreaming is a fascinating and complex phenomenon that occurs during sleep, particularly during the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, but also during certain stages of non-REM sleep. While we often associate dreams with vivid visual or auditory experiences, dreams can involve any of the senses and a wide range of emotions. Dream content can range from mundane daily activities to bizarre or surreal scenarios.



While everyone dreams, not everyone recalls their dreams. The ability to remember dreams varies greatly among individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors including sleep stages, interruptions in sleep, stress, and certain lifestyle factors. Some people remember multiple dreams per night, while others recall their dreams infrequently.



There are many theories about why we dream, and understanding the purpose of dreams has been a subject of debate in the scientific and philosophical community for thousands of years. Here are a few key theories:



<h3 id="h-emotional-processing">Emotional processing&nbsp;</h3>



Some believe dreams are a way for the brain to process emotions and experiences from the day. This might explain why certain events or feelings from waking life often recur in dreams.



<h3 id="h-memory-consolidation">Memory consolidation</h3>



Another theory proposes that dreams play a role in consolidating and processing information gathered during the day, integrating it into long-term memory.



<h3 id="h-problem-solving">Problem-solving</h3>



Some theories suggest that dreams are a space where the brain can work on solving problems encountered during waking hours, without the constraints of reality.



<h3 id="h-neural-pathway-stimulation">Neural pathway stimulation</h3>



Dreams might serve as a means for the brain to stimulate and develop neural connections, especially during infancy and early childhood when brain development is most active.



<h3 id="h-psychodynamic-freudian-interpretation">Psychodynamic (Freudian) interpretation</h3>



Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud posited that dreams are a reflection of repressed desires and unconscious thoughts. While this theory has been influential, it is not widely accepted in contemporary neuroscience.



It's important to note that while these theories offer different perspectives, they're not mutually exclusive, and the true purpose of dreams may encompass elements from each theory or be something yet undiscovered.



A relatively new field of research, dream science, employs various technologies such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to better understand the neurological underpinnings of dreaming.&nbsp;



Despite advancements in this area, much about the nature and purpose of dreams remains enigmatic and continues to captivate both scientists and the general public.



The study represents the collective efforts of various researchers including the Bochum Biopsychology team, the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, the Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behaviour, the Neurophysiology Department at Ruhr University Bochum, and the Université Claude Bernard Lyon. This cross-institution collaboration adds further robustness and breadth to these intriguing insights into avian sleep processes.



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Do birds dream of flying? Scientists say they now know the answer

Sleep is a universal experience that encompasses complex biological functions....

The time has come to discuss a pressing issue in the realm of winter sports: the environmental impact of artificial snow production.&nbsp;



The first-ever national study exploring this topic has revealed that the process of developing artificial snow places a significant strain on our climate. Specifically, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-energy-do-plants-use-to-lift-water-from-the-soil/">energy</a> needed to produce snow for yearly ski operations in Canada alone equals that consumed by nearly 17,000 households annually.



This study, which is the first of its kind, was conducted by experts from the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/">University of Waterloo</a>, Canada, and the University of Innsbruck, Austria.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-the-cost-now-vs-the-future-cost">The cost now vs. the future cost</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2214358">Current Issues in Tourism</a>, the research has revealed that the creation of an estimated 42 million cubic meters of machine-made snow in an average Canadian winter requires 130,095 tons CO2e. This level of carbon dioxide is comparable to what 155,141 acres of forest would sequester in one year.



The challenge is set to escalate as climate change advances. Future requirements for snowmaking will increase, leading to a surge in water and energy demands. This rise will occur even as average ski seasons continue to shorten in the coming decades.



As the researchers point out, a comprehensive solution to this problem requires cooperation. Ski operators, policymakers, environmental organizations, and even skiers themselves need to join forces. They should work together to establish and support policies and practices that "prioritize sustainability in addressing the challenges posed by climate change and its associated impacts on snowpack."



<h2 id="h-rules-and-regulations-adopting-a-systems-approach">Rules and regulations - adopting a systems approach</h2>



Professor Daniel Scott, co-author of the study, emphasized this point: “Our results underscore the need to adopt a systems approach to ensure the long-term sustainability of ski tourism.”



He suggested that part of this approach should involve "embracing innovation and investing in energy-efficient snowmaking technologies, promoting water conservation measures, and accelerating the transition to renewable energy sources."&nbsp;



“Snowmaking can actually help reduce total emissions from tourism when it enables millions of skiers to ski regionally instead of driving or flying to far off ski resorts or selecting another type of carbon intense holiday. Net-zero compatible ski holidays are already possible in destinations like Quebec and our study shows a vibrant and resilient future for ski tourism is possible," said Professor Scott.



Canada is home to 237 ski areas that play a vital role in the country's tourism sector. These areas see an average of 18.2 million skier visits annually, including 2.7 million international visits.



However, these statistics come with some implications. Current electrical grid carbon intensity shows that Canadian snowmaking uses approximately 478,000 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity each year. This usage results in 130,095 tons of associated CO2 emissions and requires an estimated 43.4 million cubic meters of water to produce over 42 million cubic meters of artificial snow.



<h2 id="h-as-climate-warms-so-do-environmental-demands-of-snowmaking">As climate warms, so do environmental demands of snowmaking</h2>



With climate change having an increasing impact on the snowpack in ski areas worldwide, ski operators are increasingly leaning on snowmaking to maintain ski seasons and ensure visitor satisfaction. By 2050, the study estimates snowmaking requirements in Canada will jump between 55% and 97%, with water and energy requirements increasing proportionally.



But there's a glimmer of hope on the horizon. Canada is beginning to enact much-needed decarbonization policies that could significantly decrease ski operations-related emissions.&nbsp;



Professor Scott expressed optimism, saying that “snowmaking emissions are expected to decline substantially, thanks to the ongoing efforts to decarbonize provincial electricity grids in alignment with current policy targets."



To maintain a sustainable future for ski tourism, reassessment of emissions and water use will be necessary as climate change advances and decarbonization targets are pursued. In conclusion, this study offers an important first look at the environmental impacts of snowmaking and its potential for sustainable development.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-mysteries-still-remain-questions-left-unanswered">Mysteries still remain, questions left unanswered</h2>



However, there is still work to be done in this field. The researchers emphasize that while their study provides a vital foundation for understanding the impacts of snowmaking, it represents only the first step in what should be an ongoing examination of this issue.



Artificial snow production's future sustainability will also need to be re-evaluated in conjunction with destination-level sustainable development strategies. As efforts to decarbonize continue and climate change progresses, the relationships between emissions, water use, and ski resort operation will undoubtedly evolve. Monitoring these changes and adjusting practices accordingly will be vital to preserving ski tourism's long-term viability.



It's important to remember that the world of winter tourism isn't limited to just Canada. Globally, many countries have thriving ski industries that are grappling with similar issues. The findings of this study, while specific to Canada, offer insights that could be valuable to ski areas worldwide.



In other parts of the world where snowmaking is employed, such as in Europe or the United States, there may be similar or even higher levels of emissions and water usage. That's why this study serves as a wake-up call for those in the ski industry globally to take action.



<h2 id="h-global-ski-industry-must-join-together-and-innovate">Global ski industry must join together and innovate</h2>



The findings lay bare a vital truth: the ski industry, like all sectors, has a part to play in the global effort to combat climate change. There is a need for more investment in renewable energy sources, energy-efficient snowmaking technologies, and water conservation measures.



Ultimately, the challenge of sustainable snowmaking is one piece of a much larger puzzle. Addressing climate change will require systemic changes across multiple sectors and scales, from local businesses to international policy. In the fight against climate change, every effort counts – and in the case of ski resorts, it could mean the difference between flourishing winter tourism and empty slopes.



To end on Professor Scott's optimistic note, let us remember that “a vibrant and resilient future for ski tourism is possible." As we navigate the challenges ahead, his words remind us that through innovation, collaboration, and commitment to sustainability, we can continue to enjoy our beloved winter pastimes while protecting the planet for future generations.



<h2 id="h-more-about-artificial-snowmaking">More about artificial snowmaking</h2>



Artificial snowmaking is a process used primarily in the ski industry to supplement natural snowfall and ensure that ski resorts can operate consistently throughout the season. Here are the main aspects of artificial snowmaking that you might find interesting:



<h3 id="h-process-of-snowmaking">Process of snowmaking</h3>



Snowmaking involves spraying a mist of water and pressurized air from snow cannons or snow guns. The cold outdoor air causes the water droplets to freeze into snow as they fall to the ground. The key to this process is that the water must be atomized - broken up into tiny droplets - to ensure that the water can freeze quickly and completely before it lands.



<h3 id="h-temperature-requirements">Temperature requirements</h3>



For snowmaking to be effective, the weather conditions need to be right, particularly in terms of temperature and humidity. While the specific conditions can vary, generally the temperature should be below freezing (0°C/32°F), and lower temperatures can improve the efficiency of snowmaking. However, snow can still be made at temperatures slightly above freezing if the humidity is low enough, a factor represented by the concept of "wet-bulb temperature."



<h3 id="h-equipment">Equipment&nbsp;</h3>



The primary pieces of equipment used in snowmaking are snow cannons or snow guns, water pumps, air compressors, and a network of pipes to deliver water and compressed air to the snow guns. Snow guns come in various designs, with fan guns and lance-style guns being common types.



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h3>



Artificial snowmaking is energy-intensive and requires significant amounts of water, which can place a strain on local resources. Furthermore, depending on the source of the electricity used in the process, it can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;



As a result, there is ongoing research into ways to make the process more sustainable, such as by improving the energy efficiency of snowmaking equipment and using renewable energy sources.



<h3 id="h-use-in-ski-industry">Use in ski industry&nbsp;</h3>



Ski resorts often rely on artificial snow to open earlier in the season, stay open later, and provide a more predictable and consistent skiing surface. In many regions, climate change is causing winters to be warmer and less predictable, which has increased the reliance on snowmaking.



<h3 id="h-other-uses">Other Uses</h3>



Beyond the ski industry, artificial snow is sometimes used for other purposes, such as in film or TV productions, for winter events in regions where snow doesn't naturally occur, or for scientific research and testing.



It's worth noting that despite its benefits in ensuring a consistent skiing surface, artificial snow does have differences compared to natural snow. It's typically denser and more durable, which can affect skiing conditions.



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Artificial snowmaking: Sustainability must become a priority

The time has come to discuss a pressing issue in...

A fascinating breakthrough in animal psychology has revealed that young chimpanzees combine various gestures, vocalizations, and facial expressions in a manner reminiscent of the communication development observed in human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infants-have-surprisingly-strong-immune-systems/">infants</a>.&nbsp;



This research is a product of diligent work carried out by psychologists at <a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk/">Durham University</a>, who ventured deep into understanding the dynamics of chimpanzee communication.



During their investigation, the research team discovered that young chimps have a unique ability to combine different communication signals, an evolutionary trick that possibly enhances their ability to convey messages across different situations such as play and conflict. Intriguingly, they observed that this talent matures as the chimps transition from infancy to adolescence.



<h2 id="h-why-this-study-is-important">Why this study is important</h2>



Let's delve into the specifics. The combined signals that these young primates utilize include a multitude of expressions and behaviors. For instance, they were seen combining playful open-mouth faces with laughter, or physically touching another chimp while whimpering, and even baring their teeth paired with squeaks.



Understanding these "multimodal" forms of communication has substantial implications for human linguistics and behavioral studies. It sheds significant light on the evolutionary path of communication in humans and our closest ape relatives, contributing to our understanding of the emergence of our own language skills.



The study, a collaboration between Durham University and the University of Portsmouth, gained recognition through its publication in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.03.020">Animal Behaviour</a>.. The research took place at the Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage Trust sanctuary in northern Zambia, where 28 semi-wild chimpanzees, aged one to 11 years, were observed.



<h2 id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



Contrary to previous studies that focused on isolated forms of communication signals, this research was unique as it examined how chimpanzees combined these signals as they matured and in different contexts. The team found that chimpanzees of all ages consistently used standalone communication signals such as grunting, arm movements, or facial expressions in various situations.



However, it was interesting to note that as the chimpanzees aged, they were more likely to merge different communication signals. This practice was particularly evident during encounters of aggression or play, two scenarios where clear communication is paramount to avoid undesirable consequences. The older adolescent chimpanzees demonstrated a higher tendency to utilize a mix of signals instead of singular gestures or expressions, especially in aggressive contexts.



"When we think about human language, we know that it is a combination of different types of communication such as speech, facial expressions, and gestures. The way we communicate likely has deep evolutionary roots that are shared with some of our closest living relatives such as apes. Our study provides evidence that the way chimpanzees communicate with increased complexity as they get older is consistent with the development of communication we see in human infants," said lead author Emma Doherty.



<h2 id="h-insights-into-human-evolution">Insights into human evolution</h2>



The research team suggests that the development of this multi-layered mode of communication among young chimpanzees could offer valuable insights into our own evolution. However, they added that further studies are needed to observe multimodal signals in wild primates to understand better how different environments impact communication development.



Furthermore, they proposed that studying multimodal communication, as opposed to observing individual signals in isolation, could provide more robust evidence of how communication evolves in apes, and by extension, in humans.



"A lot of the focus of research so far into communication, both in humans and other animals, looks at individual communication signals independently, but we know humans combine these signals all the time from early infancy. As a close relative of humans, apes give us a snapshot into how these signals could have evolved into multimodal communications, ultimately culminating in human language," said study co-author Dr Zanna Clay.



<h2 id="h-learning-more-about-ourselves-by-observing-chimpanzees">Learning more about ourselves by observing chimpanzees</h2>



These discoveries underscore the similarities between human communication and our nearest animal relatives. By studying the development of young chimpanzees' communication and their ability to combine signals, the researchers have not only broadened our understanding of primate communication but have also brought us a step closer to unravelling the complexities of our own language evolution.



As we continue to push the boundaries of our knowledge, research like this reinforces our connection with the animal kingdom and reminds us of the shared evolutionary heritage we possess. Who knows, in the near future, we may even uncover more ways in which our forms of communication mirror those of the animal kingdom.&nbsp;



After all, understanding the evolution of communication in animals may pave the way for more profound insights into human language development and the intriguing interplay of nature and nurture.



In essence, by peering into the communication patterns of our closest living relatives, we may just be getting a glimpse of our own ancient past and the evolutionary milestones that have shaped the complexity and diversity of human communication.&nbsp;



As we move forward, further exploration of multimodal communication in primates could offer more definitive answers and add exciting chapters to our understanding of the story of human evolution.



This noteworthy research was made possible through funding from various entities, including a Durham University Doctoral Scholarship, the British Association of Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, and the Lucie Burgers Foundation for Comparative Behavioural Research.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-similarities-between-humans-and-chimpanzees">More about the similarities between humans and chimpanzees&nbsp;</h2>



 Chimpanzees are our closest living relatives in the animal kingdom, and we share many biological and behavioral similarities with them, given our shared ancestry.



<h3 id="h-genetic-similarity">Genetic similarity</h3>



Chimpanzees and humans share nearly 99% of their DNA. This genetic similarity is one of the primary reasons why scientists study chimpanzees to understand human biology and evolution better.



<h3 id="h-social-behavior">Social behavior&nbsp;</h3>



Like humans, chimpanzees are highly social animals. They live in large communities and exhibit complex social behaviors such as cooperation, competition, alliance formation, and even aggression. They also demonstrate empathy and altruism, engaging in behavior such as grooming each other and sharing food.



<h3 id="h-communication">Communication&nbsp;</h3>



As highlighted in the previous article, chimpanzees use a wide range of gestures, facial expressions, and vocalizations to communicate, much like humans. They use these signals in combination, showing that they have multimodal communication capabilities that could be the precursors to human language.



<h3 id="h-tool-use-and-problem-solving">Tool use and problem-solving</h3>



Chimpanzees are among the few animal species known to use tools. They've been observed using sticks to fish for termites, stones to crack open nuts, and leaves as sponges to absorb drinking water. This tool use displays their problem-solving abilities and cognitive sophistication.



<h3 id="h-emotion-and-intelligence">Emotion and Intelligence&nbsp;</h3>



Chimpanzees exhibit a wide range of emotions, including joy, sadness, fear, and anger, similar to human emotions. They're also very intelligent, capable of learning sign language, playing computer games, and even recognizing themselves in mirrors, a sign of self-awareness.



<h3 id="h-bipedalism">Bipedalism</h3>



While not their primary mode of locomotion, chimpanzees can walk on two legs (bipedalism), especially when carrying food or tools, suggesting that our common ancestor may have also been capable of bipedal locomotion.



<h3 id="h-cultural-transmission">Cultural transmission&nbsp;</h3>



Chimpanzees also show evidence of culture, in that different groups of chimpanzees have different behaviors and traditions, such as unique ways of grooming or using tools, which they pass down through generations.



These similarities provide a window into our own evolutionary past, offering crucial insights into human biology, behavior, culture, and the roots of our language. Understanding our shared traits with chimpanzees, as well as appreciating the differences, helps us understand our place in the natural world.



—-



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Young chimpanzees and humans learn to communicate in the same way

A fascinating breakthrough in animal psychology has revealed that young...

An innovative study has revealed the potential of a non-surgical cat sterilization technique for domestic cats. For the first time, a team of researchers at <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> (MGH), part of the Mass General Brigham (MGB) system, have showcased the ability of a single dose of gene therapy to induce long-lasting contraception in cats. 



The findings, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38721-0">Nature Communications</a>, could revolutionize animal welfare and provide a viable alternative to surgical spaying.



Until now, controlling unwanted reproduction in female cats was chiefly carried out by spaying, which involves the surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus. Presently, no contraceptives exist that can offer permanent sterilization in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-are-happier-than-people-who-dont-have-pets/">pets</a>.



<h2 id="h-game-changing-discovery-for-cat-population-control">Game-changing discovery for cat population control</h2>



The discovery of the contraceptive potential of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) - a hormone naturally produced by ovaries in females and testes in males - paved the way for this breakthrough. Dr. Patricia K. Donahoe, co-author of the study and the director of Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories at MGH, noted that AMH is a non-steroidal hormone that occurs naturally.



Dr. David Pépin, a senior researcher at MGH and Harvard Medical School, was the first to realize that a surge in AMH could impede the growth of ovarian follicles, thus preventing ovulation and conception. The realization came about while he was researching the use of AMH to protect ovarian reserve in women undergoing chemotherapy.



Following the initial findings, published in 2017, Dr. Pépin and his team applied the AMH research to cats. By creating an adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene therapy vector, they were able to significantly increase AMH levels in domestic cats. This vector carried a modified version of the feline AMH gene. Notably, similar AAV vectors have been approved by the FDA and successfully used in human therapies to deliver therapeutic genes.



<h2 id="h-how-gene-therapy-works-for-cat-sterilization">How gene therapy works for cat sterilization</h2>



“The cat's muscles start producing AMH following a single injection of the gene therapy vector. This raises the overall AMH level about 100 times higher than usual," said Dr. Pépin.



The research team put the theory to the test, treating six female cats with two different doses of the gene therapy. They kept three cats as controls and observed them all for over two years.&nbsp;



During this time, they exposed the female cats to a male for two mating trials, each lasting four months. Throughout the trial period, the researchers closely monitored the cats' reproductive hormones, ovarian cycles, and fertility.



<h2 id="h-research-team-thrilled-with-the-results">Research team thrilled with the results</h2>



In contrast to the control cats, all of whom produced kittens, none of the cats receiving the gene therapy became pregnant. Remarkably, despite suppressing ovarian follicle development and ovulation, the treatment had no negative impact on essential hormones like estrogen and caused no adverse effects, highlighting its safety and tolerability.



“The treatment maintained high AMH levels for over two years, and we’re confident that those contraceptive levels will be sustained in the animals for much longer," said study co-author Dr. Philippe Godin. He stressed, however, that further research involving a larger number of cats was necessary to confirm these promising results.



The groundbreaking cat sterilization study was made possible by funding from The Michelson Found Animals Foundation. This foundation is offering a $25-million prize to scientists who develop a non-surgical sterilization method for cats and dogs. 



Dr. Gary K. Michelson, founder of Michelson Philanthropies and the Michelson Found Animals Foundation, commended the team’s breakthrough discovery: “This is a major milestone in our quest to provide pet owners with an alternative to surgical spay and neuter. A non-surgical sterilant for community and companion animals will transform animal welfare.”



<h2 id="h-the-future-is-now-for-gene-therapy-cat-sterilization">The future is now for gene therapy cat sterilization</h2>



Dr. Pépin acknowledged that the technology might seem ahead of its time. The infrastructure needed to manufacture enough doses of cat sterilization procedures using gene therapy isn't yet in place. 



However, the researcher remains optimistic about the possibilities: "Our goal is to show that safe and effective permanent contraception in companion animals can be achieved using gene therapy. And we hope that as the manufacturing capability of producing viral vectors increases with the rise of gene therapy in humans, delivering this contraceptive in the field to control unowned outdoor cat populations will become feasible.”



The innovative research involved a collaborative team of investigators from MGH, the Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, and the Horae Gene Therapy Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.



The study marks a monumental leap in the field of animal welfare, offering a potentially transformative alternative to current cat sterilization practices. However, the findings need further research and the development of adequate manufacturing infrastructure for widespread implementation. Regardless, the research indicates a bright and hopeful future for non-surgical contraceptive methods in animal populations.



<h2 id="h-more-about-surgical-spaying">More about surgical spaying</h2>



Spaying is a common veterinary procedure performed for cat sterilization and to sterilize other female pets to prevent them from reproducing. The technical term for this procedure is an ovariohysterectomy. This surgical operation involves the removal of the uterus and ovaries in female animals.



<h3 id="h-simplified-overview-of-the-process">Simplified overview of the process:</h3>



<h4 id="h-preparation">Preparation</h4>



The pet is typically put under general anesthesia to ensure it doesn't feel any pain during the surgery. The veterinarian may also conduct a pre-operative examination to check the animal's overall health and readiness for the procedure.



<h4 id="h-the-operation">The operation</h4>



The veterinarian makes a small incision, usually on the animal's abdomen. Through this incision, both ovaries and the uterus are removed.



<h4 id="h-recovery">Recovery</h4>



After the operation, the incision is sutured closed. Post-operative care involves keeping the animal comfortable while the surgical wound heals and watching for any signs of complications. The animal may be prescribed pain medication and/or antibiotics, and it may be necessary to limit its physical activity for a while.



Spaying has several benefits beyond preventing unwanted litters of pets. It eliminates the risk of ovarian and uterine diseases, such as pyometra (a potentially life-threatening uterine infection) and ovarian and uterine cancers. Spaying can also reduce the risk of mammary cancer, especially if performed before the pet's first heat cycle.



Moreover, spaying eliminates the heat cycle, which in some animals can cause behaviors that might be problematic for pet owners, like yowling or trying to escape to find a mate.



<h4 id="h-risks">Risks</h4>



However, as with any surgical procedure, spaying does come with risks, such as complications from anesthesia or the possibility of post-operative infection. Veterinarians usually take precautions to minimize these risks, and for most pets, the benefits of being spayed far outweigh the potential downsides.



The timing of the procedure can vary but is often performed when the pet is several months old. It's a topic you should discuss with your vet, as the optimal timing can depend on the specific animal and its overall health.



<h2 id="h-more-about-gene-therapy">More about gene therapy</h2>



Gene therapy is a revolutionary medical approach that uses genes to prevent or treat disease. The concept is based on introducing, removing, or changing genetic material within a person's cells. As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, there are mainly four types of gene therapy:



<h3 id="h-replacing-a-mutated-gene">Replacing a mutated gene&nbsp;</h3>



This approach involves replacing a mutated or defective gene with a healthy copy.



<h3 id="h-inactivating-or-knocking-out-a-mutated-gene">Inactivating or knocking out a mutated gene</h3>



If a gene mutation causes a problematic protein to be made, the mutated gene can be turned off so it no longer produces the harmful protein.



<h3 id="h-introducing-a-new-gene">Introducing a new gene</h3>



A new gene could be introduced into the body to help it fight a particular disease. This strategy is often used for diseases that are not caused by gene mutations, such as certain types of cancer.



<h3 id="h-editing-genes">Editing genes&nbsp;</h3>



By using tools like CRISPR/Cas9, scientists can edit the genome in a more precise manner, altering the sequence of a specific gene.



Gene therapy is administered through a carrier, or "vector", often a virus that has been genetically altered to carry human DNA. The most common type of vector used in gene therapy is a virus, because viruses are naturally good at infiltrating cells.&nbsp;



These vectors are usually viruses that have been genetically altered to carry human DNA. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are often used because they do not cause disease.



Gene therapies can be conducted ex vivo (outside the body) where cells are taken from the patient, modified in the lab, and then returned to the patient, or in vivo (inside the body) where the genes are delivered directly into the patient's cells.



<h3 id="h-the-promising-future-of-gene-therapy">The promising future of gene therapy</h3>



Gene therapy holds great promise and has potential to treat a number of diseases such as inherited disorders, some types of cancer, and certain viral infections. Several gene therapies have been approved by regulatory authorities like the US FDA for conditions including certain types of leukemia (Kymriah, Yescarta), spinal muscular atrophy (Zolgensma), and a specific type of inherited blindness (Luxturna).



While gene therapy has immense potential, it also comes with challenges and risks. These include immune reactions, issues with the delivery of the genetic material to the right cells, the possibility of causing a harmful mutation, and issues related to the production and regulatory approval of such treatments. Furthermore, gene therapies are often extremely expensive.



Research in the field of gene therapy is ongoing and could expand the treatment options for many conditions in the future. However, a lot of work still needs to be done to ensure that these therapies are safe, effective, and accessible.



Noteworthy financial backing came from the Michelson Prize &amp; Grants, a program of The Michelson Found Animals Foundation, co-chaired by Dr. Gary K. Michelson and Alya Michelson, the Joanie Bernard Foundation, and the department of Surgery of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Co-authors of the study include Lindsey M. Vansandt, Marie-Charlotte Meinsohn, Guangping Gao, Dan Wang, and William F. Swanson.



—-



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Cat sterilization using gene therapy could revolutionize animal welfare 

An innovative study has revealed the potential of a non-surgical...

Bats,Flying,On,Green,Background

Leave bats alone! That’s the strong message relayed in a landmark paper featured in the esteemed journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/home">The Lancet Planetary Health</a>. The prevention of future pandemics hinges on global cooperation and, perhaps surprisingly, a collective commitment to respect the habitats of bats, allowing these creatures to live undisturbed.&nbsp;



Bats have long been associated with disease outbreaks. Both the SARS coronavirus outbreak in 2003 and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-faces-another-massive-covid-19-wave/">COVID-19</a> pandemic can trace their origins back to a bat virus.&nbsp;



The details of how exactly the virus jumped from bats to humans remains unclear; perhaps someone handled or consumed an infected bat, came into contact with bat bodily fluids in a cave, or was exposed to another animal infected by a bat.&nbsp;



A lab accident involving a virus originating from a bat is also a possibility. Despite the uncertainty, the authors of the paper insist that action can and must be taken, regardless of the specifics.



<h2 id="h-bats-are-hosts-for-many-viruses">Bats are hosts for many viruses</h2>



Scientists have known for some time that bats harbor a variety of viruses that pose potential threats to other species, including humans. These include but are not limited to the rabies virus, Marburg filoviruses, Hendra and Nipah paramyxoviruses, MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) Coronavirus, and even strains of Ebolaviruses, for which fruit bats are believed to be a primary source.



In this fresh analysis, the researchers make a case for a global pact - a sort of "bat taboo" – in which humans worldwide agree to respect bat habitats, avoid interference with these creatures and allow them to live in peace.&nbsp;



Such human activities as hunting, culling, or even simply trying to drive bats away serve only to scatter these creatures, potentially increasing the likelihood of zoonotic spillover – the transmission of viruses from animals to humans.



<h2 id="h-removing-the-interface-that-allows-animal-human-virus-transmission">Removing the interface that allows animal-human virus transmission</h2>



If the old saying that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" holds true, then we must commit to these fundamental, commonsense measures that could significantly reduce the risk of future pandemics, say the study's authors. These measures essentially target the interface where dangerous viruses can move from animals into humans.



"In a globalized world with 8 billion people, we can no longer ignore our interconnectedness with the wildlife and ecosystems around us. We must change humanity’s relationship with nature if we want to prevent the next pandemic of zoonotic origin—and that can start with bats,” said Dr. Susan Lieberman of the <a href="https://www.wcs.org/">Wildlife Conservation Society</a>.



In a nutshell, humanity needs to mend its fractured relationship with nature, and bats specifically. The costs of enforcing such behavioral changes are trivial in comparison to the colossal toll another global pandemic could impose.



<h2 id="h-all-of-humanity-must-work-together">All of humanity must work together</h2>



"Getting humanity to work collaboratively at a global scale underpins most of the existential challenges we face, from climate change and environmental pollution to biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse - this at a time when earnest collaboration even at local scales often seems elusive," said study lead author Professor Steven A. Osofsky of Cornell University.



"However, if we can actually stop hunting, eating, and trading bats, stay out of their caves, keep livestock away from areas where bats are concentrated, and if we can stop deforesting, degrading (or even start restoring) their natural habitats, we can indisputably lower the chances of another pandemic."



It’s not just about lowering the risk of future pandemics; letting bats thrive also brings a bounty of ecological benefits. Bats control the population of mosquitos and other harmful insects, pollinate a wide array of essential crops, and provide other invaluable ecosystem services worth billions of dollars.



The researchers conclude that while interactions with all sorts of animals merit close examination, giving bats the space they need is the most straightforward and accessible step towards real upstream pandemic prevention. This insight, albeit a bit late, rings even more true as we mark the third anniversary of the COVID-19 pandemic.



<h2 id="h-where-to-learn-more-about-the-study">Where to learn more about the study</h2>



This recent analysis - titled "An Immediate Way to Lower Pandemic Risk: (Not) Seizing the Low-Hanging Fruit (Bat)" - carries considerable weight as it was conducted by experts from the esteemed institutions of Cornell University and the Wildlife Conservation Society. Their work offers an enlightening perspective on pandemic prevention strategies, demonstrating the need to respect the natural world, particularly the habitats of bats.



Supported by a generous grant from the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, the study highlights the need for global action and cooperation. Such a comprehensive approach will help us confront not only pandemic risks but also other existential challenges like climate change, environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem collapse.&nbsp;



Only through collective action and the fostering of a healthier relationship with nature, starting with bats, can we hope to prevent future pandemics and protect our shared future on this planet.



Published on June 5th, 2023, this study contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse on the prevention of future pandemics and the importance of ecosystem conservation. It emphasizes humanity's need to reconsider and reshape its relationship with wildlife, reinforcing the importance of respecting and protecting the creatures that share our world.



<h2 id="h-more-about-bats">More about bats</h2>



Bats are fascinating creatures that play an essential role in our world. They are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, as opposed to gliding or soaring.&nbsp;



Bats belong to the order Chiroptera, which is divided into two suborders: Megachiroptera (large fruit bats or flying foxes) and Microchiroptera (small bats primarily known for their echolocation abilities).



There are over 1,400 species of bats worldwide, making them the second most common group of mammals after rodents. They inhabit every continent except Antarctica and are most abundant in tropical and subtropical regions. Their sizes vary significantly, from the tiny bumblebee bat that weighs less than a penny to the large flying foxes with wingspans of up to 1.7 meters.



<h3 id="h-interesting-biological-facts-about-bats">Interesting biological facts about bats</h3>



Bats exhibit a vast array of feeding habits. Some species, such as the fruit bats, primarily feed on fruits, while others, like the infamous vampire bats, feed on blood. However, the majority of bat species, particularly those found in temperate regions, consume insects—a single bat can eat thousands of insects in one night, acting as a natural pest control.



Bats use a biological sonar system known as echolocation to navigate and find food in the dark. They produce sounds that bounce off objects in their environment, allowing them to understand their surroundings by listening to the echo of these sounds.



Bats are also crucial pollinators. They help to fertilize flowers as they feed on nectar, playing a significant role in the reproduction of various plant species. Furthermore, bats contribute to seed dispersal, as fruit-eating bats often excrete seeds in their droppings.



<h3 id="h-the-downside-of-bats">The downside of bats</h3>



On the downside, bats are known to be reservoirs of several viruses that can infect humans and other animals, including rabies, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra, and coronaviruses, which were responsible for SARS, MERS, and likely COVID-19. Despite this, bats themselves often remain unaffected by these viruses due to their unique immune systems.



Bats are a crucial part of the ecosystem but are under threat worldwide due to habitat loss, hunting, climate change, and diseases like white-nose syndrome in North America. Conservation efforts are in place globally to protect and preserve these unique and vital creatures.



<h2 id="h-more-about-animal-to-human-disease-transmission">More about animal-to-human disease transmission</h2>



Animal to human disease transmission, also known as zoonotic disease transmission, occurs when diseases are passed from animals, whether wild or domestic, to humans. This process can happen in various ways and is responsible for a significant proportion of infectious diseases in humans.



The transfer can occur through direct contact when humans interact with animals or their waste. This interaction can be through handling, petting, caring for, or slaughtering animals. For instance, rabies is a zoonotic disease that is typically transmitted through bites from infected animals.



<h3 id="h-different-types-of-transmission">Different types of transmission</h3>



Indirect transmission happens when humans come into contact with areas where animals live and roam, or through vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. An example is Lyme disease, transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.



Transmission can also occur via the food chain when people consume uncooked or undercooked contaminated meat or produce contaminated by animal feces. Diseases like salmonellosis and E.coli infections can occur this way.



Airborne transmission is another route where microorganisms can be disseminated to humans through the air. This is suspected to have played a part in the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cause of COVID-19.



<h3 id="h-most-common-animals-involved-in-disease-transfer">Most common animals involved in disease transfer</h3>



Bats, rodents, primates, and birds are known to harbor diseases that can spill over into human populations, often due to human activities that disrupt ecosystems and animal habitats. For example, deforestation can lead to increased contact between humans and wildlife, thereby increasing the risk of zoonotic disease transmission.



Understanding and mitigating zoonotic transmission is an essential part of public health, as many serious outbreaks in recent history, such as H1N1 influenza (swine flu), H5N1 influenza (bird flu), Ebola, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, are believed to have animal origins.&nbsp;



It's also why there's a strong emphasis on a "One Health" approach, which views the health of humans, animals, and the environment as interconnected. By preserving animal habitats and maintaining a respectful distance, we can reduce the risk of future pandemics.



—-



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Good advice: Leave bats alone if we want to prevent future pandemics

Leave bats alone! That’s the strong message relayed in a...

Upset,Middle,Aged,Man,With,Alopecia,Looking,At,Mirror,,Hair

Hair loss, a prevalent issue that worsens with age, is akin to the increasing stiffness in our joints. Like joints, our hair follicle stem cells harden over time, impeding their ability to sprout hair. That's the striking finding from a new study on baldness from <a href="https://www.nm.org/">Northwestern Medicine</a>.



Remarkably, the researchers uncovered a way to soften these hair follicle stem cells, thus revitalizing their capacity to produce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-gray-hair-will-soon-be-a-thing-of-the-past/">hair</a>.&nbsp;



The solution revolves around a tiny RNA molecule known as miR-205. By enhancing the production of miR-205, they found that the stem cells' rigidity diminished, boosting hair growth in the process.



In their groundbreaking study published this week in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.222063512">PNAS</a>, the Northwestern team used genetically modified mice as their subjects. The process was simple but profound.&nbsp;



The researchers tweaked the stem cells genetically to overproduce miR-205. The result was an encouraging surge in hair growth among both young and old mice.



"The hair started to sprout in just 10 days," said Professor Rui Yi. "We are not generating new stem cells here. Rather, we're stimulating the existing ones to grow hair. Often, we have ample stem cells; they just may lack the capability to produce hair."



This research underscores the potential of catalyzing hair growth by adjusting cell mechanics. "Due to the feasibility of delivering microRNA via nanoparticles directly into the skin, we'll next test whether topically applied miR-205 can stimulate hair growth in mice. If that's successful, we'll plan experiments to explore whether this microRNA could potentially promote hair growth in humans," said Professor Yi.



Conducting this study required the use of genetically engineered mouse models. The Northwestern team utilized advanced microscopy tools, such as atomic force microscopy, for measuring the stiffness, and two-photon microscopy for observing cell behaviors in live animals.



The study was a collaborative effort by Northwestern's scientists, including Jingjing Wang, Yuheng Fu, and Kathleen Green.



To read the full, detailed study, please click here: &nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2220635120">MicroRNA-205 promotes hair regeneration by modulating mechanical properties of hair follicle stem cells</a>



<h2 id="h-more-about-baldness">More about baldness</h2>



Baldness, also known as alopecia, typically refers to hair loss from the head or body. The most common form is androgenetic alopecia, or male pattern baldness (MPB), which is usually characterized by hair receding from the lateral sides of the forehead and/or a thinning crown.&nbsp;



Though often associated with men, women can also experience a similar type of hair loss, albeit typically less severe and usually not with the same patterns of baldness as in men. Androgenetic alopecia is often attributed to a combination of genetics and the male hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT).



Hair loss can also be caused by a number of other factors, including various forms of alopecia, such as alopecia areata, a disease in which the body's immune system attacks hair follicles; telogen effluvium, usually due to a physical or emotional shock to the system; and anagen effluvium, typically resulting from treatments like chemotherapy. Other factors that can contribute to hair loss include stress, hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, and underlying health conditions.



There have been numerous attempts to combat hair loss and promote hair growth. Here are a few notable ones:



<h3 id="h-minoxidil-rogaine">Minoxidil (Rogaine)</h3>



Rogaine is an over-the-counter topical medication that is applied to the scalp. It works by prolonging the growth phase of hair follicles, but its exact mechanism is not entirely understood. While some people see modest regrowth or slower hair loss, others may see little effect.



<h3 id="h-finasteride-propecia">Finasteride (Propecia)</h3>



Propecia is a prescription medication in pill form that is primarily used for treating male pattern hair loss. It works by blocking the conversion of testosterone into DHT, which can harm hair follicles.



<h3 id="h-hair-transplant-surgery">Hair transplant surgery</h3>



This surgery involves moving small patches of skin, each with a few hairs, from one part of the scalp to another. It's a more permanent and invasive option than medication.



<h3 id="h-laser-therapy">Laser therapy&nbsp;</h3>



Certain FDA-approved low-level laser devices are marketed to help stimulate hair growth, though their efficacy is a topic of debate.



<h3 id="h-prp-platelet-rich-plasma-therapy">PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) therapy</h3>



This involves injecting your own blood (after it's been centrifuged to concentrate the platelets) into your scalp to stimulate hair growth. The science behind this is still relatively new and results can be variable.



<h3 id="h-stem-cell-therapy">Stem cell therapy</h3>



Stem cell therapy is a newer and promising field of research that is still in experimental stages. It involves using stem cells to generate new hair follicles.



It's important to note that not all treatments work for all individuals, and what works best will often depend on the cause of hair loss, the individual's health status, and other factors. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any treatment for hair loss.



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Finally a cure for baldness? Scientists regrow hair using stem cells

Hair loss, a prevalent issue that worsens with age, is...

Flat-faced dog breeds like French and English Bulldogs continue to captivate pet owners, despite their susceptibility to severe hereditary diseases. 



This enduring affection is a paradox that researchers at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE) in Hungary have set out to understand by investigating the psychology and attitudes of dog lovers who remain devoted to flat-faced dogs.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-dog-breeds-that-are-truly-mans-best-friend/">breeds</a>, including Pugs and Boston Terriers, command an extensive following in both the United States and Europe. Yet, flat-faced dogs are predisposed to a variety of health complications. More than half are plagued by respiratory problems, while eye-related issues are a frequent concern.&nbsp;



Childbirth also presents a daunting hurdle, as over 80 percent require Cesarean-sections. Furthermore, their life expectancy is three to four years less than what would typically be expected among dogs of a similar size.&nbsp;



Zsófia Bognár is a PhD student in the ELTE Department of Ethology and the lead author of the study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105948">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</a>. 



"Previously, we observed that flat-faced breeds are more inclined to form eye contact with humans. We assumed that this trait is appealing to owners. We also considered the possibility that the enthusiasts of these dogs might not be aware of the innate health issues," said Bognár.



<h2 id="h-surprising-results">Surprising results&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers conducted an online survey, where participants were shown 25 pairs of photos featuring dogs looking directly into the camera and dogs looking away. They evaluated not just the respondents' preference for the pictures but also their personality traits, their inclination towards flat-faced dogs, and their awareness of these breeds' health issues. A total of 1,156 individuals participated, and some of the results were surprising.



Contrary to initial expectations, respondents who favored flat-faced breeds showed no discernible pattern in their selection of images, suggesting that the ability of these dogs to make eye contact does not necessarily play a significant role in their popularity. 



However, those who opted for photos of dogs gazing directly at the camera were found to be sociable, easily able to make friends, and capable of empathizing with the perspectives of others.



One striking observation was the level of awareness regarding the health issues of these breeds among respondents who expressed an affinity for flat-faced dogs. 



Nearly all (99%) associated flat-faced breeds with breathing difficulties, 90% linked them with dystocia, and 61% associated them with corneal ulceration. Very few associated them with fewer than four health problems, suggesting that the public is largely informed about the health problems that afflict these breeds.



<h2 id="h-fans-of-flat-faced-dogs-share-certain-traits">Fans of flat-faced dogs share certain traits</h2>



The study also unearthed certain characteristics of flat-faced dog enthusiasts. Compared to those indifferent or averse to these breeds, fans of flat-faced dogs were found to be younger, less educated, and generally lacking in professional experience with dogs. 



Women with children were more likely to be enthusiasts than the neutral group, while those with high emotional empathy, or the ability to deeply sympathize with the suffering of other beings, were more likely to be fans compared to those who disliked flat-faced breeds.



"We expected that one of the main attractiveness of flat-faced dogs lies in their large eyes and that their owners would be delighted when the dogs look at them," said study co-author Eniko Kubinyi. "However, we did not find this to be true, at least not from the photographs. It is also not true that enthusiasts of flat-faced breeds are unaware of the dogs' health problems or are insensitive to their emotions."



"On the other hand, it has been revealed that they are relatively inexperienced dog owners. Thus, it is most likely that they are unaware of the dogs' communication signals, may not necessarily recognize signs of pain, and likely consider health problems as normal breed characteristics.



"For example, a snoring and grunting Bulldog appears cute to them, rather than sick and struggling for breath."



<h2 id="h-health-issues-are-not-a-deterrent">Health issues are not a deterrent&nbsp;</h2>



The study suggests that these enthusiasts' awareness of the health challenges of flat-faced dogs does not serve as a deterrent to their affection. They maintain a strong affinity for these dogs despite understanding the health struggles they could face.&nbsp;



"In many countries, there are awareness campaigns about the health issues of flat-faced breeds. However, the growing popularity of flat-faced dogs suggests that these campaigns are not very effective," said Bognár.



"It is clear that simply listing the health problems does not deter people from purchasing these dogs. Instead, the emphasis should be on highlighting that health issues should not be considered normal or acceptable characteristics because they often cause pain and suffering for the dogs. Dog owners need to be made aware that their choices play a significant role in shaping the health of dog breeds."



This raises vital questions about the way we approach pet ownership and the responsibilities that come with it. The research highlights the importance of educating potential dog owners - not just about the potential health issues that certain breeds face - but also about how to recognize and respond to signs of discomfort or distress in their pets.&nbsp;



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Flat-faced dogs remain wildly popular despite severe health risks

Flat-faced dog breeds like French and English Bulldogs continue to...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Sunrise at Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, with ravens on the left, and the Watson river and Sugarloaf Hill seen through a haze of windblown glacial silt. Credit: NASA / Jim Yungel

Sunrise at Kangerlussuaq

The IceBridge team arrived at McMurdo Station Nov. 12, 2013 aboard a U.S. Air Force C-17 transport aircraft.

Credit: NASA/George Hale